Abuse me and you'll see chemistry peta group 7

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Peta in chemistryGroup 7Leader:

Fernadez, Mikaela GabrielleMembers:

Doinog, Justine LeighFiedacan, Karen MaeGarcia, Diane FayeGonzaga, Chrysaliz

III – St. Charles

The things we are using in our daily lives are composed of different elements. Some elements are very useful but some are toxic and their harm to humans and the environment outweighs their benefit to the society. Here are some examples of harmful elements both to you and the environment.

Harmful elements

Mercury

Aluminum

Selenium

Fluorine

Lead

Uranium Radon

Osmium

Carbon

Beryllium

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Mercury

• Discovery: Known to the ancient Hindus and Chinese. Mercury has been found in Egyptian tombs dating to 1500 B.C.

• Word Origin: from the Planet Mercury; Hg is the symbol for Hydrargyrum, which means liquid silver

• Mercury is one of the few elements that is liquid at ordinary room temperatures.

• It is a relatively poor conductor of heat, but a fair conductor of electricity.

• An electrical discharge will cause mercury to combine with the noble gases argon, krypton, neon, and xenon.

Harmful effects on humans

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Mercury

• It is used in thermometers because it has a large thermal expansion which is constant over a large temperature range although it is being phased out in favor of safer liquids.

• It is also used in barometers an manometers due to its high density. From this it has also become a way of measuring pressure in millimetres of mercury.

• It is still sometimes used in electrical switches as a liquid contact.

• Mercury also used to be used as a component for dental amalgams for making fillings for teeth. This process has again been phase out due to health concerns.


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Mercury

• Methylmercury [CH3Hg] is the most toxic form. It affects the immune system, alters genetic and enzyme systems, and damages the nervous system, including coordination and the senses of touch, taste, and sight.

• Methylmercury is particularly damaging to developing embryos, which are five to ten times more sensitive than adults.

• Exposure to methylmercury is usually by ingestion, and it is absorbed more readily and excreted more slowly than other forms of mercury.

• Elemental mercury, Hg(0), the form released from broken thermometers, causes tremors, gingivitis, and excitability when vapors are inhaled over a long period of time.


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Mercury

• reductions in loon chick production has been found in lakes where mercury concentrations in eggs exceed concentrations that are toxic in laboratory studies.

• Mercury is ubiquitous in the environment. Spewing from volcanoes, evaporating off bodies of water, and rising as gas from the Earth's crust, the poisonous, metallic element floats in the air as vapor or binds to particles. Eventually it falls to the Earth to settle in sediment, oceans, and lakes, or reenters the atmosphere by evaporation.


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Mercury

• Manufacture of paints, various household items, and pesticides uses mercury; the finished product and the waste products released into air and water may contain mercury.

• The aquatic food chain can concentrate organic mercury compounds in fish and seafood, which, if eaten by humans, can affect the central nervous system, impairing muscle, vision, and cerebral function, leading to paralysis and sometimes death


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Uranium

• Word Origin: Named after the planet Uranus• Isotopes: Uranium has sixteen isotopes. All of the

isotopes are radioactive.• Uranium is a heavy, lustrous, silvery-white metal,

capable of taking a high polish• When exposed to air, uranium metal becomes

coated with a layer of oxide.• Uranium is of great importance as a nuclear fuel.


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Uranium

• Making coloured glassware• Ballast in the tails of 747 planes.• Ballast in the hulls of 'America's Cup' racing yachts• Used as fuel in fission reactors for power stations.• Uranium salts are used as mordants for dyes.

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Uranium

• Exposure to uranium can result in both chemical and radiological toxicity.

• kidney toxicity can be caused by breathing air containing uranium dusts or by eating substances containing uranium, which then enters the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, the uranium compounds are filtered by the kidneys, where they can cause damage to the kidney cells. Very high uranium intakes (ranging from about 50 to 150 mg depending on the individual) can cause acute kidney failure and death.

• At lower intake levels (around 25 to 40 mg), damage can be detected by the presence of protein and dead cells in the urine, but there are no other symptoms.

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Uranium

• Uranium is a radioactive material that is very reactive. As a result it cannot be found in the environment in its elemental form.]

• The water-solubility of a uranium compound determines its mobility in the environment, as well as its toxicity.

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Uranium

• If maintenance on the use of Uranium in power plants is not properly handled, workers in the power plant and residents in the power plant will be affected.

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Aluminum

• is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13.

• It is silvery white, and it is not soluble in water under normal circumstances.

• Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust.

• It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface.


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Aluminum

• One of the most common end uses of aluminum is packaging, including drinks cans, foil wrappings, bottle tops and foil containers.

• Aluminum's unbeatable strength to weight ratio gives it many uses in the transport industry.

• Since 1945 aluminum has been used in high voltage electrical transmission, in place of copper as it is the most cost efficient power line material.

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Aluminum

• mental status changes, • Learning Disabilities,• speech disturbances,• coarse tremors• produces an abnormal EEG; • Inhibits cell division during the "S Phase"; • fosters bone disorders, including fractures; • causes a microcytic hypoproliferative anemia; • is a toxic agent in the etiology of Alzheimer's

disease; kills liver cells. • Causes blood to clot at 3–4 ppm, causing strokes

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Aluminum

• The concentrations of aluminum appear to be highest in acidified lakes. In these lakes the number of fish and amphibians is declining due to reactions of aluminum ions with proteins in the gills of fish and the embryo's of frogs.

• upon birds and other animals that consume contaminated fish and insects and upon animals that breathe in aluminum through air. The consequences for birds that consume contaminated fish are eggshell thinning and chicks with low birth-weights.

• The consequences for animals that breathe in aluminum through air may be lung problems, weight loss and a decline in activity.

• aluminum can damage the roots of trees when it is located in groundwater.

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Aluminum

• We use aluminum in different kitchenware and in our food even though living cells make no good use of aluminum. Aluminum can make you very ill. Some people are allergic to aluminum and will develop a skin rash

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Selenium

• a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34.

• It is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between those of its periodic table column-adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium.

• It rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature, or as pure ore compounds.

• was discovered in 1817 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius, who noted the similarity of the new element to the previously-known tellurium

• Comes from the Greek word selene which means moon


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Selenium

• Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination.

• These properties make selenium useful in the production of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells.

• Selenium is also able to convert a.c. electricity to d.c., and is extensively used in rectifiers the solid is a p-type semiconductor and is useful in electronic and solid-state applications

• used in photocopying for reproducing and copying documents, letters, etc.

• used by the glass industry to decolorize glass and to make ruby colored glasses and enamels

• photographic toner• additive for stainless steel

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Selenium

• Nervousness• Depression• convulsions• vomiting• Cough• dyspnea• abdominal pain• Diarrhea• somnolence• Fall in blood pressure• respiratory failure &

death,• marked pallor,• garlic odor of breath• sweat and urine• red staining of fingers,

teeth and hair marked debility

• Epistaxis• G.I. disturbances• dermatitis • irritation of nose &

throat. • Hydrogen selenide can

cause pneumonitis and damage to liver, kidney and spleen. (arthritis; eruptions and yellowish tinting of the skin.)

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Selenium

• Low levels of selenium can end up in soils or water through weathering of rocks or end up in air when it is adsorbed on fine dust particles. Selenium is most likely to enter the air through coal and oil combustion, as selenium dioxide. This substance will be converted into selenium acid in water or sweat.

• Usually the bio magnification of selenium starts when animals eat a lot of plants that have been absorbing large amounts of selenium, prior to digestion. Due to irrigation run-off concentrations of selenium tend to be very high in aquatic organisms in many areas.

• When animals absorb or accumulate extremely high concentrations of selenium it can cause reproductive failure and birth defects.

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Selenium

• Selenium sulfide is classified as a human carcinogen, or a cancer-causing substance. Oral ingestion of selenium sulfide can increase your risk of developing certain cancers as well as increase your risk for developing upper respiratory infections. If you accidentally ingest selenium sulfide, rinse your mouth out with water and seek medical attention immediately.

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Fluorine

• Fluorine (F2) is a poisonous pale yellow gaseous element found in Group VIIb (i.e. the Halogen Group of elements) of the periodic table.

• Fluorine is the most reactive element known.• It reacts violently with water liberating oxygen and

forming hydrofluoric acid (HF).• Fluorine even reacts with some of the normally

inert noble gases such as Krypton and Xenon.


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Fluorine

• Some compounds of fluorine added to toothpastes to prevent dental cavities. These are now regularly added to water as well.

• Most general anesthetics are derived from compounds of fluorine.

• Anti-reflective coatings contain compounds of fluorine.

• Fluorine can be used for plasma etching, flat panel display and MEMS fabrication.

• Used to etch glass, usually in light bulbs.• Compounds of fluorine are used in refrigeration

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Fluorine

• In high concentrations, soluble fluoride salts are toxic and skin or eye contact with high concentrations of many fluoride salts is dangerous.

• ingested fluoride initially acts locally on the intestinal mucosa, where it forms hydrofluoric acid in the stomach.

• Gastrointestinal symptoms• Consumption of fluoride at levels beyond those

used in fluoridated water for a long period of time causes skeletal fluorosis.

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Fluorine

• Too much fluoride, wheater taken in form the soil by roots, or asdorbed from the atmosphere by the leaves, retards the growth of plants and reduces crop yields. Those more affected are corns and apricots.

• In India an estimated 60 million people have been poisoned by well water contaminated by excessive fluoride, which is dissolved from the granite rocks.

• Animals that eat fluorine-containing plants may accumulate large amounts of fluorine in their bodies. nimals that are exposed to high concentrations of fluorine suffer from dental decay and bone degradation.

• it can cause low birth-weights. To animals

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Fluorine

• Fluoride is used as an insecticide and a roach killer. Even at the level they use to fluoridate your public water supply, usually at the rate of about 1 part fluoride for every million parts of water (1 ppm) by weight, it causes severe problems. As little as one-tenth of an ounce of fluoride will cause death. It is more poisonous than lead and just slightly less poisonous than arsenic.

• Too much drinking of fluoridated water affects the health.

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Lead

• a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin: plumbum) and atomic number 82.

• Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals.

• Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air.

• Lead has a shiny chrome-silver luster when it is melted into a liquid.


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Lead

• building construction,• ead-acid batteries• bullets and shots• weights• pewters• fusible alloys• radiation shield.

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Lead

• abdominal cramps• learning disabilities• attention deficit disorder• constipation, anemia• tiredness,• nerve damage• Vomiting• convulsions• Anorexia• brain damage.

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Lead

• uneven distribution of lead in ecosystems can displace other metals from the binding sites on the organic matter. It may hinder the chem ical breakdown of inorganic soil fragments and lead in the soil may become more soluble, thus being more readily available to be taken up by plants.

• The uptake of lead by the roots of the plant may be reduced with the application of calcium and phosphorus to the soil.

• Lead affects the central nervous system of animals and inhibits their ability to synthesize red blood cells. Lead blood concentrations of above 40 µg/dl can produce observable clinical symptoms in domestic animals.

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Lead

• Lead is sometimes used on children’s toys though it is extremely poisonous especially when consumed by young children .

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Radon

• Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86.

• It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as an indirect decay product of uranium or thorium

• Its most stable isotope• Radon is one of the densest substances that

remains a gas under normal conditions.• considered a health hazard due to its radioactivity.


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Radon

• occasional therapeutic use• earthquake prediction• radiation therapy in hospitals• Cancer treatment• Arthritis treatment

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Radon

• causes the highest amount of lung cancer deaths annually, after smoking.

• emphysema• pulmonary fibrosis• chronic interstitial pneumonia• silicosis• respiratory lesions

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Radon

• Radon occurs in the environment mainly in the gaseous phase. Consequently, people are mainly exposed to radon through breathing air.

• Most of the radon compounds found in the environment derive from human activities. Radon enters the environment through the soil, through uranium and phosphate mines, and through coal combustion.

• In the air, radon compounds will attach to dust and other particles. Radon can also move downwards in the soil and enter the groundwater. However, most of the radon will remain in the soil and affect the plants Previous

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Radon

• Several scientists agree that radon, even at base level, has a one in 100 risk of death and, therefore, there is no safe level of radon gas.

• We might not be aware that we are already inhaling radon because radon is odorless and colorless If you live in a home with radon level higher than 4 pCi/L, you are exposed to more than 35 times more radiation than if you were living next to a radioactive waste site.

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Osmium

• a chemical element with the symbol Os and atomic number 76.

• It is a hard, brittle, blue-gray or blue-black transition metal in the platinum family and is the densest naturally occurring element.

• Osmium has a blue-gray tint and is the densest stable element, slightly denser than iridium

• Osmium has seven naturally occurring isotopes, six of which are stable


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Osmium

• fountain pen tips• Instrument pivots• Needles• electrical contacts.

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Osmium

• lung congestion• skin damage• severe eye damage.• Upon inhalation it can cause Burning sensation.

Cough. Headache. Wheezing. Shortness of breath. Visual disturbances.

• In Skin it can cause Redness, Skin burns. Pain. Skin discoloration. Blisters.

• In the Eyes it can cause Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Loss of vision. Severe deep burns.

• In Ingestion it can cause Abdominal cramps. Burning sensation. Shock or collapse.

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Osmium

• osmium ecotoxicity to be very low because of its strength as an oxidizer, that makes it be readily converted to the dioxide, a form of the metal that is reasonably innocuous.

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Osmium

• osmium should only be used by highly practiced chemists because it is highly toxic and others should not attempt to use it anymore.

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• the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.

• it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds

• Carbon exists free in nature and has been known since prehistoric time.

• Latin carbo, German Kohlenstoff, French carbone: coal or charcoal

Carbon

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Carbon

• Diamond is prized as a gemstone and is used for cutting, drilling, and as bearings.

• Graphite is used as a crucible for melting metals,• n pencils, for rust protection• for lubrication• a moderator for slowing neutrons for atomic

fission. • Amorphous carbon is used for removing tastes and

odors.• Automobiles• Fuel fired furnaces

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Carbon

• it displaces the oxygen molecules which means that the body tissues do not receive any oxygen - leading to suffocation of the cells.

• headache• Nausea• Vomiting• they may become confused and unable to think

clearly they may say they have a sensation of pressure in the head or roaring in the ears.

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Carbon

• CO contributes to the formation of smog, ground-level ozone, which can trigger serious respiratory problems.

• when in excess of the normal amount due to over use of fosil fuels such as oil coal or natural gas, will clog up the atmosphere with greenhouse gasses

• Carbon monoxide is a temporary atmospheric pollutant in some urban areas, chiefly from the exhaust of internal combustion engines

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Carbon

• Some of the materials we use everyday contains Carbon like Fireplaces and woodstoves Gas stoves, Gas dryers , Charcoal grills etc. we use them everyday but we are ignorant to the fact that they are very harmful and toxic

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Beryllium

• chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4

• Because any beryllium synthesized in stars is short-lived, it is a relatively rare element in both the universe and in the crust of the Earth.

• As a free element it is a steel-gray, strong, lightweight and brittle alkaline earth metal.

• Beryllium is corrosive to tissue, and can cause a chronic life-threatening allergic disease called berylliosis in some people.


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Beryllium

• radiation windows for X-ray tubes. Beryllium is used in the pipes of many high-energy particle physics collision experiments .The stiffness of the metal allows a powerful vacuum to be created.

• high-speed aircraft, missiles, space vehicles and communication satellites.

• one component of metal springs, non-sparking tools and electrical contacts.

• Naval personnel use beryllium tools when working on or near naval mines.

• Beryllium mirrors can be used in telescopes.

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Beryllium

• It's most harmful when inhaled, as it can cause CBD, chronic beryllium disease, a lung inflammation.

• Can cause pneumonia-like condition called Acute Beryllium Disease.

• Weakness• Fatigue• Difficulty Breathing• Weight Loss or Anorexia• Enlargement of the Right Side of the Heart• Heart Disease


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Beryllium

• The main adverse effect of Beryllium on the environment comes from its compounds through industrial waste

• beryllium has been shown to cause ulcers in dogs that have ingested it.

• Exposure to water-soluble beryllium compounds in the environment, in general, will pose a greater threat to human health than exposure to water-insoluble forms.

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Beryllium

• Too much use of beryllium can lead to different kinds of diseases. People working in space crafts should take extra precaution because inhalation of beryllium has many negative effects

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We may not realize it, but we are doing /using things which are unhealthy for us. Now that you know some of the elements that are harmful and some of the common items that contain them and what they can do we should try to be a little more careful with our actions in order to live a long and healthy life and even though these elements may be beneficial to us, too much use may cause us harm.

Too much

Of something

Is bad

Always remember

If we abuse these elements, we will be the ones that will suffer.

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Thank you for listening

Abuse me and you'll see chemistry peta group 7

Documents

mercury concentrations

millimetres of mercury

elemental mercury

forms of mercury

liquid silver mercury

uranium metal

uranium compounds

organic mercury compounds