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Silva Balcanica, 16(1)/2015
NEW RECORDS OF DOLICHOPODIDAE (DIPTERA) FOR BULGARIA. COMPARISON
OF DOLICHOPODID DIVERSITY ON RIVER BANKS
AND IN SOME FORESTS OF THE UPPER THRACIAN PLAIN
Mihail Kechev 1, 2, Mariyana Ivanova11 University of
Agribusiness and Rural Development – Plovdiv
2 Bulgarian Scientific Selection-Technical Union – Plovdiv
Abstract
The paper gives information about 35 dolichopodid flies
collected in a small woodland and aquatic site situated in the
Upper Thracian Plain (Bulgaria). Ac-cording to the abundance in the
investigated ecosystem samples are divided in five groups:
eudominant – Poecilobothrus regalis (54.17%), dominant –
Hercostomus thraciensis (13.38%), subdominant – Hercostomus
plagiatus (8.52%), rare – 8 spe-cies (1 – 5%), subrare – 24 species
(
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pilot examination showing the need of investigations on
ecosystem level searching for the reasons of diversities and
similarities and explaining geographical and sea-sonal distribution
of dolichopodid on a scientific basis.
STUDIED AREA
The investigated site (Fig. 1, 2 and 3), called Basha, is
situated in the Upper Thracian Plain, 3 km southwest of the town of
Chirpan (Bulgaria). Geographical coordinates – 42°10’39”N,
25°17’58”E, 149 m a. s. l. The sampling site represents a small
pond (fig. 3), overgrown by different hygrophilous plants. The size
of the pond is about 30 m length and 20 m width, depth – 1-1.5 m.
The entire site is surrounded by agricultural lands, only a small
stream flows on the south of it.
The trees are presented by Populus sp., Salix fragillis L.,
Salix triandra L., Juglans regia L., Sambucus nigra L., Morus alba
L., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. The most dominant shrubs
and grasses are presented by Urtica dioica L., Mentha aquatica L.,
Arctium lappa L., Aristolochia clematitis L., Conium macula-tum L.,
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten., Rosa canina L., Rubus ceasius L.,
Cardamine sp. The plant species in the water are Typha latifolia
L., Carex sp., Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville.
Most common vertebrate species in this place are marsh frog –
Rana ridibun-da (Pallas, 1771) and European pond turtle – Emys
orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The material for the present work was collected by sweeping in
the period from May 2013 to April 2014 (24 collecting trips from 2
May 2013 to 21 April 2014). The studied site was visited three
times per month and insects were collected for 1 h per trip (from 5
to 6 p.m.). Adults collected in the field were put in vials
con-
Fig. 1-3. Studied area: 1. Map of Bulgaria with an indication of
investigated area; 2. Google Earth map of the site; 3. Picture of
the studied site.
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taining 75% ethanol. The specimens were sorted in the laboratory
with a binocular microscope. The faunistic list gives the following
information: date of collecting, number of collected specimens per
date (males and females), name of collector and distribution. One
species is given with its generic name (Medetera sp.), because only
female was collected. However, without male in one sample, the
determination is difficult. Studies of Negrobov (1991), Pollet
(2004) and Grichanov (2007) are used for species’ distribution.
Google Earth software (version 7.1.1.1888) was used for Fig. 2,
geographical coordinates and altitude.
The dominance structure is evaluated according to Heydemann’s
classifica-tion of five degrees of dominance: eudominant species
(>30% of all collected speci-mens), dominant (10-0%),
subdominant (5-10%), rare (1-5%), subrare (
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where again pi is the proportion of individuals found in species
i.For a finite community, this is
Interpretation: D is a measure of dominance, so as D increases,
diversity (in the sense of evenness) decreases. Thus, Simpson’s
index is usually reported as its complement 1-D (or sometimes 1/D
or –lnD). Since D takes on values between zero and one and
approaches one in the limit of a monoculture, (1-D) provides an
intuitive proportional measure of diversity that is much less
sensitive to species richness.
Simpson’s index: D The probability that two randomly selected
individuals in the community be-
long to the same category (e.g., species). Simpson’s index of
diversity: 1 – DThe probability that two randomly selected
individuals in a community be-
long to different categories (e.g., species). Simpson’s
reciprocal index: 1/DThe number of equally common categories (e.g.
species) that will produce the
observed Simpson’s index. D is influenced by two parameters –
the equitability of percent of each species
present and richness. For a given species richness, D will
decrease as the percent of the species becomes more equitable.
The indices described above are calculated for two more sites
described in previous studies (Kechev, 2012b; Kechev et al., 2014)
and Sørensen index, also known as Sørensen similarity coefficient,
is calculated:
a – common species in region A and B, b – number of species in
region A that do not exist in region B, c – number of species in
region B that do not exist in region A.
RESULTS
Faunistic listDIAPHORINAE Schiner, 1864Argyra argyria (Meigen,
1824)Material examined: 02.V.2013, 3♂♂; 10.V.2013, 1♂; 20.V.2013,
3♂♂;
03.VI.2013, 1♂; 10.VI.2013, 4♂♂; 10.VIII.2013, 1♂; 14.IV.2014,
2♂♂; 21.IV.2014, 1♂, leg. M. Kechev.
Distribution: Europe; North Africa: Morocco.
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Argyra leucocephala (Meigen, 1824)Material examined:
01.VII.2013, 1♂; 10.VII.2013, 2♂♂; 20.VII.2013, 1♂♂;
01.VIII.2013, 1♂; 10.VIII.2013, 1♂; 20.VIII.2013, 6♂♂, 2♀♀;
01.IX.2013, 2♂♂; 10.IX.2013, 2♂♂; 20.IX.2013, 1♀, leg. M.
Kechev.
Distribution: Europe; North Africa: Algeria, Tunisia. Chrysotus
femoratus Zetterstedt, 1843. New to Bulgaria.Material examined:
10.V.2013, 2♂♂; 03.VI.2013, 1♂, 2♀♀; 10.VI.2013,
2♀♀; 20.VI.2013, 1♂, leg. M. Kechev. Distribution: Europa;
Transpalaearctic species. DOLICHOPODINAE Latreille, 1809Dolichopus
griseipennis Stannius, 1831Material examined: 07.X.2013, 1♂, leg.
M. Kechev. Distribution: Europe; North Africa: Algeria; Middle
Asia. Dolichopus nitidus Fallèn, 1823Material examined:
20.VIII.2013, 1♀, leg. M. Kechev. Distribution: Europe;
Transpalaearctic species; Oriental China.Dolichopus nubilus Meigen,
1824Material examined: 10.V.2013, 1♂♂; 10.VII.2013, 2♂♂;
20.VII.2013, 1♀;
20.VIII.2013, 1♀, leg. M. Kechev.Distribution: Europe; Asia:
China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan.Dolichopus salictorum
Loew, 1871Material examined: 20.V.2013, 3♂♂, 3♀♀; 03.VI.2013, 1♂;
10.VI.2013,
5♂♂, 4♀♀; 20.VI.2013, 1♂, 1♀; 01.VII.2013, 1♂, leg. M.
Kechev.Distribution: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy,
Poland, Slovakia. Gymnopternus metallicus (Stannius, 1831)Material
examined: 10.VI.2013, 1♂; 20.VI.2013, 2♂♂, 10.VII.2013, 1♂,
01.VIII.2013, 1♂, 1♀; 10.VIII.2013, 1♂, 1♀, 20.VIII.2013, 2♂♂,
leg. M. Kechev. Distribution: Europe; Asia: Iran, Kazakhstan, East
Russia: Altai.Hercostomus convergens Loew, 1857Material examined:
01.VII.2013, 1♂; 20.VII.2013, 1♀, leg. M. Kechev. Distribution:
Europe.Hercostomus nanus (Macquart, 1827)Material examined:
02.V.2013, 2♂♂; 10.V.2013, 9♂♂, 5♀♀; 20.V.2013,
2♂♂, 5♀♀, leg. M. Kechev. Distribution: Europe.Hercostomus
plagiatus (Loew, 1857). New for Bulgaria.Material examined:
10.V.2013, 1♂; 20.V.2013, 9♂♂, 25♀♀; 03.VI.2013,
7♂♂, 19♀♀; 10.VI.2013, 5♂♂, 2♀♀; 20.VII.2013, 1♂; 01.VIII.2013,
1♂; 10.VIII.2013, 4♂♂; 20.VIII.2013, 8♂♂, 6♀♀; 01.IX.2013, 1♂;
10.IX.2013, 1♂, 1♀; 20.IX.2013, 1♂; 07.X.2013, 1♀, leg. M.
Kechev.
Distribution: Europe; North Africa: Algeria, Tunisia.
Hercostomus thraciensis Kechev & Negrobov, 2015
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Material examined: 02.V.2013, 51♂♂, 12♀♀; 10.V.2013, 15♂♂, 12♀♀;
20.V.2013, 1♂; 01.IV.2014, 3♂♂; 14.IV.2014, 10♂♂, 14♀♀; 21.IV.2014,
15♂♂, 13♀♀, leg. M. Kechev.
Distribution: Bulgaria.Poecilobothrus regalis (Meigen,
1824)Material examined: 20.V.2013, 16♂♂, 3♀♀; 03.VI.2013, 123♂♂,
47♀♀;
10.VI.2013, 83♂♂, 35♀♀, 20.VI.2013, 52♂♂, 48♀♀; 01.VII.2013,
42♂♂, 31♀♀; 10.VII.2013, 32♂♂, 17♀♀; 20.VII.2013, 26♂♂, 9♀♀;
01.VIII.2013, 11♂♂, 4♀♀; 10.VIII.2013, 7♂♂; 20.VIII.2013, 4♂♂, 1♀,
leg. M. Kechev.
Distribution: Europe. Sybistroma impar (Rondani, 1843)Material
examined: 20.VI.2013, 1♂; 01.VII.2013, 1♂, 1♀; 10.VII.2013,
2♂♂, 5♀♀; 20.VII.2013, 1♂, 4♀♀; 01.VIII.2013, 1♂, 2♀♀;
10.VIII.2013, 1♀, leg. M. Kechev.
Distribution: Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Romania,
Russia (Krasnodar), Turkey.
Sybistroma nodicornis Meigen, 1824Material examined: 02.V.2013,
2♂♂, leg. M. Kechev. Distribution: Europe; North Africa: Egypt;
Asia: Iraq, Israel. MEDETERINAE Lioy, 1864Chrysotimus molliculus
(Fallén, 1823)Material examined: 01.VIII.2013, 1♂, leg. M.
Kechev.Distribution: Europe.Medetera sp.Material examined:
20.VI.2013, 1♀, leg. M. Kechev. RHAPHIINAE Bigot, 1852Rhaphium
auctum Loew, 1857Material examined: 10.VII.2013, 2♂♂, 1♀, leg. M.
Kechev.Distribution: Europe; Asia: Afghanistan. Rhaphium
caliginosum (Zetterstedt, 1843)Material examined: 02.V.2013, 1♀;
10.V.2013, 1♂, 1♀; 20.V.2013, 1♀;
03.VI.2013, 1♂; 10.VI.2013, 1♀; 20.VI.2013, 3♂♂, 1♀;
01.VII.2013, 1♂, 1♀; 10.VII.2013, 3♂♂, 1♀; 20.VII.2013, 1♂;
01.VIII.2013, 2♂♂, 1♀; 10.VIII.2013, 1♀; 20.VIII.2013, 2♂♂, 1♀;
10.IX.2013, 1♂; 20.IX.2013, 1♂; 14.IV.2014, 1♂, 1♀; 21.IV.2014, 1♂,
1♀, leg. M. Kechev.
Distribution: Europe; North Africa: Algeria. Rhaphium
monotrichum Loew, 1850Material examined: 10.VII.2013, 3♂♂, 2♀♀,
leg. M. Kechev. Distribution: Europe; East Palaearctic: Baikal.
Rhaphium pectinatum (Loew, 1859). New to Bulgaria.Material
examined: 03.VI.2013, 1♂; 01.VII.2013, 1♂; 10.VII.2013, 2♂;
01.IX.2013, 1♂; 21.X.2013, 1♂; 19.III.2014, 1♀; 01.IV.2014, 1♂,
leg. M. Kechev.
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Distribution: Europe. HYDROPHORINAE Lioy, 1864Scellus notatus
(Fabricius, 1781)Material examined: 20.V.2013, 1♂, leg. M. Kechev.
Distribution: Europe.SCIAPODINAE Becker, 1917Sciapus frater
(Parent, 1927)Material examined: 01.VIII.2013, 4♀♀; 10.VIII.2013,
1♀, leg. M. Kechev. Distribution: Austria, Bulgaria, France,
Slovakia, Russia (South). SYMPYCNINAE Aldrich, 1905Campsicnemus
curvipes (Fallén, 1823)Material examined: 10.VIII.2013, 1♂, leg. M.
Kechev.Distribution: Europe; Canary Islands; North Africa: Algeria.
Campsicnemus simplicissimus Strobl, 1906Material examined:
02.V.2013, 1♂; 10.V.2013, 2♂♂, 5♀♀; 10.VI.2013, 1♂,
leg. M. Kechev. Distribution: Europe; Asia: Tajikistan.
Lamprochromus bifasciatus (Macquart, 1827). New to Bulgaria.=
Lamprochromus elegans (Meigen, 1830)Material examined:
01.VIII.2013, 1♂ male, leg. M. Kechev. Distribution:
Europe.Micromorphus albiceps (Zetterstedt, 1843)Material examined:
20.V.2013, 3♂♂, 1♀, leg. M. Kechev. Distribution: Europe; Asia:
Mongolia; North Africa: Algeria, Morocco. Sympycnus pulicarius
(Fallén, 1823)Material examined: 20.V.2013, 3♂♂; 10.VI.2013, 1♂,
leg. M. Kechev. Distribution: Europe; Nearctic: California.
Syntormon denticulatus (Zetterstedt, 1843)Material examined:
07.X.2013, 1♂; 13.II.2014, 1♂, leg. M. Kechev. Distribution:
Europe; Asia: Afghanistan. Note: The specimen of S. denticulatus
collected on 13.II.2014 was found
around the brook, running on the south side of the studied
ecosystem. Syntormon fuscipes (von Roser, 1840)Material examined:
14.IV.2014, 1♂, leg. M. Kechev. Distribution: Europe; Africa:
Burundi, Kenya. Syntormon mikii Strobl, 1899Material examined:
20.V.2013, 1♂, leg. M. Kechev. Distribution: Europe; North Africa:
Morocco, Tunisia. Syntormon pallipes (Fabricius, 1794)Material
examined: 03.VI.2013, 3♂♂, 2♀♀; 10.VI.2013, 10♂♂, 5♀♀;
20.VI.2013, 8♂♂, 5♀♀; 01.VII.2013, 2♂♂; 20.IX.2013, 1♂, 2♀♀;
07.X.2013, 3♂♂, 4♀♀, leg. M. Kechev.
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Distribution: Europe; Asia: Afghanistan; Oriental China; North
Africa: Alge-ria; Afrotropics: Madagascar, Tanzania.
Teuchophorus cristulatus Meuffels & Grootaert, 1990Material
examined: 10.VIII.2013, 1♂; 20.VIII.2013, 1♂, leg. M. Kechev.
Distribution: Bulgaria, Italy (Sicily), Turkey.Teuchophorus
momacanthus Loew, 1859Material examined: 20.VII.2013, 1♂, leg. M.
Kechev. Distribution: Europe.Teuchophorus spinigerellus
(Zetterstedt, 1843)Material examined: 01.VIII.2013, 5♂♂, 1♀;
20.VIII.2013, 1♂, 3♀♀;
07.X.2013, 1♀, leg. M. Kechev.Distribution: Europe; Asia:
Kazakhstan.
DISCUSSION
The total number of the collected dolichopodid flies in the
investigated period was 1091. There were no flies during the last
visit for 2013 (31st October) and on the 20th February 2014, due to
the cold weather and the dry vegetation. About half of the total
number was due to Poecilobothrus regalis (Meig.) – 591 specimens
(54.17%).
According to Heydemann’s classification five groups of species
are found (Table 1): eudominant - Poecilobothrus regalis (54.17%),
dominant – Hercostomus thraciensis (13.38%), subdominant –
Hercostomus plagiatus (8.52%), rare – Syn-tormon pallipes, Rhaphium
caliginosum, Hercostomus nanus, Argyra leucocephala, Dolichopus
salictorum, Sybistroma impar, Argyra argyria, Teuchophorus
spinigerel-lus (very common in different types of ecosystems in the
Upper Thracian Plain), and subrare – Gymnopternus metallicus,
Campsicnemus simplicissimus, Chrysotus fem-oratus, Rhaphium
pectinatum, Dolichopus nitidus, Rhaphium monotrichum, Sciapus
frater, Micromorphus albiceps, Sympycnus pulicarius, Rhaphium
auctum, Hercos-tomus convergens, Sybistroma nodicornis, Syntormon
denticulatus, Teuchophorus cristulatus, Dolichopus griseipennis,
Dolichopus nubilus, Chrysotimus molliculus, Medetera sp., Scellus
notatus, Campsicnemus curvipes, Lamprochromus bifasciatus,
Syntormon fuscipes, Syntormon mikii, Teuchophorus momacanthus. The
species T. cristulatus was described with one male specimen from
Sicily (Meuffels & Groot-aert, 1990). Another male specimen was
found in the Asian part of Turkey (Tonguc et al., 2010). In the
summer of 2011 Kechev collected insects along the banks of Tekirska
River (around the town of Chirpan) and found three males of T.
cristulatus (Kechev, 2012a). Both specimens discovered in this
survey show that the species is widely distributed in this part of
the Upper Thracian plain.
Analyzing number of species found per month and number of
specimens per month (Fig. 4, 5), it can be concluded that during
the period May-August the eco-system has the biggest numbers of
species which could be easily explained by the weather conditions.
June is the month with the highest specimens’ number mostly
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Table 1Number (ni – number of individuals in each species) and
proportion (in %) of species
of Dolichopodidae found at Basha site
No Species
05/2
013
06/2
013
07/2
013
08/2
013
09/2
013
10/2
013
02/2
014
03/2
014
04/2
014
ni %
Eudominant
1 Poecilobothrus regalis 19 388 157 27 0 0 0 0 0 591 54.17
Dominant
2 Hercostomus thraciensis 91 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 146 13.38
Subdominant
3 Hercostomus plagiatus 35 33 1 19 4 1 0 0 0 93 8.52
Rare
4 Syntormon pallipes 0 33 2 0 3 7 0 0 0 45 4.12
5 Rhaphium caliginosum 4 6 7 7 2 0 0 0 4 30 2.75
6 Hercostomus nanus 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 2.11
7 Argyra leucocephala 0 0 4 10 5 0 0 0 0 19 1.74
8 Dolichopus salictorum 6 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 1.74
9 Sybistroma impar 0 1 14 4 0 0 0 0 0 19 1.74
10 Argyra argyria 7 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 16 1.47
11 Teuchophorus spinigerellus 0 0 0 10 0 1 0 0 0 11 1.01
Subrare
12 Gymnopternus metallicus 0 3 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 10 0.92
13 Campsicnemus simplicissimus 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0.82
14 Chrysotus femoratus 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0.73
15 Rhaphium pectinatum 0 1 3 0 1 1 0 1 1 8 0.73
16 Dolichopus nubilus 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0.46
17 Rhaphium monotrichum 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0.46
18 Sciapus frater 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0.46
19 Micromorphus albiceps 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0.37
20 Sympycnus pulicarius 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0.37
21 Rhaphium auctum 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.27
22 Hercostomus convergens 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.18
23 Sybistroma nodicornis 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.18
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No Species
05/2
013
06/2
013
07/2
013
08/2
013
09/2
013
10/2
013
02/2
014
03/2
014
04/2
014
ni %
24 Syntormon denticulatus 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0.18
25 Teuchophorus cristulatus 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.18
26 Dolichopus griseipennis 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.09
27 Dolichopus nitidus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.09
28 Chrys otimus molliculus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.09
29 Medetera sp. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.09
30 Scellus notatus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.09
31 Campsicnemus curvipes 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.09
32 Lamprochromus bifasciatus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.09
33 Syntormon fuscipes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.09
34 Syntormon mikii 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.09
35 Teuchophorus momacanthus 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.09
Fig. 4. Number of dolichopodid species found per month at Basha
site
because of Poecilobothrus regalis and Hercostomus plagiatus from
the dominant species group (Fig. 6) and Syntormon pallipes,
Dolichopus salictorum, Rhaphium caliginosum, Argyra argyria from
the group of rare species (Fig. 7). Sybistroma im-par shows its
biggest number in July, Argyra leucocephala and Teuchophorus
spini-gerellus – in August. The great number of subrare species
found, although not so
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Fig. 7. Number of rare dolichopodid species found at Basha
site
Fig. 5. Number of dolichopodid specimens found per month at
Basha site
Fig. 6. Number of dominant (eudominant, dominant and
subdominant) dolichopodid species found at Basha site
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abundant, show that maybe at the site the environmental
conditions are good enough for those dolichopodid flies too but the
relations and the interaction on the ecosystem level should be
carefully examined in order to make any further statements.
It is worth noting that four of the species (Chrysotus
femoratus, Hercostomus plagiatus, Rhaphium pectinatum and
Lamprochromus bifasciatus) are newly record-ed to the fauna of
Bulgaria. Hercostomus plagiatus falls in the group of subdominant
species, while Chrysotus femoratus, Rhaphium pectinatum and
Lamprochromus bi-fasciatus are subrare according to the current
investigation findings (Table 1).
Calculations of the biodiversity measures as described in
Material and Meth-ods section are made for the studied area and for
other two described in some previous studies (Kechev, 2012b; Kechev
et al., 2014) in order to make comparison (Table 2).
Species richness is the biggest in Basha site (as number of
species found) but biodiversity indices taking into account the
proportion of each species within the local aquatic community are
the lowest. The Shannon-Wiener index is greater than 4 in Gradina
Floodplain Forest showing greater richness and evenness of the
community. In it there is no eudominant species, 2 dominant
species, 5 subdominant species, 7 rare species and 10 subrare
species (Table 3, Fig. 8). In Omurovska River site there are 1
eudominant species, 1 dominant species, 6 subdominant species, 5
rare species and 15 subrare species (Table 4, Fig. 8). The species
found in three sites are 54 altogether as presented on Table 5
showing 12 species found only at Basha,
Table 2Dolichopodidae species richness, Shannon-Wiener Diversity
Index and Simpson Index calculations
for three Bulgarian sites
Site SShannon-Wiener Diversity
Index Simpson Index
H’ Hmax E D 1-D 1/DBasha 35 1.84 3.56 0.52 0.32 0.68 3.10Gradina
Flood-plain Forest 24 5.07 3.18 1.60 0.11 0.89 9.50
Omurovska river 28 2.37 3.33 0.71 0.16 0.84 6.13
Fig. 8. Dominance structure of dolichopodid flies in three
Bulgarian sites
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Table 3Number and proportion of species of Dolichopodidae found
at Gradina Floodplain Forest
No Species ni %Dominant
1. Gymnopternus metallicus 100 19.722. Dolichopus nubilus 86
16.96
Subdominant3. Syntormon mikii 45 8.884. Dolichopus salictorum 40
7.895. Teuchophorus spinigerellus 40 7.896. Hercostomus thraciensis
38 7.507. Dolichopus latilimbatus 35 6.90
Rare8. Hercostomus fulvicaudis 24 4.739. Campsicnemus
simplicissimus 20 3.9410. Rhaphium caliginosum 15 2.9611. Sciapus
frater 14 2.7612. Syntormon pallipes 12 2.3713. Poecilobothrus
chrysosygus 9 1.7814. Poecilobothrus regalis 9 1.78
Subrare15. Campsicnemus curvipes 5 0.9916. Hercostomus
convergens 4 0.7917. Chrysotus sp. 2 0.3918. Sybistroma nodicornis
2 0.3919. Syntormon metathesis 2 0.3920. Argyra leucocephala 1
0.2021. Dolichopus signifer 1 0.2022. Medetera sp. 1 0.2023.
Sciapus platypterus 1 0.2024. Sybistroma setosa 1 0.20
7 species – only at Gradina Floodplain Forest, and 9 species –
only in Omurovska river site. There are 5 common species for the
three sites, 17 common species for Basha and Gradina, 11 common
species for Basha and Omurovska, and 9 common species for Gradina
and Omurovska. The number of subrare species is the biggest for the
three sites, especially for Basha site (24) in comparison to
Gradina (10) and Omurovska (15).
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Table 4Number and proportion of species of Dolichopodidae found
at Omurovska River
Species ni %
Eudominant
1. Poecilobothrus regalis 98 35.25
Dominant
2. Sybistroma impar 30 10.79
Subdominant
3. Rhaphium caliginosum 26 9.35
4. Campsicnemus simplicissimus 16 5.76
5. Lamprochromus strobli 16 5.76
6. Teuchophorus monacanthus 16 5.76
7. Chrysotimus molliculus 15 5.40
8. Hercostomus gracilis 15 5.40
Rare
9. Syntormon denticulatus 10 3.60
10. Teuchophorus spinigerellus 7 2.52
11. Syntormon pallipes 4 1.44
12. Argyra leucocephala 3 1.08
13. Rhaphium auctum 3 1.08
Subrare
14. Rhaphium penicillatum 2 0.72
15. Sciapus platypterus 2 0.72
16. Sympycnus pulicarius 2 0.72
17. Syntormon triangulipes 2 0.72
18. Asyndetus latifrons 1 0.36
19. Campsicnemus curvipes 1 0.36
Fig. 9. Sørensen similarity index for dolichopodid flies in
three Bulgarian sites
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101
20. Dolichopus discifer 1 0.36
21. Dolichopus griseipennis 1 0.36
22. Dolichopus signifer 1 0.36
23. Poecilobothrus chrysozygos 1 0.36
24. Sciapus wiedemanni 1 0.36
25. Syntormon filiger 1 0.36
26. Tachytrechus notatus 1 0.36
27. Teuchophorus medovoensis 1 0.36
28. Xanthochlorus tenellus 1 0.36
Table 5Summary of dolichopodid species found at the sites Basha,
Gradina Floodplain Forest
and Omurovska River (species found only at one site and species
found in the three sites are highlighted)
No Species Basha Gradina Flood-plain ForestOmurovska
River
1 Argyra argyria X
2 Argyra leucocephala X X X
3 Asyndetus latifrons X
4 Campsicnemus curvipes X X X
5 Campsicnemus simplicissimus X X X
6 Chrysotimus molliculus X X
7 Chrysotus femoratus X
8 Chrysotus sp. X
9 Dolichopus discifer X
10 Dolichopus griseipennis X X
11 Dolichopus latilimbatus X
12 Dolichopus nitidus X
13 Dolichopus nubilus X X
14 Dolichopus salictorum X X
15 Dolichopus signifer X X
16 Gymnopternus metallicus X X
17 Hercostomus convergens X X
18 Hercostomus fulvicaudis X
19 Hercostomus gracilis X
20 Hercostomus nanus X
21 Hercostomus plagiatus X
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No Species Basha Gradina Flood-plain ForestOmurovska
River
22 Hercostomus thraciensis X X
23 Lamprochromus bifasciatus X
24 Lamprochromus strobli X
25 Medetera sp. X X
26 Micromorphus albiceps X
27 Poecilobothrus chrysosygus X X
28 Poecilobothrus regalis X X X
29 Rhaphium auctum X X
30 Rhaphium caliginosum X X X
31 Rhaphium monotrichum X
32 Rhaphium pectinatum X
33 Rhaphium penicillatum X
34 Scellus notatus X
35 Sciapus frater X X
36 Sciapus platypterus X X
37 Sciapus wiedemanni X
38 Sybistroma impar X X
39 Sybistroma nodicornis X X
40 Sybistroma setosa X
41 Sympycnus pulicarius X X
42 Syntormon denticulatus X X
43 Syntormon filiger X
44 Syntormon fuscipes X
45 Syntormon metathesis X
46 Syntormon mikii X X
47 Syntormon pallipes X X X
48 Syntormon triangulipes X
49 Tachytrechus notatus X
50 Teuchophorus cristulatus X
51 Teuchophorus medovoensis X
52 Teuchophorus momacanthus X X
53 Teuchophorus spinigerellus X X
54 Xanthochlorus tenellus X
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103
The Sørensen similarity coefficient is calculated comparing the
three sites (Fig. 9). The index has its biggest values for Basha
and Gradina Floodplain forest (0.57). It is smaller and comparable
to Basha and Omurovska river (0.38) and Gra-dina Floodplain forest
and Omurovska river (0.37).
CONCLUSION
Along with the information provided about 35 dolichopodid flies
collected in a small woodland and aquatic ecosystem, this study
presents four new species (Chrysotus femoratus, Hercostomus
plagiatus, Rhaphium pectinatum and Lampro-chromus bifasciatus) for
the fauna of Bulgaria, as well as comparisons in different measures
of diversity for the examined site and two other previously
studied. The calculations of diversity indices show that at Gradina
floodplain forest the richness and the evenness are greater than in
other sites being under investigation too but the species richness
is the biggest at Basha site showing also the greatest number of
species found only at that site (12) when comparing to Gradina
Floodplain Forest (7) and Omurovska River (9). The implications of
the study lead to the conclusion that for diversity evaluations it
is important to prove first the availability of a species in an
ecosystem, then to examine it in terms of abundance and relations
in the com-munity. Thus, the data presented show that there is a
need of further investigation on the ecosystem level into the
reasons of the geographical and seasonal distribution of
dolichopodid species and the calculated diversity and similarity
indices considering environmental factors’ influence.
Acknowledgements: Thanks to Dr Stoyan Georgiev from Agricultural
University – Plovdiv for his help with the determination of plant
species. The authors are also grateful to Mr Nikolay Genov and Mr
Svetoslav Stoychev for their help during the collecting trips.
Thanks are due to the anonymous referees, the editors of Silva
Balcanica for their critical notes to the manuscript and to Mrs
Ekaterina Arabska from the University of Agribusiness and Rural
Development for her help in manuscript prepa-ration.
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E-mails: [email protected], [email protected]