Abstract book for BSRS2011 - LANGUAGE AND CONTEXT: critical analysis of the discourses and the hidden curriculum in public health area for undergraduate medical education and its interpretation.

BERGEN SUMMER RESEARCH SCHOOL 2011 Norms, Values, Language and Culture

Abstract book for BSRS2011

CONTENT

CLIMATE CHANGE NARRATIVES: LANGUAGE USE IN THE CIRCULATION OF CLIMATE KNOWLEDGE.................................................2

EMERGING NORMATIVE REGIMES ...........................................................32

FUNDAMENTALS OF LAW IN GLOBALISATION.......................................56

GENDER AND GLOBALISATION: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES...........................................................76

NORMS AND LANGUAGE .........................................................................103

C L I M A T E C H A N G E N A R R A T I V E S

CLIMATE CHANGE NARRATIVES: LANGUAGE USE IN THE CIRCULATION

OF CLIMATE KNOWLEDGE Ganesh Raj Acharya

[email protected] International Environmental Governance, Influence of Non State Actor on Climate Policy PhD Concept (Brief) I want to generate knowledge on influence of Non State Actors (NSA) on climate policy making in South Asia. Specifically the study involves how non state actors such as NGOs are influencing government policies on climate policy issues. The study will involve case of Nepal. In south Asian context, non state actors are influencing players on social policy making. For example, NSA such as NGOs and civil society have influential role on policy process. I want to generate similar knowledge about climate policy at south Asian scale. Besides Nepal, during the study phase if funding opportunity arises, one more country, India can also be selected later. This selection of one more country will be held if funding possibility arises. The study will be explorative case study and will be qualitative research in nature.

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mailto:[email protected]


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Nikolaj Vendelbo Blichfeldt

[email protected]

Citizen and Civil Society Responses to Low-Carbon Initiatives in a Chinese City Climate change has become one of the most prominent global environmental issues. In China a number of cities have been designated as low-carbon cities. The point of departure for this PhD project is the low-carbon strategy put forward by the municipality of Hangzhou. The project will analyze how the citizens of Hangzhou respond to climate change mitigation discourses and policies put forward by local authorities. These local interactions will be analyzed in the light of global discourses on climate change in order to examine they ways in which climate change mitigation discourses enable or prevent citizens from exerting influence at city level in China. A major theme of the project is citizen and civil society responses to the normative change proposed by low-carbon policy and discourse. The project aims to examine to what extent the public, exemplified by neighborhoods and citizen groups, is invited to and able to participate in low-carbon city initiatives in Hangzhou and to what extent citizens engage in and contest the official discourses and participate in the various campaigns. Specifically, the following questions will be addressed: How are the low-carbon city concept and policies promoted, made relevant and debated by public municipal stakeholders in Hangzhou? How do citizens and civil society formations in China respond to and engage in climate change mitigation discourses and policies? Do stakeholders attempt to overcome the conflict between low-carbon lifestyle and the increasingly affluent lifestyle of the Chinese middle class? To what extent does the perceived relevance of public participation vary from stakeholder to stakeholder? My analysis of the low-carbon city discourse takes the perceptions and definitions of the low-carbon concept by the various stakeholders as its point of departure. Their understandings will be compared and the struggles to define it will be analyzed. Linkages to online discourses and global discourses are important and will make up a major part of the analysis. I will analyze the discourses to elucidate the main conceptualizations that have sprung up around the concept of low-carbon to determine the concept’s relationship with other concepts such as green citizenship and the right to public participation. The important question regarding civil society in this project is what roles NGOs play in the low-carbon city discourse and policy, and how NGOs and other civil society formations perceive and communicate climate change issues in general and the specific concepts of low-carbon economy and low-carbon lifestyle. Employing the concept SULNAM (spontaneous, unorganized, leaderless, non-ideological, and apolitical movement) introduced by Zhou, who argues that besides the formal NGO sector, there are other less formal civil society formations1, I will explore the ways in which this widening of the concept of civil society might reveal interesting stakeholders in the low-carbon discourse. Online debates in China about climate change and low-carbon lifestyle are closely connected with a global climate change agenda. This means that the global climate change

1 Zhou, Kate Xiao (2009): China's long march to freedom : grassroots modernization, New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction Publishers



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discourse has to be considered as a key element in the understanding of the Chinese discourse. One of the main aims of the project is to identify norms and interests and the way stakeholders conduct themselves in debates as well as in the actions the carry out to further those interests. The introduction of the low-carbon city concept has created a new field where state, business and societal stakeholders attempt to reposition themselves drawing on new forms of capital such as collateral credit. The project primarily aims to examine the impact of the new climate change focus on the role of green NGOs as stakeholders in the ‘game’. I will also identify the proponents and critics of public participation and analyze their view of participation to tease out the “Chinese characteristics” of the discourse. Here I draw on the work of Peter Ho2. I aim to look at participation in terms of constructive rather than confronting action; the everyday constructive engagement of citizens and civil society groups with environmental issues. The methodological focus of the project will be on two key activities: discourse analysis and qualitative stakeholder interviews. I have identified a number of local and national environmental NGOs which may be defined as stakeholders. I will monitor Chinese blogs and online debate forums as well as print media debates widely and systematically to identify stakeholders and their interests, as well as their arguments. I will examine the local manifestations of municipal initiatives to engage citizens in the low-carbon discourse. There is a low-carbon science and technology museum in Hangzhou. I will examine the ways in which the museum is used to propagate the low-carbon concept and how the message is received and interpreted by citizens. A common perspective on climate change in China is the perceived conflict between growing affluence and the supposed asceticism of a low-carbon lifestyle, which is construed as incompatible with the rising standards of living for substantial parts of the Chinese population. There is a danger that Chinese citizens will perceive low-carbon initiatives as a threat to the sustainability of their newly growing prosperity. I will examine how these conflicts and dilemmas are addressed in debates about low-carbon lifestyle to identify the discursive strategies employed by the various stakeholders in a time of changing value patterns. The project will lead to new insights into how climate change can lead to changes in the interactions between the party-state, citizens and civil society formations at city level in China.

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2 Ho, Peter (2007): China's embedded activism : opportunities and constraints of a social movement / ed. by Peter Ho and Richard Louis Edmonds, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, New York : Routledge.


Peta Callaghan [email protected]

Communicating Climate Science: Accounts of Scientific Uncertainty Peta Callaghan and Martha Augoustinos School of Psychology The University of Adelaide Climate change is one of the most compelling public scientific debates of our time. Although general consensus exists amongst scientists that anthropogenic climate change is real, a number of scientists have been quite outspoken of their scepticism of the theory of anthropogenic climate change, particularly in Australia. Armed with scientific credibility and challenging the science itself, the media attention these sceptics receive has positioned them as popular icons in the Australian press, so much so that members of the general public may now feel they actually have a choice about whether to believe or not believe in climate change, and hence take any action. Moreover the political meandering shown by world leaders at the 2009 Copenhagen summit and the obvious absence of climate change as an election issue in the 2010 Australian Federal Election highlights the diminishing importance of climate change in the current political climate. The need to explore the modes of public communication around climate change science from the scientific community itself therefore presents as a timely and relevant study. The process of debate, exemplified by competing climate change narratives, relies on the building of ‘facts’ to shape and strengthen particular descriptions of climate change. All sides of the debate surrounding climate change use scientific ‘facts’ and ‘evidence’ to warrant certain positions and thus vie for public and political attention. The treatment of scientific facts by opposing camps in the climate change debate demonstrates the constructive power of talk, as the reality of climate change becomes obscured by the use of opposing facts, which constitute a disparate collection of climate change profiles. The present study will therefore examine the discourse of two Australian scientists working and speaking publicly on the issue of climate change. The analytic focus will be to investigate the different ways in which a ‘sceptic’ and an ‘advocate’ for the theory of anthropogenic climate change construct their arguments and account for the science of climate change, with particular interest on how the notions of scientific uncertainty and ideology are managed and accounted for in their talk. The analysis will draw from the theoretical tenets of discursive psychology (Edwards & Potter, 1992; Potter, 1996), in which talk (discourse) is considered to construct the world, rather than reflect it. Potter and Edwards (2001) describe discourse as “pervasively rhetorical” (p104), and rhetorical analysis (see Billig, 1987) will be the primary focus of this study. In addition, we draw from the groundbreaking work in the field of Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) conducted by Gilbert and Mulkay (1984). In interviews with scientists working on competing sides of a scientific theory in the 1980’s, Gilbert and Mulkay exposed patterns in the scientists’ discourse, which have come to be known as the empiricist and contingent repertoires. The focus of the present discursive analysis is to draw from the work of Gilbert and Mulkay, using the methodological approach of discursive and rhetorical psychology, to explore how climate change science is constructed socially in talk from the scientific community; particularly how the scientists interviewed construct their arguments as believable, undermine their critics, and safeguard the practices and institution of science more generally. Moreover, we argue that a discursive psychological analysis of scientific accounts of climate change demonstrates not only the rhetorical strengths of opposing arguments, but also the ways in which facts are constructed at the interplay between science and public understandings of science (see Bingle & Gaskell, 1994). The analysis identifies a comprehensive number of discursive strategies deployed by both scientists over the course of the interviews. In particular, the scientists repeatedly use an extensive number of fact constructing devices as described by Potter (1996) to account for the climate change debate. Most interestingly,

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both scientists deploy similar strategies to construct their particular versions of climate change, and both deploy the repertoires identified by Gilbert and Mulkay (1984). The use of a social constructionist paradigm utilized to examine both sides of the debate objectively is a deliberate attempt to demonstrate the way in which rhetoric is embedded in science communication with the broader community. However, it is not our intention to undermine the science of climate change or dismiss the call for political action on this issue. Clearly there is a ‘truth’ about anthropogenic climate change, however the way the public debate is constructed exists outside of this ‘truth’; the public only has access to the words of the ‘debaters’, the rhetoric of the rhetoricians. Without direct access to the ‘truth’ about anthropogenic climate change the ‘debate’ becomes detached from the reality of the physical climate change process, and embedded solely within the socially constituted rhetoric of the opposing sides. Therefore the public is forced to make a decision based not upon physical realities, but on our own judgment of what seems not only plausible, but also politically, morally and ethically appropriate (see Gross, 1994). The benefits of such an analysis are manifold, and include an identification and therefore facilitation of more productive modes of scientific communication with the broader community. This can in turn effect how scientific knowledge affects public policy. This is achieved by demonstrating how the opposing sides use rhetorical and fact-constructing devices, thereby illuminating the process of persuasion. Discursive psychology provides an effective framework for examining how the debate is structured to effectively persuade members of the public into believing particular versions, particular narratives of climate change. Through such a structural analysis of the discursive strategies used by opposing camps in the climate change debate, we can deconstruct the debate, thereby facilitating a reconstruction of the terms of the debate for positive socio-scientific outcomes. Keywords: climate change, communication, discourse analysis, psychology, scepticism, scientific uncertainty.

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Esther C. Conrad

[email protected]

Climate change is expected to result in increased temperatures, more extreme events, and changes in rainfall patterns, presenting a considerable challenge to sustainable development. As resource demands rise through population increase and economic development, such changes can exacerbate existing conflicts over resource use (IPCC 2007). Sustainable development in the context of a changing climate will require institutions capable of managing such tensions, possessing sufficient flexibility to adjust management strategies while taking into account uncertain climate knowledge. Research in adaptive management, collaborative planning, and social learning has emphasized the importance of iterative, informal interactions among stakeholders, as well as the need for direct engagement with and questioning of scientific information (Innes and Booher, 2010; Pahl-Wostl, 2007). This literature offers a framework to examine the qualities of institutions for adaptive management, and to gauge the limitations of adaptive approaches in the management of climate risks. In this context, my research explores the following broad research questions: • What roles do scientific knowledge and social values play in framing policy priorities for addressing climate change risks? • How do stakeholders balance assessments of risk from climate change – largely based on global knowledge – against local knowledge about risks related to socio-economic patterns and ecosystem pressures? • What institutional arrangements enable effective sharing, integrating and updating of global and local knowledge for resource systems affected by climate change? • What institutional arrangements enable or constrain ability to adjust and update decisions, rules and standards to account for changing risk patterns? I am pursuing these questions in the context of water management, where climate change is emerging as a new source of stress and uncertainty in already contested, multi-use systems. Water management planning has long depended upon the assumption that future climate patterns will be similar to those of the past. However, climate change now calls this into question (Miller, 2008). Over the coming decades, water managers must account for projected increases in temperatures that may alter river runoff patterns, or sea level rise that may increase flooding. Traditional methods of risk analysis, such as quantifying risks based on past climate data, are no longer adequate (Hultman, et al., 2010). Research on how differing institutional arrangements shape the emergence of approaches to integrate climate knowledge has so far been limited. Water managers operate within institutional frameworks, including formal policies, operational rules, and cultural norms. Institutions differ in their capacity to cope with complexity, uncertainty, and change (Ostrom 2005). In the field of water management, where technical solutions and centralized management of water resources have formed the dominant approach, there is a call for more collaborative, participatory management, requiring an understanding of the institutional context (van de Meene and Brown, 2009). My current research focuses on institutional arrangements for managing the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, which has been the focus of the most significant conflict over water use in California over the past half-century. Supplying one-third of the state’s water, the Delta’s ecosystem is now severely stressed. Climate change is now adding new risks. Over the past two decades, many government agencies and NGOs have worked together through a collaborative, adaptive management approach to try to address these problems (Kallis et al., 2009). They are now seeking to explicitly address sea level rise and other climate change risks. In examining this case study, I will draw upon theory of collaborative planning (Innes and Booher 2010), science and technology studies approaches, and studies in organizational and decision sciences. My analysis will involve review of formal policies, regulations and procedures, analysis of reports, studies and

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media coverage of the planning process, in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, and participant observations. I believe BSRS’s “Climate change narratives” theme will be deeply informative for my research. Through study of approaches to collaborative planning, I have seen the critical role that narratives and stories play in shaping how problems are framed by individuals, communities, and institutions (Schon and Rein, 1994). Climate change, as a relatively new “global” narrative, is now interacting with long-standing “narratives” about the sharing of water, land and other resources. I have also observed these dynamics through my research at Columbia University, focused on South and Southeast Asia. This involved discussions with local and national government representatives focused on problems such as food security, water supply, and fire management as they began to grapple with climate change through interactions with donor agencies, government counterparts, universities, NGOs, and the media. Drawing upon these experiences and my current research interests, I am excited about the opportunity to learn more about approaches to analyzing climate change discourse, and to interact with other scholars at BSRS. References Hultman, N.E., D.M. Hassenzhal, and S. Rayner, 2010. Climate Risk. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 35: 1-21. IPCC, 2007. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 7-22. Innes, J. and D. Booher, 2010. Planning with Complexity: An introduction to collaborative rationality for public policy. New York: Routledge. Kallis, G., M. Kiparsky, and R. Norgaard, 2009. Collaborative governance and adaptive management: Lessons from California’s CALFED Water Program. Environmental Science and Policy 12: 631-643. Miller, K. A., 2008. Climate Change and Water Resources: the Challenges Ahead. Journal of International Affairs, Spring/Summer. Ostrom, E., 2005. Understanding Institutional Diversity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Pahl-Wostl, C., J. Sendzimir, P. Jeffrey, J. Aerts, G. Berkamp, and K. Cross, 2007. Managing Change toward Adaptive Water Management Through Social Learning. Ecology and Society 12 (2): 30. Schon, D. A. and M. Rein, 1994. Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies. New York: Basic Books. Van de Meene, S. J., and R. R. Brown, 2009. Delving into the “Institutional Black Box”: Revealing the Attributes of Sustainable Urban Water Management Regimes. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 45: 1448-1464.

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Katherine Duarte [email protected]

Preliminary title: Communicating climate science in the media: The challenge of dealing with controversy and uncertainty in the coverage of climate change The Climatic Research Unit (CRU) hacking incident came to light in November 2009, when 1.000 e-mails and 3.000 other documents where hacked from its servers at the University of East Anglia in England and made publicly on the web. This incident happened just a few weeks before the UN Climate Summit (COP 15), which took place in December. Climate skeptics meant that the leak of the documents was the “final nail in the coffin for anthropogenic global warming” (Delingpole 2009). Some skeptics claimed that this happened because climate researchers are not open about their research and that they do not deal with request of information by individuals properly. Perhaps the most damaging revelations, some skeptics would say, are those concerning the way climate scientists may variously have manipulated or suppressed evidence in order to support their cause. Later, several inquiries or review panels found no fundamental wrongs in the science. Rajendra Pachauri, head of the IPCC, said that the so-called “Climategate” would have no impact on the negotiations in Copenhagen. Several newspapers wrote about this, others did not mention it at all. My project will deal with the correlation between climate coverage and the politics around the IPCC. I will concentrate on the following research questions: ➢ “How did media tackle uncertainty and controversy in climate sciences around the Climategate issue? ➢ Has the Climategate, (and other “gates”) changed the coverage in Norway? And how are these issues covered in the press? ➢ Are skeptics given more space (compared to earlier)? ➢ What is the verdict of the reviewing panel? And how does the media cover these reviews?

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Øyvind Gjerstad

[email protected]

During the work on my PhD thesis, my aim was to create a theoretical and methodological framework for the study of polyphony in discourse. The Scandinavian theory of linguistic polyphony (ScaPoLine) describes the manner in which different linguistic markers, such as reported speech and negations, include voices, or points of view, which do not correspond to that of the speaker at the time of utterance. When French President Nicolas Sarkozy says, in a speech to the European Parliament, that “We must not be afraid of identities” (“Nous ne devons pas avoir peur des identités”), he could be said to imply that someone has the opposite point of view. The identity of this individual or collectivity is not linguistically encoded, but might be inferred with the aid of contextual information. However, different theories of dialogism (based on the works of the Russian semiotician Mikhail Bakhtin) consider the inclusion of such voices to be a ubiquitous phenomenon. No one speaks in complete isolation from what has been said before or without considering how the message will be received. Taking this intrinsic property of discourse into account, I have explored the potential of combining three different approaches to the study of polyphony and dialogism. In addition to the ScaPoLine, I have adopted the Bakhtinian perspective represented by the theory of praxematics, developed by Jacques Bres and his colleagues in Montpellier. According to this theory, the appearance of voices other than that of the speaker at the moment of utterance is not contingent on linguistic markers, but can result from a text’s contextual anchoring. In addition I have based my methodology on the discourse model developed by Eddy Roulet and his colleagues in Geneva. This model represents a useful tool for a systematic approach to the study of discourse, by treating it as a complex phenomenon consisting of several modules which are linguistic, textual and situational in nature. This has helped me develop a method for analyzing what I call “discursive polyphony”, which includes not only linguistically marked voices, but also those voices that occur as a result of the dynamic which connects the linguistic dimension to the textual and situational dimensions. During this work, my object of study was a speech by Nicolas Sarkozy to the European Parliament, on 13 November 2007. This proved to be an ideal text for my research, given the situational complexity of EP discourse, in which a number of voices can appear as part of a speaker’s rhetorical strategy. Through my analysis I developed a perspective on argumentation by which I consider it foremost as a practice that constructs and mobilizes collective and individual voices as part of a complex of social action. In other words, the notion of discursive polyphony is anchored in a perspective on discourse as a form of action which seeks to influence the relations between actors as well as the objective reality in which actors operate. In his speech to the EP, Sarkozy affirmed the need to construct a European identity while protecting national identities. By analyzing linguistic markers, text structure and situational factors in this part of the speech I identified an argumentative strategy to establish a working relationship with a heterogeneous assembly consisting of Europeanist as well as nationalist representatives. Such a strategy is particularly salient in the context of the French presidency of the European Union, scheduled for the second semester of 2008. Sarkozy was presented with the task of gaining the trust and sympathy of an internally antagonistic collectivity, without whose cooperation the task of driving EU policy would be more difficult. The juggling of voices thus had both an immediate relational relevance and a teleological one, aimed at securing future policy goals within the framework of institutional collaboration. Having completed a theoretical and methodological approach to discursive polyphony in my thesis, my current aim is to apply it to the study of climate

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policy texts, in a post-doctoral project. Such texts are likely to construct and relate to a large number of voices, given the multifaceted economic and political stakes surrounding the issue of climate change. In fact, from a bakhtinian perspective, these texts cannot but take into account the divergent opinions and knowledge claims which pervade the discourse on the topic of climate science, as well as those of climate change prevention and mitigation. The manner in which a text constructs and relates to these voices can have an impact on the success or failure in promoting a policy agenda. More specifically I plan to analyze the IPCC’s response to the attempts at discrediting the panel in the wake of the so called “climategate” controversy. The negative publicity resulting from this dispute was poorly handled by the IPCC, resulting in a loss of credibility. An analysis focusing on the polyphony of this response can help to explain how the explicit and implicit inclusion of other voices, both allied and antagonistic, may have contributed to undermining the panel instead of restoring its reputation. Did the IPCC inadvertently give credence to the voices trying to undermine it, by explicitly refuting their allegations – in the manner of Nixon’s Watergate defense: “I’m not a crook”? Was the problem on the contrary a failure to take into account the voices that were opposed to the IPCC or skeptical to its methods and goals, thus creating an image of the panel as being arrogant or oblivious to the criticism? Finally, it is important to emphasize that an analysis focusing on the polyphonic properties of such texts can only help to explain the success or failure of a particular communicative strategy. The project must therefore be integrated in a larger framework of interdisciplinary collaboration, combining this qualitative approach with quantitative analyses based on large corpora, as well as studies of text reception.

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Hebba Haddad

[email protected]

Dynamics of Communicating Climate Change Information The communication of climate science requires more than communications in other areas. Audiences are expected to understand and respond to information that is characterised by high levels of uncertainty that does not include clear suggestions for action, and against inconsistent and competing discourses. As a result, the demand on audiences’ cognitive resources is substantial. Prior research shows that people avoid messages that communicate uncertainty (Camerer & Weber, 1992), and that ambiguity can undermine responsible action (Kuhn, 1997, Einhorn & Hogarth, 1985). High uncertainty, the use of probabilistic information, and the lack of specific action recommendations are likely to impair people’s ability to interpret and respond to messages about climate change. Aims: The broad aim of the research conducted within this PhD is to explore the process of communicating climate change information; with attention to the collective role of the informer, information content and audiences in this process; and how these interact to produce joint effects on message understanding, trust and responses when communicating probabilistic climate science messages. Methods: The aims will be accomplished by using qualitative and quantitative research methodologies among various actors relevant to the communication process - including the public as the recipients of climate change communication and a large climate science organisation in the UK as the transmitters of climate change information. Among the transmitters of climate change information (being climate scientists and communicators of climate science), interviews are currently being conducted to explore how these experts see the process of climate change communication; the various barriers and opportunities for communication they perceive; and how these potential barriers and opportunities guide their work as climate science communicators. The research process taken here is an iterative one, whereby experimental studies will take some of the emergent concepts from the interview research and present/test them on a publics audience. The experimental studies will measure such variations on dependent measures - such as trust, risk perception, (perceived) understanding, willingness to engage, perceptions of uncertainty. Alternatively, the studies may find that trust might modify or shape responses to communications that signal uncertainty. By triangulating the research to explore questions from different sides of the communication processes, it is hoped that the research will provide a more complete analysis that connect to the specific concerns of those actors involved in this process (i.e. audiences and communicators alike). Qualitative interviews amongst climate change communicators and climate scientists (in progress) It is believed that starting this research at the beginning of the communication process, by interviewing climate scientists and communicators, will strengthen this work in both an academic and applied sense. At present, semi-structured one-to-one in-depth interviews (lasting 60-90 minutes) are being carried within a large climate science organisation in the UK. Analysis The analysis approach taken for these interview data is framed by three broad stages: a) Thematic/Descriptive: This is the first stage of analysis, drawing out and clustering themes; being descriptive in its nature. This is an essential starting point with qualitative research, and the collaborative science partner would find this descriptive level of information useful. b) Interpretative: How can we get meaning and interpretation from these themes? Framed by theories in social psychology (such as stereotyping, social identity) and communication, what models of communication are being used when communicating climate change information? (How) Do these models differ amongst climate scientists and communicators of climate science information? c) Discursive: How do climate scientists and expert communicators of climate science talk about issues of

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trust, uncertainty, audience expectations, and perceptions. (How) Do they differ in such discourse? Indicative findings on interviews so far At the time of writing this application, half of the interviews have been conducted. Indicative findings at the descriptive, interpretative and discursive levels are emerging: At a descriptive level, for instance, it is clear that climate scientists and communicators within the same organisation see different barriers when communicating climate change information. Interpreting such information indicates that the models of communication between the scientists and communicators of science appear to be different. Scientists appear to be working within an ‘informational’ framework; where informing people more of the same complex information will overcome (their) perceived barriers. This is akin to the traditional ‘deficit model’. Whereas communicators work to a more ‘relational’ model; where understanding the audience, using warm and friendly language, avoiding jargon are important. Differences in opinions, which seems to be underlined by different models of communication, appears to be the source of conflict between the two groups. This tension, to some extent, can be viewed and interpreted as similar tensions that exist between scientists and publics. However, though tensions and different perspectives exist between these two groups in this organisation, they are also mutually dependent upon each other: communicators performing a ‘buffer’ role between scientists and the media/publics; and scientists producing the information for communicators to communicate. Discursively, climate scientists and climate science communicators talk about uncertainty in different ways; with uncertainty seeming to play different functions at professional, social and psychological levels. This work is ongoing, with further interviews to be carried out, and a more complete and depth analysis to follow. Experiments with publics These interviews are proving most valuable, interesting and useful as a standalone piece of work; and also for informing forthcoming experimental psychology work. This work will consist of examining the influence on publics as the audience comparing relational vs. informational models of communicating climate change information. Further, varying the content of language and the trait contents of group categorisations (such as ‘scientists’) will be measured on their effects on trust of the messenger, message, perceptions and acceptance of uncertainty and potential subsequent behavioural activities. So far, this research has given further insight into the process of a particular aspect of climate change communications. This is useful in furthering our understanding into the dynamics and complexities of message production amongst key actors in this process; and how such dynamics may affect the end message communicated to publics and how this is received.

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Sara Lena Brigitte Heidenreich

[email protected]

Public Engagement in Offshore Wind Energy My research project, Public Engagement in Offshore Wind Energy, is one of three sub-projects under the main project Public Acceptance of Post Carbon Strategies (PubAcc.) financed by the Norwegian Forskningsrådet. The principal objective of the main project is to initiate a focus on public understanding and acceptance with respect to selected areas of developing new, sustainable energy technologies. It wants to develop a better theoretical understanding of such phenomena as well as improved methods for carrying through engagement with public understanding and acceptance as part of development of technology. Three case studies carried out by two PhD students and one post.doc are to provide the empirical basis for the main project. The first deals with energy efficiency, the second with carbon capture and storage and the case study I will carry out is about offshore wind energy. In the context of discussions around climate change and a desired transition to a post-carbon-society, there can currently be observed an increasing interest in offshore wind energy as part of official political policy and within R & D activities in Norway. But to develop and implement a new technology is never just a technological question. Social, cultural and political aspects play an important role. In the past, the implementation of new renewable energies faced considerable problems, e.g. in the case of onshore wind energy. This project aims at developing a better theoretical understanding of the relation between experts and “the public” (the “general public” and particular stakeholders) with respect to developing and implementing offshore wind energy. On the one hand, it deals with the public perceptions accompanying the ongoing shift to offshore wind energy. The focus is on the appropriation of this new technology by the society. How does the public engage in this process? How do they perceive and understand it? What do they accept, what do they resist and for what reasons? On the other hand, it focuses on the experts themselves. How do they engage the public? How do they imagine lay people and which role does the public get in knowledge production? The knowledge gained through this project will be relevant for policy makers and experts to im¬prove methods for carrying out public engagement as part of technological development. It may be used to change the dialogue practices between experts and the public and help to understand how we may get sustainable technologies more easily implemented. The theoretical perspectives I draw upon in my project are taken mainly from the area of Science and Technology Studies. More specifically, I place my work within the direction called “Public Engagement in Science and Technology” which is a term describing activities or situations in which non-experts or lay people become involved or engage in scientific knowledge production and policy making. My dissertation work will be based on the qualitative analysis of in-depth and focus group interviews, documents and possibly some observations. I will conduct in-depth interviews with experts working within offshore wind energy to find out how they imagine and conceptualize the public and which relevance these imaginations and conceptualizations have for their technology development. To learn about perspectives from public stakeholders and their engagement in offshore wind developments I will interview representatives of groups like fishermen or environmental organizations and people living in communities where offshore wind parks are planned. Focus groups or workshop methods will enable me to analyze the perceptions of offshore wind energy of the general public. Methods of data analysis will be grounded theory methods and discourse analysis. Currently, I’m working on an article where I analyze the media coverage of offshore wind energy in Norwegian newspapers between the years 2000 and 2010. The aim of this analysis is on the one hand to identify actors, perspectives,

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arguments and conflicts regarding offshore wind energy. On the other hand, I am interested in representations of offshore wind energy. Which concepts of nature and the environment or of the wind turbine itself are employed by the different actors? Which different stories about offshore wind energy can be identified? How do the actors use these different conceptualizations and stories to strengthen their positions in the debate on offshore wind energy? It is especially for this study that the Bergen summer school about climate change narratives is very relevant and informative.

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Jill Johannessen

[email protected]

Part of the project: Climate Crossroads. Towards Precautionary Practices: Politics, Media and Climate Change. Subproject: Climate change narratives, cultural interpretations and responses to pro-poor development The study will assess the ‘definitional power’ of different social actors with focus on the relationship between political arguments and scientific knowledge and how climate is framed in relation to rights views on poverty. Important issues are how climate change narratives are manifested in the media discourse and the ways that the media position actors and knowledge claims with the aim of discovering ideological implications arising from these interpretations in the context of pro-poor development.

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Anna Kaijser

[email protected]

My research concerns discourses on climate change related to Bolivia, a country that has during the past few years emerged as a radical actor in international climate politics. The Bolivian government has, in international climate negotiations, promoted a radical discourse centered on anti-capitalist critique. Two central ideas are those of climate justice and a climate debt that the industrial countries must pay back to the developing states. Among the proposed strategies are the establishment of a climate justice tribunal, a world referendum on climate change and a legal framework, similar to the human rights system, for protecting the rights of Mother Earth. Furthermore, it is demanded that the West assign 6 % of their GDP to adaptation measures in developing countries as a means to pay back their climate debt, and that the limit for acceptable temperature increase be lowered from 2 to 1 degrees Celsius. Andean tradition and spirituality, such as a call for harmony with Mother Earth, is often employed in the government’s rhetoric, which features a sharp polarization from what are depicted as “Western” values and development models. For instance, the Bolivian position is presented as a “culture of life”, as opposed to the Western “culture of death”. Bolivia was among the countries that refused to sign the Copenhagen Accord in 2009, and the only country that did not sign the Cancún Agreement in 2010, claiming that it was too weak and only served the interests of the developed countries. In April 2010, the Bolivian government took charge of organizing an alternative summit, the World People’s Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth, attracting 35 000 participants from 140 countries, in which the official Bolivian standpoint was promoted as an alternative to dominant climate politics. Until 2008, climate change was not given much attention in Bolivian politics and public debate, but recently it has emerged as a central and highly politicized issue. This development should partly be understood in the light of climate arising as a hot topic on the global political agenda as well as climate change impacts becoming more evident in Bolivia. However, it must also be put in context of the broader political development in Bolivia since MAS (Movimiento Al Socialismo, or Movement Towards Socialism) and Evo Morales, portrayed as the first indigenous president, came into power in 2006. The new climate position can be read as part of a broader political project in which a re-construction of the Bolivian state and national identity according to a conceptualization of indigeneity is a central feature. In the country’s new Constitution, approved by referendum in 2009, a break with previous “imperialist” and “neo-liberal” models, and a retrieval of indigenous values and modes of organization is promoted. The Bolivian government has been criticized both internally and externally for keeping double standards and not applying their radical climate position on the national level. For instance, the Bolivian economy is heavily dependent on polluting, extractive activities such as mining and oil drilling, and several infrastructure projects are being planned which have raised concern among environmentalist and indigenous groups. Also, various actors within Bolivia are challenging the government’s official position and bringing forward alternative discourses on climate change. I want to generate an understanding of this discursive field and place it in context of international climate politics and the specific post-colonial setting. My tentative research questions are as follows: - Which discourses on climate change can be identified in the Bolivian government position(s) and public debate? - How can this discursive field be explained/understood? - How does it relate to climate change politics on an international scale? Power is of central theoretical importance and the power dimensions of the field will be explored building on a Foucauldian conception. In order to attain a more nuanced comprehension of the complexity and entanglement of power structures I will employ an

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intersectional perspective, allowing for an understanding of how gender, class, ethnicity and other categories are constructed and interact with each other in every context an in all relations. I also use discourse theory such as the framework developed by Laclau and Mouffe. Empirical material is collected through ethnographic studies in La Paz where I have so far carried out participant observations and conducted interviews with Bolivian government representatives, development cooperation officers, diplomats, environmental activists and staff members from Bolivian and international NGOs. I have also collected documents from the government and various bilateral actors and NGOs, which, along with interview transcripts and observation notes, are studied through discourse analysis. A first field study was done in November 2010 and I plan to make one or two more visits to Bolivia during the course of the PhD work.

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Tanja Kristiina Kähkönen

[email protected] [email protected]

INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP AT FOREST SECTOR WITH FOCUS ON BIOENERGY AND RURAL REGIONS My PhD research aims to produce interdisciplinary information on the prerequisites for regional development based on a partnership between private and public sector with focus on bioenergy, and to examine innovativeness in enterprises particularly in rural regions. The sub-objectives include examining driving forces for change and development in bioenergy sector, investigating innovativeness toward energy wood dominated production, examining adaptation measures and risk management in bioenergy enterprises, researching a relationship between forest sector change and bioenergy innovations, examining possibilities for international networking to support bioenergy innovations in peripherical regions, and estimating future development objectives for bioenergy sector in rural regions. One key focus throughout the dissertation is to examine the use of language in presenting information on bioenergy to general public by various interest groups and media. The results of this dissertation may benefit regional development, and management of change in bioenergy enterprises particularly in peripherical rural areas. The results can be utilized in developing innovativeness in forest sector and adaptation to various socio-political changes in these regions. Furthermore, the results may assist in understanding perceptions on bioenergy, and in developing more thorough understanding of complex communication in bioenergy sector, particularly with regards to development in rural regions, as resources in adapting to global and local changes such as climate change. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Five articles are preliminarily planned to be included in the dissertation. The main research questions and sub-questions for each article are: 1. Which driving forces for change and development, and what type of perceptions can be identified in the bioenergy development processes, namely related to innovative entrepreneurship, in the peripherical regions of Eastern Finland? • What type of bioenergy discourses can be identified related to bioenergy perceptions? • Which driving forces for change have been relevant in the past in the development of bioenergy sector in the peripherical regions of Eastern Finland? • Which driving forces for change are described by different stakeholder groups to be relevant in the bioenergy future of peripherical regions of Eastern Finland? 2. Which roles local innovators in Eastern Finland have related to innovative entrepreneurship based on the energy use of wood? • Which innovator types can be identified related to bioenergy? • What type of discourses do innovators use on innovative bioenergy entrepreneurship? • Which role does public sector have in innovative bioenergy entrepreneurship according to innovators? • Which role do the innovators have in innovative bioenergy entrepreneurship according to the public sector? 3. How is innovative bioenergy entrepreneurship and forest sector change described in regional and national newspaper media? • Which differences on bioenergy reporting exist between regional and national newspaper media? • How transitions in policy, industrial, social and technological changes are portrayed in newspaper media? • Which and whose perceptions on bioenergy are reflected in newspaper media? • What type of knowledge on bioenergy newspaper media provides to the readers? 4. What type of innovative development on bioenergy can be identified in Eastern Finland and other parts of Europe? • Which differences can be identified in bioenergy related development in Eastern Finland and other parts of Europe? • How forest sector change and bioenergy innovations are perceived in Eastern Finland and other parts of Europe? • What is the assumed role of different stakeholder groups in current and future bioenergy development? • How media reflects innovative development on bioenergy? 5.

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How entrepreneurs and innovators consider the future of bioenergy? • Which discourses entrepreneurs and innovators use on bioenergy future? • How the role of the private and public sectors are described by different innovator types? • How the partnership on bioenergy development between private and public sectors is reflected through newspaper media? METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH The data is planned to be collected by (1) interviews and (2) surveys which are directed to different interest groups and particularly to entrepreneurs, and from (3) news media on bioenergy on regional and national levels. In addition, other publicly available text material, such as national and European Union level policy documents, will be used. The interview data is already collected for the first article, and its transcription is under process. Surveys are planned to be analyzed with explorative factor analysis and chi-square test. Descriptive content analysis and discourse analysis are planned to be used in the analysis of the textual data. In the coding and analysis process of qualitative material, Atlas.ti is planned to be used as a tool for data management and organization.

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Annelise Ly

[email protected]

Annelise Ly Linguistic analysis of the scientific knowledge in political discourse on climate change The main problematic of this project is the following: how is scientific knowledge expressed and used in French political discourse on climate change? The recent mediatisation of Climate change conferences in Bali ( COP13 in 2007) and Copenhagen (COP15 in 2009) shows that the challenge of climate change has become a political priority. To convince the audience, politicians tend to refer to scientific sources and figures. The aim of this research project is to analyse the way politicians refer to, use, and sometimes misuse scientific sources. One can develop this problematic by asking the following research questions: 1. How do politicians use science in their argumentation? Which “voice” do they refer to? Based on the polyphony theory developed in Scandinavia, the SCAPOLINE, the analysis will focus on the “voices” expressed in political discourse. In his/her speech, a politician will usually refer to someone else’s point of view, to support it or to discredit it. These points of view can be expressed explicitly, in indirect speech for example, but also implicitly, through adverbs, modal expressions, negations… In the following example, “the wall is not white”, two points of view are expressed. The first one affirms that the wall is white, while the second one discredits it. In this part of the project I will describe and analyse the way the polyphonic complexity is used in political discourse on climate change. The goal is to find out which voices politicians actually refer to and how they refer to it. 2. Which metaphors are used by politicians to talk about climate change? In Metaphors we live by (1980) Lakoff and Johnson develop the theory of cognitive metaphor. Metaphors are not just a matter of language but also a matter of thought. They give the example of the metaphor of LOVE IS A JOURNEY. This metaphor represents a mapping, a set meanings that would allow the reader to understand different metaphorical expressions such as “our relationship has hit a dead-end street” and “We may have to go our separate ways. The relationship isn’t going anywhere”. The metaphors reveal in this example the way one can perceive love, the lovers being travellers that meet impediments and crossroads where decisions have to be made about the directions to take and whether the protagonists still want to travel together. In the debate on climate change at the European Parliament, the members of the European Parliament express their opinions about the decisions to take. In their speeches, metaphors play a central role as they provide clues about their views on climate change. As the following metaphorical expressions show, CLIMATE CHANGE IS perceived as A WAR: “Many hundreds of millions of human beings in the world are going to become what one might call climate change casualties” (Gilles Pergneaux, 24.11.2009) Thus, the analysis of the metaphors in the discourse will allow a better understanding of the way climate change is perceived and may thus give us a hint to explain the decisions that are taken ( or not) in this matter. 3. What can the consequences of the transfer of scientific concepts into political discourse be? Political actors borrow theories, figures but also concepts from the scientific world. The use of identical concepts, such as “ climate change”, “ development” or “ adaptation” allow different actors to understand each other and therefore to communicate. Lowy defines Boundary concepts as “loosely defined concepts which, precisely because of their vagueness, are adaptable to local sites and may facilitate communication and cooperation…A trading zone that enables members of distinct professional groups to work together and to develop areas of efficient collaboration without obliging them to give up the advantages of their respective group identities ». One may therefore wonder whether concepts such as «climate change» or «adaptation» are boundary concepts. Do these concepts mean the same thing when they are used by a

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scientist, a politician or a journalist? Do boundary concepts allow a better communication among domains or do they create fuzziness? The corpus is composed of texts/ speeches on climate change written/ said by French political actors in the period 2007-2012.

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Sonia Parratt

[email protected]

I belong to a research group directed from the University of Malaga and financed by the Ministry of Education, which works on climate change and the media. Therefore, I think attending \"Climate change narratives\" course as an observer would be very useful. I am particularly interested in getting all sorts of information and documents on climate change narratives, in order to share them with my group. I was told by e-mail that it was not necessary for me to send a letter of recommendation.

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Marte Reenskaug Fjørtoft

[email protected]

A study of the representation of national interests in texts related to the Oil for Development program in Bolivia Introduction and object of study In my PhD project description I propose to study how Norwegian interests are represented and portrayed in Bolivia through studies of texts related to the Oil for Development project (OfD). As the project is under development I have outlined possible research questions in quite a wide area, regarding political, economical and environmental interest aspects. Here, I will mainly focus on the aspects related to environmental interests and climate change discourse. Furthermore, I will build on the proposed idea of comparing different texts produced in Norway and Bolivia related to OfD. The objective is to analyse in what way environmental interests and climate change discourse is expressed in Norway and Bolivia, and the relation between these elements and political and economical interests. The Norwegian government’s outspoken main area of interest in Latin America is related to the preservation of the environment. Over the last years, the Norwegian Government has been heavily invested in different environmental projects in Latin America, for example in Brazil and Ecuador (where issues concerning the rain forest are of special interest). This initiative is related to the Norwegian government’s focus on climate change problematic on a global level. In relation, the Norwegian government is committed to the OfD aid programme in Bolivia. Norway has assisted development countries with the management of petroleum resources over the last thirty years. In 2005 all of the agencies working in the area were united in one common institution: the OfD. “The Norwegian Oil for Development (OfD) programme aims at assisting developing countries, upon their request, in their efforts to manage petroleum resources in a way that generates economic growth and promotes the welfare of the whole population in an environmentally sustainable way.” . After the election of Evo Morales in 2005, a nationalization process of the oil and gas resources was initiated. This has been a long time demand from the Bolivian social movements. Cooperation between Norway and Bolivia was initiated in 2006, by request of the Bolivian government. In recent years, the extortion of oil and gas in Bolivia has augmented. The government seeks to find a balance between higher income to the state through gas resources and a sustainable environment. Norway aims to assist this process. The OfD is a project where different, and sometimes opposing, interests meet, such as business, environmental and political interests, both at a national level and interstate level. This provides a good basis for the empirical material of the study. I will analyse the material (written text) using text linguistic and discourse analysis (Norman Fairclough, M.A.K Halliday, Teun van Dijk), as it will be necessary to be able to analyze both elements on word and text level. The material will be linked to the OfD program, such as official documents and media coverage. Focusing on the intercultural aspects of the interaction between the two countries, it’s interesting to analyse environmental- and climate change discourse, through analysis of written text connected to the OfD. This project can be complementary to a wider study of how other Norwegian and/or Bolivian interests are represented in the program. Research questions 1. In what way are environmental interests and politics expressed through climate discourse in Norway and Bolivia? Evo Morales is known for linking the climate change debate to indigenous culture and beliefs. The link to ‘Pacha mama’, or Mother Earth, is one example. On the alternative climate conference in Bolivia in 2010 he states: “What is happening now with climate change is precisely because the rights of Mother Earth were not respected” . Regarding Norway, the Ministry of Environment states in the 26th ‘report to the Norwegian Storting’ ”Regjeringens mål er at Norge skal bli ledende på miljørettet bistand og har utarbeidet en

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handlingsplan for miljørettet utviklingssamarbeid, både multi- og bilateralt” . Analysing climate discourse can give us information about the relation between differences and similarities in culture, politics and economy and climate change politics. (f. ex. in an international context: Bolivia: critical, the only country opposing the climate change process in Cancun versus Norway: hero- helping Brazil, Ecuador, and Bolivia with economical aid to preserve the rain forest etc). 2. In what way are expressed environmental interests linked to, or influenced by, other national interests? As stated earlier, the OfD involves many different interests. It can be interesting to see how environmental interests interact with other political and economical interests. At a national level: Bolivia (country in development): economical versus environmental interests. Likewise, the Norwegian government has both political and economical interests in the region (presenting themselves as a ‘green’ government and being partial owner of Statoil). 3. Do the two country’s climate discourses in some way merge through the project? As Norway and Bolivia cooperate in the OfD it’s interesting to see if the different countries climate discourses in some way affect each other, for example by adopting the other country’s international or national climate discourses.

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Emilia Ngowo Vefonge Effange

[email protected].

CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN CAMEROON By EFFANGE EMILIA NGOWO Department of curriculum Studies and Instruction Faculty of Education University of Buea-Cameroon E-mail: [email protected] Phone +23777739733 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY About 80% of the poor in Cameroon live in rural areas and work primarily in Agriculture. About 35% of the Cameroon’s Gross Domestic Products come from agriculture and related activities and close to 70% of the national labor force is employed in agriculture. However, the agricultural system in Cameroon is still highly dependent on climate, because temperature, sun light and water are the main drivers of crop growth in Cameroon. Given the increasing evidence of climate change there is now concern that climate impacts on food production will be significant in Cameroon. Cameroon is experiencing increasing trends in temperature and the rate is 0.5 °C from 1991 to 2010 in ten out of twelve stations studied. While there is decreasing trends in the numbers of rainy days from six out of twelve stations studied with the total amount of rainfall dropping by 28mm within 1991 to 2010 in nine out of twelve stations studied. This is evident by current agricultural practices such as bush burning, deforestation and methane gas emission from cattle rearing .This is attributed to global warming which is said to be a consequence of the green house effect, increased rate of advancement of desertification southwards and the accompanying decrease in the amount of rainfall. This climate change is already altering the types, frequencies and intensities of crop and livestock production. Low rainfall in 1997 in Maroua in the Northern region of Cameroon affected crop yields and caused livestock deaths leading to hunger and triggering need for food aid. In March 2005, the Northern region suffered food shortages and FAO international aids were sent. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The agricultural practices in Cameroon are unsustainable and may be one of the major challenges affecting climate change in Cameroon. This is seen in the bush burning, deforestation and methane gas emission from cattle rearing. Global climatic change may be one of the major challenges that will confront agricultural policy makers in Cameroon. Cameroon is facing the drying up of perennial springs, streams and a decrease in the volumes of lakes and rivers. Infect the Bamendjin dam which sustain the hydroelectric power (HEP) generation stations at Songlulu and Edea has failed to acquire enough volume of water in dry seasons. From 1999 to 2010, Cameroon is experiencing frequent cuts of H.E.P and the situation is worsening from year to year. More still there is saline water intrusion in the coast of Douala, Edea, Tiko, Limbe and Idenau in the Littoral and South-west Regions of Cameroon, due to decreased inflow of fresh water from inland sources. Heat waves continue to affect human beings in the cities of Douala, Garoua, Maroua, Yaounde and Limbe in the dry seasons when the highest of about 45ºC temperatures are recorded. In these same cities especially Garoua, Douala and Limbe sporadic heavy rainfall leads to floods which at time causes death of human beings and loss of property. RASEARCH QUESTIONS The study will investigate the following: 1. To what extent does bush burning influence climate change. 2. To what extent does deforestation causes climate change. 3. To what extent does methane gas emission from cattle rearing promotes climate change. SIGNIFICANCE TO THE STUDY This study will serve in raising environmental awareness amongst the agrarian population of Cameroon, since they will clearly see the effects of unsustainable human activities on climate change. It will provide baseline information for policy makers, industrialists, foresters and environmental stakeholders to curb their economic activities towards sustainable environmental management. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY Research

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Methods 1. A Survey of farmers’ perceptions of climate change and farm productivity The researcher together with the agric -post officers in the ten regions of Cameroon administered pretest questionnaire with reliability co-efficient of 0.76 in December 2010 to 300 randomly selected farmers. The questionnaire return was 96% A sample of 30 farmers was drawn from each of the ten regions of Cameroon. The questionnaire focused on their perceptions of climate change and agricultural productivity. It also dwelled on the extent to which bush burning, deforestation and cattle rearing influence climate change in Cameroon. These questions were assigned variable labels; the coded responses were entered and saved in an Excel file. The data was subsequently analyzed using the statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS (version 12). Descriptive and inferential statistics were derived. 2. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) The non-interactive nature and other limitations of questionnaire led to the organization of farmers into ten Focus Groups in all the ten regions of Cameroon. Each Focus Group had ten participants purposively selected from various farmers cooperative group in each region with weather station managers. Questions were asked on their perception of the influence of Bush burning, Deforestation and Cattle rearing producing methane gas causing climate change and suggestions for the improvement of their unsustainable farming activities were proposed to be implemented in Cameroon. All discussions were audio-recorded. At the end of the discussions, respondents validated the records. Later, a summary of the responses to questions was recorded on a standard Interview Record Form. Interview data was analyzed thematically by grouping appropriate responses together and then comparing with those obtained from questionnaires. 3. Interviews with Climatologists Brief informal interview were conducted with six state universities Professors specialist in Environmental Science. This was considered necessary in order to gain a picture of how curb bush burning, deforestation and cattle rearing producing Methane gas that increase climate change. Interviews with these Professors were usually held on appointment and for about two hours. All information from interviews was audio-recorded, subsequently listened to and analyzed thematically. Projected Results Early results from respondents in the field indicate that, they practice bush farming, deforestation and cattle over-grazing which result to 80% influence of climatic change in Cameroon. The results significantly demonstrate Cameroon’s dependence on rain fed agriculture due to inadequate irrigation systems and financial resources.

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Synnøve Marie Vik

[email protected]

In my doctoral thesis titled ”Controversial Landscaping: The Politics of Nature in Contemporary Visual Culture”, I will address representations of nature in visual culture, and the thesis will explore the connection between politics and aesthetics, focusing on both immediate presentations of natural phenomena, as well as the aesthetization /staging of trauma and controversial images. Nature is essential for the survival of man – it is our origin and livelihood. Its beauty and miracle have inspired people for hundreds of years; therefore it has also been worshipped and idealized in art, as in the Classical Landscape painting. This was a nature that man ideally controlled; it could be shaped and restrained, as seen in the classical French gardens. Today the situation has changed: Nature paradoxically steps up as master, after man has claimed ever more natural domains. Nature holds power in flood catastrophes, earth quakes and climate changes. Nature has top priority in politics: it has become a threat, since it is threatened. This double threat is perhaps most recently evident in Louisiana, where the hurricane Katrina first devastated the area in 2005, before the man-made, oil catastrophe in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico made the situation on land and in water even worse. Nature is no longer being worshipped as something entirely positive, but is more and more experienced as traumatizing and traumatized. The thesis will attempt to clarify the complex and volatile relations between nature, ecology and environmentalism, art and politics. The thesis is an interdisciplinary project which aspires to mobilize insights from fields such as visual culture, art history and aesthetic theory in order to examine the construction of nature in contemporary image culture. The following questions will be discussed: how are the ways in which we look at and conceptualize landscape and nature informed by our contemporary visual culture? How may its representations of nature be grasped politically? What are the epistemological ramifications of visual culture’s reorganization of the aesthetic field, where art history embodies but one of several forms of visuality? The project will focus on artistic developments since the 1960s, drawing on various sources of installation art and art photography – mainly the German-British artist Gustav Metzger (b.1926) and the Danish-Icelandic artist Olafur Eliasson (b.1967). The two artists have in common that they, each in their very different manners, actively contribute to make nature visible in often new and unsuspected ways. At the same time, the aim is to engage with a broader array of visual culture objects; the works by the aforementioned artists will be approached with a view toward the relation they establish with other visual genres such as press photography and advertising. The material will be drawn mainly from three different cases: ongoing desert spreading, a problem that has been somewhat overrated, therefore being particularly interesting within this context; The oil disaster following Exxon Valdez in 1989, known as one of the most devastating environmental disasters caused by man at sea ever; and the destructions following the tropical hurricane Katrina in New Orleans on August 29th 2005, which already is the subject of countless artistic practices. These three happenings represent a flora of images that have become a common point of reference in a global image-reality, yet without having become the subject for analyses as images in a similar context. Advertising holds a similar position as press photography, as common visual references in our visual culture. One interesting subject might be the traditional (American) car commercial, where man/the car always overcomes nature, where nature is portrayed as a central means, and where the images hold different messages of what nature signifies. This material is also relevant to a discussion of new media: How does technology change the form and praxis of representations of nature? How do new media affect the aesthetics of nature? It might be particular relevant to discuss travelling images on the Internet. How

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to best understand the use of photography of natural disasters, real or manipulated, as seen of the eruption of the volcano Eyafjallajökull? How is the hurricane Katrina sees as a visualization of climate change? This approach to representations of nature in visual culture is novel. The questions raised are pertinent to the connection between politics and aesthetics, visual ethics and aesthetics, travelling images and digital media, visual hegemonies of representation, as well as exploring visual culture’s inherent heterogeneity. Last but not least the thesis will address the increasingly productive threshold of media studies and art history.

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Christian Weibel

[email protected]

Abstract The Lancet Commission and the University College London concluded in a recently published report that climate change is the biggest global health-threat of this century (Costello et al., 2009). Thus, billions of human lives are exposed to an elevated risk (Costello et al., 2009). Challenges that arise from climate change and other ecological problems are not only of a technical kind, but also have psychological and moral components. Because these ecological problems are mainly caused by humans and also affect humans, a major goal of social sciences is to improve the understanding of human behavior in this context (Tanner, 2009). Moral issues seem to be particularly important, as the manner how humans decide and act against the background of current ecological problems, depends on how humans define their relationship with the environment (Kortenkamp & Moore, 2001). Our main questions are, (a) which moral positions can explain inter-individual differences in pro-environmental attitude and conserving behavior and (b) which moral positions can be seen as a cause for pro-environmental attitude and conserving behavior. Moral positions and the environment In two initial studies (Weibel, 2010) we tested nine hypotheses concerning the relation between the five moral positions anthropocentrism, ecocentrism, apathy (towards environmental issues), utilitarism and deontology and (a) pro-environmental attitude, (b) self-reported conserving behavior and (c) support of fiscal measures (taxing environmental-unfriendly behavior). Both studies showed that especially ecocentrism and apathy towards environmental issues strongly correlate with a pro-environmental attitude, self-reported conserving behavior and a support of fiscal measures. Conversely, anthropocentrism was not predictive for these target variables (except pro-environmental attitude in study 1). Surprisingly, no (significant) correlations for the utilitarian and deontological position were found. These results replicate and extend (additional variables: deontology, utilitarism, support of fiscal measures) the findings of earlier studies (e.g. Thompson & Barton, 1994; Siegrist, 1996). Ecocentrism and conserving behavior Based on the strong interrelation between ecocentrism and (a) pro-environmental attitude, (b) conserving behavior programs and (c) support of fiscal measures campaigns aiming to foster a pro-environmental attitude and behavior should stress ecocentric arguments in their messages (cf. Thompson & Barton, 1996). In contrast to that hypothesis it seems that most organizations that aspire to strengthen pro-environmental behavior focus their communicative efforts to great extent on anthropocentric arguments (e.g. Greepeace (2011): „It’s clear that to preserve the planet for our children and grandchildren, we need to take action on climate change“ ; WWF (2011): “Millions of people are already feeling the consequences. And things will get much worse if we keep going the same way “). If our hypothesis holds, these efforts are predetermined to fail. Study 1 To test the hypothesis we select published advertising from different NPOs (e.g. Greenpeace, WWF), public authorities (e.g. federal office for the environment) and private corporations (e.g. electricity companies, food companies) that focus either on ecocentric or anthropocentric arguments. Correspondingly, this material will be divided into two groups containing ecocentric or anthropocentric advertising. These two groups are taken as a basis to for the two experimental conditions (ecocentric vs. anthropocentric advertising). In the control condition participants do see no advertising. At the beginning of the experiment all participants answer a questionnaire about their ecocentric and anthropocentric attitude (Siegrist, 1996). Afterwards participants see either no advertising, ecocentric advertising or anthropocentric advertising. At the end of the experiment participants complete another three questionnaires: (a) self-reported conserving behavior und (b) support of fiscal measure and (c) general attitude towards the

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environment (NEP: Dunlap et al., 2000). We expect that ecocentric advertising causes (a) a higher level of self-reported conserving behavior, (b) a stronger support of fiscal measures and (c) a more pro-environmental attitude than anthropocentric advertising. Study 2 Study 1 demonstrates the impact of anthropocentric vs ecocentric environmental advertising on planned conserving behavior. There is a risk that participants may passively absorb the arguments during the presentation of the adverts and not elaborate the information deep enough. Therefore we plan a second study in which this risk should be minimized. In this second study we present participants ecocentric or anthropocentric arguments and we ask them elaborate these points more deeply (than participants in study 1 did). The procedure is the same as in study 1, except that instead of presenting environmental advertising, participants read a theoretical rationale about one of the two moral positions (anthropocentrism and ecocentrism) and write a short essay on the importance of conserving behavior using the corresponding arguments. We expect that writing an essay based on ecocentric arguments causes (a) a higher level of self-reported conserving behavior, (b) a stronger support of fiscal measures and (c) a more pro-environmental attitude than writing an essay based on anthropocentric arguments. If our hypotheses can be corroborated, the results have important consequences for various groups and their activities, e.g. environmental political discourse, education or environmental advertising. Instead of giving people anthropocentric or utilitarian reasons, ecocentric arguments that are based on the intrinsic value of nature, wildlife and the ecosystem should be used to foster a pro-environmental attitude and behavior. References Costello, A., Abbas, M., Allen, A., Ball, S., Bell, S., Bellamy, R., et al. (2009). Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission: Managing the health effects of climate change. The Lancet, 373, 1693-1733. Dunlap, R. E., Van Liere, K. D., Mertig, A. G., & Jones, R. E. (2000). Measuring endorsement of the new ecological paradigm: A revised NEP scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 425-442. Greenpeace (2011). The problem. Retrieved at March 1, 2011 from http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/The-Problem/ Kortenkamp, K. V., & Moore, C. F. (2001). Ecocentrism and anthropocentrism: Moral reasoning about ecological commons dilemmas. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 261-272. Siegrist, M. (1996). Fragebogen zur Erfassung der ökozentrischen und anthropozentrischen Umwelteinstellung. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 27, 290-294. Tanner, C. (2009). To act or not to act: Noncensequentialism in environmental decision-making. Ethics & Behavior, 19, 479-495. Thompson, S. C. G., & Barton, M. A. (1994). Ecoentric and anthropocentric attitudes toward the environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14, 149-157. Weibel, C. (2010). Moral und Umwelt: Der Zusammenhang zwischen moralischen Positionen und einer umweltfreundlichen Einstellung und Verhaltensweise (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Basel, Basel. WWF (2011). Why we do what we do. Retrieved at March 1, 2011 from http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/why_we_do_what_we_do/

http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/why_we_do_what_we_do/

E M E R G I N G N O R M A T I V E R E G I M E S

EMERGING NORMATIVE REGIMES Manisha Anantharaman

[email protected] When Do Consumers become Collective Actors? Behavior Change, Citizen Communities and the New Middle Classes of India With the growing recognition that modern consumptive lifestyles are among the primary drivers of environmental degradation, understanding patterns of consumption has emerged as an important research agenda. In an emerging economy like India, consumption is of critical importance, both to the economic health of the nation and to the aspirations of its people. Forecasts predict that the Indian consumer market will quadruple over the next few years leading to further increases in greenhouse gas emissions. The Indian Middle Classes are expected to drive this boom in consumption: in the next two decades, the size of the Middle Classes is expected to quadruple alongside escalating levels of individual consumption (1). Rationale Despite their significant numbers, high ecological footprints and influential role in the public sphere, there is very little research on the environmental values of the Indian middle class, with the few studies carried out focused on questions of urban pollution and wildlife conservation (2). Specifically, there are no thorough studies that explore the links between environmental values of the Middle Classes, their consumption behavior and collective action on consumption issues. My research project attempts to address this significant lacuna by focusing specifically on the conditions under which environmentally-conscious citizen-consumers emerge among the New Middle Classes (NMC) of Bangalore, India, analyzing both consumer behavior change and collective citizen action. Changing consumption behavior is widely accepted as a strategy to reduce the environmental consequences of consumption. To date, there have been no studies that seek to rigorously identify and analyze the emergence of such behaviors among the New Middle Classes. In addition to their roles as consumers, individuals also have the opportunity to exercise citizenship in the environmental realm. Collective citizen action is especially important to the transformation of consumption in India, because the contextual constraints (like under-equipped public transport, lack of state services, limited product choices etc) restrict the number of 'green' choices NMCs have available to them. To this end, the formation and maintenance of citizen communities that help individual consumers and other stakeholders like NGOs, social enterprises and governance institutions to interact in ways that enable sustainable consumption, is important. Research Questions Understanding the conditions under which individuals who have changed or wish to change their personal consumption behavior become collective actors and exercise citizenship to facilitate and popularize the said behavior, i.e. “When Consumers become Citizens”- is at the crux of my research. To understand this question of ‘When do Consumers become Citizens’, my research will also address two complimentary lines of enquiry-what drives changes in environmentally significant consumption behavior and

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what is the nature of citizenship among NMC consumers. My research will focus on three classes of sustainable consumption behavior- organic food purchase, alternate transportation like bicycling and household behaviors like recycling, composting and energy efficiency, which represent potential ‘big-ticket’ items in the emission profiles of typical NMC consumers To understand what drives environmentally significant behavior changes in Consumers, I will apply theories from social psychology that emphasize attitudes, social norms, context and personal capability as critical factors in the process (3). The question of how these new behaviors contest and modify prevailing social norms on consumption will receive particular attention. Two strands of literature will guide my enquiry on the nature of NMC citizenship and collective action. The first is the body of work on environmental citizenship by authors like Andrew Dobson that recognizes a ‘third’ type of non-reciprocal and non-territorial ‘post-cosmopolitan’ citizenship that occurs both in the public and private spheres of life. (4). The second body of literature that is key to my investigation is work on the nature of Middle Class identity and Middle Class political engagement that examines the nature of Middle Class associational activity and critically questions what Middle Class civil society involvement means for other social groups and the environment (5). Methodological approach Preliminary research conducted in 2010 has enabled the identification of networks around bicycling, organic retail and waste management in the city of Bangalore, India, which will be the site of my study. For my dissertation fieldwork (starting May 2011) I will approach individuals within these networks, who have (i) either adopted a particular eco-friendly consumption behavior, and/or (ii) are part of citizen communities that take up collective action, and then explore what factors went into the emergence of such consumer and collective behavior. I will conduct between 30 and 40 interviews under each of these categories and augment interviews with participant observation on online forums and at various events conducted by these communities. At the individual level, I will focus upon understanding how NMCs make consumption choices on a day-to-day basis, and how new information and changing social norms affect the decision-making process. This will lead to an exploration of how individuals with common interests interact among themselves to engage in collective action. The social implications of these various initiatives will be studied, especially given that many Middle Class environmental initiatives have been criticized as being anti-poor (2). Expected Outcomes My research will contribute to an improved understanding of the environmental attitudes of the New Middle Classes and its relation to consumption behavior. This knowledge is especially relevant to activists and policy organizations interested in changing NMC consumption. My project will also generate understanding of new types of associational activity among the New Middle Classes and the structure, scope and effectiveness of collective action on consumption issues. References 1. Abbet J. et al 2007 The ‘Bird of Gold’: The rise of India’s consumer market. San Francisco: McKinsey Global Institute

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2. Mawdsley, E., 2004. India's Middle Classes and the Environment Development and Change, 35(1), 79- 103 3. Stern, P. Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3):407-424 4. Dobson, A. 203 Citizenship and the Environment Oxford University Press 5. Hariss J. Middle-class activism and the politics of the informal working class. Critical Asian Studies 2006;38(4):445-65

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Marie Christine Boilard

[email protected]

I. RESEARCH TOPIC. The purpose of my doctoral research is to interpret both general crises and persisting continuities in the meaning of development in international politics by exploring its creation, adoption, negation and distortion at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) between 1946 and 2000. The overarching objective of this project is to contribute to inform on the nature of power and interactions between countries at the level of global institutions and the role of social and political concepts (such as the one of development) in these interactions. II. BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE. As multilateral institutions have and continue to play a central role as international forums for the exchange of political opinions and ideas and their discussion pro and contra, debates over particular social and political concepts at the level of global institutions are of central importance for the understanding of continuities and changes in development. And since policies derived from them affect the lives of thousand of millions of people, a better understanding of the logic behind any conceptual shift in development as occurring inside those institutions could help identify the tone-setting actors of the debate. As preferred forums for the expression of political opinions across national borders through the use of language and concepts, global institutions also represent a new and different arena for the role of concepts in history. As Bøås & McNeill underline, ‘it is remarkable how little is known about the subject: why some particular ideas are taken up by the multilateral institutions; how they travel within the multilateral system; and how they are translated into policy, modified, distorted or resisted.’ (1) The overarching goal is to contribute to the advancement of knowledge in this field by providing an interpretative framework for the understanding of continuities and shifts in development as produced by global institutions. Accordingly, and contrary to a vast majority of contemporary studies in development, this project is not about the realities of development per se but the concept of development itself and the role of political debates conducted at the level of global institutions in its production and challenge. Attention is therefore given exclusively to the interpretative type of political actions as opposed to the performative ones. III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, RESEARCH MATERIAL AND METHOD. The approach adopted here, global conceptual history, proceeds from the recognition that historical trends and sequences of events, and therefore the concepts used to represent and act upon them, which have been treated separately in regional or national histories, can be brought together; that all ideologies, states and economies are the result of interactive developments. This goes against many, perhaps even most, studies of the movement of concepts between the so-called West and the rest of the world, ‘which have focused on one side of the exchange, emphasizing western perceptions and conceptualizations of all those […] encountered in the course of early modern exploration, trade, proselytizing and conquest.’ (2) Instead, the aim is to shed light on the interactivity of conceptual changes in development and on competing social groupings striving to bring about these changes inside the established institutional network. From the point of view of global conceptual history, ‘parliamentary speaking produced valuable sources in that it gave rise to a number of cases of the recycling of conventional concepts in generally shared senses and innovative speech acts aimed at altering the political content or connotations of a concept.’ (3) The global institution this research is concerned with has established an organ with functions, procedures and practices similar to the ones of a national parliament. This quasi-parliamentary organ, the UN General Assembly (UNGA), is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN. Comprising all members of the UN, it provides a unique forum for multilateral discussion of the full spectrum of international

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issues covered by the UN Charter – including issues of development. If the power and functions of the UNGA closely resemble those of a national parliament, they are also different in that the UNGA does not possess legislative power. Decisions taken at the UNGA nevertheless carry a strong moral and political weight. Recognising the quasi-parliamentary elements of the UNGA nevertheless allows for the analysis to focus on ‘the rhetorical principles implicitly incorporated in the procedural aspects’ of this organ, which have changed relatively little in the course of its existence. (4) Here, rhetorical analysis allows taking into account not only the prevailing or dominant views, but also the dissident and opposing ones. From this new angle, it becomes possible to explore the politics of dissensus and to interpret, or rather re-interpret continuities and changes in development at the level of global institutions. NOTES (1) Bøås, Morton; McNeill, Desmond (eds.) (2004) Global Institutions and Development: Framing the World?, New York: Routledge, P.1 (2) Richter, M. (2009) ‘Conceptual History, Translation, and Intercultural Conceptual History,’ 개념과 소통 제3호, 6, p.166. (3)Ihalainen, Pasi; Palonen, Kari (2009) ‘Parliamentary sources in the comparative study of conceptual history: methodological aspects and illustration of a research proposal,’ Parliaments, Estates & Representation 29 (1), p.26. (4) Ibid, p.27

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Ryan Burns [email protected]

My research explores the relationship between new forms of digital spatial practices and urban redevelopment. The suite of technologies enabling user-generated content known as the geoweb - websites like Google’s MyMaps and the entirely volunteer-produced OpenStreetMap - has enabled a new form of crowdsourced data production that may be shifting the ways disaster relief organizations respond to disasters and plan urban redevelopment. Crowdsourced data production in this case refers to the outsourcing of spatial data creation to anyone with an internet connection and the appropriate skill set. For the OpenStreetMap instance, this has led to a massively detailed map with global coverage, completely produced by volunteers and free to use. Increasingly data produced through these means may be used to plan responses to crises: for example, Ushahidi, a site that allows volunteered information and location to be submitted through text messaging, has been used to report post-election violence in Kenya and to report various needs in 2010 post-earthquake Haiti. I am interested in how geoweb modes of mapping impact planning and decision-making processes in urban redevelopment. Importantly, I understand these forms of data production to be particular instantiations of language and discourse, given their reliance on plain-language annotations and descriptions as well as the very personal nature of what is often mapped. Since the geoweb enrolls volunteer laypeople rather than \

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Filiz Coban [email protected]

Media, National Identity and Foreign Policy Interaction: The Case of Turkey My research has an objective to examine how Turkish journalism articulates and reconstructs to understanding of changing Turkish nationalism and foreign policy vision in the terms of Europeanization. By comparing the discourses of media it is not only possible to explain and understand the reconstruction of Turkish national identity, but also to account for different ideological responses to “the EU effect”. Moreover, this purpose is to highlight and analyze the social construction of national identity which result in different representations of the identity matters and binaries such as self/other, west/east, secular/Islamic since democratic reforms realized for satisfying EU criteria. The analysis of the relationship between the media coverage and the Turkish foreign policy toward the EU argues that the media play a significant role in EU-Turkey relations. In terms of the general direction of policy-making, media coverage created an image of the EU and has some influence on the Turkish government policy-making toward the EU. Moreover, the investigation of Turkey\'s national identity, foreign policy with media coverage of the EU in Turkey provides clues about Turkey’s view of the world and its strategy, which would help to understand the place of Turkey in the international system. To explore this objective, I conduct fieldwork in the textual analysis of newspapers in order to study of the transformation of discourse for tracing a link the EU membership process to rising debates of identity and the shift in Turkish Foreign Policy. In this context, I produce a media archive and comparative discourse analysis by choosing five well-known newspapers as representatives of different ideologies of the society. For the interpretation of discursive strategies, Social Theory and Critical Discourse Analysis will be instrumental in the interpretation of the struggle of discourses in Turkey. I will heavily depend on context analysis in order to go through textual analysis to determine my central research question: How the media construct the discourse of national/state identity in Turkey in related to relationships with the EU? In this context, It will seek to answer such questions as: •Which new metaphors/images (of the EU and Turkey) are replacing the older one? •Is civic citizinship emerging in Turkey? •Is \'\'axis shift\'\' (toward the East) emerging in Turkish Foreign Policy or is it the AKP\'s comprehensive \'\'strategic dept\'\' policy of regional and global involvement? • How is there a correspondence between discursive reconstruction of Turkish state/national identity and Europeanization? Note: One of my main aim to participate to the Summer School is to contribute a different sight to the issue of \'emerging normative regimes\' in the terms of \'east-west\' relations.

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Temaji Dongre [email protected]

Caste and Education System: A Study of Primary Education in Andhra Pradesh Introduction From the beginning of Gouthama Buddha the concepts education and social justice widely discussed and debated in Indian sub continent to make India as an egalitarian society in the world. In modern period Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule, Dr. B.R.Ambedkar and other leaders’ immeasurable struggles for protecting human rights in Indian society was a positive procession towards social democracy in Indian. Equality, freedom, dignity and self respect are emphases in their philosophy. Education was identified as a means of social justice in their times. In this direction the Indian Constitution framed on the basic principles of Liberty, equality and fraternity of Indian people. Post independence India has given very vital role to education for modernizing and democratizing the Indian society. The Constitution of India, under Article 45 in Part IV relating to the Directive Principle of State Policy, imposed an obligation upon the State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of 10 years from the commencement of Constitution, free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of six to fourteen years. Substituted for the original Article 45 by the constitution Eighty-Sixth Amendment Act 2002 and Right to Education Act 2009, 27th August, 2009 Gazette of India. Special care of the economic and educational interest of the underprivileged sections of the population was laid down as an obligation for the state under Article 46. But due to caste minded academic environment from top to bottom level that in framing the curriculum and implementation still the large number weaker section children is out of the school in India. The caste culture is one of the major obstacles to achieving goal of Universalisation of Education. Varying schools informally based on caste and class is one of the important problems in Indian schooling system. Apart from above mentioned obstacle, absenteeism of teachers, improper school management, school curriculum, environment, poverty, illiteracy of parents, inhumanistic, unscientific nature of schooling, poor accountability of teachers, and their commitment is identified as others major problems that public schools in India are facing. It has brought out into civil society by in several studies. Though the government being welfare institution initiating several educational policies to reach out the proposed welfare agenda on primary education but not able to meet the goal of universalisation of primary education of Education. I n this connection one does need to work on the relationship between caste and education system in India, particularly in Andhra Pradesh where the subaltern sections – Dalits Bahujan and Minorities have been obtaining several struggles for transcending the socio political practices in education system . Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study as following 1. To study the curriculum of Indian education in general and primary education in particular. 2. To study the philosophical basis of Education in general and India in particular. 3. To examine the caste dynamics in Indian education. 4. To explore the relevance of anti-caste thinkers ideas to educate and empower the Indian society. Methodology The study included both primary and secondary sources are used for this study where primary sources include ethnographic studies, interviews of educationalists and books. Secondary sources include published records (books, journals, news papers) reports. Hypothesis Unscientific, undemocratic teacher centered and inhumanistic nature of schooling is the cause of inequity of Indian education system. Chapters This study divided into five chapters 1. Introduction and over view on the study. 2. Theorization and conceptualization of Education, Caste and consciousness. 3. Thoughts of anti-caste Thinkers on Indian Education System. 4. Contemporary educationists views on present Indian Education System (Field Study). 5. Conclusion (findings of the study). Implications

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of the study The study can contribute socio, economic and cultural conditions in general education in particular of the Indian society. The study can also expect the reality in Indian schools having problems. This study may be helps to policy framers, research scholars and academicians in future to redesign the current primary education curriculum and the methodology.

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Alexander González Chavarría

[email protected] Title Human rights, inter-sectorial coordination and political governance: Analysis regarding the formulation process of the Strategy of International Cooperation of the Colombian State 2003-2006 (SIC03-06). Object of study I study the configuration of a political governance structure based on an inter-sectorial coordination mechanism within the framework of the system for cooperation and international development (CID system) aimed at regulating the human rights and humanitarian crisis in Colombia. Specifically, I study this object within the process of political inter-sectorial negotiation of the human rights component of the first SIC03-06, known as the London-Cartagena Process (LCP). The analysis of this political governance structure allows me to deal with three central themes. First, the processes and mechanisms of political capital resources generation in favor of social organizations within the CID system. Second, the strategies implemented by the Colombian social actors for the appropriation of these resources and how they use them within contexts of inter-sectorial negotiation with governmental actors at the national level in order to influence the public policy and the regulatory model of the human rights and humanitarian crisis in Colombia. Finally, the integration of these processes of government with inter-sectorial governance processes (political negotiation between the domestic government, the domestic civil society and international actors) integrated as a part of the dynamics of global governance within the CID system. Research Problem The LCP starts with the establishment of a Donors Table in London in July 2003, convened by the Colombian government in order to gain access to financial resources of international cooperation. The Uribe administration presented in the Table of London a policy paper in which it insisted on the approach of co-responsibility of the international community to the Colombian problematic, with emphasis on the issue of internal armed conflict. Some Colombian social organizations working in the fields of human rights, peace and development established a parallel table in London with the intention of lobbying and influence these official negotiations. Some of these organizations had been stigmatized by the President Alvaro Uribe at different times of his mandate (2002-2006) as collaborators of the Colombian guerrillas, which established from the very onset of the negotiation process the political conflict as a constant of the relationship between the Colombian government and these sectors of civil society. As a result, in the final Declaration of the Table of London, the international donors insist that their support for the Colombian government is conditional on its performance in implementing the necessary institutional reforms for enhancing the respect of human rights and the international humanitarian law, and also to the concerted construction of the SIC03-06 with the Colombian civil society. In this scenario, I am interested in understanding why and how the LCP is configured as a process of political governance and inter-sectorial coordination and what the effects are of this way of structuring the construction process of the SIC03-06 upon the regulatory model of the human rights problem and humanitarian crisis in Colombia, particularly from the viewpoint of the changes in the political role played by the Colombian civil society within this model of regulation. This problem can be further broken down according to the moments of the LCP negotiation process. First, what is the relation between political governance and inter-sectorial coordination mechanisms within the framework of the CID system and the producing of new resources of political capital and channels of action for the civil society organizations? Second, to what extent and how the Colombian civil society organizations gained access to these political resources and how they used them within the LCP for negotiating the human rights component of the SIC03-06 with the Colombian government? Third, to what extent the Uribe government allowed for the

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political participation of these social actors and its impact on the final construction of the human rights component of the SIC03-06, given the support of the international actors to this participation? In short, what are the particular traits of the regulatory model of the human rights and humanitarian crisis in Colombia that came out of the LCP, how to explain these traits in terms of political governance and inter-sectorial coordination, and how it is integrated within this model the government function, the political participation of the Colombian civil society and the intervention of international actors? Methodology I propose to frame this research in the perspective of the “revised theory of structuration”, i.e., the perspective that differentiates between outer structure (action system) and internal structure (agent´s model of world) and tries to address the problem of the micro-macro link. Therefore, I intend to address my research using the retrospective approach of the agent-based modeling. This methodology can be fruitfully integrated within the framework of the multi-agent social systems analysis and modeling. So, I will pay attention to the structural aspects (outer and inner structure) as well as to the dynamics of the interaction within the LCP, taking the CID system as the given multi-agent social system for the interacting agents. I will pay special attention to the modeling of the mechanisms and patterns that explain how it is solved the coordination problem (if solved) within this interaction process and its impact on the output regulation model of the research problematic. In this perspective, a very important methodological assumption is that the cognitive and practical traits of the agents´ worldview mediate the effect of the systemic factors (outer structure) that frame the interaction upon the agent´s action models, trajectories and outputs (agency dimension). This entails that these internal variables of the agents be taken into account for the modeling of the political governance structure, the inter-sectorial coordination mechanism, and for explaining the output regulation model of the human rights problematic in Colombia in terms of structuration.

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Ragnhild Hollekim [email protected]

Title: Children and new family forms Discourses on children and parenthood in relation to gender-neutral marriage and family legislation. In my PhD project, I investigate attitudes towards the provisions in the new Norwegian gender-neutral Marriage Act (effective from 2009), securing equal marriage and parenting rights for lesbian, gay and heterosexual couples. Further, I study discourses on children and parenthood in relation to lesbian and gay parenting rights. My research questions are: a) What are Norwegian attitudes towards the provisions in the new gender-neutral Marriage Act, securing equal marriage and parenting rights for lesbian, gay and heterosexual couples? b) How are children, childhood and parenthood understood or constituted in relevant texts, policy documents and debates concerning equal marriage and parenting legislation? Methodological approach is a social constructionist and Foucault inspired discourse analytic framework. My analysis is based on: a) Data from a nation-wide web-based study on Norwegian attitudes towards LBGT persons (Anderssen & Slåtten, 2008) (N= 1246), including texts from responses to an open-ended question where participants were asked to express their views (in their own words) on the upcoming proposal in the new law, securing equal adoption rights for lesbian, gay and heterosexual couples b) Policy documents and parliamentary debates fronting the new Norwegian gender-neutral Marriage Act

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Jacob Kalle

[email protected] OUTLINE OF PROPSED PhD WORK “Both the reasoning must be true, and the desire right, if the choice is to be good” Aristotle in Nichomachean Ethics. The Indian freedom movement was dominated by elite formulating the ‘problematics of statebuilding, nationhood, political agency and general social and cultural development in modernistic concepts and discourses’. It aimed at achieving liberal polity and the relevant ideas and processes were thought about throughout the freedom movement. Science and technology has been at the centre of this thinking. The nationalist thinking centered on freeing Indian economy (and polity) from colonial hegemony. During the freedom struggle and, more so after Independence, science and technology were considered to be the way to economic freedom. Only science and technology can guarantee self-reliance. This had become the moral foundation for the practice of science and technology in India. Have science lived up to the expectations? Are these political and moral commitments to science and technology justified? It is true that India’s scientific and technological practice did achieve concrete results but its failure in political and moral realms cannot be dismissed. Especially its non-democratic nature and non- committal attitude towards moral responsibilities requires a thorough evaluation. Science and development had become two new reasons of state apart from the traditional one, namely, national security after independence. In the name of science and development the state can today demand enormous sacrifices from the ordinary citizens. Large a proportion of citizens willingly borne the suffering for the sake of science and development. What are the sources of such commitment to the development of science, and the science of development? Can one identify and challenge the philosophical and ideological framework within which the commitment is located? What is the underlying political morality of nation in pushing its science policies in the name of national security and development? Since the early years of independence, the political elites have deliberately chosen to see science as the responsibility of the state and have, at the same time, treated it as a sphere of knowledge which should be free from the constraints of day-today politics. The enormous power rested with scientific establishment is derived from the assumption that knowledge, especially scientific knowledge, is an unqualified good. Is it true and beyond any question? Existing ethical assessments of science focus on methodological norms in knowledge production. Existing ethical assessments of engineering and technology focus largely on the active use of technical knowledge rather than the knowledge itself. The idea that the core scientific practice that mainly concerned with the cognitive aspects of science is value free results in epistemic sovereignty for science. This epistemic sovereignty emboldens scientific community or at least scientific elite to place themselves above the democratic political plane and immune themselves from any public questioning. Nation takes itself upon the responsibility of privileging the scientific practice with an assumption that knowledge, especially scientific knowledge is an “unqualified good” and necessary for building a self-reliant nation. If scientific knowledge cannot be an unqualified good and the ‘social contract for science’ -a self-governing ‘republic of science’ will no longer beyond public scrutiny. Even the milder distinction between cognitive values and social values no way insulates scientific practices from public scrutiny. I intend to show in my work how scientific knowledge is not “unqualified good”. Now the question is about the political morality of nation state that demands sacrifices from its people for the sake of science. What is the political morality or normative frame work of Indian nation that gives unlimited political and moral privileges to its science establishments? The age of reason is also the age Nationalism. Most of the modern nation states are liberal democracies. The close connection between the liberal

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democratic polity and its utilitarian moral frame work is well-known. Quite often the justification of science policies is grounded in utilitarianism. Research Question: Drawing on the philosophical formulations of ethical aspects of Science and Technology and the national policies thereof, my PhD work is mainly concerned with the need and emergence of new normative principles that can guide Indian science and technology. My research work seeks to intervene to come up with critical framework on the moral and ethical dimension of science and technology in Indian context. My research work largely draws from Hans Jonas, Gandhi and Buddhism. Such a frame work can keep in check the social hazards of technological projects. The emergency of the challenges we are facing today requires setting up a democratic political project with a new ethical frame work. My research will help in democratization of nation’s science policy. Methodology: My thesis is combination of theoretical and empirical work. It seeks to theoretically engage with ethical and philosophical issues in science policy and thereby aims at reworking on policy frame works of Science and technology. The thesis work intense to draw upon three intellectual resources- Hans Jonas, Gandhi and Buddhism. While dealing with the science policy in the country at empirical level, the thesis seeks to delve with one of the most contentious policy with regard to Bt.Technology ( Bt. Cotton and Bt. Brinjal) in India. The primary sources would be case studies and interviews with different stakeholders and secondary sources would be such as policy documents and the available literature on the debates.

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Kumaraswamy Nagam [email protected]

Dalit Movement and Autonomy: A Study of Dalit Struggles in Andhra Pradesh Introduction: In modern society any social movement comes into existence to fulfill the needy people’s genuine desires. Early 20th Century India witnessed various social movements like peasants, working class, tribal, women, and environment and Dalit movements. Andhra Pradesh also had its own experience with Dalit Movement. Dalits who had the experience of social discrimination in the past still continue to be disadvantaged. They are not able to compete on equal terms with the rest of the society. Dalit movements in Andhra Pradesh, since the days of nationalist struggles, have their presence within and away from mainstream politics and parties. Dalit movements in the state have their own regional specificity too. The Telangana region which was part of erstwhile Hyderabad state with its predominant feudal character and the Coastal Andhra region being part of the British India gave rise to Dalit movements with distinct characters. Hence one needs to be sensitive to the regional dimensions of the movements in the state. For instance, Adi-Hindu (Hyderabad), Adi-Andhra (Coastal Andhra) were independent Dalit movements and Dalits also led their struggles within the fold of Congress, Communist and Non-Brahmin Parties’ movement. After the formation of Andhra Pradesh, Dalit movement continues with its different characters. However, it is important to note that the Dalit struggles in the state often betray contrasting characters. That on certain occasions it appears as though it is gaining an element of distinctness and on the other subjecting itself to co-option by different mainstream and radical left parties. This struggle began as a revolt against age old Hindu Social Practices like Untouchability, and grew to raise question of equality in socio-cultural, economic and political spheres. Dalit movement in the state has been exhibiting its strength and limitations varying from time to time. Since the Indian Society is caste based one, Dalits even today have been deprived and denied due social recognition, respect human identity, property and dignified provisions of livelihood, education facility, jobs and democratic political power. So far no upper caste privileged person gave a thought to change the existing inhuman practices honestly. What is significant about Dalit struggles during pre-independence is the way they shaped their own discourse of nation as an alternative to the caste centric nation. At the national level Dalit intellectuals like Dr. Ambedkar came forward to fight against the caste ridden society. Similarly in Andhra Pradesh also Dalits started the movement. The movement is autonomy oriented. Autonomy signifies urge and effort to gain liberty of life, equality of access to resources or opportunities and fraternity of social mobility on their own terms. In other words the Dalit movements in the state have the vision of destroying the very existing caste system and establish an egalitarian society. In the process of attaining the autonomy of their own society Dalit movement of Andhra Pradesh has been experiencing both progress and regressive trends. The mobilization of Dalit forces historically has a tradition of its own. In the pre independent India, Dalit issues were brought to the notice of mainstream through Dalit literary tradition, political and intellectual activities. Both coastal Andhra as well as Hyderabad region had witnessed intense activity among Dalits in the literary and political and intellectual spheres. The space that these Dalit activities created is not sufficiently appreciated by the historiographical accounts. Instead the majority of the analysts viewed Dalit mobilization as a result of the upper caste dominated main stream political parties such as congress, communist parties and Non-Brahman movement. Though the process was one of interactive and conflictual, the present thesis identifies initiations in creating this space with the rising consciousness among Dalits. Ambedkar’s interventions in the nationalist

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debates were indicative of this. The element of resistance to the congress nationalist appropriations of the Dalit space was always there. This is where the thesis proposes to locate the origins of Dalit autonomy. After independence, the radical left practice in Telangana region and liberal politics in coastal Andhra predominantly articulated Dalit issues. The revolutionary left parties that denied addressing Dalit problems based on caste ideology are addressing the problems from class perspective. However, After Karamchedu and Chundur incidents, the movement started challenging both radical and liberal practices. Recently Dalit movement witnessed sub-caste movements questioning the whole movement itself. Dalit movement has historical significance and is further evolving. So one needs to study the whole process of autonomy struggles of Dalits to trace out the character of Dalit movement in Andhra Pradesh. Hypotheses: 1). Dalit movement in the state is understood as Dalit struggles seeking to carve out space for autonomy. 2). Dalit vision of nation, when historically understood, could be viewed as an alternative to prevailing notion of nation. 3). The study assumes that Dalits have transformed themselves into an agency of social change. 4). Dalit interventions in mainstream politics have thrown up challenges to both liberal and radical left politics. Objectives: 1). Dalit Movement in the state needs to be reexamined in the light of the issues it has raised in the recent times. 2). To study Dalit Movement’s progress and limitations in its struggles for autonomy. 3). To study efforts of the movement in creating space for themselves in social, economic and political spheres. Methodology: The study analyses Dalit struggles during pre and post independence period in the state. While focusing on the rise of Dalit movements during post independence, it also examines the pre independence for historical reasons. While seeking to understand Dalit movement in the state, it also takes into account the regional variations of the struggles in both Telangana and Coastal Andhra. The study bases itself on primary and secondary sources of data. For primary sources it would look for archival and interview based sources. The study is likely to adopt structured and unstructured interview method. Wherever it is necessary, it also adopts focus group interview. For secondary sources, it would like to go into vast literature that is already developed on Dalit movement. Visiting libraries would be immensely helpful in this.

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Kamakshi Nanda [email protected]

China and India, with a third of the world’s population and nearly two-thirds of the world’s poor, are integral to every international report, newspapers, and academia examining current global economic trends. Unprecedented accelerated economic growth and greater openness of Indian and Chinese markets has won them the position of being important players in 21st economy. The term ‘Asian Drivers’ has come into frequent usage to refer to the dynamic Asian economies. China’s growth rate is riding high at 10% per annum while India is not far behind at 8%. To sustain, ensure and maintain the upsurge in the Asian economies, the subsequent increase in demand of energy from China and India comes as no surprise. In spite of its size, wealth of natural booty, forests and minerals it is estimated that China own resources are limited and insufficient to meet not only the incessant domestic demands but also keep up the economic growth. Statistics reveal that in 2010 that internal Chinese oil production would cater to 50-55% of the total demand, while by 2020 the percentage would drop to 30-40%. In 2004 8% of the world’s oil was consumed by China, of which 40% came from imports. India too severely lacks resources to make available to its industries and is ranked sixth in the hierarchy of countries of energy needs. It is said that India’s energy consumption outpaces its economic growth for it is increasing a rate of 5%. Current estimates show that oil production within the territorial boundaries of India dwindle at around 30% of its oil needs and it would further fall to 25% in 2020, and it is predicted that India might be forced to import nearly 90% of its crude oil and gas. Hence it becomes imperative for both China and India to seek outside their national boundaries for warranting and ensuring internal energy security. A region that posses a plethora of minerals such as copper, nickel, magnesium, abundant reserves in coal, oil, uranium and bauxite, enjoys near-global monopolies in platinum, cobalt, chromium, and diamonds, and a significant amount of one of the world’s most coveted precious metal, gold, is Africa. Due to the oil boom thanks to the discovery of new oil reserves in the Gulf of Guinea region, Sub-Saharan Africa now holds 7% of the global sum of calculated verified oil reserves. Wall Street Journal said, ‘Africa would be the world’s number one oil source of outside OPEC,’ a believable prediction because in 2001 out of the 8b oil reserves discovered 7b were situated in West and Central Africa. Analysts say that one out of every five barrels will originate from the Gulf of Guinea by 2010. Additional the continent boasts of many prominent oil exporting countries such as Libya, Nigeria, Angola, Congo-Brazzaville, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Chad and Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan. It also has other countries with lesser oil production capacities such as Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, Senegal and South Africa. While other countries like Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Niger and Gambia in West Africa, Central African Republic, Uganda, Kenya, Djibouti, Ethiopia in Central and Eastern Africa and Tanzania and Namibia in Southern Africa are conducting extensive oil exploration in the hopes of getting lucky. The presence of the ‘Asian Giants’ in Africa, in this context, have not gone unnoticed. The Asian Giant’s ventures in Africa have been widely viewed with suspicion. The relationship has often been defined within the parameters of the Asians being either development partners, or economic competitors, and last but not the least, or as neo-colonizers. President Paul Kagame of Rwanda when speaking on the \"changing global political economy\" and its implications for Africa at the prestigious Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT) propounded that Rwanda and Africa as a whole stands to benefit from the broadening of economic powers. He brushed aside the concerns about these relationships because in the West, “they are often described as \"exploitative\" and \"the New Scramble for Africa.\" To those analysts, institutions or countries with such a mindset

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we should say - \"wait a minute here, the West divided and scrambled for Africa, colonized it, exploited its natural resources for centuries; changed and installed governments of its own choice, imposed policies, provided hundreds of billions of dollars of tied aid whose result in terms of improving lives was dismal; and now that there are competitors for doing business with Africa, you cry foul, instead of seeing opportunities?” What do these ‘opportunities’ truly mean for Africa? How well does it augur for a country under transformation? Do the prospects of trade, investment and closer economic ties with the Asians translate into material prosperity and growth for the continent? Through an analysis of neoclassical economic trade theories, internationalisation theories, debates on ‘dependency’ and theories on outward foreign direct investments (OFDI), from emerging markets, the research shall attempt to examine, if the political ties, are indeed a positive sum game for all parties concerned. Given that the course ‘Emerging Normative Regimes’ looks at “new global centres of domination” as an element that is changing the world order it would indeed add depth to my research pursuits. Understanding and analyzing the Asian Giant’s relationship with other regions of the world in the context of economical, political and cultural shifts in normativity, non- interventionist principle of sovereignty vis-a-vis rogue states, is not only interesting but also necessary. My academic interests will stand to benefit a great deal through with research school.

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Silvia Padrón [email protected]

Half a century ago, the Cuban revolution raised a new nomativity. The social, economical, political and cultural traditional capitalist order was increasingly contested. An emerging normativity as the Cuban, focusing on socialist wellbeing conceptions changad, not only the institutional regimes, but also, everyday life. Although children, as a vulnerable social group, has been prioritized by the social policy, the few researches notice that the child wellbeing field remains incomplete. This research (Child Wellbeing in Cuban Socialism: Emerging/Hegemonic Normativity Counterpoints) intends to fill that gap by analyzing the relationships between the hegemonic nomativity of child wellbeing and the Cuban project’s own perspective. As specific goals, the research plans to: identify the hegemonic normativity of child wellbeing; characterize the Cuban normativity in child wellbeing by considering the cultural, ideological, political and managements judgments and assumptions that shapes it; recognize what is actually alternative and what is not; and explore the role of childhood in the normativity that affects them. In addition, it will be useful the analysis of traditional and emerging nomativity in Cuba from the result of struggles with the capitalism heritage, the soviet experience and more recently, the ALBA proposal. Methodologically, this proposal gives priority to a qualitative perspective, particularly, will use documental research, the content analysis and interviews. This methodological approach deals with a wide conception of normative question, that takes into account the revision of both, policies and politics. This project contributes not only to fertilize the Cuban studies of child wellbeing in their relation to the field of geopolitical order, but also to a comparative perspective from the specific Cuban model. The critical analysis allows the construction of proposals that try to go beyond the north-urban-white-male-capitalist-adult-centered understanding of children wellbeing. In the context of an “updating” of the Cuban social policy this research does its bit by providing relevant information for prospective and innovative initiatives that regards child wellbeing as part of the Cuban development goals. In the historical moment that Cuba is going through, a critical analysis is relevant for assist the transition to a most decolonial, inclusive and just society, with a real children citizenship.

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Ramesh Babu Para [email protected]

Ph.D Proposal On Education and Empowerment A Case Study on Dalits in Andhra Pradesh For Summer Workshop on Emerging Normative Regimes Global Development Challenges 20th June 2008 to 1th July 2011 By Ramesh Babu Para Doctoral Scholar, CSDS Doctoral Fellow, Department of Political Science, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-46 Education and Empowerment A Case Study on Dalits in Andhra Pradesh Introduction Education is perhaps the single most important means for individuals to improve personal endowments, build capacity levels, overcome constrains and, in the process, enlarge their available set of opportunities and choices for s sustained improvement in wellbeing. More importantly, it is a critical invasive instrument for bringing about social, economic and political inclusion and a durable integration of people, particularly those ‘excluded’ from the mainstream of any society. The Dalit education movement in the Andhra Pradesh was considered one of Andhra’s most important periods of political and social readjustment in this century, and perhaps one of the most profound in the country’s history, the primary assumption underlying the Dalit movement was that, once forced from explicit intimidation and granted basic political rights, Dalits would be able to translate those gains into political power and economic advancement. Political equality and the betterment of social and economic conditions for Dalits were the foremost goals of the movement. Objectives of the study • To understand the relationship between education and empowerment among Dalits • To study the role of education in enhancing the socialization among Dalits from the perspective of Ambedkar at national level and Bhagya Reddy Verma at Local level. • To examine the role of colonial states policies on education in empowering the marginalized sections like Dalits in socio-political, economic and cultural spheres through caste association Research Questions 1. Can education illumine the mind, free it for objectivity, and become the panacea for the ills of a “divided” society? 2. Can the confrontation between those forces which seek to maintain the past evolve a unity of purpose, a feeling of oneness, and common humanity? 3. Can Dalit community eliminate the difficulties that reflect current social problem of caste, and 4. Can the public schools and colleges realize the fulfillment of their ideological function of enlightenment and service to Dalits. Hypothesis Education has an important role to achieve a greater degree of social justice. The educational institutions are expected to equip children to the best of their ability for securing a meaningful place in society. The relationship between education and authoritarian and ethnocentric attitudes has commanded increased attention by political scientists. There is a seizeable body of literature on the role of education in the growth of modern nationalism, and on its instrumental use by Dalit leaders. The proposed study is to assess the impact of that Dalit education movement and the role of the Dalit political participation in local communities in Andhra Pradesh. Much has been written about the rise and development has been written about the rise and development of Dalit agitations, struggles and movements in Andhra Pradesh in particular and social movements in general. Several approaches have been employed by scholars to study the social movements. There are broadly three approaches that are popular in the study of Dalit movement. Firstly, Gail Omvedt in her study on Dalits and the Democratic Revolution, She has analyzed the ideology on Dalits and organization of a movement as an anti-caste and class struggle with its interactions with freedom struggle. Secondly, M.S Gore who has developed a theory of social context to place Ambedkar and his movement in an ideological perspective. Finally relative deprivation or social exclusion approach as s new theory of social development in the context of globalization, this is a revised theory of capability approach developed by

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Amartya Sen, mostly bringing economic categories for analysis rather than the social classes of castes in India. But it can be productively used to study the Dalit situation in the global context. Little attention, however, has been found or made on the results of that movement in the lives of Dalits in Andhra Pradesh. Thus the emphasis here is on a neglected area of academic and public concern the effects of Dalit participation on the formation of local policies. In the process of explaining this issue, several basic questions will be addressed; what was the nature of Dalit education movement at the level in the Andhra Pradesh. How much political, social and economic change tool place? How did this change occur? Most importantly, why did these transformations take place, and what was the impact of various Dalit political activities or welfare associations? Methodology The study would focus its attention on the education and empowerment of Dalits in terms of social and political change. The research will be organized along multiple lines of inquiry. Household will be the primary unit of the sample in the selected sample villages. This household divided in to three broad categories. Firstly, illiterate family is selected to test the empowerment levels in terms of social, political and cultural awareness in the village. Secondly, first generation Dalit families also selected to test the objectives of the study. Finally, third generation Dalit families were also selected. The study aims at employing two methods of research. The study is both qualitative and quantitative methods would be used for the collection of the data. Qualitative methods play an important part in developing, maintaining and improving survey quality by assessing vital issues that field pre-tests and pilot surveys alone can not address. They are better able to identify the problems experienced by respondents in answering questions because they place a more systematic and in-depth spotlight on each question and its administration, as well as routing and instructions. The key aim is to ensure that the survey questions are being answered in the way intended to meet the research objectives. Three districts will be selected from Andhra Pradesh one each from large, average, and low Dalit population. In the second stage from each district 3 Mandals having high, average and low Dalit population will be selected after arranging the mandals in the descending order of percentage of Dalit population. From each selected Mandal, 3 villages will be selected using circular systematic sampling after arranging the villages in the descending order of percentage of Dalit population. From each village 12 households will be selected purposively keeping in view of Social economic status. In addition 3 households of different groups will also selected. Qualitative data would be collected from the existing literature available, mostly, referred to the ministry of education for primary and higher education would be collected. And also social welfare ministry would be approached for the collection of the data.

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Ricardo Real Pedrosa De Sousa [email protected]

External interventions and the promotion of peace in Africa Civil war continues to be a phenomena which creates unaccountable grief and loss in society. It is the most recurrent type of conflict in the world and in particular it has more new episodes in Africa than in any other region. In parallel with this occurrence there have been a series of initiatives that bilaterally or multilaterally countries take to curtail conflict or prevent its occurrence. Such are normally identified within the realm of external interventions attempting to de-escalate conflict. For instances in 2005 77% of UN peacekeeping forces and 75% of its budget was deployed in Africa. There is a wide research on the relationship between these two dynamics, external interventions and peace promotion or maintenance. But in particular its econometric sub-group have both conceptual, scope and consistency of results limitations. The main conceptual limitation regards the codification of civil war as a dichotomous variable with a death threshold not permeable to changes of intensity and types of conflict activities that a perspective of the conflict as a complex dynamic process requires. Also of issue is the assumption of external interventions as peace promoting. In terms of scope the most comprehensive codification of external interventions has been done by Patrick Regan for the periods of conflict only (war level), and studies of post-conflict have focus on the sub set of external interventions - peacekeeping operations mainly by the UN. Therefore it leaves under-researched the post-conflict period, periods of minor intensity and within the a broader external interventions definition. Also the results of such studies in general are not consensual and there is some variety in the results of the mechanisms tested. In order to overcome these limitations an econometric approach will be followed to identify the correlation (and eventually causation) between external interventions and peace in post conflict settings with a series of novel features. Reconceptualization of the dependent variable, Civil War, within the established definition of the epistemologic community of quantitative positivist post Cold War Traditionalim, but increasing the amount of information. This will be done at the level of lower levels of conflict intensity (at least minor and eventually below) and other non-battle related deaths forms of political contestation. New data regarding external interventions for a post-conflict (post war intensity level) context with minor intensity episodes for the countries in Africa after the end of the Cold War. Identify the institutional security configuration for Africa, with a focus on concepts, practices and outcomes to the security situation. This will be focused on the African Union, components of the African Peace Security Architecture and United Nations, European Union and United States security role. This will be done through primary data collection in one main research center specialized in conflict data and field mission to Ethiopia for data gathering of information to complement case information (for codification purposes) and institutional assessment through semi-structured interviews to organizational members. This research will contribute to a better understanding of the effects of different types of interventions in conflict dynamics in Africa, eventually with applicability to other regions. In the process it will inform to a broader conceptualization of civil war and of external interventions.

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Gilda Seddighi

[email protected] The demonstrations of June 13, 2009 confirmed the assumptions that Iranian political atmosphere is in dramatic change. Since June 2009 when Ahmadinejad was announced as president of Iran, the so-called group Islamist reformists have been active as largest opposition group to Iranian government. They demand secularization of Islamic government, which they also call Islamic democracy. Myproject deals with how gender (femininity and masculinity) is represented in the Iranian political movement. It has the focus on political actions in cyberspace. Since the political movement has been theorized and mobilized by Islamic reformists, I argue, it is crucial to study how new public spheres that constitute arenas of action for marginalized groups, such as young men and women, influence the Iranian reformist movement. In this study I particularly bring the attention to young men, an under-researched group in the Iranian opposition, who, based on my earlier research I argue, search for a new gender identity in the cyberspace. My project draws on different disciplines, notably media, Middle East- and gender studies. Drawing on media studies, this project analyses how new public media spheres empower marginalized groups. Drawing on gender studies it explores how the accessibility of new media influences the construction of new gender identities. Drawing on Middle Eastern studies this project examines how new public media spheres contributes to changing the ideology and modus operandi of the Iranian Islamic reformist movement. In this multi disciplinary research I will analyse 1) the discourse of young men and women in ongoing Iranian online political campaigns and 2) texts of scholars distributed online. The period of study will be June 2009 - June 2012. Building collective identity is among central aspects of movement formation. The theory of Collective Action Frames (Benford & Snow, 2000) will guide the analysis of the processes of identity-building which is created through interaction of texts in the new public media spheres. However I am interested in the way gender is constructed in the collective identity building process. Connell’s theory of gender (Connell, 2002, 2005), the interrelational positions in power relations will guide the analysis of how different groups of marginalized people represent their gender positions towards each other. Research questions The main research question of the project is to examine how gender is represented in the texts of 1) grassroots campaigns and 2) the texts of scholars who are active in the online political movement. Three subsidiary research questions will assist me in the examination of the main research question. a) How are women and women’s question brought into the discussion on the secularization of Islamic governance? b) How is masculinity represented by political activists? c) How are the discourses of gender and Islamic democracy related?

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Sverre Tvinnereim

[email protected] My “research” is related to my work and would be approximately: “How does Chinese culture influence the preparations for the Second Asia-Pacific Forestry Week?” (the event will be held in Beijing in November 2011). More generally I work every day with dealing with stakeholders (government officials, organization employees, rural citizens) that have a different cultural background than myself. Typically, in Asia that means a more collectivistic, less transparent, more hierarchic and more risk-averse approach to getting things done. This is both interesting and challenging.


F U N D A M E N T A L S O F L A W

FUNDAMENTALS OF LAW IN GLOBALISATION

Evans Listowell Kwame Agbaga [email protected]

The Economic Impact of The Financial Crisis on Sub-Saharan African: The thesis aimed at examining the economic impact of the 2008 financial crisis on the economies of Sub- Saharan Africa, especially on trade flows and capital flows, that affected these countries in terms of trade, remittances and foreign direct investments as well as foreign aid.

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Soumitra Kumar Bera [email protected]

Introduction: India is a developing country. One of the important characteristics is huge population and very little recourse (per capita land is very less). My project is what India needs to do for expanding its opportunities in the export sector particularly in medicinal plants sector. This project wants to concentrate some solution of trade and international problem (Like India Pakistan trade etc.) Statement of the problem: This study tries to focus on the following issues:- • The importance of the Indian Herbal and Ayurvedic industry with respect to export growth in Swedish market. • What would be the supply sources & distribution pattern of these products? • What would be the constraints involved in different aspects of export of medicinal plants and products from India? • Which are the prospective products & prospective markets on the export front of this industry? • Which would be the branding, standardization, packaging and marketing strategies for prospective markets? Reasons to join the BSRS 2011 for finding the solution of the problems: • Analysis of the present status of the Indian herbal industry along with world market, segmenting it into three sub-sectors medicinal plants, herbal products and Ayurvedic drugs. • Export potential of major herbal products, Ayurvedic Medicines and crude drugs will be studied along with the analysis of their availability. • Identification of different bottle necks on the export front and scanning of environmental condition of different potential international markets. • Suggesting different measures and marketing strategies to improve the export performance and use the potential market demand available in the foreign market. • Some international law which is very much unknown to the Indian exporters and very much needed for efficient export. • More knowledge needed for gains from trade and utilize for the mass poverty alleviation as north east region is very poor states other any part of the Country. Research Methodology: In this study, secondary as well as primary data have been used. All required secondary data for this study have been abstracted from the Exim bank’s report on export potential of medicinal plants and products. Report on export potential of herbal and

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Ayurvedic drugs from NEI, MVIRDC 2010, monthly statistics of foreign trade of NEI, DGCIS. NEIn medicinal plants a sector study, economic survey and relevant national and international survey (sources). For some extent primary data have been used to enrich the study. These primary data have been collected from the exporters and manufacturers of Ayurvedic and herbal products through questionnaire. Period of the study- The data cover thirteen year period starting from 1995-96 to 2009-10 Software Use: The following important software will be used during the research period: a. Platform: MS Windows Ultimate SP1 b. Writing: MS Word 2010 c. Trend Finding: Eviews 7 d. Data Analysis: SPSS 18, Minitab 16 e. Presentation: MS Power Point 2010, Windows Media Player 12. Proposed Marketing Strategies: • The current increase in the worldwide consumption and use of 'green' products, especially drugs, flavors and fragrances of natural origin, has indeed amplified the scope of the use of indigenous flora and collection & trade of exotic species. • The identification of the ultimate suppliers and buyers is also big issue in this sector. • The gaps between the producers/collectors and traders or buyers need to be minimized as these are at present very wide and often inequitable. • Linkages should be developed in order to have better understanding about the NTFPs business & between the businesses and the producers/collectors. • A holistic management action plan is necessary to formulate for assessment and management of resource base; best harvesting and processing practices; trade issues and aspects dealing with the intellectual property rights on the traditional medicines by the tribal people. • Investments are needed for the development of appropriate conversation, cultivation harvesting strategies, which will simultaneously meet the demand for low-cost and locally available medicines. • At the same time, there must be immediate efforts to ensure the conservation of diverse biological resources and the preservation and application of local and cultural knowledge on the use of these resources. Conclusion: • Medicinal plants constitute a vast, undocumented and overexploited economic resource and they are the principal health care resources for majority of the people. • Demand for medicinal plant is increasing in both developing and developed countries, and the bulk of the material trade is still from wild harvested sources on forest land and only a very small number of species are cultivated.

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• As India's share is less than one per cent in the $ 62 billion market, which is growing 7 to 12% per annum. • All-our efforts should be made to adopt a package of best practices encompassing conservation, cultivation, quality control and standardization and research and development for medicinal and herbals for improving its marketing performance efficiently.

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Milena Bodych [email protected]

The purpose of this article is to introduce and discuss the jurisprudence of the European Commission of Human Rights (“ECnHR”) and the European Court of Human Rights (“ECtHR”) on taxation matters.The timing seemed to be appropriate for an article on this subject for two reasons. First, it is anticipated that the principal provisions of the Human Rights Act 1998 (the “HRA 1998”) will come into force on 2nd October 20002. These provisions will incorporate the European Convention on Human Rights1 (“the Convention”) into United Kingdom domestic law. The operation of the HRA 1998 is discussed in outline in part 2 of this article. Second, the availability of an electronic database of judgments, decisions and opinions of the ECnHR and ECtHR – the “HUDOC” database - has made it possible to identify a significant number of cases dealing with taxation matters. It has been possible to identify over 240 cases relating to taxation matters in which decisions were given between May 1959 and April 2000. These cases are analysed in parts 3 to 10 of this article. These decisions form the case database for this article. Appended to this article are tables summarising the case database. Table 1 lists all of the cases in the database in order of application number4. Table 2 sub-divides the database into separate sub-tables which list those cases in which specific Articles of the Convention or protocols have been considered. Table 3 lists those cases in which Article 6 (right to a fair trial) was considered, sub-divided into four sub-categories. Table 4 contains a list of “essential reading”: these are the cases which anyone interested in the topic (but disinclined to read over 240 decisions) should consider essential reading.The author would like to make the point here that no claim is made that the database is in any way comprehensive. The way in which the database was assembled is explained in part 3 of this article. The author would be immensely grateful to any gentle readers who can send him further information about: tax-related cases that are not included in the database, cases for which the author did not have a reported decision, or cases in which the author did not have details of the final outcome.The case database is analysed in general terms in part 3 of this article. The Articles of the Convention and protocols which are of more relevance to taxation are then analysed in parts 4, 5 and 6. These parts cover Article 1 of the First Protocol (“Article 1/1” in the abbreviation generally used in this article and the tables) (protection of property), Article 6 (right to a fair trial) and Article 14 (prohibition of discrimination). Parts 7, 8 and 9 then analyse the Articles which are of less relevance to taxation: Article 8 (right to respect for private and family life), Article 9 (freedom of thought, conscience and religion) and various miscellaneous Articles. Finally, part 10 considers a small number of special topics arising from the database.

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Janina Ciechanowicz-Mclean

[email protected] Responsibility in climate-law is a research project which contain analysis of various problems of modern international environment protection law. Responsibility in climate protection law has many dimensions. Apart from traditional restitutive approach it can also be analyzed from the ethics perspective. This approach concentrates on problems of responsibility for climate outside strictly legal dimension. Second aspect of responsibility in climate-law is a inter generational approach to the problem. Sustainable development principle with its inter generational solidarity obligation is worth being considered as a climate-law responsibility interpretative directive. Climate-law responsibility is governed also by the principle of common but differentiated responsibility in international environmental protection law. This attitude may be well observed in Kyoto protocol, which differentiates the responsibility for climate change, depending from the development, wealth and industrialization of the member states. This last problem is also closely connected with the problem of climate change and distributive justice.

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Stephanie Demay [email protected]

The constitution of an international ecological order based on a responsible sovereignty calls for a pluralist approach to the transnational security challenge of climate related water uncertainty, and the need for locally-owned sustainability notably in international river basins. GIS-based assessments of vulnerabilities combined with legal approaches can assist the international and national checks and balances mechanisms of state accountability to the reporting to international rights instruments.

The story can be summed up as follows: Waters of trees and biospheres are kept and cherished by everybody in every city and village of a country. The neighboring countries are happy because the trees give the river water from the source to the sea and the global environment is going well. Everybody knows that when waters-trees, i.e. the trees that maintain water cycle functions dynamics, are taken care of, it is after some men say the rule, that is the customary rule. One day, the rule is prevented to be said or heard. Another day at another place, a lot of persons are very angry at the same time and quickly, and it is too much for the rule. Another day, the rule does not keep the meaning any longer. The neighbor is not glad, he goes to see the river, it is drying up, the animals are thirsty and hungry, the fields do not give plenty, tourists do not come anymore, and fish is becoming rare. The sea replaces the river. He calls a friend in another country where the same water flows. His friend says that nobody among the countries had planned to settle neither the disappearing rule nor the large disputes in the other friends’ country where the water of the trees is not taken care of anymore. Maybe, oversea, another friend of waters-trees, who says the rule for a lot of countries, will help them to protect their friends who do not want to keep the waters-trees anymore? How can he help? He will have to know how to say the rule for a lot while saying the rule for some who know better than him what the trees, the grass and their waters want.

Objective

The role of law to express the spatialization of scales of environmental protection in a non harmful way, prompting studies about the need for a collective action theory of water as a common good led me to the project which is described below. The main goal would be to develop legal methodologies for the assessment of the conflict-sensitive vulnerabilities of the environmental services up to food insecurity, to inform the international response to the accountability mechanisms of the state and its institutions after the reporting to the human rights instruments.

Methodology

Is community-based water management the most effective level for transboundary water management to ensure human and ecosystems health and conflict resolution between water users in the context of water uncertainty affected by climate change?

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To answer the question, the parameters for the construction of a concept of international and national ecological public order in biospheres of community-based water management in international river basins should be identified. Biospheres, under two levels of responsibilities, i.e. the international and national ones, to develop a common heritage of mankind, are a mechanism to protect the environment of international rivers basins when they are affected by flow variability, biodiversity reduction, soil erosion, and natural disasters such as flooding and the subsequent loss of customary knowledge as a result of displacement and disruption of the groups. The logic of

biospheres is mostly conservation while environmental cooperation may be fostered between impoverished communities within the national borders or along two or more sides of international frontiers. Cultural peace will be focused in the research, inquiring about GIS assessed vulnerability of environmental services that exists in customary norms that are neglected by the state, which may inform regional arrangements at the basin level. Quantitative studies of mechanisms to address climate-related water variability in international water treaties show that while the need exist for a nexus between flexibility and binding mechanisms, international treaties rarely propose both. The linkages between customary law and international law will be analyzed to ask if biospheres enable to attend peace and development, cross checked by GIS based methodologies for the assessment of the vulnerabilities, including the ones that are not identified by the accountability mechanisms of the state reporting to international conventions, furthering an international as well as national response.

The consideration given to national human rights commissions for cultural rights through the preservation of best suited customary institutions for environmental conservation regularly monitored for their compliance with children and women rights would enable to build cultural heritages and cultural peace. In which institution is the horizontal state accountability function more performed, i.e. by the High courts or by the national human rights commission, when dealing with indigenous rights, i.e. participation, self determination and indigenous property rights? What are the contextual and structural factors of the differences between the countries in an international river basin as to what kind of institutions are responsible for the state accountability monitoring? The response will answer to the question of how international human rights can protect traditional rights in biospheres. Should the constitution be at the core of the accountability function or the international human rights whose values are present in cultural institutions such as community councils and customary institutions? Does the accountability function already give existing examples of an alternative model of democracy in line with a reinvented human rights theory or is the accountability check and balance mechanism still focusing on the constitutional feature of laws, in the poorest countries of international river basins?

Outcomes

GIS analysis of the vulnerabilities to climate change affecting water-related ecosystems and indigenous peoples, cross-checking a legal diagnosis of the theoretical and practical foundations of the state mechanisms to report to the international human rights conventions, to further an international response at the General Secretariat of the United Nations, for example the unit for genocide prevention.

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David Istvan Dr Ittzes-Tamasi [email protected]

Research topic: The Influance of Climate Change on Human Rights The set aims for the research are as follows: The connection between human rights and climate change are stronger than one would suppose. In my opinion to draw attention of the strong relation between the two areas is crucial, especially considering the outcomes of climate change conferences and summits such as the one in Bali in 2007 or in Copenhagen 2009. The answer of International Law for the phenomenon is the so called third generation of human rights, that has also been referred to in some circles as the response to the challenges of globalization. The effects of climate change on human rights: The effects of climate change on the environment are well known. However, one does not often hear about the fact that the climate change also influences the fundamental human rights of both present and future generations. In failing to tackle climate change with urgency, developed countries are effectively violating the human rights of millions of the world’s poorest people. Continued excessive greenhouse-gas emissions primarily from industrialised nations are – with scientific certainty – creating floods, droughts, hurricanes, sea-level rise, and seasonal unpredictability. The consequences are reflected in failed harvests, disappearing islands, destroyed homes, water scarcity, and deepening health crises, which primarily undermines millions of peoples’ rights to life, security, food, water, health, shelter, and culture. And as a result of all this, secondly it will influence the right to work, the right for social security and the right to development. The answers and solutions can be found on one hand in the legislation and on the other hand in education. Countries should build in principles into their constitutions and environmental policies can be drafted according to these. Governments should have comprehensive guidlines how to fight against the effects of climate change in all areas. In the field of education the future generations have to be thought to environmental awareness which is indispensable to reach sustainable development. By working on this project, I’m going to outline such guidelines and principles and I try to make suggestions how we can minimalize the negative effects of climate change and we will take a closer look if the process is reversible. It would be a mistake to think that these issues are only present in developing countries. It also concerns and will concern developed and industrialised states the same way. The only difference is that the latter ones don’t feel the immediate effects of all these. The developed western countries have to step up in front of the rest of the world. And even from the the group of developed countries the Scandinavian countries should take a leading role because they have all the necessary means to make these principles a reality. In my research I’m planning to examine the constitutions, further legislations and their enforcement of the Nordic countries to see wether or not they realise and fulfill their outstanding role. That is why my research stay in Norway would be necessary to be able to accomplish a well established research. The violations of the above mentioned rights (e.g.: right to drinkable water, healthy environment, etc.) could never truly be remedied in courts of law since the causal link between the damage and the harmful act is not clear or obvious. The case law of certain cases where the plaintiff did succeed proving the above mentioned causal link (e.g. Tatár c. Romania, ECHR 67021/01, Deés c. Hungary) is also an object of my research. Up until the courts decesion could mean an effective way of resolution for the aggrieved parties, human-rights principles must be put at the heart of international climate-change policy making now, in order to stop this irreversible damage to humanity’s future. Climate change is not only relevant in connection with the envirronment and human rights but also in the context of sustainable development. Sustainable development and climate change is related at least two relevant points. On one hand the continuously growing

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emission level endangers the realisation of sustainable development. However on the other hand if we make some areas of development more sustainable, it will contribute to mitigate the effects of climate change. I hope you find this project proposal considerable and worthy of support. Sincerely, Dr. David Ittzes-Tamasi Ph.D student University of Debrecen Hungary University i Bergen, guest researcher

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Katarina Fišter [email protected]

The problem I am currently researching pertains to the conflict between justice and mercy in regard to active and passive euthanasia: on one side we can act justly, while our actions do not represent what is good or what would be the best thing to do in the given case, and vice versa. There are many examples of people who are in such medical conditions that mostly of us can and would say that is better for them to die; but, mostly of us, in that very moment, are stigmatizing (for example) giving them a lethal injection what would be an act, but not stigmatizing a thing that is not an act but a non-compliance (as it is defined by passive euthanasia) – and that thing would be just leave them die without intervention, because that would be \"a coming between\". I want just to mention here that the latter is often more painful and more cruel than the former, with no doubt that is also more expensive to preserve somebody in hopeless situation that surely will, sooner or later, end with death. It is at least prima facie unexplainable for there to be such a wide gap here, for if we deem a type of behaviour not fit for punishment (as I explained above – mostly people would say \"It is better for him/her to die\" – that is statement of justice and moral because it entails a statement of value), why should we then continue to stigmatize that behaviour as criminal (that means, not legal), if it is better, and above all, just? My starting point are basic examples and counter-examples given by Philippa Foot in her well-known article \"On Euthanasia\". Is the situation I described really has its foundations in opposed virtues – mercy and justice, as Philippa Foot thinks, or it is a little bit different – as I think: that are not the virtues here which we should allege; rather it would be tendency to avoid the responsibility that is in the base of what we think our duties should represent. And one of the main questions raises here: what our basic duties are and why we think that some things are duties and that some aren’t? Is the thing of norms we valuate as duties inherent in human nature or it depends on society in which they are realized? I think it is the latter that is in question here. And then we can raise questions about a society itself and norms, values and laws which are within it. I am also interested in how and in what way the notion of law can be harmonized with the notions of justice and goodness, and how different social activities, in accordance with the existing norms of a given society, generate a view on euthanasia. In addition to this, another subject of interest are fields we can get involved in, to raise the awareness of people regarding this problem and the contexts we can interpret this problem in. Additional problems are – how to overcome the limitations based on prejudice which are frequently embodied in norms, while norms are embodied in laws, which imply values of a given society in which they are realized, as well as how to make the best of what specific laws of a given society offer us. My orientation in philosophy is analytical, and I approach the problem of euthanasia with arguments which are partially based on utilitarian principles, and partially on the theory of duty, basically derived from Kantian approach. I’m avoiding here the virtue ethics that Philippa Foot is mostly interested in and it is also the subject matter that I critisize. I use the classical ethical approach when making conclusions – i.e, that conclusions cannot be made solely on factual premises, but that at least one of those premises must have value character. A valid argument with an ethical conclusion is bound to have at least one ethical premiss; in opposite, the conclusion would not be an ethical but factual. That is well-known as a \"gap\" between \"ought\" and \"is\" and there are many articles explaining this problem and the way of making valid ethical conclusions in accordance with this issue.

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Emmanuel George

[email protected] Women in conflict situations are often discussed in the light of the number that have been raped, tortured or abused as sexual objects. The tendency is to see women only as victims of war and to relegate to the background their roles in bringing about durable solutions during civil conflicts. Making used of in-depth interviews, focus groups discussions, questionnaire and published articles, the study probes into the roles of women as peace agents in traditional and contemporary societies of Liberia and Sierra Leone; and provides a critical and in-depth analysis on how those roles were harnessed during the civil wars in both countries.

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Andrii Koblan [email protected]

“Policy of the USA toward international terrorism in 1993-2003”

At the beginning of XXI century the issue of international terrorism became the focal point of international relations and international security. Caused by September 11, 2001 events, the USA policy turned into the main tool of countering this threat. Following it the cold-war and post-cold war discourse was shifted to the middle ground, originating the new stage of contemporary world history along with it new trends.

To analyze one part of the new discourse my thesis explores the ways, means and results of the USA counter-terrorist policy in 1993-2003, embracing the period from the first attack against WTC and first terrorist act against American troops in the Arab peninsula until the time of creating the Homeland Security Department, publishing first American strategy against terrorism, and quasi-antiterrorist war in Iraq.

Methodology of this research is based on the range of the general scientific methods with emphasis on special approaches of origin and comparability of historical processes and entities, with its analysis as the system. The interdisciplinary of research subject stipulated the necessity of using the expertise of political and international law science, but preserving historical core of research.

The main issue of the dissertation is the measuring compatibility of American declared policy and strategy against international terrorism with its results in the light of effectiveness and attitude of the USA society and world community. To resolve this issue we were need to answer the following questions:

1) To track the origin and evolution of American counter-terrorist policy; 2) To define the level of terrorist awareness in the USA in the pre-September, 11 period; 3) To explore the anti-terrorist measures of two Clinton administrations; 4) To mark the historic and political importance and main directions of influence of 9/11 attacks; 5) To explain the followed drastic change of counter-terrorist approach of the USA government at the background of American national unity and committed support of international community of the USA actions against terrorism; 6) To analyze the gradual rising of controversy of American antiterrorist campaign and foreign policy in 2002-2003; 7) To define the origin, essence and main directions of securing American homeland after September, 11. After finishing research, we can conclude the following picture of American counter-terrorist policy in this period. In the time of relative prosperity of the policy and economy in 1990-th, the USA authorities was unable to exploit its historic advantage to project effective long-term strategy, preserving conservative foreign policy, especially in the Middle East that alienated local population, whose anti-American bias appeared the breeding ground of extremist activity and terrorism against the USA. In the changed international environment of globalization, migration and informatization, Clinton Administration’s liberal economic bias (as well of Bush administration) didn’t contribute enough to the settle the asymmetry of North-South relationship that fostering the poverty

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factor of global terrorism in the long-term. The lack of applicable security strategy outpoured in the reactive measures to the main terrorist incidents, without probable reform of security branch of American government, that was ensleeped by relative calm and absence of great danger in the end of XX century.

The reconsideration of trends international relations in the light of September 11 attacks forced the USA government to begin comprehensive anti-terrorist campaign with its initial rapid removing the Taliban-Al-Qaeda issue. Despite the support of international community and state of political unity inside the USA, the main long-term effect of the 9/11 events was reconfiguration of Bush unilateralist, but neo-isolationist bias into the aggressive preemptive approach of foreign policy, with its emphasis on force tools in the anti-terrorist measures. The unjustified war in Iraq significantly blowed the international trust for the USA fight against international terrorism, again enhanced the anti-American sentiments among the Muslims. The unilateralist component was basis of two main controversial issues of Bush administration foreign policy that are the neglecting the disallowance of aggressive preemptive actions and denying some important provisions of international humanitarian law. In the light of September 11, they admitted the necessity of reconsideration the very foundation of post-WWII international law, taking into account only the growing awareness of self-interest (own security), doubting the rules of self-defense and suitability of Geneva Convention. Aggressive foreign policy and half-measures in the Afghanistan proved incompatible with the need to make friendly international environment and decreasing the anti-Americanism as the main factor of terrorism against the USA, especially visible in the evident trend to the world multipolarity. Such policy appeared very doubting that was undermining the foundation of legal and political system of the world order.

Of less significance were domestic anti-terrorist measures after terrorist attacks, due to their some predictability that received high level of enactment after that through the enhancement of anti-terrorist laws that predominantly touched the life of international visitors to the USA, and consolidation of American anti-terrorist services under the umbrella of new department of homeland security that was even theoretically incomplete. Essential feature of homeland security legislative and organization measures was loyalty of Congress against executive power, even visible in the case of Iraq resolution that was mainly caused by general sense of insecurity after the attacks upon WTC and Pentagon.

Finally we need the emphasis on the complex nature of the anti-terrorist policy, its deep connection with geopolitics (the issues of state-sponsors) and foreign policy of the USA that was the source of ineffectiveness in the 1990-th and the stimulus for the obvious controversies after September 11 attacks. Due to the hegemonistic approach of Bush administration, it substituted reactive measures of previous president into the new policy of forced reconfiguration of Middle East that created the new field of insurgency and terrorism. The high volatility and unpredictability of terrorism is the main concern of anti-terrorist actions that force to draw conclusion about big threat of international terrorism in the world of growing asymmetries. So the formal effectiveness of American anti-terrorist actions after terrorist attacks in the New York and Washington will be finally validated only in the retrospect of several decades.

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Maciej Nyka [email protected]

My current research project is connected with problem of Economic Security Protection as a function of Public International Economic Law. International Economic Law as an effect of globalization can also be understood as a law of Economic Security, which is highly valued in today’s world. This function is being fulfilled by the fact of existence of International Economic Law itself, as a set of norms which by limiting the available policy options stabilize the economic relations and limit the legal risk in order to support international investment flows and international trade in goods and services. Next element of stabilization and protection of economic relations are the so called “safety valves” – legal norms which contain a opt-out option from legal obligations in situation of risk. Among identified risk clauses we may mention: environment protection, balance of payments, public order, health and life protection of humans, animals and plants, supply shortage and other. Last but not least the function of stabilization is being achieved by the international economic agreements which create international cooperation field in areas of trade, finances, environment, but also political stabilization, democracy promotion or cooperation in a situation of natural disasters. Methodology for this project contains the normative analysis of international agreements (both multilateral and bilateral) and also use of comparative analysis of law method in order to identify those values which are being commonly identified as deserving protection in Public international economic legal acts.

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Peter Osimiri [email protected]

In Defence of a Minimalist Account of Global Justice INTRODUCTION That globalization has precipitated very profound transformations that have come to characterize social relations in the in the 21st century is common knowledge. Globalizing forces and processes, strengthened by advances in transportation and information technologies, for instance, are inexorably bringing the world together, and are deepening the interactions and the interdependencies between the different constituent communities of the world. In essence globalization has eroded and continues to diminish, the geographical limits to social relations. Consequently, we are witnessing the intensification of not just international relations, but also a massive surge in transnational interactions. As nations, peoples and communities across the globe become economically, socially and politically connected the distinction between the global and the local becomes increasingly blurred. In addition the forces that have brought the world together have also magnified the human potential for doing good or doing ill.. In other words, as the world collapses into a single interconnected space, the activities and practices in one community are now capable of generating extensive global consequences. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The increasing integration of the disparate communities of the world into a global village have not only brought about the possibility of generating transnational harm from different locales, it has also thrown into bold relief the “radical inequality” i.e. the extremes of poverty and wealth that have come to characterize our world. It is against this background that some philosophers have begun to challenge the conventional bias of political philosophy to consign the relevance of the idea of justice to bounded communities such as nation states. For these philosophers, the widening gap between the rich and the poor, both within and between nations, demand that we discard athe traditional exclusive focus on domestic justice to articulate the conception of justice that should apply at the global level. Employing various approaches, different attempts have been made by these philosophers, most of which have a cosmopolitan bent, to develop accounts of global justice. These include the Utilitarian ( Peter Singer), the deontological ( Onora O’Neil and Henry Shue) and the Rawlsian- based(Thomas Pogge and Charles Beitz) conceptions of global justice. In spite of the noble focus of these various accounts on the reduction of global poverty, their conceptions of global justice have been subjected to a barrage of criticism from different quarters: by realists, the communitarians, the Postmodernists as well as the Rawlsian society- of -states perspective. The realists for instance argue that justice and other moral norms are irrelevant to the global arena because states are exclusively motivated by the pursuit of power and their national interest. communitarians such as David Miller object to the notion of global justice on the ground that the “thin” associational ties between nations and the individual of the global level is insufficient to trigger a universal obligation of justice. Walzer, another communitarian for his part wants us to discard the idea of global justice because in the light of global cultural diversity it would be impossible to develop an account of global justice which would be persuasive across cultures.. There is also John Rawls who has resisted the attempts to globalize his difference principle by showing that our obligation in the global context is limited to the duty of humanitarian assistance. My aim is to bypass the debate between the cosmopolitans and their critics by developing a minimalist account of global justice which is not vulnerable to the standard objections highlighted above, an account which in all probability will receive the endorsement of the communitarians, the realists and other anti-cosmopolitans. RESEARCH QUESTIONS. In developing the minimalist account of global justice which we intend to ground on the on the universally accepted principles of non-harm and rectification of harm, we are forced to consider the following questions. *

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What is cosmopolitan or global justice as opposed to domestic or local justice? These question necessarily implicate another fundamental question, what is the appropriate scope of justice-local or global? * Relatedly, the question of the specific content of justice will also be considered. These question admittedly has given rise to a perennial controversy within philosophy, and divergent suggestions have been provided. In this work, we argue that the basic minimum that justice requires is the respect for the principle of non harm. * What are the basic principles of cosmopolitanism and what do they tell us about dealings with community of humanity as represented in our compatriots and distant non-compatriots. * What is harm? And what is the essential nature of the negative duty of non harm? Is it a duty of beneficence or of justice? *What is the implication of increasing incidence of transnational harm in the globalizing world for conceptualizing justice? In other words we ask whether the fixation of traditional political philosophy on domestic justice can be sustained in the global village in which we now live. METHODOLOGY In the light of the Fundamental character of the philosophic enterprise, this thesis will proceed by adopting a combination of the analytic-conceptual and the constructive approaches. Being primarily a library-based research, gathered “data” in form of facts, arguments and theoretical propositions on the question of global justice and other related concepts shall be subjected to conceptual analysis and rigorous logical scrutiny in the bid to facilitate a systematic understanding of the issues. Ultimately with the adoption of the conceptual-analytic approach it expected that the researcher is placed in a vantage point from which he/she is able to lay hold on a nuanced meaning of the ideas under investigation, demonstrate their implication and, of course, reject, accept or even modify them, where necessary. In addition to the conceptual analytical approach the work employs the constructive method in developing a Minimal account of cosmopolitan justice. Taking the harm principle and the duty of rectification as the point of departure, an attempt will be made to weave together a theory of cosmopolitan justice which overcomes the weaknesses of the Utilitarian, deontological based as the Rawlsian based approaches to cosmopolitan justice.

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Raúl Roselló [email protected]

My research project refers to the presentations of Uruguay in the WTO Dispute Settlement Body. My research question is: Is it usuful for Uruguay to initiate a demand considering the asimetric distribution of power between big and small members when the judgment should be enforced? The methodological approach consists of several interviews with authorities and representatives of interest groups, as well as the study of adjudications.

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Mariia Tyshchenko [email protected]

I’m writing to express my great interest in applying for Bergen summer reserch school program in the field of global development challengers. I found that program corresponds well with my future career plans in the academic world and my work in NGO “NAGOLOS”. First, it is my life ambition to do scientific research because I believe that scientific research and its methods provide an unrivalled framework in which the problems of global challenge which affects both advanced and less advanced economies can be determined and solutions to them be found. Second, I believe that lecturing has a vital role in passing the scientific knowledge to the next generation. My aim in this program is to: • Have a thorough understanding of an intellectually strict, widely applicable framework for boundary of natural, social and policy sciences where ecosystem complexity meets the complexity of social systems. • To develop the ability to inform and empower through an improved awareness of organizational and personal learning. • Be able to apply the program's themes in a range of situations for an analysis of problems, creation of solutions, and selection and design of complimentary tools and concepts. I’m PhD and senior teacher of Vadim Getman Kiyv National Economic University and senior teacher in Academy of municipal administration during four years. It’s really interesting for me to know experience in field of climate change challenge in a multidisciplinary perspective, and in this way hopes to enhance our understanding of both the complexities and uncertainties inherent in the climate change issues themselves as well as in the various communication contexts dealing with these issues. I’m interested in working in Bergen on actual theme “Global development challengers” using experience of different countries. Ukraine need improve life quality of citizens. I expect after the completion of research all propositions will be used in recommendations to Ukrainian administrations. This field of study is of great interest to me, so I have a strong desire to do research in it. This program will help me in creation new course “Strategic leadership towards sustainability” and broaden my horizons while enhancing my career profile. The course “Strategic leadership towards sustainability” will help students connect to others who are working in similar fields, or who have similar goals but come from different fields of studies. Course structure based on systems thinking, and revolves around five level framework for planning and decision-making in complex systems – Back casting and Principals. Recall the course learning objectives: � A generic framework for planning and decision-making for success in any system. � Basic principles for socio-ecological sustainability, including their derivation, and their general characteristics of principles used for backcasting. � Scientific foundations used to derive the basic principles (e.g. laws of thermodynamics, energy, entropy, photosynthesis, biogeochemical cycles, interdependency of species, system dynamics, cyclic principle and biogeochemical cycles) of ecological sustainability. Nature’s ‘economy’. � An approach to planning called backcasting where first success is defined and then steps are taken to achieve it. � The ABCD Methodology - To begin (A) understanding how to apply Backcasting from Principles as an intellectual game/metaphor for analyses of (B) current practices and (C) solutions/visions and (D) prioritized actions to create a strategy to achieve success.

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� Apply hosting technologies for interactive ways of working with groups and teams and sharing core concepts of SSD � Understand and identify how their background and expertise can be strategically used to help move societies in a more sustainable direction; � Carry out a final project to practice and gain experience conveying concepts and techniques discussed in the course to make a compelling case for sustainable development in their respective fields; � Share ideas and discuss common aspects related to leadership for sustainability. I believe that with my qualification, skills I can make a strong contribution to development of policy-making in Ukraine as our Academy is one state educational establishment which prepare students for work in local level particularly Kiev local state administration. Study experience in University can be useful for my future teaching career. I hope after finishing my study in Bergen I would perfect in the local administration and will realise my career plans. During my work in Academy, I took part in international conferences and teach such subjects as: state and local budgets, municipal administration, and political economy. I always get pleasure giving my knowledge to students in my lectures. If it will be possible I want make open lectures in Summer University about sustainable development in Ukraine include aspects of adaptive management, ecological economics and institutional aspects of ecosystem adaptation and organize discussions on this area. As you can see from the CV, I have always had an interest in researches in field of municipal administration and have several experiences in administrations of Sweden, France, Italy and Poland. I know English, Russian and French languages. It’s really important for me to know policy-making experience in field of adaptive management, ecological economics. I believe the program can give me the opportunity to improve my analytical skills, theoretical expertise as well as my ability to carry out independent research, thus I can have preparation for programme. I am able to work alone or as a part of a team, and I like working with people. I want to get to know country and it’s culture. Thanks very much for your time and look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, Tyshchenko Mariia

G E N D E R & G L O B A L I S A T I O N

GENDER AND GLOBALISATION: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL

CHALLENGES

Cuthbert Baataar [email protected]

UNDER FIVES IN CRISIS IN THE UPPER WEST REGION OF GHANA: CHANGES IN PARENTAL CARE AND DWINDLING KIN SUPPORT. ABSTRACT There is an increasing concern in Ghana [Sub Saharan] about the widespread and serious levels of under nutrition among under fives. Unfortunately recent evidence has not shown any marked diminution of the problem [GDHS 2003; 2008]. Millions of children make their way through life impoverished, abandoned, uneducated, malnourished, discriminated against, neglected and vulnerable [UNICEF 2005]. For such children life is a daily struggle to survive. Poor, and in some cases worsening, indicators of children’s health and wellbeing such as; high rates of malnutrition and mortality have led some researchers to label the situation a “crisis” in child outcomes [Stanley 2001]. Lack of a consistent caregiver can create additional risks for children (Engle, Lhotská, and Armstrong 1997). There is also some truth in Bledsoe’s [1990] assertion that childcare is never simply a question of the relation between child and adult: it is always also a matter of relationships among adults. Empirical research suggests that children may be at risk when their families live in isolation from extended family networks and the surrounding community without adequate supports [see Buchanan and Brinke 1998 for a review]. Domestic groups in the study area are not only cut off by economic distance but by social distance as well, and this is preventing the wider lineage –yirdeme- from effectively providing the support and security it was noted for in the past. In 1980 child mortality rates in SSA were 13 times higher than in rich countries; in 2005 they were 29 times higher (Watkins 2005). The number of stunted children rose from 28 million in 1990 to 36 million in 2000 (ACC/SCN and IFPRI 2000). Recent estimate shows an increase to 40 million in 2005 (World Bank 2007). Overall, 35 percent of Africa’s children face a greater risk of dying today, compared with 10 years ago. In ghana the 1998 DHS showed that 1 in every 4 Children are Underweight, & 5% severely Underweight. In 1999 in the Upper West Region alone, 47% of Children under 3yrs were Underweight Prevalence of Underweight [0-23mths] in the Upper West Region of Ghana

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#of children weighed Prevalence of underweight (0—23mths) 2005 2006 2007

District 2005 2006 2007

# % # % # % Jirapa /Lambussie

4,459 4,803 4828 923 24.2 944 23.1 990 20.5

Lawra 3,982 4,581 4692 749 18.9 1080 26.2 107 22.7

Nadowli 9,622 9,813 9622 464 14.8 486 15.2 1626 16.9

Sissala East 3,108 3,344 3944 788 26.1 840 23.4 824 20.9

Sissala West

2,408 2,619 1718 583 24.5 650 20.8 340 19.8

Wa East 7,003 7,616 3910 725 24.3 578 19.2 739 18.9

Wa Municipal

3,075 2,910 6986 1511 26.4 1542 25.6 1579 22.6

Wa West 2,276 2,311 2328 2091 27.2 2196 26.5 487 20.9

Regional 35,933 37,997 38028 7834 24.0 8316 23.4 7758 20.4

Source 2007 Upper West Region Nutritional Report. Infant and Under-Five Mortality for 1998 and 2003 by Region in Ghana

Infant Mortality Rate Under-Five Mortality Rate Region 1998 2003 1998 2003

Ashanti 41.9 80 78.2 116

Brong Ahafo 77.3 58 128.7 91

Central 88.3 50 142.1 90

Eastern 50.2 64 89.1 95 Greater Accra 41.4 45 62 75

Northern 70.1 69 171.3 154

Upper East 81.5 33 155.6 79

Upper West 70.6 105 155.3 208

Volta 53.8 75 98 113

Western 68 66 109.7 109

So the study is about the changing patterns of childcare in contemporary Dagaaba society in the Upper West Region of Ghana. The general objective of the study is to examine the socio-economic and cultural influences on care practices and how different patterns of care

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affect the welfare of children underfive among the Dagaaba in Wa. The research is a long-term observational study using ethnographic research approaches. [Interviews, Key Informant Interviewss. Focus Group Discussions, Gossip, Observations etc] The study consequently gives an account of infant care practices among the Dagaaba. Practices are described covering the early infancy period, i.e. one to four years, with special attention being given to the `cultural context' in which these practices take place. The Basic Assumption of this thesis was that, many of the Health Problems experienced by today’s children reflect the complex interactions between children and their families and their social, economic and cultural environment. 3. Research Questions The study therefore seeks to answer the following: What are the economic and social factors that have made it difficult for parents to provide care that can promote good nutritional status and welfare for children? What changes in domestic living arrangements affected the way mothers and or fathers raise their children? What, if any, networks of supportive relationships among kin exist and contribute to childcare? What are the efforts, policies and programmes of the government in promoting the survival, growth, and development of children in the Upper West Region of Ghana? A sample of 40 mothers with children aged less than five years were selected [20 from the rural Charia community/settlement and 20 others from Kpaguri which is an urban settlement/community]. Key informant and in-depth interviews were also undertaken with community elders, opinion and religious leaders, traditional healers, traditional birth attendants [TBAs], grandmothers/mothers-in-law, as well as health care providers and policy makers at the regional level. Focus group discussions and observations were also undertaken. The data show very little difference in infant feeding between urban and rural children. However, in the urban area, children received a greater variety of foods and liquids than those in Charia. Differences were also observed in terms of the care children received, in the type of surrogate caregivers and in the social support available to their mother. One of the positive features of being in an urban area is that there is a higher probability of father-child attachment due to the fact that there is less help available from other members of the kin and community. The study also found that grandmothers play a critical role in child care when present in households particularly for young and first-time mothers. Men recognize that their responsibilities are to feed and cloth their household members, but they have great difficulty in doing so. Women admitted that despite advice from health workers to diversify complementary foods, they were unable to do so for some economic reasons. The findings suggest that government efforts to further reduce under-five morbidity and mortality in the Upper West Region should focus on health education interventions that address quality of home care, recognition of causes, risk involved, and the importance of seeking timely medical care and on improving the quality of care provided at clinics and hospitals.

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Julia Bailey

[email protected] Changing Homes: Maasai women and the re-construction of semi-nomadic settlements. Research Summary: Communities in dry-land areas across the world are facing significant upheavals to their livelihoods as a result of modernizing forces. These forces manifest themselves in the residential unit, representing the center of women’s livelihood activities and nexus of production and reproduction in pastoral societies. In southern Kenya, large, extended domestic groups consisting of multiple polygamous families are rapidly dividing into homesteads with fewer wives and extended kin. This change significantly affects women whose livelihood strategies, identities and daily routines revolve around managing the residential unit. My research is concerned with women’s well-being in the context of contemporary residential dynamics. I ask: How do women’s daily routines, use of space, and social networks differ in settlements that are smaller and larger, include a greater or lesser number of families, that are monogamous or polygamous, are closer or more distant from towns, and involve richer or poorer households? How are demographic and geographic shifts to the residential unit linked to women’s ability to access economic, social and political resources? This research connects changes occurring to Maasai women’s lives, and the spaces where they unfold, to the broad historical, social, and economic realities, contributing to the literature on gender and development, pastoral livelihoods, as well as theories of well-being and gendered space. Context: Despite their relative aridity, Kenya’s arid and semi-arid lands support 25% of the country’s population. Within these areas livestock production is a key livelihood strategy, allowing humans to occupy land that is unsuitable for agricultural production. The pastoral residence is the nexus of social and economic activities, and typically consists of a number of polygamous families, with women owning and occupying a single household. Living in large settlements provides pastoralists an immediate source of social capital, needed to mitigate risks associated with production in Kenya’s drylands. A number of changes occurring in Kenya’s rangelands have caused significant upheavals in pastoral communities. Pervasive discourses spread through various channels – NGOs, churches, health institutes, and state programs – have aimed to settle pastoralists in nuclear, bounded, single family households in the name of progress and modernity. More recently, these ideas have been furthered by rapid land tenure transformations, which have alienated land from pastoralists, displaced families and significantly reduced the land-area available for grazing. Pastoralists are responding by settling with fewer families, often with fewer wives, in remote areas where they have access to land or close to towns where they rely on markets and social services to support their increasingly, diversified livelihoods.

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These changes significantly affect women, whose lives are centered on managing the residential unit. Living in larger settlements allows women to share and divide a diversity of tasks across broad social networks of exchange, particularly childcare responsibilities, providing them with a degree of mobility to distant locales where they access markets, watering holes, grazing sites and more recently, community based organizations. Equally important, these social networks are source of friendship and emotional support, generating a sense of security and social connectedness. While research has highlighted women’s diminishing economic status resulting from socio-economic changes in pastoral areas, few studies have linked these trends to the restructuring of domestic spaces. Methodology: Rather than begin with pre-determined indicators of ‘well-being’ this project will elucidate the conditions and experiences of Maasai women as they unfold in their daily routines. Through multi-sited ethnographic research I will detail how women’s livelihood strategies, access to resources, social relations and sense of security are affected by changing residential dynamics. This research will take place in two communities - Oltepesi and Olkiramatian – each with distinct residential dynamics, allowing for a comparative analysis. In both communities rates of polygamy have declined, however, in Oltepesi, pastoralists maintain multi-family residences, averaging five families per homestead, whereas in Olkiramatian settlements resemble the nuclear family model, with one or two families occupying a shared, domestic space. I have contacts in both communities and access to data that details homestead demography, the social attributes of household members, and their livelihood practices through my affiliation with a research project at McGill University. The methodological approach will be anthropological ethnography, involving participant observation and interviewing as its principal research strategies. The research design will also rely on narrative analysis, oral life histories, and time allocation studies. Through ongoing participant observation I will obtain information regarding daily life activities of a number of women, who will be selected from a diverse sample of settlements who differ in age, class, and education. Participant observation will also provide the information needed to construct interviews that take into account culturally and contextually specific indicators of well-being. Narrative analysis and oral life histories will elucidate how women frame changes to homesteads. These methods will be used in conjunction with time allocation studies, providing a means to measure women’s work, profile their daily routines and their mobility to resources points. Combined these methods will allow me to determine how homestead dynamics affect women’s livelihoods, as well as their subjective sense of well-being. Contributions to Knowledge: Research into pastoral societies has disproportionally focused on men’s livelihood practices, precluding close investigations into women’s daily routines and the places where they unfold. While there is a strong focus in the social sciences towards generating nuanced accounts of the unintentional changes in pastoral societies brought by development and state reforms, research remains disproportionately focused on men’s livelihood activities, precluding understandings of women’s experiences. This research will detail the diverse experiences of Maasai women whose complex lives are rapidly transforming under conditions of social change that are manifested in the

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residential unit. It builds on my previous research engagements into issues of rural development and social change in sub-Sahara Africa. This project is the next step in my research and what will be a long-term engagement with pastoral women in Kenya.

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Mahmoud Bashir

[email protected] Abstract: The Funerary Practices of the Meroitic Culture (4th century BC – 4th Century AD) in the Area Between the 5ht and the 6th Nile Cataracts - Sudan Research Proposal Introduction: The recent discovery of a large and well preserved Meroitic cemetery at Berber together with similar cemetery at Dangeil are of considerable interest and constitute a great research potential in the Meroitic funerary traditions. The tombs in both cemeteries have lost their superstructures by weathering agents such as seasonal rains and the prevailing winds. Therefore, it is impossible to identify these tombs by simple surface observations. Only human activities are responsible for their chance discoveries. In fact, the Meroitic Cemetery of Berber was discovered when archaeological material consisting of pottery jars, bowls and human bone, were found while digging foundation trenches for a factory planned for plastic production, while the discovery of the Meroitic Cemetery at Dangeil was q result of the digging of a drainage canal beside the neighboring village El-Fereikha. With regards to the tomb structure all the excavated tombs in both cemeteries have an east-west descendary about 4m long leading to an oval shaped north-south burial chamber. Blocking walls in all the excavated graves consisted almost entirely of mud bricks with a number of examples using red bricks. All the elements of the tomb structure reflect a common feature of burials dating from Meroitic period in central Sudan. Nevertheless, the discovered cemetery at Berber shows considerable wealth in grave offerings, raising the status of the site to that of an elite cemetery. Although the tomb structures at Berber and Dangeil are similar, yet the position and the orientation of the bodies exhibit a range of variations. Extended inhumation with the hands resting on the pelvic area is an early Meroitic tradition. A slightly flexed position, as well as a tighter contracted position in burials of later periods is more frequent. The excavated tombs from the Meroitic cemetery at Berber provided quite a large number of objects, with a great diversity in both the types of material and the quantity found in each tomb. Numerous pottery vessels were recovered including many Meroitic fine ware, open dishes with an internal floral painted decoration. The finest example was painted with a design of a cobra surrounded by ankh signs. Comparable finds have usually been discovered from sites in northern Sudan and are rarely found in Meroitic cemeteries in central Sudan. This is in addition to the discovery of a large numbers of pottery jars which represent a common tradition in Meroitic tombs. The abundant and well-preserved wooden objects were the most unusual objects found in several of the excavated tombs at the Cemetery of Berber. Wooden kohl containers, probably of ebony, with lids were found. These are of cylindrical shape as well as coiled forms. In addition, a number of small pieces of wood fragments were observed in the fillings of the burial chambers of some tombs. The most important were two 1.8m long pieces each about 200mm wide and 30mm thick found protecting the body in tomb BMC 8. These may indicate the possible use of wooden coffins. Among the other discovered archaeological material are copper-alloy finds, a glass bottle, a kohl pot of ivory, and beads made of faience, stone and even gilded glass beads. An offering table, with an inscription in cursive Meroitic running around the spout, was found at Berber cemetery. It is considered one of the most important objects in this collection. Dr Claude Rilly, the director of the French Archaeological Unit (SFDAS) studied the offering table and reports that the personal name of the deceased would be Sobt (pronounced Sobata). Sob is known from different texts, and is used to describe an unknown deity. Sob-se-l should mean \\\\\\\"he or (she) belongs to Sob\\\\\\\". Tomb plundering is an observed phenomenon in most of the Meroitic cemeteries of later periods. However the excavated tombs at the Meroitic cemetery at Berber present fewer disturbances and plundering as

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compared with those of Dangeil cemetery. Therefore, observing a varied degree robbery within the same temporal and spatial contexts may reflect some associated symbolic aspects and the ideas behind such practice. Consequently, the study of this phenomena in both cemeteries can provide valuable information that may help us in understanding the sequence of plundering and robbery operations and then interpreting this observed detail, which could probably be a symbolic funerary practice related to rituals and local believes. Objectives of the Study: The objective of this research is an attempt to identify and study the Meroitic funerary practices in the area between the 5th and the 6th cataracts with a case study of the two Meroitic cemeteries of Berber and Dangeil. Moreover, results can be compared with others areas in the Middle Nile Valley and elsewhere. In addition rescuing the two cemeteries is a fatal objective, since both sites are in danger by the development projects in the surrounding vicinity. These objectives can be achieved by the following; 1. Documentation and classification of funerary practices and traditions in the Meroitic burials at Berber and Dangeil cemeteries. 2. Study of the special distribution of tombs 3. Study of the funerary social stratification with the aid of physical anthropological analysis. 4. Examination of socio-cultural evidence of Meroitic funerary practices. 5. Study and classification of finds 6. Study of the chronology of the tombs and their dating. Methodology and fieldwork: - Application of archaeological surveys incorporating topographic surveys and if possible geophysical surveys to map the hidden tombs. -To launch the excavation in the Berber cemetery so as to collect data suitable for comparison with excavated cemeteries at Dangeil and other excavated tombs in the vicinity

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Jennifer Hope Corbin [email protected]

North-South Partnerships for Health in Tanzania: Key Factors for Partnership Success from the Southern Perspective Ph.D. project J. Hope Corbin, MPhil Overview of project This project will attempt to illuminate key factors for success (and failure) in North-South partnerships (NSP) for health, as seen from the Southern perspective. The project will obtain data (documents and interviews) from a women’s AIDS prevention and women’s empowerment organisation in Africa. The organisation has been involved in dozens of NSP’s over more than a decade. Some of these partnerships have been long-lasting, happy and effective; others have not faired so well. Using a framework for the study of partnership (The Bergen Model of Collaborative Functioning), developed by Hope Corbin and Prof Maurice Mittelmark, all these NSP’s will be examined in a way that enhances their comparison. Research Objectives a. Conduct qualitative interviews with the organisation’s leaders, past and present, to obtain their stories about all NSP’s in which the organisation has been directly involved. b. Collect artefacts (NSP documents) that can be used to document the NSP plans, agreements, progress, operational changes, results and duration. c. Produce three analyses using the document and interview data and three corresponding research articles, on these themes: i. Mapping synergy and antagony in North-South partnerships for health: A case study of the Tanzanian women’s NGO KIWAKKUKI (submitted for publication). ii. North-South Partnership and Grassroots Organizing in rural Tanzania: strengths and weaknesses. iii. North-South Partnership in times of crisis. d. Combine the articles and construct a PhD dissertation. e. Produce a history for KIWAKKUKI based on interviews and document analysis. Research design The study is a qualitative case study with the primary data sources of interviews and document data. Data analysis and interpretation Following the methodology used for analysis in Corbin’s Masters thesis, a combination of document and interview data will be systematically interpreted. Data analysis will be an ongoing and reflective process conducted throughout all stages of the research. An initial review of internal documents on all partnerships including internal memos, contracts, and monitoring reports will be conducted. Themes will be identified and compared to elements of the Bergen Model of Collaborative Functioning and coded accordingly. Interviews will be conducted with modification to the interview guide within interviews and between interviews. Interview recordings will be transcribed. During and after transcription, themes will be identified and coded according to the Model. A matrix will catalogue themes identified across documents and interview data. The emerging patterns from each case will be recorded and then cross-case analysis will be undertaken.

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Misanya Dismas Bingi [email protected]

TITLE: Female Circumcision in a Cutltural Setting: A case of Wagogo of Dodoma Rural Tanzania. Efforts to eliminate female circumcision have been taking place for many years. In Tanzania, the efforts got more momentum in the year 1998 right after the enactment of the law to officially ban all oppressive acts against women; including female circumcision; Sexual Offences Special Provision Act (SOSPA Act 1998 sect. 169A). Since the enactment of the law a variety of individuals and interest groups like Tanzania Media Women Association (TAMWA), Tanzania Gender Network Program (TGNP), Tanzania Women Law Association (TAWLA), Women Wake-up (WOWAP) to mention but a few have been vocal advocate of the need to eliminate FC by establishing interventions through educating people about the negative effects of FC. While success has been recorded in some communities, in others the practice continues unabated. This begs the question why despite copious efforts to eradicate FC, the practice still persists? What is that engender the problem? Are there socio-cultural factors which are responsible for the continued existence FC? This study is an attempt to investigate the persistence of FC in some cultures by looking at the significance of female circumcision and how people in a particular socio-cultural setting receive messages and perceive efforts to eliminate FC practices. Research Questions: . 1. How are the socio-cultural meanings influenced the persistence of FC? 2. How do the Wagogo communicated the meanings of FC? 3. What were Wagogos’ reactions to the messages on the ongoing anti-FC interventions? 4. How did discourse and power affected/influenced decision making among the Wagogo? Methodological Approach: The project is designed as a qualitative one. This approach will allow the researcher to explore reality from the perspective of the participants; the emic perspective due to the strength of the philosophy behind the methodology which situates individuals in social-cultural context, basing on the belief that reality is complex and socially constructed. Qualitative research approach is described as an inductive and interactive process that gives a holistic perspective of a cultural event. In this study therefore, much attention will be paid to the meaning, understanding, and experiences of the research subjects. .

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Charles Dube

[email protected] Topic: Cross-border Women Traders and Hegemonic Masculinities in Zimbabwe Abstract Female cross-border traders contribute considerably to conjugal family income in Zimbabwe. This contribution has been unprecedentedly markedly salient since 2000 when the country’s economic fortunes were on a downward spiral. With this contribution in intra-household income, the anticipation has been that their socio-politico-economic standing in the connubial family would be enhanced relative to that of their husbands. In spite of this contribution, a hegemonic masculine conceptualization of cross-border female trade has situated it within a gung-ho economic method of livelihood strategy. Monetary proceeds from cross border trading activities have often precipitated conflicting relations between husbands and wives as the former struggle to re-assert their threatened hegemonic masculinities. Symbolic violence has increased as men in matrimonial relations attempt to override wives’ manifest economic muscles. Against this background, this research interrogates the assumption that the vulnerability of married women is compounded by their low levels of financial contribution to household income relative to that of their husbands. The researcher argues that deeply entrenched androcentric ideological values have muted these women’s conspicuous financial endowments, resulting in multifaceted husband-wife power asymmetries. Research Question The research is guided by the following questions • What impact does women cross-border traders’ contributions to household income have on decision-making powers between husband and wife? • How have women cross-border traders responded to hegemonic masculinities in relation to their trading activities? • How do men who are married to women cross-border traders respond to women’s financial autonomy? • What role does symbolic violence play in curtailing these women’s autonomy in relation to their trading activities? Methodology The study is grounded in qualitative methodology and triangulates data from different sources, both primary and secondary, in a bid to bring in-depth and generalisable data. Unstructured interviews are employed as primary data collection instruments to gather information from both men and women. Questions evoke men and women’s conceptualizations of female cross-border trade vis-à-vis impact of married women’s financial autonomy on decision-making powers in families and households. Secondary sources of data such as Zimbabwe’s home affairs documents, International Organization for Migration (IOM) data and findings of previous researchers corroborate primary information. The research has a strong ethnographic alignment, especially in view of its inclination towards eliciting female cross-border traders’ comprehensive analysis of their activities and men’s perceptions of this entrepreneurial activity. Snowballing and availability sampling techniques are utilized. The feasibility of these sampling techniques derive from the observation and realization that the population of cross-border traders is diffuse, haphazard, mostly undocumented and often evasive to researchers. Employing snowballing and availability sampling techniques therefore will enable the researcher to cumulatively access these elusive respondents. Availability sampling is also crucial in the selection of male respondents given the unavailability of a convenient sampling frame.

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Synne Laastad Dyvik

[email protected] Research Abstract Tentative research title: Women and the question of Liberation in Military, Counter-Insurgency and Reconstruction efforts. The Case of Afghanistan. Aims and focus: This research, in the shape of a DPhil thesis in International Relations situates itself within gendered approaches to IR theory. It draws on the heritage of feminist and gendered analysis of war, postcolonial critiques of International Relations theory and a poststructuralist discourse analysis. It asks the following questions: On what grounds and by what means did the liberation of Afghan woman become a justification for the invasion in 2001? How has the ‘practice’ of liberation (security, reconstruction and development) produced and reproduced identities of the Self and the Other and therefore potentially variations to the foreign policy justifications of operations in Afghanistan? What role has feminists themselves played in the reiterating and resisting of representations of the Self and the Other? The research seeks to understand and problematize three interlinked relationships; the relationship between gender and war; the relationship between the Self (West) and the Other (Afghan); and the production of relational identities as the basis of all politics. Recognizing fully that all wars are gendered (Enloe, 2000, Enloe, 1990, Goldstein, 2003, Cohn et al., 2004), the war in Afghanistan has been gendered in a very particular fashion, as one of its ‘selling points’ was that the women of Afghanistan needed to be liberated from the Taliban. It therefore acts as a unique example of the way that war is gendered, not only by consequence, structure or practice, but in this case, also in the very rhetoric and articulation of the war. The scope of the research not only studies the rhetoric prior to military involvement, and on what premises the discourse was enabled, but also how that discourse is put into practice in current reconstruction efforts. It will ask how the policy of liberating women is conceptualized differently by my three main Selves (UK, US, Norway), what similarities there are, and what different approaches are taken. The research therefore seeks to trace how the initial rhetoric of women’s liberation animates a whole set of counter-insurgency practices, ranging from official rhetoric, to execution of policy by armies in Afghanistan in military engagements and also by armies and officially funded NGOs in reconstruction efforts where appropriate. ‘Counter-insurgency’ is therefore not understood only as a specific military tactic, but as a term that incorporates also broader aspects of this formal engagement, associated normally with reconstruction and development. I will adopt a poststructuralist discourse theoretical approach to this study and argue that ‘policy discourses construct – as do discourses in general – problems, objects, and subjects, but they are also simultaneously articulating policies to address them’ (Hansen, 2006: 21). Policies can therefore be understood as directions for action. Simultaneously, there is ‘feedback’ from these policies and how they are ‘articulated’ on the ground, and I will look at how these have shifted and adjusted during the course of this war, looking specifically at what this has meant for the Western constructions of Afghan women. Because of this war’s particular articulation of being for women, it is well worth studying the relationship between the rhetoric (representation and identity) and practice (responses

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and policies) of this war, if for no other reason than to ask: What happened to the ‘noble’ endeavour of liberating Afghan women? The research analyses official rhetoric, funding for projects related to women and what they seek to accomplish, available briefings/training manuals for troops and press releases relating to gender related issues in Afghanistan. Furthermore, I use blogs, news articles, interviews and literature from Afghans both situated in and outside the country. This is done with a view to study how the discourse of the war has shifted based on the changes in representations of the Self and the Other, and how it has been resisted and interrupted. In addition to this, interviews have been conducted with policy makers, ministers and other persons involved in the military operations in Afghanistan, from the US, UK and Norway. Furthermore, I use blogs, news articles, interviews and literature from Afghans both situated in and outside the country. Brief chapter structure: Chapter 2- History of feminism and the 'subject' The history of feminism and its problem with the subject women and how to approach it through policy/practice. Chapter 3 - Appropriating feminism to legitimate foreign policy How this problematic history of the subject woman continues to 'haunt' feminism today as it is appropriated by foreign policy discourse through justifying the war. Chapter 4 – Security Discusses how the rhetoric/discourse/identity of both the Other (afghan) and the Self (west) is realized through military security. Focusing on the shifts in both rhetoric and practice, and looking specifically at how the west self-justifies its campaigns, in part with reference to women. More broadly, how are subjects produced/reproduced and resisted through military campaigns? And what has it meant for the Self? I will also here look at the ways that the Taliban are produced as subjects and how they are represented, as that may be the biggest shift in representation overall (from 'evil' to 'negotiating partners' to justify/ legitimate withdrawal). Chapter 5 – Development/ Empowerment Same structure as above chapter 4. Chapter 6 – Justice Same structure as chapter 4/5. Chapter 7 – Changing the Other – Changing the Self? Returning to the arguments in the two first chapters (that feminism has not come to terms with who its subject is and what to do with it/ that feminism can be appropriated to justify/legitimate hegemonic discourses) has the subject of the Other changed through the decade of war in Afghanistan? How has the self changed? This shows that discourse is never only words, but that there is an intimate connection between the policy/ practice on the ground and our representation of the war more broadly. Bibliography COHN, C., KINSELLA, H. & GIBBINGS, S. 2004. Women, Peace and Security. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 6, 130-140.

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ENLOE, C. 1990. Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International. Politics. ENLOE, C. 2000. Maneuvers: the international politics of militarizing women's lives, Univ of California Pr. GOLDSTEIN, J. 2003. War and gender: How gender shapes the war system and vice versa, Cambridge Univ Pr. HANSEN, L. 2006. Security as practice: discourse analysis and the Bosnian war, Routledge.

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Lona James Elia Lowilla [email protected]

13 pages sent by email

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Małgorzata Izabela Maciejewska [email protected]

PhD research project: Feminization of work, the state-market mechanism of oppression and the strategies of resistance. My research project focuses on the issue of global care economy and gender division of work. The concept of care, and also care as practice, is a neglected and devalued matter, especially in the context of the global economy which subordinates women’s work and includes them in the labor market on terms of exploitation and segregation. In public discourse at large, care is seen as the individual responsibility for the family. The impact of macroeconomic policies and legal change on care is not yet well visible. So far, in Polish feminist discourse care has been addressed as an issue of unpaid household work. In contrast to previous generations, most young Polish women today do not have existential security in terms of a steady source of basic income, childcare support, and housing. They will not qualify for pensions when they grow old, or their pensions will be very low. Women compete with each other for poorly paid jobs. The intensification of work results in women’s exhaustion and constant lack of time. The state policies lead to the constant process of downloading, lateral loading and offloading the costs of care. A new group is emerging with no access to public health care. Thus gender oppression intersects with a wide range of other power/subordination relations and cannot be correctly understood without them. The integrative framework of the care economy (or social reproduction) is an analytical tool that links the issue of power/gender and the systemic problem of relations between citizens, market and state. In feminist debates this framework also enables to understand how market, state and society at large depend on care. The major theoretical background for my research is therefore the intersection between modern transition in the global economy which puts pressure on local markets and women’s work. This theoretical framework is grounded in sociology, especially in the works of feminist sociologists and economists who offer a materialistic perspective of gender/power relations. Those standpoints on women and their work, both productive and reproductive, that give visibility to care economy, enable me to make a class/gender case study without sweeping under the carpet social differentiation among women. By using such feminist tools as ‘the global chain of care’ mechanism, gender segregation on the labor market, as well as the globalization of the domestic work mechanism, and looking into very different sources of women’s income, I try to investigate the multiplicity of dimensions of women’s oppression and the variety of women’s survival and resistance strategies – especially the management of provisioning for themselves and for their families. Since March 2010, I have been involved as a researcher in the project “Reclaiming citizenship: women and the care economy” run by the Tomek Byra Art & Ecology Foundation for the Feminist Think Tank Program. The project provided me a methodological and empirical background for further research and enabled me to formulate the thesis of my dissertation. The main research question was: to what extent do the Polish market, state, and society at large depend on care, and how does care structure the life of women who occupy different social positions? The main research focus was to visualize, using women’s voices, the character and dimensions of women’s poverty in the Polish city of Walbrzych (a former regional industrial and coal mining center that underwent economic restructuring after 1989, becoming the site of investments of the international industry, but still has a high rate of unemployment). The project was rooted in participatory action oriented research and consisted of: a micro-level analysis – by

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collecting women’s testimonies on their experience of work and living conditions, we grasped the perspective form below; a macro-level analysis: we investigated the state policy in the context of work, welfare, housing and labor market. The preliminary report was presented to the research participants, allowing them to verify of our work and creating a platform for further network-building. Working on my previous research experiences I intend to develop my project by focusing on the issue of gendered economic relations on the labor market. I propose/intend to investigate how the feminization of work is produced (on the macro level: by economic, state and labor market transition of diverse sector of the economy) and reproduced (in the every-day life experience of women workers). The research question would therefore be: how is global capitalist economic restructuring affecting the lives of Polish women workers? Furthermore, to escape the binary vision of gender/power relations, I will also look for women’s strategies of resistance to better understand if and why the women workers struggle is possible, and how it deconstructs their subordinate position and brings empowerment. The methodology is grounded in the feminist and sociological research tradition of participant observation in the work place. I intend to study gender/power-class relations in one of the factories in the Walbrzych Special Economic Zone and also conduct desk research on special economic zones in Poland. This will enable me to grasp the chain of capital flow and its linkages with the local market and women workers’ experiences. No research on special economic zones from a feminist and workers rights perspective has been done in Poland. In the media and policy makers' accounts, the zones are a success story in bringing in foreign investment, generating jobs, and enhancing the competitiveness of Polish economy. They are described as a solution to unemployment in Poland following transitional crisis, when over 5 million jobs were lost between 1992 and 2004. Precarious work, violations of labor rights, depletion of local government income, environmental costs, and impact on women are not addressed. Given this, my research project would try to provide a new background knowledge for political organizing on women's and labor rights. I would very much appreciate the chance to attend the Bergen summer school, because the lecture topics and readings highlight the very problems I am working on and set them in the global context. Malgorzata Maciejewska Institute of Sociology Wroclaw University

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Awatif Ahmed Nahar [email protected]

Research title: Cost Effectiveness of Antenatal Care: the Case of Maternal and Neonatal Health – Khartoum, Sudan Abstract 1.1 Overview: The founding of the International Safe Motherhood Initiative ( henceforth ISMI) in 1987, launched in Nairobi, Kenya, was the cornerstone on which improving maternal health care in low-income countries was set out as a base for reducing maternal mortality. Different initiatives followed: Nairobi Initiative, Beijing Platform for Action 1995, World Summit for Children 1995, International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) 1994 and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2000. Al these initiatives target maternal health. Despite efforts exerted to adopt antenatal Care (ANC) policies to improve maternal outcome, maternal mortality (MM) in most of the developing countries is relatively high and continuously rising, thus giving an indicator of inadequate ANC services and lack of clear and well-designed strategies and tools combined with ANC to reduce MM. This being so perceived, the ANC problem in Sudan is a macrocosm of this global picture. MM is high, constituting 1107/100000 live births (Sudan Households Health Survey SHHS, (2006). Contradictory to this situation is the access to ANC at 70 % by pregnant women (SHHS, 2006) with MM rates remaining high, putting maternity centers in the front of being ineffective in providing adequate ANC conducive to safe mother and neonatal health. On the other hand, the percentage of births attended by trained midwives (57%) shows that women of low socioeconomic status are not aware of the importance of having adequate delivery attended by trained personnel. The research also looks into the problem of user charges posed by maternity centers. Pregnant women incur the cost of hemoglobin, urine test and ultrasound tests. This discourages women to initiate regular ANC during trimester of pregnancy. 2.1 Research Questions: 1. What are the kinds of services provided to pregnant women during trimester of pregnancy? 2. What are the costs incurred by pregnant women in receiving the care? 3. Does the cost incurred by maternity centers exceed or does not exceed the cost incurred by pregnant women, or vice versa? 4. To what extent can ANC during trimester of pregnancy save women lives? 5. Is regular ANC service provided conducive to normal birth weight, i.e.2500 grams? 6. To what extent do socio-economic factors contribute to the utilization of services and health of women? 3.1. Methodological Approach: This is an analytical study and it aims at reflecting on the effectiveness of regular ANC visits during trimester of pregnancy on women and neonatal health and to show whether resources devoted to such a care worth health outcome. Different and multiple sources including both secondary and primary data will be investigated to reflect on the effectiveness of ANC in saving women lives. Secondary data includes theoretical information collected from books, references, articles and papers presented in workshops and conferences. Primary information will be collected by field investigations in the selected area of the study. The population of the research is pregnant women of different trimester of pregnancy seeking ANC services in three private sector and three public health sectors in the Greater Khartoum. A sample of 480 informants will be selected to administer the interviews. A highly structured interview will be designed to collect the primary data. The interview targets pregnant women in the selected maternity centres. It covers socio-economic history of the informants, kind of services offered during trimester of pregnancy, complications during pregnancy, delivery and up to 42 days after termination of pregnancy. Furthermore, cost borne by pregnant women as well as women perceptions on the quality of care provided will be traced in the interview. To reflect on the kind of services provided by the selected maternity centers, the model of care used and the cost incurred, unstructured interviews will be conducted with health care providers.

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Sabrina Regmi [email protected]

Gender and Politics of Microenterprise Development in Rural Nepal Introduction The microenterprise development in Nepal has constantly been promoted as a development strategy to combat poverty and increase prosperity, with continuous nationwide interventions. With the adoption of private sector development approach, the national government has embraced it as the means to curtail subsistence (agrarian) economy and develop market oriented economy to boost the country's GDP and economic growth. Although it is formulated as a national strategy, it is often molded by the interests and understanding of international donor community such as UNDP, USAID, World Bank and ADB. As a private sector development strategy, it has been adopted by the national government to provide capacity building to the civil society and stakeholders to support the nation's ongoing quest to reduce poverty and increase economic growth (USIAD 2008, UNDP 2010). Since Nepal consist of major part that is rural and thrives in agrarian economy, its population as large as 80% belong to rural area where poverty mounts more compared to urban area. Thus, increasingly it is the poor in the rural areas who are encouraged to self employ themselves with microenterprise creation that would help them escape the poverty and dependence on subsistence economy, by capitalizing their economy with income generation. Among the rural poor, women often become target to these projects considering women's major contribution to household poverty alleviation as compared to men (Kabeer 1994, Mayoux 1995). In Nepal, recently there has been a trend to include only women, with some including both women and men. Research Problem Past research studies that I had conducted in rural Nepal shows that although projects targeting only women have succeeded in reducing household poverty, they have failed to empower women. Outcomes of my previous research studies which looked into the empowering potential of the women centered microfinance and entrepreneurship development projects show major disempowering impacts on women. While some of the older generation women's loan were misused by males depriving women of their right to credit and self employment, many women especially those of younger generation had the opportunity to use their loan to create their own micro business from which they were able to contribute to family's income. However majority of the women suffered from multi burden while performing dual roles of a breadwinner (as husband left their jobs) and a home maker (husband unwilling to share household work). Hence while the positive impact of women's business creation was noticed in family member's well-being (on children and husband), its negative impact was evident on women as women not only suffered from physical ill-being and hardship but also mental ill-being while maintaining dual roles and multiple burden. Looking at the outcome of my previous studies that showed the rise of neo-patriarchal cum capitalist motive of development projects in using gender equality as a promotional tool rather than an important goal to be met, I intend to study the gender angle of microenterprise development process and the roles and interests of different stakeholders

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that includes the international donor agency, national government unit, NGOs and local community, involved in the project. Therefore, I have decided to study largest Microenterprise Development Project in rural Nepal that includes not only women but also men. The project includes gender mainstreaming in its core activities that includes not just 50% but as large as 70% of women with inclusion of only 30% men. The project implemented by Nepal's government (Ministry of Industry) with donor support from multilateral international donors such as UNDP, AusAid, DFID and NZAid, started in the year 1998 in rural districts of Nepal and has continued to replicate nationally and internationally. It has been cited as a successful project and replication in national and international news and reports. It also boasts of being one of the rarest projects to cover remote areas of Nepal, where microfinance programs had failed to reach in the past. Moreover unlike other projects, it is famous for keeping balance of the gender, ethnic and caste diversity of multi-cultural Nepal. Hence I find this project a very important site of research to understand the politics of gender and microenterprise development in rural Nepal. Research Question Based on the research problem I have cited above, major research questions the proposed research study aims to answer are: 1. How does the microenterprise development project maintain its popularity as a successful project? 2. What are the motives and interests of different stakeholders at international, national and local level? How do they influence and shape the project's activities and outcome? How is gender negotiated in this process? 3. How do men and women fare in the microenterprise sector? What are the gendered and economic factors affecting the success or failure of both men and women’s microenterprises? Research method and data collection While it is important to quantify the involvement of gender in the microenterprise, it is equally important to qualify issues. The politics of gender in the microenterprise microenterprise development intervention need exploratory understanding. Although the study will employ survey method to understand the socio-economic status of respondents as a preliminary study, it will later utilize qualitative research methods to qualify the research issues raised in this study. It utilizes qualitative methods such as key informant interviews with the project's concerned officials, in-depth interviews with the beneficiaries, focus group discussions and participant observation.

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Joseph Rujumba [email protected]

[email protected] The social context of prevention of mother-to child transmission of HIV in Mbale District Eastern Uganda Introduction: My current study focuses on understanding the social context in which Prevention of Mother-to-Child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services are delivered and utilized, including gender and power relations. In most low-income countries, utilization of PMTCT services remains low. My current research aims at (1) exploring mothers’ experiences with routine antenatal HIV testing and counseling in Eastern Uganda as an entry point into the PMTCT programme 2) To establish the rate of and barriers to disclosure of HIV status to sexual partners among HIV positive mothers and sources of support in Mbale District. 3) Documenting experiences of health workers with implementation of PMTCT programme in rural Uganda to better understand what needs to be done to strengthen the programme. Methods: The studies are cross-sectional in nature with three components: 1) Mothers experiences with routine HIV counselling and testing services explored through in-depth qualitative interviews with mothers supplemented by key informant interviews with health workers. 2) A qualitative study using in-depth interviews with health workers involved in the delivery of PMTCT services one Ugandan rural district and key informant interviews with administrators of health care institutions. 3) To explore barriers to disclosure shall be determined through a quantitative survey with HIV positive mothers of children aged 2 years and below attending the AIDS Support Organization (TASO) Centre in Mbale. Through out the conduct of the study, gender and power relations shall be a central issue of exploration. Data management and analysis: Quantitative data will entered in EpiData and analyzed using SPSS computer packages. Qualitative data will be written in form of transcripts and analyzed using content thematic approach. Frequency tables and proportions will be used to summaries quantitative data. Relationships between the main outcome variables and social demographic variables will be analyzed using Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Study Utility: The study will generate valuable information for the Ministry of Health and partners to strengthen the PMTCT programme.

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Mary Rose Geraldine Sarausad [email protected]

Documenting Filipino Migration in Thailand: current trends and migrants’ experiences in the process of moving Abstract: In recent decades, countries have witnessed a shift in the flow of people across boundaries. From a simplistic view of migration, as a movement of individuals from poorer regions to more advanced areas, or the South to North idea of migration, international migration has become a complex phenomenon. It involves multiple linkages that connect different sites or spaces, social relationships and structures, from the micro-level to the transnational level. Moreover, migration also involves significant flows across regions, giving rise to new receiving and destination countries. Current migration issues reveal the rapid growth of intra-regional migration in Asia compared to other regions, primarily due to the opening of the global economies, China and India, as well as the financial crisis which had prevented some Southeast Asian countries from continuous economic growth (World Migration, 2003). As a result, a growing mobility of labour is seen in these countries for some time now as well as increasing cross-border movements intra-regionally. The ASEAN’s commitment to the establishment of the ASEAN community by 2015 has created the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint (AEC) that would facilitate the integration of ASEAN as a single market and production base. Thus, allowing the free flow of business persons, services, capital, skilled labour and talents (ASEAN Secretariat, 2009). With this recent development within the ASEAN region, it is expected that the number of migration flows in the area will continue to increase as there will be less restrictions on cross-border trade and investment. The policy implications would be a facilitated entry of citizens from ASEAN member countries within the region; thereby, increasing the propensity of individuals to move (illegally) within the region. Filipino migration to Thailand takes another form of movement. Individual migrants act on their own to legally enter Thailand and remain for a certain period of time as accorded to ASEAN member countries’ citizens. However, many Filipino migrants remain in the country for prolonged periods of time for illegal employment. Little has been known about the scale of Filipino labour migration and their experiences in Thailand. Due to its relatively small number and the undocumented migrant status of many others, their presence in the country is given low attention. My initial findings revealed that Thailand has become a transit point for Filipinos destined to illegally settle in other countries, and that there is a rise in illegal activities among Filipino migrants in Thailand. Problems with conditions of employment, safety (border crossings), access to facilities and harassment by police are being experienced by many irregular migrants. More and more irregular Filipinos are extending their visas everyday at the borders of Laos and Cambodia. The main objectives of this research are to account for the trends in migration among Filipino migrants in Thailand, analyze their experiences in various stages of the migration process (i.e., pre-departure, transit and resettlement stages), and investigate the ways in which they impact the lives and identities of those who moved. Thus, it will attempt to answer the following research questions: 1. What is the pattern of movement among Filipino migrants in Thailand and where are they situated? 2. How did the change in migration policies in Thailand and the Philippines influenced the increase in the number of irregular Filipino migrants in Thailand? 3. Where are the migrants positioned in the labour market compared to their counterparts in Asia such as those in Hong Kong and Singapore? 4. What are the consequences of migration for Filipino migrants in Thailand compared to those in other places in the Asian region? 5. What are the ways in which migrants negotiate their experiences in the process of migration? This study will approach migration as a process which involves three levels: pre-migration,

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transit and resettlement. The framework underlying this research assumes that the migrants had gone through the different stages of migration. Building on Drachman’s Stages of Migration Framework, the movement of people will be investigated in the context of migration from the Philippines to Thailand, analyzing the complexities of life from the perspectives of migrants, the differential experiences of men and women, and the ways in which they impact the lives and identities of those who moved. By starting in this way, the researcher is able to understand the dynamics of migration and the different systems and structures migrants had to go through at various stages of the process. Thus, the relevance of these structures on the experiences of the migrants will also be explained fully. This research will situate itself within the context of increasing intra-regional cross-border movements in Southeast Asia, and the large structural context of globalization. Issues like social networks, reconstitution of identities, labour market position and gender as well as the influencing role of various resources in the three stages of migration will also be explored in this research. This research will be carried out using multiple approaches to data collection. Different methods will be applied in order to elicit appropriate data in accounting for the actual number of migrants in the country, the trends of movement from the Philippines to Thailand, and in analyzing different issues that will be explored in this research. This study will be both qualitative and quantitative, with a lot of data acquired from the perspectives of the migrants themselves through in-depth interviews and focused group discussions. A three-stage questionnaire will be used that would cover the three stages of the migration process: situation before leaving the Philippines, experiences during travel and upon departure in the host country and adaptation and reception in the host country. Border control data sources will also be used to gather migration statistics of Filipino migrants moving in and out of Thailand through land and ports (e.g., airport, borders of Laos and Cambodia). The Filipino migrants will be classified into two broad categories: irregular (unregistered) and regular (registered) migrants, and in more specific categories of employment (e.g., educational sector, engineering, entertainment, domestic work).

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Barnali Sarkar [email protected]

Critique of Indian Society in the Contemporary Indian Novel in English Abstract The research aims to explore the issue of the representation of society in the contemporary (21st century) Indian novels written in English. Three contemporary Indian novels written in English have been chosen for this purpose: Sea of Poppies (2008), The Inheritance of Loss (2006) and The White Tiger (2008) by three eminent Indian novelists Amitav Ghosh, Kiran Desai and Aravind Adiga, respectively. Recently, the contemporary Indian novels in English, especially written by a group of young Indian novelists, have earned widespread literary appreciation perhaps because of their preoccupation with the problems of the modern world. Indian novel in English does not necessarily mean that the plot circulates chiefly around the lives of the Indians or refers to the drawbacks of modern Indian society. Instead, it tries to place the dark aspects of human life, gender problems, and human sufferings in the present era of globalization. The research is expected to show how the aforementioned novels have represented social problems such as injustices towards women, class division, the difference between the rich and poor, and cultural differences in the multicultural field of India in the global context. Therefore, theories such as feminism, Marxism, globalization, racial and cultural studies play an important role in the research to elucidate its objectives. It also incorporates the theory of postcolonialism as the research proposes to find out whether these Indian novels, novels of a once-colonized country, have developed a separate identity of their own detaching themselves from colonial/postcolonial concerns and created a unique mode of novel writing. Keywords: India; Postcolonial literature; Globalization; Gender; Society

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Karina Standal [email protected]

The purpose of my project is to examine the gendered social impact of solar energy implementation within an ethnographic perspective using cases in Rajasthan and Jharkhand. Further the main objectives is to 1) Identify factors affecting the achievement of gender equality in rural solar energy intervention projects and 2) explore unrealized potential in linking gender equality, poverty, mother and child health to solar electrification of rural villages (within a MDG or empowerment framework). The study is anchored within Human Geoagraphy, but will undertake an inter-disciplinary approach. In order to address the objectives of this proposed study the project envisages research activities at three levels: 1) An ethnographic study of the development discourse within development assistance for rural solar electrification, 2) An analysis of actors involved in delivering rural solar electrification, 3) An ethnographic case study of rural villages that have implemented solar electrification. The datamaterial for the dissertation will consist mainly of interviews (from both local villages and key actors working with rural electrification in India), participant observation from the local villages and document analysis. The research objectives addressed in the project are complementary to the inter-disciplinary research rarea of MILEN- Environmental Change and Sustainable Energy and the Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM) at the University of Oslo, which both provide funding and academic environment. The proposed project will lead to a PhD-degree at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography (ISS), University of Oslo. Karen O’Brien at ISS, and Harold Wilhite at SUM will help supervise the project

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Håkon Tveit [email protected]

Women as migrant victims in Latin-American cinema This project aims to analyze the representations of female migrants in contemporary cinematic co-productions between the US and Latin-American film industries, specifically the Colombian-US María llena eres de gracia and the Mexican-US Sin nombre, as both these films have female migrants as key characters. Both, being very successful pictures on a global scale, have the possibility to negotiate identities of female migrants on a large scale as they have reached a big audience. Cinema is a powerful and popular medium and therefore has a considerable potential for influencing public conceptions of gendered identities. As such a medium cinema has historically been dominated by the male, heterosexual gaze in an industry that has been protagonized by men. Therefore, one wonders whether these films stay on the path of traditional mainstream projections of women. Latin-American migration patterns have been altered from a tendency to immigration from Europe a hundred years ago to a steady stream of emigration, partly to Europe, but especially to the USA, during most of the second part of the twentieth century. This has been a recurring theme in independent US cinema during the last decades, especially popular among film makers of Latin-American heritage. An early example is El Norte (1983) by Gregory Nava, but the last twenty years of rising migration across the Rio Grande and the Florida Straits has seen a rise also in the cinematic reproduction of the lives of migrants. María llena eres de gracia (2004), directed by Joshua Marston, and Sin nombre (2009), by Cary Joji Fukunaga, both portray migrants travelling from Latin-America trying to reach the USA. The fact that both the films are co-productions reflects a clear tendency towards a more and more global cinema, where both production and distribution of pictures considered Latin-American are financed in large part by US-based companies. That way they have larger possibilities of getting broader distribution, more commercial success and, therefore, of affecting the conceptions of more people of the subject at hand, possibly creating more global conceptions of their themes. Using realist techniques both directors come across as representing true stories, giving the audience an idea of witnessing the lives of real migrants. Whereas Marston’s picture portrays a woman who transports narcotics in her body from Colombia to the USA out of economic necessity, Fukunaga’s film tells the story of people running from the violence of the gangs called maras in Central America. His protagonist is a man who wants to leave his life as a mara. Both his initial girlfriend and the Honduran girl who becomes a co-star along the way through Mexico are characters that reflect ideas of – and construct images of – female migrants. The gendered hierarchy of traditional Latin-American culture interweaves with the structures of power between North and South. Categories of race and ethnicity are also relevant in both films, as they add to the hierarchical structures of Latin-America. However, migrating women as victims in relation to organized crime is the central issue of this analysis. Women are especially vulnerable in the process of migrating, as pointed out by the 2010 Rafto Laureate, the Mexican bishop José Raúl Vera López, whose work is especially focused on migrants, above all women. When in touch with organized crime, as is the case in both the movies of the analysis, the situation of migrating women tends to become even more precarious. This is particularly visible in the case of border city Ciudad Juárez, where violence against women has reached unfathomable proportions, referred to in the media across the world. Sin nombre and María llena eres de gracia are obvious attempts at telling stories that say something about the situation of this group. Do these projections of struggling women migrants further victimize Latin-American women, disabling them of agency, or are they an important medium for communicating their precarious situation to

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the world to provoke protest and political action? I would like to combine the theories of David Bordwell on narration in the fiction film with the theories and methods discussed in this course when it comes to gender and globalization to analyse the conceptions of gender transmitted in these films and possibly others. Bibliography Arboleda, Paola and Diana Osorio, La presencia de la mujer en el cine colombiano. Bogotá: Ministerio de Cultura, 2003. Bordwell, David, Narration in the Fiction Film. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985. Burfoot, Annette and Susan Lord (eds.), Killing women: the visual culture of gender and violence. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 2006. Giles, Wenona and Jennifer Hyndman (eds.), Sites of Violence: Gender and Conflict zones. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. López, Ana, ”The State of Things: New Derections in Latin American Film History.” In The Americas vol. 63. Philadelphia, 2006. Melhuus, Marit and Kristi Anne Stølen (eds.), Machos, mistresses, madonnas : contesting the power of Latin American gender imagery. London: Verso, 1996. Mulvey, Laura, Visual and Other Pleasures. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2009.

N O R M S & L A N G U A G E

NORMS AND LANGUAGE

Joseph Avodo Avodo [email protected]

[email protected] POLITENESS AND INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP IN FRANCOPHONE SCHOOLS IN CAMEROON. My project focuses on the study of linguistic politeness in French schools in Cameroon. The peculiarity of Cameroon, a country situated at the intersection of Western and Central Africa, is its cultural and linguistic diversity. Many norms and values come across through this diversity: the typical illustration of this diversity is the school environment. Basing myself on the idea that norms of politeness are contextual, my aim in this project is to describe, with regard to classroom observation, the rules of linguistic politeness in this context. For this reason, I chose the Francophone School and the secondary education level as a field of study. The project is divided into two parts. In the first part, I define the model of politeness which can be applied to the teacher-student relationship in our context. Here, I use three model frameworks: Goffman’s theory of face and territory (1974), Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness and Kerbrat-Orecchioni’s theory of politeness (1992, 2005). These models frameworks are compared with the conception of interpersonal relationships, as defined in official school documents in Cameroon. At the end, I define the model of politeness involving four potential strategies: \"To win the face\", \"to give the face \"« to protect my face \"and\" protect his face.” These strategies are related to the principle of double bind, and the principle of “A-L-oriented” and “B-oriented”. The second part is practical. The methodological approach adopted here is empirical. It consists in observing classroom interactions, audio recordings and the interactions between teachers and students. I recorded 20 hours of interaction in 5 schools in Yaoundé. Data was collected between September2009 and February 2010. The data collected was transcribed for analysis. The analysis, which focused on the study of the terms of address, speech acts and structure of interaction, intends to describe through these criteria, how interpersonal relations are built during a classroom interaction, what types of relationships are established and for what purposes. The first level of analysis, the terms of address, points out many forms of address: classical forms (Brown & Gilman 1972; Kerbrat-Orecchioni 2010) and other contextual or stylistical forms. These forms express many functions and values depending on the speaker, the setting and the relationship between the partners. They also express how the teacher shows himself and his partner. The second level of analysis, the study of speech acts, shows three forms of reformulation: neutral formulation, soft formulation and hard formulation. These three types are used in different cases: to give an order, to establish order in the classroom, to invite the student to work, etc. The third level of analysis is not explored yet. In conclusion, the project shows that politeness and relationship in my context are complex matters. On one hand, we have many strategies of politeness and on the other hand, many strategies of violence.

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Oliver Belarga

[email protected] THE FILIPINO FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNERS’ MOTIVATIONAL ORIENTATION IN LANGUAGE LEARNING The main purpose of this research is to determine the extent of which motivation differentiates foreign language (FL) learners. The secondary purpose of this study is to compare motivation of Filipino FL learners using the Foreign Language Learning Motivation Questionnaire and to investigate whether age group, sex, FL being learned and length of studying of FL could influence differentiation in the motivation of FL learning among Filipino students. Thus, it was hypothesized that the variables included in this study could differentiate motivation of FL learners. Within Asian contexts, studies on motivation of FL learning and related factors have also been widely carried out. In Japan, Kimura, Nakata, and Okumura (2001) conducted a study that explored types of language learning motivation possessed by Japanese English as a foreign language learning from across-sectional learning milieus. They indicated that some factors are characteristics of certain learning milieus, while other are common to all situation. Lay (2008) also a conducted a study that looked into the motivation of learning German in Taiwan as a pilot study on the FL-specific motivation among Taiwanese learners of German language. Her study concluded that most Taiwanese students are interested in language learning and the ability to speak several languages is important to them because multilingualism carries a high-value in contemporary Taiwan society. In Hong Kong, Lau and Chan (2003) did a study on reading strategy use and motivation among Chinese good and poor readers, while Wang (2009) conducted study in China and both studies concluded that most Chinese students in key universities have a high motivation to learn English well because a good level of English will help them more considerably to obtain better jobs, especially those in companies or joint ventures which have international network or subsidiaries, to read technical materials and to study abroad. In the Philippines, Lucas, Miraflores, Ignacio, Tacay and Lao (2010) conducted a study that focused on intrinsic motivation factors that may help identify what specific communicative skills are more helpful to students to learn. The study showed that selected freshmen college students from difference universities in Manila are intrinsically motivated to learning speaking and reading skills and that they are intrinsically motivated via knowledge and accomplishment. They further reported that by and large, the Filipino students are intrinsically motivated to learn English because of their exposure to the language. Moreover, they argued that Filipino learners are inherently motivated to use English in speaking, reading and listening due to the nature of these skills and the tangible rewards that these skills may bring the learners. Synthesizing from various language learning models and previous studies on motivation for FL learning, Gonzales (2000) conducted a study to investigate into the internal structure and external relevance of FL motivation and he conceptualized and defined FL learning motivation among Filipino learners using factor analysis. This study led him to develop the Filipino Foreign Language Learning Motivation Questionnaire (FFLLM-Q). His study yielded six motivation orientation towards FL learning: (1) desire for career and economic enhancement; (2) desire to become global citizen; (3) desire to communicate and affiliate with foreigners; (4) desire for self-satisfaction in learning; (5) self-efficacy; and (6) desire for cultural integration. Gonzales (2006) suggested that summing up the six factors, Filipino who are learning FL are driven by goal-orientation, cultural orientation, and self-orientation. To further scrutinize these factors that emerged from his study and the contradicting and complementary results of previous studies and emerging relevance of motivation in FL, the researcher takes this new study. Moreover, the limited number of studies of motivation

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in language learning in general in the Philippines makes this study relevant and timely. In sum, the major purpose of this study is to determine the extent of which motivational orientation differentiates learners of FL in Philippine context. The secondary purpose of this study is to compare motivation among Filipino FL learners using the FFLLM-Q and to investigate whether age group, sex, FL being learned, nature of FL and length of study of FL could influence differentiation in the motivation of FL learning among Filipino students. Thus, it was hypothesized that the variables included in this study could differentiate motivational orientation of FL learners. The participants of this study are 150 students who are studying foreign languages from three universities in Metro Manila. The participants should be learning different foreign language: Chinese, Japanese, French and Spanish. They have been studying FL for at least one semester/trimester to 4 semesters/trimesters. The instrument to be used for this study is the Filipino Foreign Language Learning Motivation Questionnaire (FFLLM-Q) developed by Gonzales in 2001. This questionnaire consists of 50 Likert-items that measure six motivational orientations in FL learning, namely: (1) desire for career and economic enhancement; (2) desire to become global citizens; (3) desire tocommunicate and affiliate with foreigners; (4) desire for self-satisfaction; (5) selfefficacy and (6) design to be integrated with other cultures.In this questionnaire, the participants will be asked to indicate whether they agree or disagree with each statement, using as scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The responses of each individual respondent will be encoded using Excel and later be subjected to data analysis using SPSS. Descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA will be used to describe and compare responses of the subjects according to age group, sex, number of semester/trimester of learning FL prior to survey, reasons for studying Japanese languages and other languages being learned.

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Oscar Castro-Aguilar [email protected]

LANGUAGE AND CONTEXT: critical analysis of the discourses and the hidden curriculum in public health area for undergraduate medical education and its interpretation. - Colombian case - INTRODUCTION: the interest in discourse analysis has not only grown in recent decades and attention to proper language use in context has been identified as a very important point of all professional preparation for working life. The ability to speak, write and be understood on many occasions defines success or failure of a project, the transmission of relevant information or everyday tasks inherent to any matters to be decided. The risks of misunderstanding, non-compression or demagoguery grow proportionally to increase the chances of contact between people and groups belonging to different cultures and subcultures. In general, for the purposes and functions of health systems and in particular for the teaching of Public Health is required to achieve an adequate harmony between knowledge, action and knowledge to teachers, students, patients and trustees should achieve in transmission and construction of medical knowledge in the way of globalization and new technologies for teaching, learning and communication. This research project, which is part of the major research doctorate in medical education and Public Health, aims to provide the necessary inputs to build the chapter on discourse analysis, language, contexts, and the message of the hidden curriculum have somehow placed the exercise of Public Health recently favored practice and subsumed by the clinical education and care in the vast majority of medical training schools in Latin America. For Giroux (1997): the hidden curriculum refers to the norms, values and beliefs do not explicitly stated, which are transmitted to students through meaningful structure underlying both the formal content of the relationship of school life and classroom ... that are generally not perceived either by students or by teachers, which according to Jackson, the hidden curriculum elements are configured for three key analytic concepts: crowds, praise and power. Finally, what is it massively perceptions, tending to maintain power roles. From the structural-functionalist approach, the hidden curriculum serves to transmit the beliefs, rules and behaviors that students need to take for the proper functioning of the institution and society in general. In medicine is generally considered that the teacher, with his way of treating the sick, to question and build with him, his medical act, conveys to students a way to do medicine and become a medical doctor. However, like any other human interaction, not only transmits the information you want and is recognized as valid, but also other elements, of which at first instance are not aware neither the teacher nor the student. It also conveys the idea of unconditional obedience, praise and devotion to develop, for example, the virtues of patience and silence, which perhaps marked a professional character conformist and submissive to the interests of consumption and economic productivity. The Latin American medical doctor, in general, or individual who does not recognize limits in relation to other linguistic interaction, so that "the perception of otherness" is not constitutive for knowledge and action. Property that while it provides a "status quo" in the clinical setting and care, at odds with the expected interaction in social and community practice.

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RATIONALE: to address an issue as critical discourse analysis means go into the fabric of social relations, identities and conflicts, trying to understand how to express different cultural groups in a historic moment, with certain cultural characteristics. The linguistic material is at the service of the construction of social life, so varied and complex, in combination with other factors such as gestures, oral discourse, or iconographic elements in writing; the cognitive, social and language articulated in the formation of discourse and this makes us social beings and we are known as such. In the area of health, is vital to understand how the scientific community builds imaginary health, disease, public health or welfare and collective medical training, as a prelude to study and determine an epistemology, didactics, pedagogy and practice what is understood and is socially and Public Health, in order to agree on the direction, meaning and the signifier of what we want to teach or preach. METHODOLOGY: The methodology of this phase of the research is framed by current critical thinking, ontological and epistemological conception of the reality of health and medical education agree that are complex processes, historical and dynamic, multi-determined, qualitative and quantitative at a time. For these reasons, the methodological design of the study due to a composite structure that uses qualitative and quantitative strategies: quantitative strategies to characterization of the population through a cross-sectional descriptive, correlational, comparative, and qualitative strategies to resolve the way descriptive-interpretative content analysis and speeches in all its forms and extensions. The units of analysis are students, alumni, administrators, teachers and employers on a representative sample of 57 medical programs accredited in Colombia. The design submitted by the course BSRS-2011: Norms and language, I will identify and clarify the various conceptual, linguistic, ideological and political factors that are involved in the construction of Colombian medical doctor such as technological, social and political contexts of the processes teaching and learning.

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Dhahawi Garri

[email protected] Title of the thesis: Minority Languages and Ethnicity in the Context of Conflict: the Case of the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in South Darfur, Sudan Abstract 1.1 Overview Little known at home except for inter-ethnic conflicts inherent to its recent history, Darfur had been but an insignificant geographical niche both at home and abroad until 2003 when a violent conflict was triggered. Ever since, Darfur has been on the brink. Although the escalating warfare rhythm was slowed down when the engaged parties were to conclude a peace deal on ad hoc bases in May 2005 in Abuja, Nigeria, Darfur is still undergoing great demographical transformations, social fragmentations, ethnical breakdowns or polarizations and, above all, anarchy and impunity are prevailing at almost all social and political milieux The long standing dormant grievances resulting from imbalances of power, marginalization and wealth-sharing issues fed into the eruption of the conflict. But there are other causes of equal significance but they have not yet squarely been considered as causes. These are the questions of minority ethnicities and the status of their languages which are believed to have been the real conflict triggers in the context of what is presumably believed to be a nation-state – a concept on which May (2008) insightfully deals with. The latter issues have never pointedly been addressed in Sudan, at least from the perspective of political or conflict-based advocacies; and have long been held hermetic – or even considered sacrilegious domains which render their advocates separatists or racists propagating against the national interests. One of the most causes igniting conflicts in Sudan, not necessarily armed ones, is the government’s policy which denies indigenous ethnicities the right of having their languages recognized. Theoretically, the National Constitution of Sudan recognizes minority languages. Practically, however, this is a mere mesmeric rhetoric. Since the Independence, the Sudanese Arab power wielding intelligentsias have denied Africanism of the Sudanese people. Instead, they reconstructed and adopted an Arab identity. Suppressing minority languages would become, then, an operational tool to reach this objective. As (Coulmas 2005) maintains, identity is fluid and is often constructed and reconstructed according to new norms adopted by a group seeking a new identity. The identity reconstructed this way in Sudan is Arabism. Because of the fact that nurturing of indigenous languages would perpetuate survival of the indigenous groups’ identities and cultures, their languages are institutionally doomed to death. Coulmas’ claim is ubiquitous in almost all life spectra in Sudan but it is so sharply accentuated on language policies that render Arabic a predatory language. This said, I could conceive the conflict in Darfur as an official undercurrent that is disguised in an inter-ethnic warfare waged against indigenous ethnicities and languages. Although it is of this magnitude, language and ethnicity in the context of current conflict has not scholarly been conceptualized as such in Sudan. Aside the comprehensive language survey studies enthusiastically inaugurated in 1972 by the Institute of African and Asian Studies (IAAS) to identify and classify some living Sudanese languages, little of significant relevance to minority language rights, whether by itself or connected to conflict, has been conducted. Some of these studies are (Abu-Manga 1978, Zumrawi 1980, Ismail 1984, Mahmud 1983, Jahalla 2001, Hammad 2002 and Idris 2007). The major finding these studies unanimously reached is the progressive shift from indigenous languages to Arabic among native speech communities investigated. Neither did other pertinent studies investigate language shift or reversing shift due to reasons other than social, political or economic ones. This research comes to fill in this gap. 1.2 Objectives 1. To investigate the issues of ethnicity and language, and to what extent these could be considered causes of this conflict. 2. To shed light on the ethno-linguistic changes resulted from the current conflict. 3. To investigate

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the degree of ethnic fragmentations deepened between indigenous and Arabic-speaking ethnicities. 1.3. Research Questions: 2. How could the conflict in Darfur be conceived in terms of the involved language vitality groups in the one hand and the Arab groups on the other hand? 3. What is the degree of language shift, maintenance or reversing shift processes underway among the internally displaced persons (IDPs)? 4. What is the attitude of the IDPs towards Arabic and Arab groups? 1.4 Research Hypotheses 1. The conflict is primarily managed by Arab groups against indigenous groups who are characterised by language and group vitality. The more an indigenous group is loyal to its language, the greater it has suffered. 2. There is a pacing shift in favour of Arabic among the younger IDPs but, to a significant degree, there is also a degree of reversing shift among the old persons. 3. The IDPs have internalized a great negative attitude towards Arabic and as strong hatred towards Arabs because they virtually connect atrocities committed in the conflict to some Arabs who are believed to have gained the upper hand in managing the conflict. 1.5 Methodological Approach Population: 125000 IDPs in Kalma, Alslam and Utash Camps in the outskirts of Nyala city, South Darfur, Sudan. Sample: 1850 gender-balanced informants, including young primary and secondary school children, university students, employees, elderly persons and native administrative leaders. Tools: one structured questionnaire, focused group discussions and structured interviews are used to collect data. The questionnaire, for obtaining quantitative data, is designed to have the informants tell how they do conceive the conflict as far as their ethnicities and languages are concerned, and the degree of shift or reversing shift taking place among the IDPs. Group discussions and structured interviews are used to obtain qualitative data – informants’ attitude towards Arabic. Data Analysis: SPSS (version 11.5) will be used for counting frequencies, percentages and other relevant applications for interpreting the obtained data.

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Habab Idriss Ahmed [email protected]

The archaeology and history of the Sudanese lowlands in the 1st – mid-2 millennia AD, when the early Muslim communities appeared in the region, is still very scarcely known. Only very narrow plain between the middle Atbra valley and Gash Delta was more extensively investigated, although fieldwork mainly focused on the pre- Islamic cultural Periods ( Fattovich,1984). Few early Islamic sites were recorded in the lowlands in the late-19th to early 20th centuries ( Fattovich,1990). These sites were always quickly visited and no detailed description of them was done and published. The research will be focus on one of these sites, site of" Jebel Maman" in the eastern Sudan, about 175 klm northeast of kassala province. It considered one of the early Islamic unique archaeological sites; contained of hundreds of domed tombs. The site offered variety of type and style of domed tombs, which can shade some lights on the early Islamic design of domed tombs in the eastern Sudan. Especially with existence of these huge number in one place which is considered unusual phenomena. We have always been aware of the recent debate about the deeply rooted tradition of these domed tombs. They have a symbolic signs of continuity and intercultural interaction. Generally, the domed tombs in Sudan give the people feeling of safety and its have an important psychological value. From this point, the main questions of the research are these domed tombs belong to holy men? As the case in all the domed tombs in the Sudan? If yes? What the reason behind the existence of this numbers of holy men? Is the area was an early Islamic centre of the spread of the Islam in the eastern Sudan? The objectives of this study will accomplished by different methods: 1. The first one is collecting and study of available literature, relevant documents concerning the domed tombs of eastern Sudan, and the debates of the scholars about them in order to have an idea their perspective related to this study. 2. Field work methodology: My fieldwork mainly will be focus in the area of Jebel maman, surveying around the are, and doing some test pits in some of the domed tombs in order to chick if there is any burial pit on it? And investigate the other circle tombs in the area. In addition to interviewing, the tribe's whose are living near the site. This study can shade some lights on the nature and function of the domed tombs, and also can provide some information about the architecture of early Islamic tombs since the site offer development types of tombs (from mound to dom). In addition to that, the study will offer new information that will help in future management planning of the site. The site also can be very attractive for the future tourism projects. Bibliography: - A & Kronenberg.W. 1963. "Preliminary Report on Sudanese Nubia", Kush. Vol. XI.. pp 302-11. - Abdel Salam,S, E. 1989" A study of Contemporary Sudanese Muslim Saints Legend in Socio- Cultural Contexts, : Unpublished PHD.) Indiana University, Department of Folklore. - ………………….1994." The Saint's Legend As Genre" Al Mathurat Al Shabyyah. No.35, July,.pp 7-18. - Adams, W.Y, Nubia Corridor to Africa, London, 1977. - Ali, J. 1925." Note on the Halenga tribe". S.N.R, Vol VIII. PP. 180-183.

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- Almond, D. C. 1978.," New Ideas on the Geological History of the Basement Complex of North- East Sudan" S.N.R. Vol LIX..pp 107-136. - Anwar A. Magid. 2002." Interpretation of the Fishtail " Akerataheil" Monuments in the Southern Red Sea Hills". Archeologie Du Nil Moyen, Vol 9, Lille. - Badeau, Johen S. 1978."The Arab Role in Islamic Culture" in Hayes J.R. (ed) The Genius of Arab Civilization, Cambridge. The MIT Press. - Budge, E.A.W. The Egyptian Sudan II, London, 1907. - Burckharardt, J. L . 1819. Travels in Nubia. London,. - Burckharardt,T. 1978. Art of Islam., kent. - C, A. W. 1921." Red Sea Province". S.N.R. Vol IV.p 162. - Crawford, O.G.S. 1951. The Fung Kindom of Sennar., Gloucester. - ………………….1954. "The Stone Tombs of the N. E. Sudan"., Kush Vol.II. pp 86-87. - Crowfoot, J. W. 1911." Some Red Sea Ports in the Anglo Egyptian Sudan"., Geographical Journal. Vol 37. pp 523-544 -…………………1922. " Anote on the Date of the Towers". S.N.R. Vol V. pp 83-87. - D.H. Mathews. The Red Sea Style. Kush 1. 1953. pp 60- - Gumming, D. C.1937. " The History of Kassala and the Province of Taka''., S.N.R. Vol XX. Pp 1-62. - Hakem, A. M.A.1992." Reflection on Islamic Archaeology''., Seven International Conference For Meroitic Studies. Berlin. - Intisar Seghorun El Zein. 1986." Islamic Domed tombs of Central Sudan ( Unpublished M.A. thesis). Centre of Arabic American University in Cairo. - Madigan & Crowfoot, S. N.R. Vol. V. pp 78-87. - R. Fattovich, 1990. "Gash Delta Archaeological Project : 1988-1989 Field Seasons, NYame Akuma Vol 33, pp 16-20. - R. Fattovich, (2009-2010)."The early spread of Islam in the Eritrean- Sudanese lowlands (CA. AD 800- 1500) from an Archaeological Perspective'', Civilta Del Mediterraneo. Vol 16-17.pp 90-107. - Salah Omer As Sadig, 1996. The Domed Tombs of eastern Sudan, their functional cultural and psychological values, , (Unbuplished M.A thesis) , University of Khartoum, Department of Folklore.

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Endashaw Woldemichael Jima [email protected]

Hegemony and Negotiation in Pluralist Ethiopia: The Zay Story It is a truism for a culturally and linguistically diverse society that, questions of power, equity, and representation/recognition are recurrent issues. The global trend of praising humanistic plurality with all its features and constituents is an advent towards an aspired freedom that was constrained by cultural and political hegemony. In the Ethiopian context where language and cultural diversity has gained momentum after the coming to power of the EPRDF regime in 1991, language as an important constituent of cultural identity became a primary tool for legitimizing political power and group rights have become the venue through which local communities enter the state and claim political space. Such a linguistic and cultural revival and ‘politics of recognition’ has helped on the one hand to cultivate, develop, and promote ones own culture, language, identity while on the other hand it led to, as Spivak Jatri contends, the marginalization and subalternization of minority groups. This later aspect of cultural and linguistic revival (as institutionalized in an ethnic federal arrangement in the Ethiopian case) as a cause for marginalization of minorities living among majority groups is the subject of this research. Zay is a language that is spoken on the islands of Lake Zway and the surrounding villages by about 2500 people in Southern Ethiopia in the Oromia region. The Zay community has a long history of settlement in the region and their cultural and religious make up demonstrate the marginal position they occupied over the centuries as a minority group living amongst a dominant ethnic group, the Oromo. Following the establishment of an ethnic federal structure in Ethiopia their position and cultural identity have seen major changes. Even though ethnic federalism generally celebrates cultural diversity and expression of cultural identity the Zay have seen their language repressed and have been unable to secure the venue like getting primary education in their mother tongue and parliamentary representation. Although it is not unnatural for languages and cultural identities to be in competition for relevance and dominance in any setting the epistemic marginalization that the Zay as a community and as a language are witnessing is an interesting case for the discussion of power relations. Disparity in terms of access to social services and political positions are among the most important challenges facing minority groups such as the Zay and social castes like artisan groups. Ethnic federalism by raising the position of dominant ethnic groups it relegated and further marginalized the [position of ethnic and social minorities. Despite this however the Zay have continued to negotiate their cultural and political space in different ways. By identifying themselves with dominant groups, language shift and assertion of their cultural and linguistic identity they have been claiming a more elaborate and conducive political space. Cultural imposition and loss of political space has been instrumental in turning the society into “shadows”. The interplay of social, political and economic factors greatly impacted the endangerment of the language and is threatening the viability of the ethnic group. This study attempts to show that language endangerment is a function of political, economic and cultural and historical factors. In relation to this I will argue in this study that the social and political practice of the Zay and their political practices such as language shift (using the language of the dominant group), identification with the dominant ethnic group and such practices should be seen in the context of the political, economic and cultural realities facing the group. The project therefore attempts to problematize and place the issue of power relations as central to language endangerment and marginalization in heterogeneous and multi cultural societies like Ethiopia.

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Knut E. Karlsen [email protected]

(Write maximum 1000 words explaining your current research project, outlining your research questions and your methodological approach): My current PhD research project is a corpus-based study of the standardization process in Nynorsk, one of the two official Norwegian written standards. Today Nynorsk is fully codified, but I’m examining texts from a period of time before the first official standardization of the language in 1901. The empirical basis for this study is the corpus texts from before 1900 in a corpus called ‘Nynorskkorpuset’ (developed by Unit for Digital Documentation at the University of Oslo). This subcorpus is expanded with some more texts (in particular fiction texts) due to balance and representativeness, and contains altogether about 3.5 million words. Thus the main genres covered are newspaper, periodical, text book for school children and fiction literature (novel) between 1870 and 1900. A large scale empirical analysis of this material primarily with a view to morphological and orthographical variation will give answers to research questions like • how does a language which hasn’t been standardized yet look like? • to what extent was usage a guideline for the official standard in 1901? • which text or writer does serve as a model in the absence of a standard, who are the most powerful text producers who get their forms trough in the standard? The analysis will give a basis to develop a morphological and orthographical model in order to lemmatize the texts. Thus, it will be possible to give an accurate description of how Nynorsk developed to a more fixed standard and finally to an official one. Hopefully, the analysis will make it possible to differentiate between general developments and language specific developments in order to create a successful standard for languages that haven’t been fully codified yet.

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Mawuloe Koffi Kodah [email protected]

ABSTRACT This thesis examines the style of Ahmdou Kourouma in two of his novels : Monnè, Outrages et Défis and En Attendant le vote des bêtes sauvages so as to establish the peculiarity or uniqueness of the langue and writing of this renowned novelist. Even though Kourouma writes in French, which he studied in his native Côte d’Ivoire, other French speaking countries in Africa and in metropolitan France, a careful examination of his writing in the two novels reveals the “strangeness” of the words and syntax he uses. The study shows how Kourouma violates almost all the rules of the French grammar and syntax to push through his themes. Consequently, the lexis and structure of his phrases and sentences obey the thought processes of his mother tongue (L1), “malinke” which is then grafted on written French language in the production of the novels. It analyzes the peculiarity of the diction, the syntax, the setting, the characterization and the discourse in these two novels. The study reveals the propensity of Ahmadou Kourouma to distinguish himself as a unique novelist whose style resides in a harmonious combination of Malinke and French linguistic elements in a literary work. The study concludes that Kourouma’s style results from an ardent desire to project his African identity while accommodating others with dignity and great deal of respect, in the spirit of globalization. Indeed, Kourouma has realized a linguistic globalization through his style by an esthetical harmonization of various linguistic elements from Manlike and French, notably, into a timeless artistic tapestry.

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Binyam Sisay Mendisu [email protected]

[email protected] WHAT IS IN A TERM? A HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTICS EXAMINATION OF REVOLUTIONARY TERMINOLOGY IN ETHIOPIA, 1974-1977 Semeneh Ayalew (Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University) Binyam Sisay (Department of Linguistics and Philology, Addis Ababa University) Why we need to study revolutionary terminology The study of revolutionary terminology sheds light on our understanding of the many aspects of contemporary political culture in Ethiopia. This is because 1. The 1974 revolution is a watershed in terms of the writing of the chief issues of Ethiopian contemporary politics. 2. The 1974 revolution also saw a massive introduction of new terms, concepts and ideas such as lab ader (the toiling people), serto ader (working people), tsere hizb (equivalent to the enemy of the people-but literally translated it means anti-people), chiqun hizb (the oppressed masses), meret larashu (Land to the Tiller), yebiher tiyaqe (the national question) etc. which defined and changed the political vocabulary of the country in an enduring fashion. Especially, the period between 1974 and 1977 evidenced an unprecedented freedom of expression and the flourishing of various political organizations in the country. The above mentioned developments and factors led many scholars to believe and conclude that the tragic events that followed the outbreak of the revolution: the red terror and white terror, and the resulting antagonistic relations between the various political groupings and a political culture infested with intolerance and extremism are caused by the espousal of radical leftist ideology. Even if we do not deny that radical leftist ideology legitimates violence as an important means of solving political differences and this therefore had influenced hostile relationship between the various political organizations, we argue in this study that extremism and a culture of intolerance are not products solely of leftist radical ideology. One of the major proponents who charges leftist radical discourse as the culprit of such state of relations is Messay Kebede. Messay in his Radicalism and Rural Dislocation in Ethiopia argues that - the “cultural cracks” that were caused by modern education which persuaded student revolutionaries to reject traditional religious values urged them to replace such values with radical leftist ideology. He argues that the students, who are the generators of revolution and revolutionary ideas imitated leftist radical ideals unconditionally, hence leftist radical ideology supplanted itself on the recipient culture through the imitation of the ideas and methods of the “hegemonic ideology”, Marxism Leninism. The contention of scholars that socialism has not been adapted properly to fit the local context is correct. But this does not mean that no domestication of foreign leftist terms and concepts had been made. Properly or not it should not be overlooked that some level of adaptation of the new terms and concepts was bound to happen. This study would, hence, like to draw attention towards traditional cultural meanings and contends that traditional norms and relationships may have also been instrumental in buttressing hostile relationships between different political groups. It calls for the traditional roots of “radicalization” in the Ethiopian society as another dimension, and a very important one as that, through the examination of revolutionary terminology. We argue that there was and is bound to be a certain level of reinterpretation of concepts borrowed and introduced from outside. Even if borrowed concepts and terms bring new meanings and introduced new concepts and ideals to the country’s political discourse and its cultural repertoire. However, the existing culture also enacts on the newly introduced terms and concepts by interpreting them and plays part in the redefinition of their meanings and representation. This is because any society can understand a new concept by associating elements of the new concept with cultural elements in its own cultural repertoire. In other words, to understand a newly introduced

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concept or ideal the recipient culture synthesizes elements of the new concept/ideal with pre-existing ideas and concepts in its own language and culture. Such reinterpretation of meaning also is registered during translation of foreign concepts into the local language of discourse as well as a result of conscious modifications made by those formulating political language. The weight of tradition? When we examine some of the revolutionary terms it seems that they were meant to be absolute in their usage in their Amharic form and differed substantially in degree and intensity from their meaning in the original language from which they were translated. Typical examples in this regard are the term yewdem and the concept tsere hizb. While yimdem’s equivalent in the English is “Down with…”, the concept tsere hizb has an English equivalent in the phrase/concept “enemy of the people”. In the case of yewdem, while its English equivalent ‘down with..’ signifies denigration of status, the Amharic translation shows total annihilation. Tsere hizb on the other hand literally means ‘anti-people’, a concept which is not similar to ‘enemy of the people’. It seems that even if the concept of tsere is borrowed from the English term ‘anti’ during the revolution, it has been conjured with a traditional notion to echo an already existing local meaning, i.e. tsere mariam (lit. anti-Mary). The concept of tsere mariam had been there in Ethiopian ecclesiastical vocabulary and connotes a very negative and derogatory tone when used against a person or group. Similarly, tsere hizb seems to have been an amalgam of both foreign and Ethiopian concepts to capture the foreign and local meaning. Both these terms were very frequently used during the time of the revolution and were possibly used intentionally to register a maximum effect for mass mobilization and political action. Methodologically this study subjects selected terms to linguistic and historical examination and tries to trace their etymology, their evolution of meaning and semantic construction. By studying revolutionary terms using these methods one can try to discern the received traditional meaning or elements of these terms from those elements that are products of the historical milieu that produced them. Through the study of revolutionary terms this study tries to demonstrate the importance of the dominant Ethiopian culture, what we may call “Abyssinian culture”, in influencing the language and discourse of the revolution. Rather than hammering time and again the influence of leftist radical ideas on the revolution and contemporary political culture, this study attempts to show the role of Ethiopian culture in determining the language of the revolution and hence the language of politics in contemporary Ethiopia. The study of revolutionary terminology can also help us appreciate the influence, importance as well as the agency of the traditional culture in impacting on contemporary political culture of the country. Without a proper understanding of the dominant traditional culture which guides relationships, be it social or political, no attempt to understand contemporary Ethiopian political culture can claim to be comprehensive.

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Afoma Okudo [email protected]

[email protected] TOPIC: USING COMPUTER – ASSISTED FACILITIES TO IMPROVE THE KNOWLEDGE OF IGBO LANGUAGE AND CULTURE AMONG IGBO HERITAGE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN LAGOS STATE OF NIGERIA. Language is part of culture and there are several languages in the world today. The number of Nigerian languages is put to around four hundred (Crozier and Blench, 1992).Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba are considered the country‘s major languages due to their having speakers in excess of 18 million, while the rest are referred to as minority languages. In addition, the country has English as its official language. Igbo, spoken in South – Eastern Nigeria is variously estimated as having a population between18 and 20 million native speakers.(Manfredi, 1998;Grimes, 2000).Not all of these speakers ,however reside in the Igbo home areas. Over the years, many families have settled in various parts of Nigeria where they work and raise children. In such areas, English serves as the official language and also a lingua franca among people from different ethnic groups. The language of the environment also remains dominant in the informal communication .Thus for instance, in Lagos State, English is widely spoken along with Yoruba the language of the State. This situation somewhat puts pressure on many Igbo families who increasingly bring up their children to speak English rather than Igbo. This results in a situation where many such children now fall under the category of speakers of Igbo heritage language. Heritage language is a language acquired by individuals raised in homes where a dominant language such as English in the United States is not spoken or not exclusively spoken. (Valdes, 2000).It is also a typically acquired language before a dominant language but is not completely acquired because of the individual’s switch to that dominant language. This incompletely acquired version of a home language, then is known as a heritage language. (Pollinsky et al, 2007).In summary, the term ‘’heritage language’’ denotes a language learned at home that is different from the dominant language of the community, and a ‘’heritage speaker’’ is someone who speaks or even just understands that language. Researches carried out in Lagos State shows that there are many Igbo children of such category. Ohiri – Aniche (2007) found that the number of Igbo children living in Lagos State who are unable to speak Igbo is increasing at alarming rate. She found that 38% of them aged 6 – 11 years and 52% of them aged 5 years and below were unable to speak Igbo. This is hardly surprising since these Igbo children are facing the problem of diminished opportunities to use their indigenous language and culture. Even within the home, many Igbo educated elites prefer to speak English to their children, thus depriving them of the opportunity to speak Igbo .The Igbo people seem to have jettisoned the intergenerational transmission of Igbo language. Something urgent has to be done. This is why this research will look into how to effectively use computer – assisted facilities to improve the knowledge of Igbo language and culture among the Igbo heritage secondary school students and also improve their attitude towards their heritage language. Ultimately, this will also help to prevent the feared endangerment of Igbo language .Most unfortunately this is a fate that looms over many languages in Nigeria. Krauss (1992) opines that only about 10% of the world’s present 6,000 languages would survive into 22nd century.Crozier and Blench (1992) affirm that many of the smaller languages in Nigeria are already extinct or very nearly extinct, an example being Bassa – Kontagora with only 10 speakers alive in 1987. Ugwuoke (1999) relied on the definition of an endangered language as one with less than 5,000 speakers to come up with a list of 152 endangered Nigerian languages. These Igbo heritage children are familiar with different

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modern means of telecommunication in the form of personal computers, digital cameras, modems, phones, CD and DVD player and recorder etc. They use them to access e- mail, face-book, netlog ,dating sites etc. Like children elsewhere in the world, the Igbo heritage children are much enthused by modern technological developments. There are some Igbo language websites on the internet such as ‘’uwandiigbo.com’’, ‘’Igbodeutch’’ even the Microsoft has a programme for promoting local languages –igbo:http//www.microsoft.com.,www.umunne.org, www.youngigbos.com,etc. However, none of these is geared to using the available computer facilities to teach Igbo language as it relates to the school curriculum. This is why this research aims to produce some packaged computer modules based on the secondary school Igbo curriculum which would then be used to teach some given topics in the class and will also be available to students to use for self study. Questions that will guide this research are: Will the use of computer – assisted facilities motivate Igbo heritage students to improve on their knowledge of Igbo language and culture?; To what extent will the use of computer – assisted facilities change the non – challant attitude of Igbo heritage students towards their heritage language? . The methodology to be used is an action research, involving: Pre –test and post – test to gather information on students’ performances; Questionnaires developed on the attitude and motivation of students concerning the use of computer – assisted facilities to improve their knowledge of heritage Igbo language; and a treatment package of lessons on different topics from the school syllabus. The population will be Igbo secondary school students in Lagos State, while the sample will consist of one hundred and twenty Igbo secondary students drawn from three secondary schools in Lagos State. The schools will be selected on the basis that they offer Igbo language as one of their subjects and also are using computer – assisted learning facilities in addition to conventional methods of teaching and learning. The significance of this research is that it will improve the knowledge of Igbo language and culture among the Igbo heritage children as well as their attitude towards the language.

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Dario Rojas [email protected]

Despite in academic circles Spanish is considered as a language with a “pluricentric norm” (a language whose norm recognizes the legitimity of regional variants, equally acceptable), the attitudes chilean speakers show towards their own variant reveals that Castilian Spanish is still considered as a model, or, at least, as a variant more prestigious than many others in Spanish-speaking world. The origins of these attitudes can be traced back to the colonial period, and particularly to the moment of “Independencia”, when many nations of America became emancipated of Spain. In Chile, this event took place during the first half of XIXth century (1810 being considered officially the year of Independence). Mainly under the influence of Andrés Bello, the vast majority of chilean intellectuals adopted “purismo moderado” (moderate puritanism) as the ideology with which the linguistic questions raised by Independence should be confronted: Spanish was the main link between the new nations, and vehicle of a great culture; therefore, the unity of the language should be preserved, despite the politic separation from Spain. The chosen linguistic model was based on the Castilian usage, represented mainly by the classic writers of Spanish literature and the norms set by the Real Academia Española and, later, by the american Academias. Using their influence on the educative system and their intellectual influence, many scholars started a local process of standardization of the Spanish language. Few research has been done on the subject of the discursive mechanisms through which the process of standardization of Latin American Spanish was carried out. My PhD research project deals with one of these mechanisms: the “diccionarios de provincialismos” (dictionaries of provincialisms) which were common in America during the XIXth century, Esteban Pichardo’s “Diccionario provincial de las voces de Cuba” (1836) being the first of this kind. In Chile, Zorobabel Rodríguez’s “Diccionario de chilenismos” (1875) started a long tradition, among whose representative works are also Camilo Ortúzar’s “Diccionario manual de locuciones viciosas y de correcciones de lenguaje” (1893), Aníbal Echeverría y Reyes’s “Voces usadas en Chile” (1900) and Manuel Antonio Román’s “Diccionario de chilenismos y de otras voces y locuciones viciosas” (1901-1918). The goal of my research is to reveal the textual and discursive mechanisms trough which linguistic attitudes and ideology are expressed and standardization is carried out during this period of chilean lexicography. My approach is largely based on the “teoría del diccionario monolingüe (theory of monolingual dictionary) developed by Luis Fernando Lara: according to this theory, the dictionary must be seen as a communicative act performed by its author(s), whose purposes model the textual form that the dictionary finally adopt, and whose text is confronted by readers with their own expectatives and attitudes. Each entry on a dictionary is a speech act through which the author not just communicates a proposition but also performs a certain action. In the case of “diccionarios of provincialismos”, the acts are of the directive kind: they try to enforce a linguistic norm and influence the linguistic behaviour of the reader. This approach takes its theoretical and analytical tools mainly from pragmalinguistics, discourse analysis and text linguistics. The corpus consists of the works previously mentioned, and many others not usually taken as part of the canon of chilean “diccionarios de provincialismos”. These works are examined meticulously, as much in the main text (the entries), including quantitative and qualitative analysis, as in the paratextual componentes (prefaces). Also, my approach deems important the proper contextualization of the works, inquiring into the cultural, social and political facts that could have exerted influence over the production of these texts.

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María Del Rayo Sánchez Aguilera [email protected]

Thesis Title: The Literature as a revelation of rebellion: analysis from literary criticism of the novel “La sombra del caudillo” In this study, I will try to analyze from literary criticism the novel “La sombra del caudillo”, written in 1929 and considered to be one of the most important narrative Mexican novels of the twentieth century. The primary reasons for choosing this novel are its literary importance, its historical and political significance as well as the intent to keep it from being forgotten. I propose looking beyond a “unique and pure interpretation” to discover the elements that make up this particular novel, the internal and external relations and how they are constructed or deconstructed in one defining moment in the social and political history of Mexico . Therefore, I propose a critique and analysis of the text to determine its significance, limitations and reach. In this study we consider that Literature is part of the cultural realizations of our societies, neither as a discourse nor as a world separate of them. Thus we understand that we now have to take a step toward the knowledge of literature as a cultural participant, something more than an inactive submission to other sense producing centers and the adjustment of a certain range of phenomena to predetermined guidelines or configurations. It should be a reflexion of the internal influence of the social totality in the interpretation of places and the realization of subjects. We enter into a discipline that unifies the critique which focuses on the interpretation of cultural studies. This analysis is capable of producing –reproducing- the sense of this novel based on the ideas of society, so in its action (creation) as in its reading. We also propose an alternative methodology open to the intertextual reading; the hermeneutic analisys in opposite of the unique narrative function. The historic aspect which we refer to here pretends to emphasize the abandonment of the determining factors in favor of altering the significance of meanings that operate in the texts according to its subterranean and intertextual burden (where the novel places itself in a sedimentary plurality and also a dynamic of discourse and practice)

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Regina Schröter [email protected]

Complex planning processes, as for example new energy technologies, infrastructure projects and flood risk management, are highly unpopular, if the public is not involved. Participation methods can help to include the knowledge, opinions, norms and values of the concerned people. But risk managers and regulatory agencies must also make public choices that are unpopular. They seek to minimize public discontent and opposition by involving all interested and affected parties in a fair decision-making process. The communication theory of Habermas predicts that competence and fairness of the process should matter to participants. Based on the hypothesis, that a better process will lead to greater public acceptance for controversial decisions, our research project focuses on two possible effects, which seem to play a role for the output of a participation process: the “fair process effect” and the “competent process effect”. We plan to evaluate three ongoing case studies in Germany in comparison with participation processes in USA, which are evaluated by Tom Webler, our project partner. The aspired PhD. thesis, which is embedded in the project, focuses on the question how criteria of discursive outcomes of participatory processes can be empirically validated. A constructive contribution to discourse theory is the aim of my PhD-thesis.

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Silviya Serafimova [email protected]

War on Terror – Bellum Intestinum or Just Another Just War? Recent research aims to clarify to what extent the origin of War on Terror as a conceptual metaphor determining the political framework of George W. Bush’s wars can be traced back to the metaphors describing the so called by Carl Schmitt bellum intestinum; war waged against enemies-criminals that are treated as “unjust enemies”. The genealogy of War on Terror will be investigated as grounded in Carl von Clausewitz’s conception of war showing how Bush’s wars derive from the justification of the “national interest” as the only one legitimate self-interest. In this context, we will examine to what extent the metaphor War on Terror is a “product” of capital investment determined by the appropriation of the War Machine in the State apparatus. Examining the genealogy of War on Terror and its influence on the development of contemporary political life in America, the method of critical discourse analysis is used. One method that successfully illustrates how social power abuse, dominance and inequality are enacted and reproduced by text and talk in a social and political context. Due to its implementation, we can expose “taken-for-grantedness” of ideological messages as they appear in particular type of metaphors. It can help us to reach the conclusion that it is the multilateral functions of language that give us grounds to talk about political differences as deriving from differences in given political discourses. In this context, G. Lakoff and M. Johnson’s cognitive linguistic approach will be used as theoretical framework for further investigations, since the analysis of the role of conceptual metaphors provide arguments in favor of revealing ethical prerequisites that are grounded in specific propaganda mechanisms.

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Nadiya Trach

[email protected] UKRAINIAN LEGAL TERMINOLOGY: THE MAIN SOURCES AND TENDENCIES OF FORMATION (THE END OF THE XIXth – XX CENTURY – THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY ) The problem of legal terminology was highlighted in numerous publications of modern Ukrainian lawyers (M. Antonovych, 1997; S. Holovaty, 1994, 1995; T. Dudash, 2004; S. Kravchenko, 1998, 2000; Y. Zaytsev 1994, 1996, 1999, 2001) and linguists (N. Artykutsa, 1998, 2004, 2005; L. Vasylkova, 1998; M. Verbenets, 2004; H. Onufriyenko, 1999, 2002; T. Panko, 1994; Y. Pradid, 2002, 2006; O. Taranenko, 2007, Trach 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009) etc. Nevertheless, the whole picture of legal terms formation and development has to be highlighted in a research that will generalize all scientific approaches, will provide interdisciplinary overview and conclusions, as well as will introduce new terminology material from the legal dictionaries of 20-30-ties of XXth century that were prohibited in Soviet times and nowadays are actualized in modern linguistic discussions. Famous Ukrainian linguist Y. Sheveliov in the research about the history of Ukrainian language in the first half of ХХth century remarked: “The question about development and organizing of terminology, about sources of new terms formation has never been the object of solid research” (Y. Sheveliov, 1998, p. 36). Furthermore, modern Ukrainian researcher Y. Zaytsev defines the main tasks that have to be sold in the sphere of Ukrainian legal linguistics: “review of modern lingual-term material in the aspect of correspondence to the norms of Ukrainian literary standard; unification and normalization of legal terminology, as well as word-combinations and syntax constructions (clichés and idioms); replacement where is possible and adequate of loan-words and calqued constructions to Ukrainian terms; development of terms that nominate new legal concepts on the base of norms and traditions of Ukrainian legal language; the improvement of theoretical ground and methodological principles of term-building in Ukrainian legal terminological system” (Zaytsev, 1996, p. 76-77). Consequently, the main goal of my research is to investigate the development of Ukrainian legal terminology in XXth century, to reveal main tendencies and sources of its formation. My candidate thesis that was defended in Ukraine in 2009 is about history of Ukrainian legal terminology in 20th century. In four chapters of thesis, different periods of terminology development were described: 1) scientific beginning of terminology formation in Halychyna at the end of 19th century, 2) legal terminology at the period of Ukrainization; 3) legal terminology at the period of Russification; 4) legal terms in contemporary independent Ukraine – and main sources and tendencies of term-formation have been revealed. In my further research, I would like to concentrate on analysis of political-legal terms formation of European law and their Slavic languages adaptation. Mainly, I would like to research processes that take place in contemporary Ukrainian, and some chapters will be about historical grounds, and Ukrainian-Polish-Czech parallels in this sphere. The goal of the research is an exploration of terms that are concerning on European law. Accordingly, the tasks of the research: 1) to identify terms; 2) to categorize lexical-semantic groups; 3) to classify main word building models; 4) to describe etymological sources ( native terms, loan-words, calques, half-calques); 5) to reveal system relations (homonymy, synonymy, paronymy, and polysemantic terms); 5) to reveal main metaphorical models of term-formation. The sources of the research are: Ukrainian translations of European law texts (the legislation of European Council and European Union), Ukrainian handbooks on European law, scientific monographs concerning on European law and European integration, publications in Ukrainian magazines and newspapers (interviews with European politicians, and analytical materials) on these issues. For comparative analysis of Ukrainian-Polish-Czech terms I

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plan to enlist lexicographical works: Ukrainian terminological dictionaries (Англійсько-французько-німецько-український словник термінології Європейського Союзу. – К. : К.І.С., 2007. – 226 с.), and Polish and Czech analogous editions. Also I would like to compare types of metaphors that are used to describe European policy in different Slavic languages. For this case I plan to analyze articles and interviews in mass-media that regularly highlight the issues of European integration – Ukrainian magazines (for example, Ukrainsky Tyzhden’), and Polish and Czech analogous editions. Without hesitation, the research is exceptionally urgent, because Poland and Czech Republic are “new-comers” in European Union, and Ukraine is on the time-consuming and complicated way of European integration; moreover, all of three mentioned above countries are state-members of European Council. European law terms are mainly formed in English and French (official languages of documentation), and then are translated into other European languages. The manner of this translation forms a linguists’ considerable interest, because it demonstrates in which way every language adopts new concepts, how ethno-lingual picture of world influences on this process. This practice is not novel for Ukrainian-Polish-Czech parallels in political-legal terminology, because analogous processes occurred at the end of 19th century in Austria-Hungary. Enlightening of some historical grounds and parallels will be reasonable in the research. Undoubtedly, the research will be interdisciplinary, as far as it is concerned not only on linguistic issues, but also law, politics and history spheres. The particular attention will be paid to the issues of language and norm – the problem of term adaptation from language-source to language-recipient, the balance between purism and internationalization of terminology etc. That’s why participation in your summer school is a case of special importance for me. Selected Literature: 1. Антонович М. Юридична термінологія з прав людини: походження, тлумачення, функціонування / Мирослава Михайлівна Антонович // Український часопис прав людини. – 1997. – №3–4. – С. 19–25. 2. Артикуца Н. В. Проблеми і перспективи вивчення юридичної термінології / Наталія Володимирівна Артикуца // Право України. – 1998. – №4. – С. 56–57. 3. Вербенєц М. Б. Юридична термінологія української мови: історія становлення та функціонування. Автореф. на здоб. наук. ступ. канд. філол. наук / М. Б. Вербенєц. – К., 2004. – 20 с. 4. Головатий С. П. Правнича термінологія і державотворчий процес / Головатий С., Зайцев Ю., Усенко І. // Українське право. – 1995. – №1 (2). – С. 88–94. 5. Дудаш Т. Правономінаційні закономірності як чинник праворозуміння (слов’яномовний аспект) / Тамара Дудаш // Юридична Україна. – 2004. – №7. – С. 8–15. 6. Зайцев Ю. Деякі питання стратегії та методики термінологічних робіт у період кодифікації українського законодавства / Юрій Зайцев // Українське право. – 1996. – №1. – С. 76–78. 7. Панько Т. Українське термінознавство : підручник для вузів / Т. Панько, І. Кочан, Г. Мацюк – Львів : Світ, 1994. – 216 с. 8. Прадід Ю. Юридична лінгвістика (проблематика досліджень) / Юрій Прадід // Мовознавство. – 2002. – №4–5. – С. 21–25. 9. Шевельов Ю. Українська мова в першій половині двадцятого століття (1900–1941): Стан і статус / Юрій Шевельов. – Чернівці : Рута, 1998. – 208 с.

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Abstract book for BSRS2011 - LANGUAGE AND CONTEXT: critical analysis of the discourses and the hidden curriculum in public health area for undergraduate medical education and its interpretation.

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