Abstract 1996

1996 #1 Analysis of Different Ionic Concentrations in water samples Adrian Abrogena

ABSTRACT This research seeks to determine the amount and types of ionic concentrations in bottled water. Determination of these concentrations may improve our knowledge on the different types of commercially available water. Later on, this knowledge will aid in future researches and consumer selections. This team used the IM-40s, an ionic concentration meter, to read the samples of different types of bottled water. Sixteen samples of water were taken; two of which were PSHS water, one distilled, four of which were purified water and the rest mineral water. The commercially available types of water were taken from two department stores, landmark and Rustans. Four ions were tested for this research, Nitrate, Chloride, Flouride and pH. Two samples of each of the water were subjects to tests made by the IM-40s and the pH meter to determine their ionic concentrations. Anova tests that followed revealed no significant difference among all the samples and ions. #2

Formulation of a skin ointment with aloe vera extract Arvin G Abueg, Emir Ricardo Arnaldo, Leah Marie Rebosa, Josephine Santiago, Anna Phersolle Sotelo

ABSTRACT Aloe vera has always been considered a medicinal plant. This study aims to verify whether Aloe Vera has certain chemicals which can inhibit bacterial growth. It also aims to find the correct proportions of Aloe vera to various supplementary chemicals to produce a stable ointment. Aloe Vera was obtained from a 200 gram sample of Aloe vera leaves. Fifty grams of extract was used in the chemical analysis. The extract was triturated in order to obtain a sample of defattened extract. The defattened extract was screened for the presence of flavonoids using the Bate-Smith and Metcalf test and the Wilstatter cyaniding test for the screening of leucoanthocyanics. Seven and a half grams of aloe vera extract was used in making the ointments. Four ointments of different formulations with three replicates per formulation were made and exposed to room temperature with light, room temperature with light and refrigeration temperature proved to be relative to the ointment subjected to room temperature without light.

#3

Feasibility of Ovendried Rubus allegheniensis (Blackberry) Fruit as a substitute for tea Vanny Claire Aguillo Agcaoili, Aileen Dee Habaluyas, Karen Ann Ursua Hipol, Maria Divina Gracia Caisip Macalinao, Jennifer Mendoza Maravillo

ABSTRACT Our country imports commercial tea from tea-producing countries. Therefore the tea we drink is expensive. This research project aims to find out whether oven-dried Rubus allegheniensis, commonly known as blackberry, fruit can be a substtotute for commercial tea. It would like to determine other possible uses of the said fruit which is abundant when in season. Samples of blackberry fruit went through oven-drying and pulverization produced ones. Five hundred sixty-one grams of the fruit samples took six hours and thirty minutes of ovendrying at a temperature of 100C before pulverization. One and one-eighth of a gram of sample was weighed and packed in tea bags. A taste test with twenty panelists was held to evaluate the prepared samples in terms of color, odor, taste and general acceptability using the Smiley Scale. Statistical tests were done using the Friedmanns test. Statistical test showed that there was a significant difference in taste and color between commercial and that of blackberry tea. There was no significant difference in odor and overall acceptability of the samples. Blackberry is a feasible substitute for tea. However, the taste and color of the beverage should be improved. #4

Sawdust as substitute for commercial golf tees Jonathan Aguirre, Benjamin Jose Linan, Rossette Yabut

ABSTRACT With the high deforestation rate that we are experiencing, recycling, or substituting is recommended for materials made of wood, especially for those who are easily discarded. One such kind is a golf tee. Sawdust, which is a waste material, was used in this study. This wood by product was molded to form a golf tee, comparable to that of the commercial golf tee. A mold was prepared and the sawdust gathered was sieved in the Wiley Mill. Two different binders were then tried that were mixed with the sawdust. The mixture was allowed to dry before detaching the produced tees from the mold.

Characteristics and properties of the golf tees formed were then recorded and compared. The recycled golf tees were then given to a set of panelists (golfers) for rating. Results show that the commercial wooden golf tee was still preferred by most golfers eventhough the properties present in the commercial golf tee were also present in the experimental golf tees produced in this research. #5

Comparative study of palyat-Based Feed and commercial feed on tilapia growth Jasper Alfred Alana, Dexter M Balot, Dennis Bahilango, Aylene Parallag

ABSTRACT The project aims to compare the advantages and disadvantages of commercial and Palyat-based feeds on Tilapia growth. Copra is the dried coconut meat and husk which is used in an oil mill to extract oil. After these millings the residue which is dry contains a considerable amount of proteins called the palyat. Palyat is later oven-dried and subjected to the Wiley-mill to further refine the palyat feed for tilapia. In the Experimental feeding, the group used three treatments namely treatment A (100% commercial feed), Treatment B (50% commercial-50% palyat base), Treatment C (100% palyat-based). The feeding was only conducted in 15 days due to the lack of time but gathered enough data to compare the Tilapia growth. Feeding was done three times a day and the fish was weighed daily during the 15 days of the experiment. Although the changes were considerably small the group managed to point out which of the three experiment feeds was the best. The chemical analysis was also done for both the commercial and Palyat feeds. The analysis showed that the commercial feed contain 5% fat while the Palyat has 9.5% fat. The commercial fee has 32% protein compared to palyats 21.3% protein content. The group found out that the higher protein content and lower fat content makes the commercial feed better than our experimental palyat-feeds. Gathered data showed that commercial feed is still advantageous to the palyat-based feeds in terms of the protein content and the effect on Tilapia growth, The group recommends further processing of palyat-based feed. #6

Tissue culture of Vanda sanderiana (waling-waling) Veronica S Alcantara, Aimee S Evangelista, Heidi Marie S Guzman, Eunice F Jimenez, Noelle Leslie M Ronquillo

ABSTRACT

Vanda sanderiana (waling-waling) is an expensive orchid that is being cultured in laboratories. This research project aims to propagate this orchid without the use of the laminar flow transfer hood and a controlled environment chamber. The meristematic portion (explant) of a young Vanda sanderiana plant was obtained and divided into several parts. Each part was obtained and divided into several parts. Each part was placed asceptically in a test tibe containing the murashige-skoog and knudson-C culture medium. The test tubes were incubated for two months inside an improvised isolation chamber. The explants underwent a stage in callus-formation. #7

Isolation and screening of Thermophilic Bacteria from various sources for amylase production Clyde Ancheta, Mishael Paul Atienza, Jourdan Bulalacao, Richard Teo

ABSTRACT This study aims to isolate strains of thermophilic bacteria, prokaryotes that live optimally at a temperature range of 40C to 65C, and screen them for amylase production. The substrates used were taken from the production line of noodles and potato chips factory. The water samples collected contained high concentrations of soluble starch, an environment optimal for the proliferation of amylase-producing thermostable bacteria. The thermophilic bacteria strains were isolated by heating the water samples at 45C for five minutes. Through streaking, the group came out with seven isolates labeled as: N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, PC1, PC2. Qualitative analysis (iodine flood) proved that the seven isolates are positive amylase producing strains. The group then subjected these isolates to quantitative analysis using the DNS (dinitrosalycylic acid) method of determining the amount of reducing sugars, the group indirectly determined the enzymatic activity of each isolate. Results were positive and encouraging. This study is important because amylase has various applications in several industries like liquefaction of starch and brewing of beer. Searching for thermostable amylase, the main goal of this research, will prove to be beneficial. #8

Utilization of papain and bromelin in DNA Purification Joseph S Angeles, Paul Q De Guzman, Nur Ishmael H Malonso, Rosalia A Rosalinas, Evangeline T Salcedo

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was substitute the proteinase-K in the purification of DNA by utilizing two proteolytic enzymespapain and bromelin, obtained from papaya latex and concentrated pineapple juice, respectively.

DNA purification is based on the principle of protein, degradation, protein being a contaminant in the isolated DNA. This is achieved by Treatment of the enzyme proteinase-K. Since DNA in highly purified state was required, several deproteinization and alcohol precipitation steps were carried out. After treatment of papain/bromelin, protein was removed by dissolving the DNA in isotonic saline medium and by chloroform-isoamyl treatment. The obtained DNA was characterized by absorbancy readings. Results showed that the DNA, after treatment of papain or bromelin, was still contaminated with proteins. This data suggested that the enzymes were not able to purify the sample. The group concluded that the proteolytic activity of papain and bromelin is different from that of proteinase-K #9

An Inventory of the trees found in PSHS (Survey, recognition and labeling) Martia Paz B Angeles, Maria Dulce B Docot, Rochelle Lynn S Guzman, Francis Roy U Matundan

ABSTRACT The study was primarily preferred by the group for the purpose of helping the PSHS community in gaining information about the trees around them and gaining knowledge in the field of taxonomy. It aims to survey the trees in the campus, and to recognize them, or gather data necessary for the trees labeling. PSHS is a 7.5-hectare school situated in Agham Road, Diliman in Quezon City. Three divisions were made to divide this large working area into smaller parts to make the work more organized and easier. The recognized trees were classified and their family and botanical/ scientific names were looked up. They were recorded in a table and each tree was assigned a plant registration number. A few unrecognized trees and information about them were placed in a separate table, for future reference and use. As an output, placards were made and posted on the trees. The PSHS tree population is composed of 46 taxa beloging to 28 families. Of the 28 families, the top five families with the highest number of taxa under it are the following: (1) Moraceae with 5 taxa; (2) Mimosaceae, (3) Verbenaneae, (4) Euphorbiaceae and (5) Apocynaceae, each with 3 taxa. Of the 46 taxa, the first four taxa with the highest number of trees, out of 290 trees, is the Musa balbisinia (banana tree) with 41 trees, Plumeira sp. (kalachuchi) with 26 trees, Mangifera indica (Mango) with 25 trees and lastly Pterocarpus indicus (narra) with 20 trees. Some species existing inside the school originated from foreign countries. Some, however, are found in different parts of our country. Most of the trees are located at the mini-forest of the school (Division 1), but most of the people in the community are most familiar with the trees near and around the oval (Division 3)

#10

Monitoring the water Pollution of the Anakan creek using Allium cepa (onions) Mark Ian A Arcedera, Sheryl Z Bucal, Ma Lourdes Bernadette V Claridad, Jerome Stefan N Leung, Nicole Kathleen T Tigno

ABSTRACT It is rather ironic that such a science oriented school as Philippine Science High School (PSHS) has within its campus a polluted creek. It is the rain of this research project to monitor this creek, the Anaran Creek, and its tributaries in order to determine the main source of its pollution using onions (Allium cepa). Six water samples of ten replicates each wherein Allium Cepa were grown coming from the PSHS Creek, PSHS tributary, PCMC creek, PCMC creek, PCMC tributary, Parks and wildlife tributary were collected, treated and analyzed. Another six water samples of ten replicates from the same sources were taken and treated with colchicine for the arrest of the Allium cepa cells at mitosis, making the determination of the chromosome count more precise. Aceto-carmine was used as a microscope stain in the viewing of these cells. Results have shown that there is a dominating number of affected cells as compared to normally growing onion cells. There was also significant number or irregularities in the number and the characteristics of chromosomes observed in the sample coming from the PCMC creek and the PSHS tributary compared to the other four samples. This leads to the conclusion that the pollution is coming from these two sources. #11

The Production of Biodegradable Plastic from the case in of cows milk Mark Anthony D Arcos, Hilbert M Libres, Jerome A Robles, Adorado B Tarun Jr, Alvan A Tauli

ABSTRACT Non-biodegradable plastics constitute a large amount garbage worldwide because they are hard to recycle and dispose of. However, biodegradable plastic is difficult to produce since the materials used to create them are hard to obtain and are expensive. The aim of the study is to produce a biodegradable plastic from casein of cows milk. Skimmed cows milk was obtained from the supermarket. Casein was extracted in four ways: boiling, centrifugation, boiling with the addition of acetic acid and souring of

milk. Casein extracts were then plasticized by mixing with water and with the addition of a plasticizer, glycerol. Hardening of the plastics were dried and then were tested for biodegradability, chemical stability towards acids and bases, water absorption, flammability and ash content tests. Results showed that the plastic produced by boiling with acetic acid has the most desirable qualities. It is the least soluble of the casein plastics but it also decays slower. It was also observed that the plastic produced by centrifugation decayed faster than the others. It can be concluded that commercial plastics still have better qualities like lesser solubility in water and stability at acid pH. #12

Nata from Overripe Banana (Musa paradisiacal var. latundan) and overripe papaya) Czarina P Arocha, Jocelyn A Burgos, Ma Carmela Ann R Pesino, Mark Angelo A Silvala

ABSTRACT Nata from ripe and overripe banana, and nata de coco were prepared by mixing the fruit extracts with sugar, glacial acetic acid and nata starter. After harvesting the nata, a portion of it was sweetened for the organoloptic test; the rest was used in the proximate analysis. The tests showed that nata from ripe fruits (banana and papaya) in terms of color, odor, texture, taste, over-all appearance and production cost. Also, the nutritional value of nata de banana (overripe) falls within the range of nutritional value of nata de coco. Further analysis is needed to test the acceptability of nata from overripe fruits in terms of nutritional value. #13

The effect of Azolla and ipil-ipil treated on the Growth of corn (Zea mays) Rhodalyn S Aure, Rayner M Baloloy, Pee Jey B Zoluaga

ABSTRACT The research was done to get the best possible mixture of Azolla and ipil-ipil conducive to corn growth and to choose a more economical fertilizer than those available commercially. Azolla were grown in basins inside the Philippine Science High School (PSHS) campus. After two weeks, the azolla were harvested, but some were left to multiply again, and the ipil-ipil leaves were then gathered from the PSHS campus and azolla and ipil-ipil mixture were then prepared. The mixtures were then decomposed and applied to the plots and the corn seeds were then planted. The group monitored the corns growth weekly.

Five treatments were tested. The pure ipil-ipil treatment, the pure azolla treatment, urea as the representatives of the commercial fertilizers, the 50% azolla-50% ipil-ipil treatment and the control. The partial results showed that the pure ipil-ipil had the maximum leaf length, number of leaves and height which made it the best treatment followed by pure azolla, and in random order the urea, control and the mixture of azolla and ipil-ipil. The ANOVA test conducted showed that there is no significant difference between the treatment with respect to the number of leaves present in each corn in each treatment. #14

The designing and construction of a locally assembled opaque projector Mari-Charisse G Banez, Kristine Margareth A Berrenechea, Mark Daniel G de Luna, Billie Bryan V Gauna, Ma Celeste A Uy

ABSTRACT The objective of the project is to design and construct an opaque projector prototype using low-cost and locally available materials. The prototype aims to produce an image with a magnification and clarity that is comparable to the commercially available models. The use of locally available materials decreases production costs, making the prototype cheaper than the marketed commercial models (P63, 500.00; Edusystems, 1995). The projector was composed of optical, ventilation, and electrical systems. The optic system was composed of two 500-watt tungsten iodine lamps, used as light sources; a simple magnifying lens, 5 inches in diameter, was used as the projecting lens; an 8 inch by 12.75 inch aluminum coated plane mirror was used as a reflecting surface; and a quarter inch thick, 8 inch by 11.5 inch glass sheet served as an object holder. The projectors ventilation system consisted of a 50 watt blower fan and two 4 inch by 8 inch side panels. The cooling mechanism was assisted by the fiberglass lining inside the projector chassis. The electrical circuit system consisted of two separate switches for the fan and the light source, which were then connected to a main switch with an automatic safety breaker. The device was able to produce a well-defined image at a magnification range of 5 to 6 times at a projection distance of 3 meters. #15

The design, construction, and Publication of the PSHS World Wide Web Home Page Eric P Baquiran

ABSTRACT

The research aims to produce attractive and user-friendly web pages containing information about Philippine Science High School. The web pages must have a standard format and must be easily updatable. Text and picture information about PSHS was collected from various sources. The text information was encoded and appropriate Hyper Text Markup Language code was added for formatting. The pictures were modified for inclusion in the web pages, and code was added to display the pictures accordingly. Results were viewed using Netscape 1.1+ and Netscape 2.0 Beta. Revisions, if any, were done to source code and then viewed again using Netscape. Final versions of the web pages were linked to each other to form a hierarchical structure. The research was able to produce 20 web pages containing general information about Philippine Science High School, including its history, objectives, philosophy, governance, organizations, and curriculum. Beta testing by users has shown that the web pages were able to meet the objectives of the research. #16

The Determination of the Presence of Staphylococcus aureus in some Selected cosmetics Kristin Ma Angelus N Bautista, Ma Veron R Munar

ABSTRACT The objective of the research was to determine the presence of the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus in ten chosen cosmetics. The project also aimed to verify the safety of the cosmetics by their colony counts for the said pathogen. The ten cosmetics were kokuryu Dreamy lotion, desire Hand and Body lotion, Babes Epiderm-A, Block and white, Ly-na medicated Cream, Chin chun su Medicated cream, oseur Facial cream, Ever Bilena lipstick, Aido Lipstick, and Nichido Misty Lipstick. One gram/ml samples were obtained aseptically from the products and were incubated for 48 hours in various culture media before inoculation in Baird-parker Agar, a selective medium for S aureus. The prescribed colony count for general area is 1000 CFU/ml. Based on this guideline and on the results gleaned by the team, all the three units of lipsticks tested exceeded the specified limit and are therefore considered safe and user-friendly since they did not surpass the guideline. It should still be noted though that S aureus is present in all of the cosmetics tested. Based on the results, it appears that not all cosmetic products sold on the market are safe enough for human use. It seems that proper sanitation procedures are not observed in manufacturing these products. However, to further validate results gathered by the team, it is recommended that more tests (e.g. confirmatory tests) with more replicates and more than one selective medium be used.

#17

A microbiological study of the PSHS canteen sewage system Mark Bautista, Joseph Villanueva, Daxel Mario Valdez

ABSTRACT The researchers focused mainly on the microbiological aspect of the sewage water. Certainly, the present condition of our canteens sewage system directly affects those in the direct vicinity of the area, meaning the students themselves. We made a microbiological analysis of the sewage water based on the figures we got from the three colony counts we administered. The group noted finding that the incubation period the bacteria required was 6 hours based on the observation that there was virtually no growth on the first observational period (3 hrs after inoculation). This is also known as the lag phase of the bacteria. Bacteria in this development stage dont show growth right away and the reason can be one of three things, the type of bacteria present, the age of the culture medium and the availability of nutrients. Also we recorded that the bacterial population increased in number rather swiftly during the first and second observational periods (after 6 hours). This is referred to as the log phase of the bacteria. This is when the bacteria exhibits its most rapid reproduction. The researchers however noticed certain anomalies in the numbers we got from certain stations (3-5). The group connects these observations to the propagation of the bacteria like the temperature and speed of the water. The group made calculations deriving the growth rates of the bacteria in terms of the number of new colonies per hour. The varying growth rates could be attributed to physical factors affecting the general condition of the sewage water but excludes the possibility that this a direct result of the variation of bacterial species present (each bacteria has a specific growth rate). Also we can say that a particular type of bacteria is predominant is a section of the canteen but is highly improbable since the sewage water in a station came from the preceding station. The statistical analysis of the figures we got for the colony counts in a station for each replicate showed a significant degree of dispersion. Meaning the numbers we got for the colony counts vary too significantly in some stations to be that reliable. Also, we calculated the average of the data gathered for an observational period in a station for all three replicates (e.g.. first observational period for station 1). The big significant difference only goes to show that more replicates are needed and the undertaking of the taxonomic study to be able to make a valid conclusion.

#18

The formulation of flavored Gum Candies using Carrageenan from Red Algae Lila Fe C Belardo, Cherry Leah E Jorquia, Katherine V Noscal, Mae Anne M Salinas, Arvi Kristine Simon

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study is to formulate acceptable gum-candies in terms of pliability, consistency and hardness, using carrageenan from red algae; to produce a product that can meet the standards of commercial gum-candies; to develop a technology for the industrial use of carrageenan, particularly in the rural areas. The ingredients used to make the gum are kappa and iota carrageenan, guar gum, maltrin stabilizer, sodium benzoate, sugar and flavor. They were dry-blended and mixed well to obtain a consistent mixture. The resulting preparation was then cooked so it will gel. It was then allowed to cool. The final product obtained was evaluated in terms of pliability, consistency and hardness. The freidmanns test was used. The result of the friedmanns test for pliability indicated that all final products made came from the same distribution. Likewise, the friedmanns test for consistency indicated that they all came from the same distribution. All experimental products had no significant difference in pliability and consistency at the 0.05 level of significance. But the Friedmanns tests for hardness indicated that the samples came from different distributions. Hence, the samples differed significantly in hardness at the 0.05 level of significance. However, the taste of the samples were not evaluated because the same flavor was used for all the samples in the same proportions. #19

The growth of seedlings in composites of volcanic ash and nutrient solution Ruth Anne Benga, Augusti Ibarreta Jr, Ana Marielle Lim, Emmanuel Nova

ABSTRACT Hydroponics-chemicals essential mixed with wateris used by some as a substitute for soil. The solution was made by deluging volcanic ash obtained from Pampanga in water and allowing to whether for five (5) days. The supernatant was then removed and mixed with equal amount of urea-CaSO4 MgSO4 nutrient solution. At the same time, Zea mays (corn) were made to germinate in loam soil and two seedlings were transferred to

the experimental solution. The seedlings were observed for five days, the results showed that the experimental solution can only support the corn seedlings life for a short period of time. The corn seedlings lived for three days, then withered on the fourth. Long term support for plant is still better with the use of soil. #20

The Production of Viscose Rayon from ABACA Dissolving pulp Rosalie Bina, Celina Marie Esteban, Majella Cybele Fernandez, Mary Grace Lourde Flores, Freidrik Mark Taruc

ABSTRACT This project aims to produce rayon fibers from prepared abaca dissolving pulp using laboratory approximation of the viscose process. The product formed is to be compared with commercial rayon on the basis of microscopical observations, solubility, and susceptibility to flame. Abaca fiber was processed at the fiber Industry Development Authority to produce abaca dissolving pulp. The pulp was tested for alpha-cellulose content after which it was subjected to: steeping in 17.5% NaOH, pressing to remove excess alkali, shredding and aging, xanthation by the addition of CS2, mechanical shaking, dissolution in 4% NaOH, ripening for three days, and extrusion, respectively. These treatments are collectively known as the viscose process. The yielded fiber was examined under the microscope to identify its distinguishing features. The fibers reactions to the following solvents were observed: 100% acetone, 20% HCI, 100% CH3COOH, 85% HCOOH, 70% H2SO4, 59.5% H2SO4, 100% 1,4-dioxane, and 100% m-xylene. A burning test was then conducted on the product. The alpha-cellulose content of the abaca pulp was determined to be 92%, more than adequate for conversion into rayon. After completing the viscose process, the white thread-like filaments produced were found to exhibit properties similar to that of commercially manufactured rayon, namely the presence of striations when examined under the microscope, dissolution only in 59.5% H2SO4 and 70% H2SO4, burning in flame, sustaining combustion, and leaving no ash (unlike most fibers). This study leads to the conclusion that abaca can be an alternative cellulose source for rayon instead of the more conventional wood sources. Utilization of abaca as raw material for rayon could help decrease our consumption of wood in this age of growing emphasis on environmental conservation and help initiate a rayon industry in the Philippines. #21

The utilization of Carnauba-paraffin wax to lengthen the shelf lives of fruits Czarina Joy T Bongon, Lloyd T Licuanan, Sherry Rose B Sandoval, Jennifer B Trinidad

ABSTRACT Fruit storage and preservation, have been the subjects of numerous studies in post-harvest technology. Fruits, from the time they are picked, to the time they are actually consumed, are exposed to various diseases. A good harvest, instead of profiting farmers and retailers, mat even cause them huge losses, if the fruits are not disposed of before they decay. They study aims to contribute to the solution of these problems by utilizing a carnauba-paraffin wax solution as an alternative to refrigeration in preserving fruits. An experimental group of tomatoes were coated with carnauba wax. The rates of transpiration of the experimental and the uncoated control groups were measured and compared by determining their losses in weight after a period of storage. Positive results were obtained, and a carnauba-paraffin wax solution was then prepared. The solution of these problems by utilizing a carnauba-paraffin wax solution as an alternative to refrigeration in preserving fruits. An experimental group of tomatoes were coated with carnauba wax. The rates of transpiration of the experimental and the uncoated control groups were measured and compared by determining their losses in weight after a period of storage. Positive results were obtained, and a carnauba-parrafin wax solution was then prepared. The solution consisted of 65 parts carnauba, 20 parts oleic acid, 10 parts triethanolamine, 30 parts water, 100 parts paraffin, and traces of vanilla. As compared to pure molten carnauba wax, this solution was translucent, less viscous, and less pungent. It was more difficult to uncoat. Another set of tomatoes were used to determine the effectivity of the solution, relative to refrigeration, in terms of its ability to reduce the fruits transpiration rates. The mean weight loss of the coated fruits was significantly less than that of the uncoated refrigerated fruits. Juices from each of the samples, were then extracted, and tested each of the samples, were then coated fruits were less acidic than the uncoated refrigerated samples. #22

The Utilization of Saba (Musa compressa) and corn (Zea mays) peelings as components in handmade paper Jose R Boot, Ireneo B Tabios Jr, Charles AC Villamin

ABSTRACT The main goal of this research is to produce quality handmade paper using saba and corn peelings as components of cellulose fiber used in creating paper. The gathered raw materials, after being washed and cut into smaller pieces, were then pulped to separate the cellulose fibers from lignin and other extraneous components. After washing with water, the pulps were then bleached to whiten them. The bleached pulps were thoroughly rinsed with water, then reduced to smaller size using a blender. With the addition of binding solutions, five treatments were produced: A (100 paper), B (100% corn), C (50% corn, 50% paper), D (50%saba, 50% paper), and E (50% corn,

50% saba). Non-standard tests were then conducted to compare the hand sheets with respect to their folding endurance and tearing strength. The analytical tests for folding endurance showed that there is no significant difference among the five treatments. On the other hand, there is a significant difference between the treatments in terms of their tearing strength. Still, there is conclusive data on the feasibility of corn peeling as a component in recycled paper, as an analytical test using treatments A to C only showed that there is no significant difference between the samples with respect to their tearing. However, the use of Saba peelings as a component in paper making would need to undergo further testing. #23

The feasibility of Darak or Rice Bran as an Additive to flour in Baking cookies Anzel T Butiu, Gerardo E Domingo, Muriel V Ferrer, Jason N Saba, Melissa V Vasquez

ABSTRACT Local bakery products are deficient in may essential nutrient such as fiber, vitamins and minerals, unlike their foreign counterparts made of four and wheat bran. The study aims to provide these nutrients in cookies by using the locally available and cheaper rice bran. Finely ground rice bran was obtained and dry-roasted to be mixed into cookie batters. Three types of cookies were made, namely: peanut butter, oatmeal and brownie cookies. Each type was made five different concentrations of rice bran substituted for flour: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% rice bran. Each sample was subjected to a public acceptance survey testing the appearance, texture and taste. The samples were also tested to determined the nutritional content percentages each had of moisture, ash, fat, protein and fiber. A spoilage test was also conducted to compare the shelf-lives of the different samples. The Friedmanns test of the public acceptance survey showed that there was no significant difference between the acceptability of the samples with rice bran and the control set-up of the 0% rice bran, especially among the 0% , 25% and the 50% samples. The samples with the bran had higher content percentages of ash of the control cookies. In the cost analysis, the rice bran was found to be six times cheaper than white flour per kilogram. Rice bran is acceptable as an additive to flour in baking cookies up to 25%-50% rice bran substitute for flour. #24

Chicken eggshells as Potential acidic soil neutralizer Mark Anthony Cabugao, Jonathan Robert Rongavilla, Joanes Paulus Sy

ABSTRACT An agricultural country thriving to become an industrialized nation by the year 200 must make most out of its natural resources and soil is one of them. Lately, the Philippines has been experiencing a steady increase in the area of acidic soil in the country because of the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to save the soil from being useless, the government promotes the use of lime to neutralize the acidity of the soil. But not all farmers can afford to have their soiltreated with lime. The study aims to know if calcium carbonate from chicken eggshells can be used to netralize the acidity of the soil. Calcium carbonate can be turned into calcium oxide through the process of calcinations. The eggshells were collected from the PSHS canteen. The eggshells was then cleaned with water and then crushed using mortar and pestle. The crushed eggshells were then pulverized with the Willey mill, and then calcinated using the muffle furnace. Then it was mixed with acidic soil. And the pH was the mixture of 15% eggshell 85% soil gave the best results, and if the eggshells added were calcinated for 25 hours then it would have a pH of 6.8 and this very near the neutral pH of 7.0. #25

Banana and water hyacinth fibers as wood Pulp additives in paper making Marione Callo, Ann Rose Palapag, Joey climaco, Kenneth Dulnuan, Amelito Segarra

ABSTRACT

The addition of a special additive to ordinary pulp has been shown to improve the quality of paper. This project aims to produce quality paper from pulp mixed with additives from banana and water hyacinth. The hardwood pulp was obtained by gathering, chipping and pulping of mahogany in sodium hydroxide solution. Similar procedures were done to obtain banana and water hyacinth pulp separately. Six experimental samples were produced consisting of various pulp mixtures. The paper samples were divided into two groups based on thickness, and were tested for folding endurance and tearing strength using non-standardized methods. The Friedmann statistical test showed that there is a significant difference in tearing strength, but not in folding endurance among the experimental samples. For non-standard tests on tearing strength, the paper samples were separated into two groups based on their thickness. Results showed that there is a significant difference in the said characteristic in the samples of each group. Another test for the same trait was conducted, this time with representative samples form the two groups. It was found out that there is a significant difference in the tearing strength of the paper samples. The paper samples were also grouped into two, based on thickness, for non-standard tests on folding endurance. The results show that there is no significant

difference in the same characteristic among one group of the paper samples. Results in Table 6 show that there is a significant difference in another group of the paper samples. #26

The feasibility of Mango (Mangifera indica) peeling extract as fabric dye. Albert Allan Camacho, Rainville Gonzales, Virgo Ramil Ruaro, Christine Agtha Untalan

ABSTRACT Todays manufacturers use synthetic dyes, most of them imported, for their products. The main of the group was to produce a natural dye that will compete with the commercial dyes in terms of the color produced, adherence and cost. The extraction process and the pretreatment of the textile were done simultaneously. Both potassium dichromate and copper sulfate were used to mordant the silk fabrics, while only the latter was used for the cotton yarn. Dye application was performed for one hour at high temperature. The colors produced range from dirty-cream to brown. The replicates for each sample were subjected to tests, one for colorfastness through washing and staining/bleeding; and the other for colorfastness through artificial light. The silk fabric mordanted with copper sulfate did not pass the PTRI (Philippine Textile Research Institute) standard for lightfastness. The cotton yarn passed both tests but the color produced was dull. The best results were shown by the silk fabric mordanted with copper sulfate. The group concludes that the mango peeling extract is feasible as a fabric dye. #27

Testing for the presence of coliform in the PSHS creek water Joan Camarillo, Czandor Duran, Ma Kathrina Mercado, Don Salvacion

ABSTRACT Water pollution is one of the major problems plaguing the Philippines. One of the major pollutants of the waters is human waste matterfeces to be exact. This research projects aims to determine if there is a possibility that fecal matter exists in the PSHS creek. The findings in this project will hopefully gauge the extent of the pollution of the creek and help determine what methods would be employed in saving its waters.

Greek water samples were fermented in lactose broth and then in the Brilliant Green Bile broth following the methods of testing for the presence of coliform, bacteria one of which is Escherichia coli. Results showed that the PSHS creek is indeed infested with coliform bacteria. This suggests a great probability (Note: we are not yet sure.) that the creek is contaminated with fecal matter. #28

The feasibility of Mongo pods as culture medium for Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) Trescia D Campos, Billy Joel c Dela Cruz, Tala VC de Vera, Ria Madeliene D Lim, Marissa C Samala

ABSTRACT Mongo pods are discarded coverings of mongo beans. These waste materials contain a substantial amount of nitrogen which is needed in the growth of mushrooms. This research project aims to utilize mongo pods as a culture medium for oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). Mushroom spawns bought from biofood, a local mushroom farm, were inoculated into substrate bags containing different proportions of mongo pods (MP) and sawdust (SD). The MP:SD proportions used were : 4:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:4 (control). The two replicates of live treatments were stored in a growing cabinet to control factors that affect the growth of fruiting bodies such as temperature, humidity, and light. The incubation period lasted for thirty days wherein a temperature range of 28 C to 30C was maintained. The period following the incubation was the fruiting period. For this period, the temperature of 25C to 28C was kept. The set-up was observed for positive mushroom growth after 37 days. However, the mycelia were not able to grow fully in the substrate primarily due to contamination and a number of factors including control of pH, number of replicates, and manner of inoculation. #29

Production of Carbon Paper using Cahrcoal and Black Mix of used Batteries as Pigment Jonas Don Castelo, Lloyd Gonzales, Marcelino Quito Jr

ABSTRACT Waste has always been the biggest problem of our country. The utilization of used batteries, which is considered as waste, would be a big help in solving this problem. The first part of the study was devoted in finding the best ratio for inks that used the black mix in used batteries, otherwise known as carbon black, and for those that use charcoal as source of pigments. The inks were evaluated on the basis of how much pigment is suspended in the mixture and shelf life.

The second part, on the other hand, involves the production of carbon paper. The best inks were tested on two mediums, coupon bond and onion skin, and at the same time testing for the best number of coats ranging from 1 to 4. The carbon paper was evaluated on the basis of clarity of print, cleanliness of print and general acceptability. A survey was supposed to have been conducted but was found to be not necessary. The best ratio of ink used in the carbon paper was 1 g : 6 ml and 1 g : 7 ml using a better medium than onion skin and two coats is recommended. Commercial carbon paper is still better since it used better and more technologically advanced methods although the experimental carbon paper is acceptable. #30

Chemical Synthesis and utilization of an edible film Ma Purita L Castro, Aileen G Ingal, Eileen Rose F Manabat, Jed Angelo G Tetangco

ABSTRACT Fruits, vegetables, and other convenience foods have to remain fresh from production to consumption time. There is also increasing urgency to minimize the use of plastics in food packaging. Plastics are a major contributor to environmental wastes. These problems have motivated the researchers to look into edible films as possible alternatives. An edible film was produced by reaching chitosan ( a derivative of chitin from crab shells), lactic acid, and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). Experimental apple slices were sprayed with the edible film. The film solidified after a day and both the coated and uncoated samples were subjected to physico-chemical tests and sensory valuation. The results of the sensory evaluation were treated statistically. The apples coated with edible film lasted for two days at room temperature, three days in the refrigerator, and four days in the freezer. The treated samples exhibited a lower pH, lower% soluble solids, higher% titrable acidity, greater color retention, better texture and form compared to the untreated ones. In terms of taste, the experimental and control samples did not differ significantly. #31

Glass Production from Geothermal scalings Ricaleen B Celeste, Christine Carole C Corpuz, Benjamin Jorn S Cuento, Dexter G Pazziuagan

ABSTRACT Geothermal power plants provide the country with a relatively large amount of energy for its demands. Unfortunately, these plants yields large amounts of by-products known as geothermal scalings. Disposing of these wastes has been a great problem. In line with the trend of waste management and the growing consciousness for environment protection, a study is conducted to utilize geothermal scalings for glass

production. A sample of these scalings is subjected to chemical analysis before and after the removal of some impurities. This involves washing of the scalings with 8M HCl and rinsing it with water. The scalings are then mixed with certain amounts of boric acid and sodium carbonate, producing a glass of 55% silica, 35% boronate, and 10% sodium oxide added to give the glass its color. Different types of glass batchers are fused at 1250C for one hour, poured into mold, and then cooled in a fiber-insulated oven. Using the Vickers microhardness test, each glass is tested alongside a standard glass (100% silica). Resulting values are then transmuted into Rockwell-C scale for easier comparison. Results show that the colored glass produced is better than the control glass in terms of hardness. Each of the glass batch produced is separately immersed in 6M NaOH and water to determine resistance towards these substances. The light green glass showed the best performance, being the most resistant to water and base. #32

Designing and testing a magnetic stirrer Jean Gilbert Alexandre S Cifra, Blessing Dominique S Morales, Michael F Villarica

ABSTRACT Stirrers, important devices in may fields of science, are becoming more expensive. As a result, many of our poorly funded research institutions can no longer afford one. This project aims to design and construct a cheap but efficient magnetic stirrer. The magnetic stirrer housing was assembled using 5 thick wooden slats which were screwed together and subsequently bored. The electronic parts were then attached to the wooden housing and all the circuit connections wee soldered. The stirrer was then tested by dissolving alum crystals, table salt and potato Dextrose Agar in water. The DC stirrer G-1 of the Research Lab was used as the control. In terms of the percent transmittance of the solution stirred the constructed magnetic stirrer had results of: 92 and 93% for the two stirring of PDA, 92 and 94% for salt, and 91 and 92% for alum. Likewise, the DC stirrer G-1 had corresponding results of: 93 and 94 for PDA, 95 and 96% for salt, and 93 and 94% for alum. The data were gathered through the use of a spectrophotometer on 4 grams of each solid stirred in 40 ml of water inside a 50 ml beaker for 10 seconds. The results showed that the experimental stirrer was more effective than the DC stirrer G-1. This was concluded by the group because they reasoned the darker solution, hence the solution with the lower percent transmittance, was more effectively stirred because the particles that block the light were not stationary at the bottom of the beaker.

#33

The effect of eggshells on soil acidity Kevin Constantine Codamon, Ryan Dominic de Leon, Anthony Rafael Jacoba, Jefner Vianzon

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to determine if chicken eggshells can be used to treat acidic soils, and to attain a pH range of 5.5 6.5 which is considered favorable to the growth of common crops like rice and corn. Acidic soil is usually treated with lime, but if lime is not available, then a substitute can be used in the form of powdered eggshells, which, like lime, contains calcium carbonate. Eggshells treated acidic soil yielded an extremely basic soil of pH 7.2 and this proves the effectivity of the eggshells and only a lessening of the concentration will yield the desired pH range. In comparison, lime treated soil was just slightly more basic with a pH of 7.3. Mongo bean plants grown in the eggshells treated soil showed better growth response in terms of height, number of sprouts, and sprouting time as compared that powdered eggshells can be used as substitute for lime on offsetting soil acidity. #34

The effect of carrageenan on the quality of bread Rostum Crucillo Consulta, Ralisa Melancio Madalogdog, Anna Marie Tan Punzalan, Felisa Asuncion Lorque Runas, Ma Regina Villon Villanueva

ABSTRACT Bread is an inexpensive source of protein and carbohydrates. It is also a good source of vitamin B and calcium. This study aims to use an additive like carrageenan from the abundant seaweeds to help improve the quality of bread. The group acquired a simple recipe of bread. The dough was prepared like any other and the carrageenan was added while kneading the dough. Three different amounts, 0%, 2% and 4% sensory evaluations for taste, odor and appearance were conducted. Panelists ranked the bread according to these three categories. The results of the survey were put into a statistical test, the Friedmanns Test. The test showed that there is no significant difference among the breads with or without carrageenan. Although the bread with 2% carrageenan ranked the highest in all categories. It was also observed that breads with carrageenan lasted longer than that without. The group concludes that carrageenan helps improve the quality of bread. The group also recommends that further tests and experiments be conducted for better and more accurate results.

#35

Extracting and Refining of Coconut Oil on a Household Basis Denise S. Crisostomo, Adrian M. Florcruz, James T. Garcia, Lovelea Lucille O. Tiongco and Janice Pia O. Yalung

ABSTRACT Coconut oil can be refined in households located in remote areas to be easily available to residents and to make use of their resources for practicality. The objective of this research is to develop a method by which oil is refined that will be suited for use in households. The process are modified from those being used to refine commercial edible oil. Coconut oil was extracted using the wet method. Boiling the extracted coconut milk produced the oil and the proteinaceous latik. The oil was separated from the latik by filtration after which a significant difference in the clearness of the oil was observed. An advantageous characteristic of the fresh coconut oil is the low content of free fatty acid (FFA), which causes rancidity. The amount of FFA was measured using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) method. The amount of FFA was measured in terms of the amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH) needed to react with the present FFA in gram of oil. Neutralization was found unnecessary for the refining of the fresh oil. #36

Proximate Analysis and feasibility of copra meal as chicken feed Franz Marie O Cruz, Jenm C Gamboa, Ramon Enrique B Ramirez, Raymund Gerard DR Ramos, Edhel C Santiago

ABSTRACT Copra meal is a by-product of copra production. The research aimed to study its feasibility as feed for chickens. Chickens obtained were randomly separated into three groups. One group was fed pure copra meal, another group, the control, was fed pure commercial feed and the third one was fed a 50% mixture of both feeds. The chickens were observed for around five weeks, with the weights being taken twice each week. The data gathered showed negative results about the feasibility of copra meal a pure substitute for commercial chicken feed. However, it might be used as an alternative ingredient for chicken feeds. Proximate analyses for both feeds reveal copra meal to have a low moisture content, high crude to commercial feed. Statistical evidences on the weight gains of the chickens declare a significant difference between the experimental groups and the control, in favor pf the control group.

#37

Designing and testing the efficiency of a car exhaust filter Aurora Patricia Dela Cruz, Christine Halcon, Ma Christa Pena, Michelle Tumaneng, Lea Victorino

ABSTRACT The research aims to design a car exhaust filter that is both inexpensive and efficient, to assemble and fabricate the filter in a motor shop, and to test the efficiency of the prototype. After much research on car engines, vehicle exhaust, and filters, the group was able to come up with a design for a car exhaust filter. It was assembled and fabricated at Reynaldos Mufflers and Headers. Testing was done at the Clean and Green pollution Control Division of the Quezon City Hall. Due to unsatisfactory results, the filter was revised. The second prototype consists of some of the parts of the original prototype plus a roll of fiberglass filter. With the SD-5 personnel, the revised prototype was fabricated. After the second device at the same testing center, the results were gathered and analyzed. The percent smoke filtered ranged from 5.81% to 35.05%. Using a=0.1, the t-test for correlated groups, it was found out that there was significant difference between the reading with and without the filter. The second filter is more compact, lighter more efficient and cheaper that the first prototype. The final filter is more affordable to the average car owner, has no negative side effects on the car engine, and is efficient but not superiorly so in filtering smoke from the exhaust of diesel engined vehicles. #38

The feasibility of Carbon graphite from rejects Pencils as constituents of Resistors Clarina R dela Cruz, Timoteo I Idica Jr, John Mark M Mercado, Ella Marie M Monta, Crizanne Marie N Montecastro ABSTRACT Carbon, in the graphite form, has many uses as a semi-conducting material. It also constitutes simple everyday things such as dry cells and pencils. Also, cartridge fuses, used in compact electrical instruments easily get busted and leaves the capped glass cylinders wasted. The group decided that the glass cylinders serve as casing for carbon resistors. The study aims to use rejected and used pencils as an alternative source of carbon (graphite) and busted cartridge fuses as primary constituents in carbon resistor production

comparable to commercial resistors. The graphite taken from the pencils went through a ceries of pounding and filtering, weighing and stuffing into the busted fuses glass cylinders. The wires were soldered to the caps which were then securely bonded to the glass cylinders. Two dfferent sizes of cartridge fuses were used from which two sizes of resistors replicates were made. The resistors were tested at room temperature (29C) and at lower temperature (1) and also tried in and out an electrical circuit, while being constantly upgraded. T-test of the results showed that the resistances of laboratory made resistors were independent of the voltage that is applied and were maintained to a significant level even when the temperature is changed. Cost analysis shows that the resulting resistors are cheaper than commercial resistors. #39

The production of Ferrous Sulfate using spent sulfuric acid from the sulfonation synthetic detergents Michelle V Encomienda, Patricia Ann A Jaranilla, Cherry N San Carlos, Marlon P Sionzon

ABSTRACT An attempt to produce ferrous from spent sulfuric acid ( a by-product of detergent making) and iron filings was conducted. Five grams of iron was added to sulfuric acid and the set-up was allowed to settle. The supernatant of the solution was decanted then saturated through heating. The set-up was hydrated with distilled water. Since there are three types of ferrous sulfate (FeSO47H2O, FeSO45H2O, FeSO4H2O), the type produced was verified several tests: morphology, solubility, density, melting point and X-ray diffraction. The tests showed that ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO47H2O) was collected. The macroscopic and microscopic morphology test showed that the crystals produced had identical structures. The solubility test showed that the ferrous sulfate crystals produced and the commercial ferrous sulfate had almost the same average solubility of about 0.489 g/ml. The density test showed that the density of the produced ferrous sulfate (1.856 g/cc) had no significant difference with that of the commercial ferrous sulfate (1.89/cc). The melting point test showed there was no significant difference between the melting points of the commercial ferrous sulfate (64C) and that of the produced ferrous sulfate (64.2C).

The average percentage yield was also computed and found to be 84% for the standard ferrous sulfate and 80% for the produced ferrous sulfate. Statistical tests showed that there was no significant difference between the yields of production.

This research shows that the processing of spent sulfuric acid from the sulfonation of synthetic detergents is feasible. The technique used was simple and expensive. Through it, recycling of the detergent waste was accomplished.

#40

The Production of Marker Pen Ink From Carbon blacks in used Batteries Jansen V Fajardo, Vincent Markku F seguerra, John Quincy T Verzosa, Daniel S Tismal II

ABSTRACT A study was done on the production of marker pen inks utilizing carbon from used batteries as the main pigment source. The carbon blacks were obtained by opening used batteries and scraped with a spatula. The pigments were ground and mixed with the vehicle glycerol. Initially, the pigments were completely dissolved. The binder matrin was then added followed by the additives vinegar and copper sulfate solution. The ink samples were then transferred into recycled marker pen casings. The qualities of the samples were tested and compared to marker pens available commercially. The qualities tested were: intensity of blackness, consistency of blackness, stability of blackness, resistance to fading, odor and overall acceptability. The samples had varied amounts of the pigments source, carbon black to determine the best proportion. The tests showed that the samples were generally inferior to commercial pens. Carbon black has a great potential as an alternative pigment source. The group recommends further study on this project to obtain better, useful results. #41

Comparative analysis of sulfur content of Bougainvillea Alabnia Leaves Wilfred Gabriel Angeles, Melanie Crpus, Robert Minguez, Cathleen Mae Palafox, Adrian Tumusok

ABSTRACT Pollution is one of the major problems that the world faces today. Several tests have already been conducted to detect and control air pollution. Our research aims to determine the amount of sulfur, an air pollutant, in Bougainvillea alabnia leaves. The Bougainvillea plant was chosen because it is common to the four test sites namely EDSA, Makati, Project 2&3, and PSHS. Three replicates were made from samples in each testing site. The magnesium Nitrite method were made from the samples in each testing site. The Magnesium Nitrite method was employed to determine the sulfur content. An analytical balanced was used to weigh the mass BaSO4 which was the final product obtained. The mass BaSO4 was multiplied by 0.1374 to get the sulfur content of the sample. ANOVA and t-tests were applied to determine if there is a significant difference in the sulfur content of the Bougainvilla leaves from the four locations. The ANOVA showed a

significant difference in the mean sulfur content of all the samples. The t-tests, comparing two samples at a time also showed a significant difference between the sulfur content of the samples taken from all the four test sites. The means of the different samples revealed that EDSA samples yielded the highest amount of sulfur while the leaf samples from the PSHS area have the least amount. The high amount of sulfur of the leaf samples from EDSA can be accounted for by its high vehicular density. #42

The Effect of Azolla and Wild Sunflower on the Growth of Corn Jeffrey John Galan, Jr., Maria Conception Adlaon

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the effect of Azolla and sunflower with that of chemical fertilizer on the growth performance of corn. Treatments namely: T-1=Control, T-2=Commercial Fertilizers, T-3=Azolla, T-4=Wild Sunflower andT-5=1:1 sunflower azolla mixture were formulated. To assess the treatments, soil ph, OM, P and K together with the N, P, and K contents of the corn plants were determined. The growth parameters of the corn plants were determined. The growth parameters of corn were also measured. Soil pH, OM, P and K contents were not significantly affected by the treatment. All agronomic characters of corn viz., dry matter, plant height, leaf width and stem height were significantly affected but not the number of leaves per plant. In the experiment, nitrogen rather than phosphorus or potassium played a role in the performance of the treatments since the latter were not limiting in the soil used. Among the treatments, pure azolla proved to be the best by increasing significantly the nitrogen contents as well as the dry matter and other agronomic characters of corn. #43

A study on the Utilization of Eggshells in the production of Dental cement Jeffrey Montielle V Gasa, John Severo S Ongsiapco, Carlo Antonio C Soto

ABSTRACT This study aims to find a practical way of utilizing waste chicken eggshells in the production of a cheaper dental cement. The eggshells were gathered, cleaned, pulverized, and half of it was calcined. The raw eggshells were mixed with aluminum hydroxide and the same thing was done with the calcinated eggshells. The mixtures were then mixground in the vibrating mill to undergo a chemical reaction wherein calcium aluminate compound would be produced. Calcium aluminate compound is the synthetic dental cement used in filing tooth cavities in the incisors brought by dental caries. And after the mixgrinding process had transpired, the

mixtures, in a finer form, were removed from the vibrating mill and water was added so that the mixtures could be turned into pastes. The pastes were then allowed to set and its properties were compared to the commercially available calcium aluminate compound that acted as a control. The results of the tests on the different properties such as microhardness, volumic stability, and chemical durability showed that the experimental cement was inferior to the control. The mixgrinding process had failed in achieving the desired chemical reaction due to lack of grinding time. #44

The effect of fish internal organs on soil fertility Peter Simon F Gellera, Patrick Gerard G Latonio, Jasper Paul S Manlapaz, jasper Jay P Santos

ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to fish internal organs as an inexpensive source of soil fertilizer. The heights and leaf lengths of okra plants with the fish internal organs, commercial fertilizer and a control (no fertilizer added) were measured after two weeks of growth. The results showed no significant difference between the two plots with fertilizers while the plants on the control plot were significantly smaller. The fish internal organs were then subjected to the kjeldahl, Peech and English, and Troug methods of chemical analysis to determine their nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous contents respectively. A comparatively high value for nitrogen was attained at 14.97% against the 10% of commercial fertilizer. However, phosphorus and potassium contents, computed at 2% for both, were significantly lower compared to the 20% P and 10 K of commercial fertilizer brands. Furthermore, the fish internal organ fertilizer is superior to compost and synthetic manure which have 2% N, 0.5-1% and 2% K. It is therefore concluded that the fish internal organ fertilizer is a feasible substitute for commercial fertilizer. #45

The feasibility of Carrageenan as additive in the Revblock Ryan Francis D Gener, John Paul A Guzman, Marianne C Caringal, Ma Reina D Improgo, Mary Grace Feliz Z Velasco

ABSTRACT Carrageenan, a locally made seaweed-derived gel, was tested as an additive in a redesigned modblock (REVBLOCK). Preliminary tests were done (Impact-Resistance and Water-Absorption Tests) to determine the best proportions and to compare the different with the control. The 8:1:48 and 7:1:42 cement-carrageenan-sand mass proportions and the control ratio (1:6 cement-sand mass proportion) were chosen for use in the actual REVBLOCK.

Impact-resistance and water-absorption tests showed that the 8:1:48 mass proportion blocks performed better than the 7:1:42 mass proportion blocks. With the 8:1:48 proportion, the blocks were more impact-resistant and absorbed less water, as Statistical Analysis, however, showed that this difference is insignificant. Moreover, all tests showed that the control blocks were still superior to the experimental treatments. KAPPA carrageenan is therefore not a good additive for reinforcement of the REVBLOCK. Besides having a high water-holding capacity, carrageenan contains sulfate groups which reacts with calcium ions in cement, making the blocks less durable. The use of semi-refined carrageenan instead is recommended for future tests. KAPPA carrageenan however, may be used as setting material for plaster of Paris. #46

Biodegradable Plastic From Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch Leah Dolly Girad, Rolando Giancarlo Inciong, Emmanuelle Jacinto, bamii Joanne Magbuhat, Sherwin Louie Sayson

ABSTRACT The study aims to produce a biodegradable plastic using cassava starch as the main component. Cassava starch was mixed with water, ESBO, glycerol, and PVA and the resulting mixture was then compressed, and then tested. Of the three preparations, I:50 g starch, 50 g water, 50 g PVA, 2.5 g ESBO, 2.5 g glycerol; II: 65 g starch, 65 g starch, 80 g water, 50 g PVA, 2.5 g ESBO, 2.5 g glycerol. Preparation I exhibited the best mechanical properties. It was discovered however that the product is water soluble although it does not dissolve in ethanol. The samples are biodegradable. #47

A comparative study on the Anti-microbial properties of various brands of toothpastes Ivan John Leopoldo Guanzon III, Bernard Logan, Juan Julio Pingol

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to determine which brand of toothpaste is the best in bacterial elimination. Agar was prepared in a 250 ml flask. When cooked and ready, it was poured into three petri dishes and were labeled with A for Colgate, B for Hapee, and C for Close-up. The oral cavity of each panelist was wiped off using the cotton swabs that were disinfected. Bacterial growth was sought for the next forty-eight hours. A rating scale of 1 to 3 was used in comparing the amount of bacteria that were observed per block. Colgate resultee as the best toothpaste followed by hapee and then close-up.

#48

The effects of Different Coagulants on Sulfite spent liquor Mabigail Mabbayad, Dianne Mangoba, Marvin Bon, Antonio Karlo Liao, Mark Nuesa

ABSTRACT The research aims to test the effectiveness of Aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3), Ferric Chloride (FeCl3), and Nickel Chloride (NiCL2) in the detoxification of sulfite Spent Liquor, a waste by product in pulp production.

Al2(SO4)3, FeCl3 and NiCl2 were each diluted in distilled water to form molalities of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 molal. Preliminary tests were conducted using 0.5 molal FeCl3 and 0.5 molal Al2(SO4)3, as treatments to white water (a waste product of the paper-making process) in order to get an overview of the properties of the coagulants.

The 25 ,l of sulfate spent liquor was subjected to treatments of 5 ml of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 molal of Al2(SO4)3, FeCl3, and NiCl2 separately. Another 25 ml of this waste sample was used as a control unit. At wavelength 475 nm, the absorption level of the treated and untreated liquor was determined using the spectrophotometer. The results gathered were then tabulated and were used for the t test for correlated samples. The statistical test showed a significant difference in the absorbance level between the treated and untreated samples at the 0.5 molal concentration of Al2(SO4)3 and NiCl2. At the higher molalities of the coagulants no significant changes between the treatments were seen. #49

The effect of Chitin on the Nitrate concentration of the PSHS creekwater Christine Anne Marla, Jocelyn Timpug, Elsbeth Lauren Villapana

ABSTRACT The efficiency of chitin in purifying polluted water from Philippine Science High School creek was tested. The aim of the study was to remove nitrates, a major water pollutant, from creekwater samples through the principle of ion-exchange chromatography. To extract the chitin, shrimp and crab shells were separately demineralized using 1.0M HCl and deproteinized using 1.0M NaOH. Three burets were packed with the following: 4g crab chitin, 6g crab chitin, and 4g shrimp chitin. Another buret, which served as control, only contained a cotton plug. Creekwater samples were passed through the burets. They were analyzed for nitrates before and after treatment with chitin using the ion-concentration meter, Further studies are needed to confirm chitins potential in removing nitrates from water. Although 4g shrimp chitin effected the highest reduction in concentration, statistical

tests showed that there was no significant difference between the control and the treatments results. The effect of shrimp chitin was not significantly different from that of crab. Also, the efficiency of crab chitin did not improve with an increase in amount. #50

Testing the effectivity of Leucaena Leucocphala (ipil-ipil) as Disinfectant Christine V Milla, Ma Philina B Pablo, Mary Gail M Rosario, Anthony Jordan L Sy, Katherine Ann S Villegas

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to test the effectivity of a disinfectant from ipil-ipil leaves. The ipil-ipil was obtained using the Soxhlet apparatus with 95% ethanol as the solvent. The efficacy of the disinfectant was tested by first, applying it on Escherichia coli and then observing its sbility to inhibit the growth of the bacteria. For comparison, Lysol, as well as concentrated ethanol were also applied on E coli twelve replicates were used per application. The diameters of the zones of inhibition were measured. The ANOVA test and T-tests for two independent samples were the statistical tests used to evaluate the results. T-test for two independent samples shows that ipil-ipil extract is comparable to Lysol. Ipil-ipil leaves contain quercitrin, momosine, and glutamic acid. Quercitrin and glumatamic acid are both useful in the filed of medicine, the former being used as vitamins and the latter as treatment for intestinal flatulence in dogs. Mimosine on the other hand is toxic and can cause hair loss. Due to the said properties of ipil-ipil leaves, it could inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The extract derived from ipil-ipil leaves can be therefore perform as a disinfectant. #51

Determination of the optimum compost medium using Trichoderma harzianum Al Moreto Orbecido, Jay Erickson Tio, Gil Vargas

ABSTRACT The study was aimed to find an alternative way of using biodegradable waste materials and minimizing garbage accumulation by incorporating garbage segregation and composting in the disposal of biodegradable waste materials. The study used three compost media (paper, grass cuttings, and fruit peelings) and aimed to answer the following:

Is there no significant difference in the rate of decomposition between the three compost media? Is there no significant difference in the rate of decomposition between the respective final compost products of the three compost media?

Is there no significant difference between the three compost medias effect on the growth of pechay. Evaluation of the three compost media was done by observing the color changes and volume reduction during the decomposition process, analysis on the chemical composition of each compost medium, and application to plants with Pechay plant (Brassica Pekinensis) as the reference plant. Results showed no significant difference between the three compost media (paper, grass cuttings, and fruit peelings) in the chemical composition of the final compost products and effects on plant growth. While a difference was observed between the rate of decomposition of the three compost media. From the results, it can be concluded that there was no optimum compost medium from the three compost media tested since all three showed a comparable optimal condition for plant growth. #52

The effects of different types of music on the ability of mice to complete a maze Jose Valera Palala

ABSTRACT This research aims to find out if music has any effect on the behavior of mice, and if music affects the time it takes for a mouse to run through a maze and the ability of mice to complete a maze. Fifteen mice were bought at a local pet store and randomly separated into three groups. Each group was tested for ten days, except for the control group of mice, and after ten days of treatment they were tested twice on a T-junction maze. Observation on the mices behavior during treatment and statistical tests (ANOVA, T-test) made on the results of their running through the maze, show that there is no significant difference among the time period taken by each group of mice to run through the maze and the behavior of the differently treated groups of mice. #53

The production of glass-ceramic using geothermal scales Jefferson L Reyes ABSTRACT This research aims to produce glass-ceramic using the silicious geothermal power plant waste or geothermal scales.

The geothermal scales were dried and pulverized and then were subjected to chemical analysis for the determination of the initial content of the scales. Then, the remaining scales were washed with 8M HCl and water for the removal or impurities. The washed scales were again dried and again subjected to chemical analysis for the determination of the final silica content of the scales. The weights of the raw materials

were based on a 100 gram glass with 17.5%Li2O, 12.5%Al2O3, 5% TiO2 and 65% SiO2. Then, the raw materials were mixed and placed in a crucible. The crucible was placed in a pre-heated furnace with temperature of 1200C and then the melted glass was poured into a mold and was cooled. The cooled glass was placed in a furnace of 550C then the temperature was increased to 600C and the to 900C and another was placed in a temperature of 1000C. The final product was tested for chemical durability, microhardness and porosity and the density was determined. Samples of glass and glass and glass-ceramic have undergone X-ray diffraction and the softening point of the glass-ceramic was obtained to know the practical applications of the product. The crystalline structure of the glass-ceramic produced was confirmed to be a -eucryptite or LiAlSiO4 with some impurities like lithium-metasilicate and aluminum-tritarate, but they were assured as only minimal. Results to the microhardness test showed a significant difference between the glass-ceramic a 900C and 1000C and no difference between the glass and the glass-ceramic at 1000C. The chemical durability test showed unfavorable results in acid but better in a basic solution compared to the glass which reacted with the base. The softening point was found to be at 840C. #54

Development of Philippine Science High School Researches on Paper Maria Celeste Arenas UY

ABSTRACT This research paper essentially took ten years in the making. Researches from way back 1986 to 1995 have been included in this paper. That span of time will cover my review article and it will be written, compiled and summarized the March of 1986. Ten years And here is the development of researches on paper through time The purpose of the researchers was to find an alternative way in the production of paper. The topics of the researchers included the utilization of the non-standard raw materials in the production of paper using alternative sources for pulp; finding additives for paper production, alternative pulping agent; producing a substitute for packaging material. The raw materials used were coconut coir, talahib or Saccharum spontaneum, patola or Luffa acutangula, umbrella plant or Cyperus flabelliformis, bagasse, acetic acid, dried leaves, waste paper with okra mucilage and miso. The methodology used were Kraft pulping, fine pulping and pulp bleaching, slurry-making, cooking, washing and paper molding, bagasse delignification, grinding and beating, and chemical treatments, depending on which experimental set-ups the group opted to do in their research work.