Abstract 1

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR ENERGY METER READING SEMINAR REPORT

MBC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY PEERMADE IDUKKI

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Page 1





ABSTRACT

Energy meter reading is a tedious and an expensive affair. The meter reader has to go and

take the reading manually to issue the bill, which will later be entered in the software to

automate the billing and payment system. It would have reduced the laborious task and

financial wastage if can automate the manual meter reading process and bill data entry

process. This paper proposes a new network communication system for energy meter reading

by integrating communication technology and software system along with the existing

meters. A wireless or wired communication system will be integrated with electronic energy

meter to have remote access over the usage of electricity. Even though they are two different

modules, energy meter deliver the reading details as on when it demands by the

communication system. The communication system is further connected with electricity

regional/sub-regional office, which will rather act as a base station. Instead of creating a

separate communication system and backbone, any of the secure existing communication

service infrastructures may also be utilized to avoid any initial investments. The

communication channel is identified by the consumer’s number and it is secured by any

cryptographic standards. Base office can verify the energy meters performance by checking

the day to day consumption of energy. This will also help to avoid any tampering or break

down of energy meter.




INTODUCTION

Even after closing all the doors of thefting and tampering of the electricity by taking

number of measures such as introduction of electronic meters, the cost of electricity is still

rising. This is due to the lack of professionalism in handling the distribution and measuring

system and generous administrative expenses. Present energy meter reading is a tedious and

an expensive affair as a number of meter readers has to go and take the reading manually

(from the consumer’s house) to issue the bill, which will later be entered in the software to

automate the billing and payment system. Moreover the chance of tampering the reading

details and not reporting the theft attempts are very common. Another major disadvantage with

the existing system is that if one electronic energy meter breaks down, the office will come to

know only after two or even more months depending on the liability of the person who is

going to take the reading of consumer, to repair or replace the damaged meter. This paper

proposes a network communication system for energy meter reading by integrating

communication technology and software system with the existing meters, which is expected

to reduce both electricity measuring and administrative expenses drastically. Wired or

wireless communication system will be integrated with Electronic Energy Meter (EEM) to

measure the usage of electricity remotely even from the office. Even though they are two

different modules, energy meter delivers the reading details as on when demanded by the

communication system. The communication system is further connected with electricity

regional/sub-regional office, which will rather act as a base station to measure the supply of

electricity even without the intervention of meter reader. Instead of creating a separate

communication system and backbone, any of the secure existing communication service

infrastructures may also be utilized to reduce any overhead expense that comes in installing

the proposed system. The communication channel is identified by the consumer’s number

and it is secured by any encryption standards. At any time base office can verify the energy

meters performance by checking the day to day consumption of energy so as to avoid any

tampering or break down of energy meter.




HISTORY AND ART OF ENERGY METERS

ELECTRO MECHANICAL TYPE ENRGY METER

An energy meter is a device used to measure the amount of energy supplied to a particular load. Most commonly energy is measured in Kilowatt Hours (KWH). The present energy billing system in India uses both electromechanical energy meters and digital energy meters. Electromechanical energy meter the most traditional and widely used energy meter is the electromechanical energy meter. This energy meter works on the principle of electro-mechanical induction explained further below. Figure 1 shows an electromechanical meter.

Fig.1 Electromechanical Energy Meter

The construction of an electromechanical energy meter consists of three electrical circuits,

magnetically coupled, two of them fixed and one rotating around the mechanical axis of the

system. The two fixed circuits are the voltage and the current coils. The third circuit is the

Aluminium rotating disk which is mounted on a rigid axis. When the aluminum disk rotates,




the disk axis will transmit the disk rotation to a mechanical counter which provides the

energy display.

DIGITAL ENERGY METER

Another way to measure electricity is with a digital energy meter. Figure 2 shows a block

diagram of digital energy meter. In Figure 2 the alternating current (AC) is supplied through

the current transformer (CT) and the potential transformer (PT) so that any sudden changes in

the voltage and currents will not affect the energy meter. These transformers also step down

the voltage and the current to circuit levels. The output of the CT and PT is supplied to

Energy Meter IC which generates the pulses according to the energy supplied to it. The pulse

output of the Energy Meter IC is supplied to the microcontrollers counter pin so that the

microcontroller can count the number of pulses and calculate the energy supplied to the

consumer. Software burned on to the microcontroller performs the usage calculations (Loss,

1998). The LCD display is used to display the number of units consumed by the consumer.

The digital energy meter has solved many of the problems with Electro-Mechanical Energy

Meter. The major disadvantage of the digital energy meter is that it does not address the

billing which is a labour consuming process.




Fig. 2 Digital Energy Meter

PROPOSED SYSTEM

Proposed system is illustrated in the Figure 3, which has three main modules, Consumer’s

Automatic Electronic Energy Meter (AEEM), Communication System, and a Base Station.

Before elaborating further on the proposed protocol, the notations used in this model are

defined below. AEEM are used to measure

the supply or usage of the electricity. The

EEM is embedded with Automatic

Commication Device (ACD), which can be

relying on both wired and/or wireless

technology. Since AEEM is a

combination of two independent modules,



Fig. 3 Proposed Communication System


breakdown of one will not affect the working of other. If the energy meter breaks down, no

signal will be received by ACD, and this error will be reported to the base station; and if

ACD breaks down, no signal will be received by the base station, and their software will

report for urgent repair. AEEM is identified by its unique consumer’s number. At a time

ACD will be in any one of the active/idle/sleep mode. ACD is empowered with a Lithium

battery to have an uninterrupted service and for a specific time (say 10:00 AM to 04:00 PM)

to increase the life time of the device. During the idle mode almost 70% of the components

will be in working mode. After the stipulated time, the device will go to sleep mode where

almost 90% of the components are not in the working state. Figure 4 shows the state diagram

of AEEM. Even during the sleep mode if any emergency request comes, it will move to

active state to deliver the request. If any attempt is made to tamper the AEEM, the device will

move to active mode to send an emergency message to base office and it will make alarm till

it freezes with authorized message from base station or when physically destroyed. In both

conditions base station’s intervention is required to reconnect the same and Tampere’s is

going to have nice punishments. Base station is the place where all the AEEM are controlled

with the help of software; this paper calls it as Energy Meter Controller (EMC). Every day

EMC will take the reading with the help of AEEM and store the information in their

database. Monthly or bimonthly bill will be generated automatically as the parameters are set.

Entire or part of operating system or software or parameters can set/reset/reinstalled from the

EMC room itself. The authorized persons can take the list of repair list and tamper black list,

so as to take necessary actions to avoid any further loss or theft of electricity. If standing

instructions, credit/debit card or any prepaid scheme is integrated with EMC, queue in front

of bill payment section can also be avoided. Typical transmission system is shown in Figure

(4). Communication systems are the backbone used by the base station and AEEM to send

and receive messages/requests. Backbone such as any of wired (optical/cable) or wireless

(GSM/CDMA/other 3G protocols) or both can be used. CID: Consumer’s Identification is a

unique number to identify the AEEM. All the communication and other messages are

identified by using this identification number .KB: Private of the base station. Consumers and

Base station has got a private key generated by trusted authorities of base station. The private

key of the consumer will be embedded in the AEEM as on when it is installed in a

reprogrammable manner. That is consumer cannot separate or squeeze out the private key

from their device. But AEEMs will be able use this private key for any secure transaction.

CertKB(CID): The digital certificate issued by base station to the consumer based on CID




and base station’s private key. ESB(R): The report R is encrypted using private key of B, SB

ACK: Acknowledgement is sent while receiving the message/report. When it comes to the

communication to control or manage the proposed system, mainly four situations arises

which needs special attention.

(1) Daily Report: This is a report regarding the usage of electricity by a consumer. If

no responds from the AEEM, EMC will come to a conclusion that the ACD is not

functioning properly and it requires urgent attention. Figure 6(A) shows the transaction

details for generating daily report. Upon receiving the request for daily report, AEEM will

send an encrypted message, ESB(R), and a digital certificate issued by base station, B, when

parameters are set in ACP. If B is able to decrypt the report successfully, then ACK will send.

(2) Tampering: when anyone tries to

intrude, by breaking the hardware or

software of AEEM, a tempering

message will be send by encrypting

using the AEEM’s private key, along

with their digital signature. Figure

6(B) shows the transaction details. If

B is able to decrypt successfully,

corresponding CID will be reported and

placed in the black list and ACK will be

send.

(3) Change of Parameters:

Specifically predefined parameters in the AEEM can be changed (set or reset) by EMC, for

the updation and smooth running of AEEM. Encryption techniques are used to ensure the

security of the communication.

(4) In the AEEM, three kinds of softwares are used.

(a) System Initialization of Software (SIS), which is the basic system level software that will

run all the time (even during the sleep mode) requires very less resources (say 50%), which

cannot be reinstalled from the EMC (b) Operating system (OS) in the AEEM in designed to

run with the available restricted resources and can be reinstalled from EMC with the help of

SIS. (c) Control Software (CS) can be installed or uninstalled with the help of OS, which

actually encrypts/decrypts or sending/ receiving the reports from EEM and so on. EMC can



Fig.5 Typical Transmission system

Fig.6Comm. b/w AEEM & EMC


set / reset the parameters in the CS. Figure (5) shows the communication between AEEM,

AECP, and EMC.

Fig. 7 Comm. b/w AEEM, AECP & EMC

HOW SMART METRERS WORK

Fig.8 Working of smart meter

As soon as a customer's traditional meter is removed and replaced with a smart meter, the

newly installed smart meter begins recording electricity consumption data in hourly intervals.

What makes these meters "smart" is that they can be remotely programmed to report data in




time-of-use blocks as well as the more traditional total kilowatt-hour register read. Upon

installation, the smart meter also begins communicating with collectors and other smart

meters via its internal 900 MHz radio, which is capable of sending and receiving messages.

The 900 MHz radio signal is the same technology used in other wireless products in your

home such as cordless phones and wireless internet devices. Each group of meters and their

collector communicate via a Local Area Network (LAN). Smart meters perform two tasks;

they measure the customer's electricity usage and act as repeaters for neighboring meters. In

this way, each meter doesn't have to talk directly to the collector. Instead, meters in between

the most distant meters relay the messages. This relaying of messaging between meters is

known as "hopping." In our system, the data may hop up to eight times from meter to meter

to communicate with a collector. Hopping allows the LAN to maximize communication

distances.

Collectors

The collector, installed in a PVC box and mounted on one of our hydro poles, receives

consumption data wirelessly from approximately 500 surrounding smart meters. This

consumption data is transferred from the collector to the Advanced Metering Central

Computer (AMCC) by another wireless communication medium called a Wide Area Network

(WAN). Although the WAN serves a similar purpose to the LAN, it is able to transfer data

further

Advanced Metering Central Computer (AMCC)

Horizon Utilities' smart meter read schedules are maintained by our AMCC, located in the

Customer Connections Department at our John Street of office. The AMCC sends daily

messages to the collector units to communicate all of the reads for its meters via the WAN.

The system reads all residential meters each night, and obtains a demand read for commercial

customers once per month. The WAN gathers data from all of our collectors, which are

strategically located throughout the city. WAN options that we researched as part of our

Smart Meter Pilot Project included: cable networks, wireless modems, Wi-Fi and bre optics.




After carefully assessing and testing each option, we decided to use wireless modems as our

WAN technology.

Provincial Meter Data Management/Repository

The provincial MDM/R system is currently being established. The MDM/R project is being

coordinated and managed by the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO). As

dictated by the timing of the billing schedule, or upon request by Horizon Utilities, the

MDM/R system will send bill-ready files to us for processing and billing through our CIS.

Billing

To ensure the accuracy of customer data, every Horizon meter will be assigned a unique

Service Delivery Point Identification (SDPID) number to identify itself to the MDM/R

system. Using these numbers, the CIS will validate that metering and customer information is

consistent between our AMCC and the provincial MDM/R system. Once time-of-use rates

come into effect, Horizon Utilities will use the data collected by the smart meter to bill

customers according to when they use electricity.




Fig.9 General Schematic diagram




The Smart Meter goes beyond the basics

of monitoring, allowing us to offer you a

variety of new and future benefits to

better serve you. There’s no additional

charge or fee associated with resetting

your new Smart Meter. In fact, you don’t

have to be at home. If you’re at home, you

may notice a brief interruption of power,

which shouldn’t last more than a few

minutes. We’ll notify you by mail in

advance and leave a note on your door once your meter is reset. You can rely on us to

continue delivering you reliable power at the flip of a switch, read your bills accurately and

deliver your bills on time.



Fig.10 General Schematic diagram


Fig.11 Energy meter close external view




TOTAL SYSTEM

Total system consist of two sides

Consumer side

Authority side

CONSUMER SIDE UNIT

The consumer side unit consists of the energy meter, the prepaid card and the wireless

transceiver set. The meter measures and displays the instantaneous load. The prepaid card

contains the number of units that the consumer can consume before recharging, and the

wireless set communicates between the meter unit and the authority side unit.

Fig.12 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CONSUMER SIDE

Consumer side consist of

Microcontroller .AT89s52

EEPROM Chip .AT24C04

RS232 driver . MAX232

Relay driver . ULN2003 . 7 channel Darlington pair

RF module . MICRF620 . 433 MHZ transceiver

Relay . 200 ohms,230 volts - 7 Amps

LCD Display . 2x 16 characters

LED Display.

Energy meter IC




Microcontroller

In the present project the microcontroller is used to count the pulses coming from the energy

meter IC, to receive and transmit data over the serial port, to process the received data, to

write the data onto the EEPROM chip, to display the consumed units on to the LCD screen

and to turn on or turn off the supply to the load depending on the units in the EEPROM Chip.

Counting of the pulses is done by the timer/counter unit; reception and transmission of data is

done using the UART (serial Port).

The key features of AT89s52 microcontroller are:

8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Three 16-bit Timer/Counters,

Eight Interrupt Sources and Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

EEPROM (AT24C04)The AT24C04 provides 4096 bits of serial electrically erasable and programmable read-only

memory (EEPROM) organized as 512words of 8 bits each. The key feature of model

AT24C04 for this project is that it is accessed via a two-wire serial interface.

Energy Meter IC

Energy Meter IC which generates the pulses according to the energy supplied to it. The pulse

output of the Energy Meter IC is supplied to the microcontroller’s counter pin so that the

microcontroller can count the number of pulses and calculate the energy supplied to the

consumer.




AUTHORITY SIDE UNIT

The Authority Side unit contains minimum hardware. It just consists of an RF transceiver

connected to the serial port of a computer which is programmed to do the recharging and

database maintenance of each consumer and load. The circuit diagram of the authority side

unit is shown below.

Fig.13 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AUTHORITY SIDE

The radio frequency (RF) transceiver connected to a computer at the authority side will

receive the data and transmit to a computer. This computer is programmed to process the

stored data and recharge the required meter using a wireless communication (transceiver). In

the first case the transceiver acts as receiver and in the second case it acts as a transmitter.

Database for all the accounts is maintained which is used to study the usage pattern of each

consumer and feeder. This would help in calculating the average power usage, load shedding,

and estimate line losses




COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Communication system is used to connect the energy meter and the base/control station.

There are several communication methods like Communication using RF transceivers,

GSM. For this communication we have to follow wireless protocol to avoid collision and

confusion

WIRELESS PROTOCOL

To avoid data collision and confusion, an appropriate protocol has been designed. A protocol

transmission consists of four blocks: start and stop bytes, meter identification number,

command and the actual data. To start the communication a start byte is sent. The start byte is

“*” Following the start byte, the meter identification number is sent. The meter identification

number consists of five blocks. They are the master id, feeder id, zone id, transformer id

and the meter id. Every substation in the city is given a three digit number from 000-999

called master id. This master id can be any number of digits depending on the number of

substations present in the city. Every feeder in the substation is given a number from 0-9

called feeder id, assuming that the maximum number of feeders in the substation is nine. The

region supplied by each feeder is divided into zones and each zone is given a single digit

number from 0-9 called zone id. Assume that the maximum number of zones supplied by

each feeder is nine. The secondary distribution transformers in each zone are given two digit

numbers from 00- 99 called transformer id. Assume that the maximum number of

transformers in each zone is 99. The energy meter installed at the customer premises are

given a four digit numbers from 0000-9999 called meter id. The number of digits in the




meter id will depend on the population density of the city. All of these (master id, feeder id,

zone id, transformer id, and the meter id) together is called the meter identification number.

The next byte is the command byte, which might be used to recharge units, request data or

reply to data requests, or provide a signal to cut-off supply to load when required. The actual

data comes next, followed by a stop byte. The stop byte character is “$”. The start and stop

bytes are chosen such that they will not appear in the actual data. The protocol is shown in

Table 1.

Start of protocol: “*”

Stop of protocol: “$”

Table 1. Wireless protocol to transmit the data

For example for the meter identification number 55526699876 the master id is 555, feeder id

is 2, zone id is 6, transformer id is 69 and the meter id is 9876.

The command signal may be R or D or C where

R represents recharge/reply for recharge

D represents request/reply for request of data

C represents signal to cut-off supply to load




RF TRANSCEIVERS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

As there are many RF transceivers available in the market so there no need to design a RF

transceiver circuit. Since a two way communication is necessary between the meter and the

authority station, a transceiver (combination of transmitter and a receiver) at both ends. For

this design, a MICREL transceiver was chosen which works at 433 MHz uses ‘Frequency

shift keying’ modulation and rate 9600 bps. To implement wireless communication between

every meter and the authority unit requires a RF transceiver for each meter. But allocating a

separate frequency for every transceiver is not efficient (Hickman, 2007), so an economical

method has been designed for communication. Instead, every meter has an RF transceiver

operating at the same frequency. Thus, when any data is transmitted, every other device could

receive that data, so there might be a data collision. To remove this problem, the meter unit

should decide whether that data just received is for that meter or not. Hence, each meter is

given an identification number which is ‘X’ bytes in length. The number of bytes can be

chosen depending on the density of the city or state etc.




Fig.14 RF Communication System

GSM COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Fig. 15 GSM communication system

GSM MODEM SPECIFICATION

Dual Band or Triband GSM GPRS modem (EGSM 900/1800MHz) / (EGSM

900/1800 / 1900 MHz )




Designed for GPRS, data, fax, SMS and voice

applications

Fully compliant with ETSI GSM Phase 2+

specifications (Normal MS)

Interfaces

RS-232 through D-TYPE 9 pin connector Power supply through Molex 4 pin connector SMA antenna connector Toggle spring SIM holder Red LED Power on Green LED status of GSM / GPRS module

Utilizing an existing cellular network for data transportation requires no additional equipment

or software, resulting in a significant savings in both time and capital. Cellular technology

utilizes an encryption technique to prevent an outside source from receiving the transmitted

data. The cellular network provides full two-way communications, allowing scheduled reads,

demand reads, alarm and event reporting, power outage reporting and power restoration

reporting.

BILL & PRICING



Fig.16 GSM Modem


Fig. 17 Bill

Instead of charging a flat rate for energy consumption, dynamic pricing enable smart meters

to take into account when the energy is being used as well as how much. The price then

varies depending on the demand for energy at the time, with peak levels of demand

increasing the price of energy. The pricing structure is used by the energy companies as an

incentive for consumers to use less energy when the price (and the demand) is high, deferring

their usage to times when it is cheaper. Simple Time-Of-Use (TOU) schemes achieve this by

creating a simple demand-based price band structure - classifying periods of the day as off-

peak, mid-peak and on-peak for example. The times of day which these bands occur on are

fixed, so that consumers know the cost of using energy at any given time and can choose to

alter their behaviour accordingly.Real-Time Pricing (RTP) offers another step forward in

smart meter dynamic pricing, with prices altering on a systematic scheduled basis (e.g.

hourly). The smart meter receives the price from the energy company and displays it to the

consumer, who can moderate their behaviour accordingly.




ADVANTAGE OF SMART METER

Reduced Chance of Meter Tampering: The project uses electronic energy meters with

built in tamper detection facility which eliminates any chance of mechanical

tampering

Reduced Meter Reading Costs: Since the burden of travelling to read and recharge the

energy meters is eliminated by using wireless media, the costs are significantly

reduced.

Better Energy Usage: Since the energy billing is pre paid, the consumers will now use

electricity in a better planned manner thereby reducing wastage.

Fast Resolution of Account Queries: As there can be no meter reading transcription

errors, customer complaints will be lower. Online resolution of account queries is

available to resolve customer complaints.

Improved Customer Care Facilities: The customer can get full details of his energy

consumption as a database for every customer is being maintained.

Adaptable to Change in Power Tariff: The energy meter will be processes only units

and not rupees (money). Thus when there is a change in power tariff there is no need

to change the meter code. The operator at the substation will calculate the number of

units based on the existing tariff and recharge the meters in terms of KWh.

Better Energy Management: Since the load pattern of a particular area and customers

is available through the database, it facilitates load shedding in case of energy

shortfall. The system will enable easy energy audits.

Reduction in Power Theft: Because of the real time theft detection system power

thefts can be drastically reduced or removed.

No Problem of Data Collision: Although all meters work at same wireless frequency

data collisions between different meters will not occur due to an efficient protocol

used for data transmission on wireless media.

In this design many meters function on the same frequency so that, all power

information can be collected at a centralized single point. Using the same transmitter

allows the line voltage, line current and other measurements at various points to be

monitored by the centralized station. This data can be used in load shedding and fault

analysis. The fault location can be easily found out using this type of arrangement and

fault clearance time can be drastically reduced, thereby increasing system reliability.




By implementing this kind of remote monitoring system for collecting energy usage

information through the air, transmission losses can be identified at the same time so

that exactly where the loss is occurring can be identified. The other important

advantage of using this system is that a tampered energy meter can be quickly

detected, and power pilferage can be minimized.

Power theft detection Tapping into the power line upstream of the power meter to

supply power to a premises or devices is power theft. It is estimated that

approximately 9% to 18% of the power being generated in the India is stolen

(Wadhwa, 2002). In other countries the amount may be significantly higher being

estimated to be approximately 3% in the United States, 10% in Europe and up to 30%

elsewhere (Brian 2008).Other than the loss of revenue to the distribution unit. Power

theft also has adverse effects on consumers and society. One effect to consumers is

the increase in the fees paid by consumers who pay for power; consumer may be

billed for power based upon the amount of power consumed. The cost of producing

and delivering power is passed on to the consumer and determines, in part, the rates

charged for power. As a result, the paying consumer ends up subsidizing the power

thief by paying the thief’s share of the power costs. A less apparent effect is that a

thief receiving some power for free is not billed accurately for all of their power

consumption. This project gives a basic idea for theft detection. Every transformer can

be equipped with a meter that sends the meter readings to the authority end. By

comparing the number of outgoing units and the units consumed by the customers at

that particular area, a report can be generated. If there are any mismatches that is, the

sum of the units consumed are less than the outgoing units there is a power theft at

that location. This way theft can be detected and preventive measures can be taken to

avoid the same.

DISADVANTAGE

The present energy billing system provides employment for nearly 8- 10 people in

every distribution station for jobs like billing, processing etc.

The presently installed energy meters should be either modified or replaced with the

new meter, which consumes time, labor and money.

The prepaid system will leave the customer without power, if he could not recharge

his meter in time due to some unavoidable reason.




The prepaid system will provide power only to those who can afford to prepay.

APPLICATIONS

The Prepaid Energy Meter designed in this paper could find application in every state

distribution company for energy billing apart from intelligent load shedding and theft

detection. It can also be extended for metering and monitoring other utility commodities,

such as Internet access, prepaid drinking water, etc.

FUTURE SCOPE

The wireless recharge method used here can be replaced with the GSM Modems and

can be extended to make the energy billing system more wide spread and make it one

system for the entire state.

The mode of payment by the consumers can be extended to credit cards, internet

based payments, ATM Canters etc. This makes the recharging system simpler and

eliminating the need for customers to go to the recharge centres allowing the user any

time recharge.

Instead of recharging the chip, the readily available recharge cards (smart cards) used

in cell phones can be introduced which will enable easier recharging of meters. These

cards can be made available at all super markets, grocery shops etc.




CONCLUSION

This paper proposed a theoretical model of an efficient and secure Network Communication

System for Energy Meter Reading problems. Since all the doors are closed to avoid any

possible tampering, present lose of electricity problem will considerably reduced. More over

the overhead expense for meter reading will be almost nil, when the Automatic Electronic

Energy Meter is introduced. The encrypted secure communication will restrict the theft and

tampering of energy meter. The security of this system lies on the security and robustness of

the encryption standard and different homomorphism, permutation and combination functions

used in encryption algorithm, which can further be modified and developed to improve the

efficiency of the protocol.




REFERENCES

BOOKS:

ELCTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION BY A K

SHAWNY

JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCES IN

RECENT TECHNOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTING

WIRELESS PREPAID ENERGY METER FOR INDIA BY SUMAN

REDDY SADDI

WEBSITES:

ELECTRICITY METER, WIKIPEDIA ENCYCLOPEDIA,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_meter

CBC NEWS ONLINE

WATT-HOUR METERMAINTENANCE AND TESTING,

FACILITIES INSTRUCTIONS, STANDARDS, AND

TECHNIQUES, Volume 3-10, 2000,

http://www.usbr.gov/power/data/fist/fist3_10/vol3-10.pdf



http://www.usbr.gov/power/data/fist/fist3_10/vol3-10.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_meter

Abstract 1

Documents

present energy meter

electronic energy meter

manual meter

anelectromechanical

damaged meter

abstractenergy meter

wireless communication

present energy billing