DESIGN BY RJPDESIGN.CO.UK Plantlife Cymru Uned 14, Llys Castan Ffordd Y Parc Parc Menai Bangor Gwynedd LL57 4FD Tel/ffôn: 01248 670691 E-mail/e-bostiwch: [email protected]www.plantlife.org.uk Speaking up for the nation’s wild plants Plantlife International - The Wild Plant Conservation Charity is a charitable company limited by guarantee. Registered in England and Wales, Charity Number: 1059559 Registered in Scotland, Charity Number: SC038951 Registered Company Number: 3166339. Registered in England and Wales ISBN 978-1-907141-52-2 A Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales Rhestr Data Coch Bryoffytauar gyfer Cymru Rhestr Data Coch Bryoffytauar gyfer Cymru Sam Bosanquet Countryside Council for Wales & British Bryological Society Trevor Dines Plantlife Cymru A Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales WELSH Bryophte RED DATA 2010 4pp cover_Layout 1 13/01/2012 15:02 Page 1
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Plantlife International - The Wild Plant Conservation Charity is a charitable company limited by guarantee.Registered in England and Wales, Charity Number: 1059559
Registered in Scotland, Charity Number: SC038951Registered Company Number: 3166339. Registered in England and Wales
ISBN 978-1-907141-52-2
A Bryophyte Red Data List for W
alesRhestr D
ata Coch Bryoffytauar gyfer Cymru
Rhestr Data CochBryoffytauar gyferCymru
Sam Bosanquet Countryside Council for Wales &British Bryological SocietyTrevor DinesPlantlife Cymru
ABryophyteRed Data List
for
Wales
WELSH Bryophte RED DATA 2010 4pp cover_Layout 1 13/01/2012 15:02 Page 1
SummaryThis report assesses the threats to those Welsh plants that belong to threegroups: mosses, liverworts and hornworts, collectively known as bryophytes.Despite their relatively small size, these plants play a critical role in Welshecosystems – especially water regulation and nutrient cycling – as well asimparting the ‘mossy’ appearance so characteristic of the Welsh uplands,woodlands and wetlands.
Wales supports, or has supported, almost three quarters of the 1110 British bryophytespecies, but many of our 811 species are under threat of extinction. Habitat loss anddegradation are still the most significant threats, enhanced by exceptionally highnutrient levels in the general environment and ongoing climate change. Already, 26mosses and liverworts (3%) are believed to have been lost from Wales in the last 150years, many of them from Snowdonia. Another 173 have shown such significantdeclines, and/or have such restricted ranges that they are threatened with extinction –18 (2%) are Critically Endangered, 64 (8%) are Endangered, 64 (8%) are Vulnerable, 12(1%) are Near Threatened, and 15 (2%) are thought to be threatened but lacksufficient information for a full assessment.
Thus, 34% of the Welsh bryophyte flora requires action to safeguard it for the future,or to understand its true status. This figure is the same as that for Great Britain as awhole, but is made up of a different selection of species reflecting regional priorities.It is hoped that identifying mosses and liverworts that are specifically threatened inWales will help with prioritising future conservation actions and will highlight thoseplants that most urgently need protection.
CrynodebMae’r adroddiad hwn yn asesu’r bygythiadau sy’n wynebu’r planhigion Cymreigsy’n perthyn i dri grŵp; Mwsoglau, Llysiau Afu a Chyrnddail. Gyda’i gilydd,adwaenir y grwpiau hyn fel Bryoffytau. Er eu bod yn blanhigion cymharol fychanmaen nhw’n rhan allweddol o ecosystemau Cymru – yn enwedig o ran rheoleiddiodŵr a chylchu maetholion. Maen nhw hefyd yn creu’r naws ‘fwsoglaidd’ sydd mornodweddiadol o ucheldiroedd, coedwigoedd a gwlyptiroedd Cymru.
Mae Cymru yn cynnal, neu wedi cynnal, bron i dri chwarter o’r 1110 o rywogaethgau ofryoffytau sydd i’w cael ledled Prydain. Ond mae nifer fawr o’r 811 rhywogaeth syddgennym yma yng Nghymru yn wynebu difodiant. Diflaniad a dirywiad cynefinoeddyw’r prif fygythiadau o hyd, ac mae’r lefelau uchel iawn o faetholion yn yramgylchedd cyffredinol a hefyd newidiadau yn yr hinsawdd yn cyfrannu at yreffeithiau niweidiol hyn. Eisoes tybir bod 26 o fwsoglau a llysiau afu (3%) wedidiflannu o Gymru yn ystod y 150 mlynedd ddiwethaf – nifer ohonynt o Eryri. Maepoblogaethau 173 o rywogaethau eraill wedi dirywio i’r fath raddau ac/neu wedicrebachu o ran dosbarthiad fel eu bod yn syrthio i gategorïau bygythiadau yr IUCN –mae 18 (2%) mewn Perygl Enbyd; mae 64 (8%) mewn Perygl ; mae 64 (8%) yn Fregus;ac mae 12 (1%) yn agos at fod dan Fygythiad – tra bod prinder gwybodaeth yn golygunad oes modd priodoli categori bygythiad i 15 (2%) ohonynt.
Felly mae angen gweithredu mewn perthynas â 34% o fflora bryoffytau Cymru ermwyn sicrhau dyfodol i’r elfen bwysig hon o’n hamgylchedd naturiol neu i ddeall eistatws gwirioneddol. Mae’r ffigur hwn yr un peth ar gyfer Prydain gyfan ond maeangen rhoi sylw i wahanol rywogaethau mewn gwahanol rannau o Brydain, yn ôlblaenoriaethau rhanbarthol. Gobeithir y bydd y gwaith o adnabod mwsoglau a llysiauafu sydd dan fygythiad yng Nghymru yn helpu blaenoriaethu gweithgareddcadwraethol yn y dyfodol ac yn helpu adnabod y planhigion hynny sydd angen sylwbrys os am eu gwarchod.
Featured speciesThese two species have been selected to illustrate the value of producing a Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales.
Green Blackwort (Southbya tophacea)Vulnerable in Great Britain but Least Concern in Wales
This leafy liverwort is characteristic of Mediterranean Europe, and is veryclose to the northern edge of its global range on Anglesey. It is restricted tolime-rich ground where there is an almost constant seepage of water. The Anglesey colony is in a dune slack, and there are three further coloniesin south Wales on limestone cliff slopes: two in Pembrokeshire and one inthe Vale of Glamorgan.
The decline in England that led to the Red List status at the British levelhas not been apparent in Wales, although invasion with non-nativeCotoneaster threatens one Pembrokeshire site and a colony in Flintshirehas not been surveyed for a number of years.
Drooping-leaved Beard-moss (Paraleptodontium recurvifolium)Least Concern in Great Britain but Endangered in Wales
Drooping-leaved Beard-moss is a beautiful yellow-green species with long,tapering, toothed leaves that all curve downwards, and a tongue-twistingscientific name.
It grew in small quantity in at least 8 sites in north Wales, in areas with highhumidity, seeping water and slightly limey rock. Many of the sites have beenrevisited regularly in recent years, and Paraleptodontium could not be found:only two sites in Snowdonia have recent (post-1980) records.
At least three of the ravines where Drooping-leaved Beard-moss was recordedin the past have been considered for hydro-electric power generation,although no HEP schemes have been installed on these ravines yet. HEP isbelieved to be a significant threat, potentially causing reduced spray andhumidity around Paraleptodontium colonies. The ability of this species tocope with environmental change is uncertain, but its extremely restrictedrange and tendency to occur in small quantity on any site where it growssuggest that it is unlikely to be particularly flexible.
WELSH Bryophte RED DATA 2010 4pp cover_Layout 1 13/01/2012 15:02 Page 2
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A Bryophyte Red Data List
for Wales
Rhestr Data Coch Bryoffytau ar gyfer
Cymru
Sam Bosanquet Countryside Council for Wales & BritishBryological Society
Trevor Dines Plantlife Cymru
Cite as: Bosanquet, S. and Dines, T. (2011), A Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales, Plantlife, Salisbury.
A Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales
22
Rhestr Data Coch Bryoffytau ar gyfer Cymru
33
A Bryophyte Red Data List
for WalesFollowing the publication of A Vascular Plant Red Data Listfor Wales (Dines, 2008), Plant Link Cymru is promoting theproduction of similar Red Data Lists for other groups ofplants in Wales where possible, especially where this willimprove our knowledge of the threats facing these speciesand the availability of data.
This report is the first to assign threat categories to Welshmosses, liverworts and hornworts (bryophytes), and the first touse IUCN categories at a regional scale for this taxon group inGreat Britain. Wales has a particularly rich bryophyte flora, with agreater proportion of Britain’s species occurring within itsborders than is the case for vascular plants, and a far greaternumber reaching the limits of their range within the country.Some bryophytes have been found to be more threatened inWales than in Britain as a whole, whilst others appear to beholding their own more effectively in Wales than in England orScotland. Wales has a responsibility to protect and conserve all ofthese threatened species, and the list of bryophytes that appearon the next revision of Section 42 of the Natural Environmentaland Rural Communities Act (NERC) 2006 (Habitats and species of principal importance in Wales) should be informed by thefindings of this study.
This report has been produced by Plantlife Cymru with thesupport of the Countryside Council for Wales and the BritishBryological Society.
5 Application of IUCN criteria 115.1 IUCN categories at the regional level 115.2 Treating Wales as a region 125.3 IUCN categories in Wales 135.4 Limitations of the analysis 14
6 Explanation of the Wales Red Data List 156.1 Species information 156.2 National responsibility and edge of range 156.3 Wales Red Data List categories, criteria and justification 16
7 Analysis 177.1 Comparison of Welsh and British Red Data Lists 177.2 Taxa extinct in Wales 197.3 Taxa “doing better” in Wales 207.4 Taxa “doing worse” in Wales 217.5 Taxa reaching the edge of their range in Wales 237.6 Species for which Wales has a particular responsibility 26
8 Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales 28
9 Excluded taxa 49
10 Acknowledgements 50
11 References 51
A Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales
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1. IntroductionWales supports almost three quarters of all British bryophyte species with 811 of the 1110listed in the latest Census Catalogue (Hill et al., 2008), or 73% – a remarkably highproportion compared with the 54% of British vascular plants found in Wales. Bryophytesrange from the lowland mosses of the Wye Valley woodlands and Gower coast to montanespecies of Snowdonia’s cliffs, and from the tiny liverworts of raised bogs in west Wales, tothe drought-tolerant rarities of Stanner Rocks in Radnorshire. This flora has been studiedfor more than 150 years and documented in a series of papers and books (e.g. Smith,2004; Hill, 1988; Bosanquet et al., 2005; Woods, 2006).
Habitat loss and environmental changes have put much of our biodiversity under threat,and bryophytes are no exception. Some of our rarest species are found in arable fields,exposed to constantly changing farming practices, whilst others are at the southern edgeof their British range in the mountains of Snowdonia and are vulnerable to climatechange. Yet mosses and liverworts are generally overshadowed by their larger and moreglamorous flowering relatives, or by flagship species like birds and butterflies. It is Wales’responsibility to protect not just our most obvious species, but also the more subtlerarities. With such a large proportion of British bryophytes found in Wales, we also have aspecial responsibility to care for them.
The Vascular Plant Red Data List for Wales (Dines, 2008) applied IUCN criteria (version 3.1)to Welsh vascular plants in order to identify Wales’ most threatened species. This studyapplies the same criteria to our bryophytes. By using these scientifically robust criteria,modified where necessary to take into account differences in levels of recording, we canselect a list of priority species that are threatened with extinction at a regional level. Manyof these are at the southern or northern limit of their British range in Wales, so loss fromWales would mean a significant reduction in British range. Already, some 26 bryophytesare thought to have been lost from Wales since the early 20th century, more than half ofwhich are northern species that previously had their southern British limit in Wales.
This report has been produced by Plantlife Cymru and the Countryside Council for Waleswith assistance from several Welsh bryologists and from the Biological Records Centre,Wallingford.
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2. Implementation of this Red Data ListOne aim of this report is to assess the risk of extinction facing bryophytes in Wales sothat the current conservation priority list - Section 42 of the Natural Environmental andRural Communities Act (NERC) 2006, Habitats and species of principal importance inWales – which was based on 2005 British threat levels (Hodgetts, unpublished, onwww.jncc.gov.uk, updating Church et al., 2001), can be modified to take into accountspecies that are threatened in Wales. However, Wales is a political, not biogeographic, areaand this list should not be used in isolation without reference to Hodgetts’ revised BritishBryophyte Red List (Hodgetts, 2011). Because two threat lists now exist for Welshbryophytes, some guidance is needed on how these lists should be used, especially giventhat some taxa have different threat levels in Wales and the whole of Britain.
Any taxon that is threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable) or NearThreatened in Great Britain (Hodgetts, 2011) should also be regarded as a priority forconservation in Wales, regardless of its threat status in Wales. The bryophytes currentlylisted under Section 42 are based on the GB Red Data List and this remains legallybinding. The categories of threat given by Hodgetts are based on an assessment ofnational distribution and decline, and apply throughout the current range of each taxonin Great Britain.
If a taxon is less threatened in Wales than it is in Great Britain (i.e., it has a lower categoryof threat than it has in Great Britain as a whole or is even classified as Least Concern inWales), the Welsh population must still be regarded as a critically important componentof the GB population and deserves full protection in Wales with appropriate conservationmeasures. This is because it represents a part of the whole GB population that has morechance of surviving and recovering than the GB population as a whole. Should the GBpopulation outside Wales continue to decline, the Welsh population will becomeincreasingly important, again regardless of its status within Wales. Should the Welshpopulation begin to decline, or decline more rapidly than before, the species will beregarded as even more threatened in GB as a whole.
Taxa that are more threatened in Wales than they are in Great Britain should naturally beconsidered as priorities for conservation within Wales. The results of this Red Data Listshould inform the list of bryophytes that appear on the next revision of Section 42 of theNatural Environmental and Rural Communities Act (NERC) 2006 (Habitats and species ofprincipal importance in Wales).
The most pressing issue for bryophyte conservation is that many of the taxa listed herehave not been looked for since the 1970s and it is perfectly possible that colonies havebeen lost without anyone realising. Accurate documentation of the location and size ofremaining populations of Wales’ rarest bryophytes is urgently needed.
A Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales
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3. Coverage3.1 Taxonomic coverageAll of the mosses, liverworts and hornworts recorded in Wales have been assessed for thisRed Data List. This amounts to 848 taxa according to the latest Census Catalogue (Hill etal., 2008) with two species, Daltonia splachnoides and Schistidium helveticum, addedsubsequently. These 850 taxa comprise: 587 moss species with 31 additional varietiesand 1 additional subspecies; 221 liverwort species with 4 additional varieties and 2additional subspecies; and 4 hornwort species. A further 22 varieties and one species(Fossombronia husnotii) which were listed in the previous Census Catalogue (Blockeel &Long, 1998) were originally assessed, but many of these have been so poorly recorded inrecent decades that it was impossible to determine whether they have declined or merelybeen ignored recently. Despite this, bryologists tend to take infraspecific taxa veryseriously – perhaps more so than vascular plant botanists – and many subspecies andvarieties are recorded with as much rigour as species. Some varieties appear to be almostdistinctive enough to be species anyway, but are known to intergrade either in Britain orelsewhere in their range. All taxa have therefore been assessed, although some of the lesswell-known varieties have been placed on the Waiting List or the Data Deficient list.
The Schistidium apocarpum aggregate was subdivided by Blom (1996) and is somethingof a bryological equivalent of the vascular genus Euphrasia (Eyebrights), but thankfullywithout the hybridisation. Its members have not been evenly recorded in Wales and thestatus of most remains uncertain. Three that are thought to be particularly uncommon,judging by recent records, are assigned a threat status although S. trichodon wasdowngraded from Regionally Extinct to Critically Endangered because its apparent lossmay not be genuine. Six others are on the Waiting List or Data Deficient list because theyare so poorly known. No other bryophyte genus is as taxonomically problematic.
Hybrids are much less of an issue in bryophytes than in vascular plants because thehybrid generation is the sporophyte, which is never produced in isolation from thephotosynthesising gametophyte generation. The only hybrid sporophytes confirmed fromWales are Weissia brachycarpa x longifolia, although Aphanorhegma patens xPhyscomitrium sphaericum has been found just across the border in Cheshire and couldoccur at the latter’s two Welsh sites. Hybrid sporophytes are not thought to be ofconservation concern at present.
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3.2 Alien statusOnly six Welsh bryophyte species were considered to be of recent introduced origin by Hillet al. (2007) (i.e. they are neophytes, meaning they were introduced after 1500AD):Atrichum crispum, Campylopus introflexus, Didymodon umbrosus, Hennediellastanfordensis, Lophocolea semiteres and Orthodontium lineare. The Didymodon andLophocolea are rare in Wales but have not been assigned to a threat category because oftheir non-native status. It is possible that other Welsh bryophytes are archaeophytes(introduced before 1500AD), especially some arable taxa and metalophytes (species ofsubstrates rich in heavy metals, such as some mine spoil). Hill et al. consideredAnthoceros agrestis, Bryum ruderale, Bryum violaceum, Cephaloziella massalongi*,Cephaloziella nicholsonii*, Dicranella staphylina, Didymodon tomaculosus*, Ditrichumplumbicola, Phaeoceros carolinianus*, Scopelophila cataractae*, Targionia hypophyllaand Weissia squarrosa* to be possible archaeophytes, but the lack of proof means that allhave been included in the Red Data List analysis and several of them (marked *) havebeen assigned a threat category.
3.3 Geographic coverageThis Red Data List covers the country of Wales, including the 13 vice-counties ofMonmouthshire (vice-county number 35), Glamorgan (41), Brecknockshire (42),Radnorshire (43), Carmarthenshire (44), Pembrokeshire (45), Cardiganshire (46),Montgomeryshire (47), Merionethshire (48), Caernarvonshire (49), Denbighshire (50),Flintshire (51) and Anglesey (52).
In the absence of more detailed tetrad recording, decline statistics were based on data forWelsh hectad (10 km square of the Ordnance Survey grid) records from the BritishBryological Society database held by the Biological Records Centre. Almost all theserecords are correctly attributed to a vice-county, but a few records from the Welsh borderresult from hectad record cards put together for the bryophyte Atlas (Hill et al., 1991-1994) and could come from England (R.G. Woods, pers. comm.). The western distributionof most of Wales’ threatened bryophytes means that this is unlikely to be much of anissue when assessing declines.
A Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales
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4. Data sourcesThe British Bryological Society (BBS) database is maintained by the Biological RecordsCentre (BRC) at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford. Almost all records in thedatabase were assigned to a hectad (10 km square of the Ordnance Survey grid) forproduction of the bryophyte Atlas (Hill et al., 1991-94), and the majority are assigned to avice-county (see section 3.3 for a caveat about border hectads). In 2010, Chris Preston atBRC generated hectad counts for all Welsh bryophytes using two date classes: all recordsand post-1970 records. The difference between these counts was used to inform IUCN threatcriterion A, which for the purpose of this study looks exclusively at levels of decline indistribution or Area of Occupancy (AOO). The only alteration to these figures resulted fromsome contract surveys of north Wales sites that resulted in post-2000 records of variousimportant species, which had not reached the BBS database. The 1970 cut-off was used inlight of the paucity of recent north Wales recording: if 1980 were used, as in Hodgetts (2011)then apparent declines due to the lack of data would be even more of a problem.
Other IUCN criteria (B, C and D) examine the current number of sites, populations orindividuals in the area being considered. Criteria B and C also require evidence of anyongoing decline, or fragmented or restricted locations or extreme fluctuations. For thesecriteria, detailed information from the Threatened Bryophytes Database (Hodgetts, 2003)was used, along with vice-county Floras and registers. These are vice-counties: 35(Bosanquet, 2003); 41 (Perry, 1994); 42 (Woods, 2006); 43 (Woods, 1993); 44 (Bosanquet etal., 2005); 45 (Bosanquet, 2010); 46 (Hale, 1998); 47-52 (Hill, 1988). All have beensupplemented by more recent recording, especially by the BBS (46 & 50), P.M. Benoit (48),T.H. Blackstock (north Wales), S.D.S. Bosanquet (south Wales), M. Lawley (42, 43 & 47), G.S.Motley (35 & 42), M.E. Newton (48), J.D. Sleath (42) and M.J.M. Yeo (north Wales). Ingeneral there is little data on population sizes, either in terms of number of individuals orextent, so criteria C and D were seldom applicable.
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5. Application of IUCN criteria5.1 IUCN categories at the regional level The standard IUCN Red Data List Categories (IUCN, 2001) are used with the followingmodifications to take into account the regional nature of this analysis:
1. Taxa extinct within the region but extant in other parts of Great Britain are classifiedas Regionally Extinct (RE). A taxon is RE when there is no reasonable doubt that thelast individual in the region has died. In this report, taxa extinct in Great Britain as awhole are classified as EX, while those extinct in Wales but still present elsewhere inGreat Britain are classified as RE. The list of extinctions for Wales therefore includesboth EX and RE taxa.
2. Taxa that are (or have been) present in Wales but are not eligible for assessment at theregional level are assigned the category Not Assessed (NA) and are listed in section 9.These are mainly taxa that are no longer considered valid in the latest CensusCatalogue (Hill et al., 2008), but also includes the neophytes mentioned in 3.2.
A Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales
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5.2 Treating Wales as a regionConsiderable guidance is given by IUCN (2003) regarding the application of standardIUCN criteria and categories (IUCN, 2001) to a region (defined as any subglobalgeographically defined area, such as a continent, country, state, or province). Providedthat the regional population being assessed is isolated from conspecific populationsoutside the region, the IUCN Red Data List Criteria (IUCN, 2001) can be used withoutmodification within any geographically defined area.
However, when the criteria are applied to part of a population defined by a geopoliticalborder, as in the case of Wales sharing a border with England, the threshold values listedunder each criterion may be inappropriate because the unit being assessed is not thesame as the whole population or subpopulation. As a result, the estimate of extinctionrisk may be inaccurate.
In order to address this, the Vascular Plant Red Data List for Wales (Dines, 2008)considered whether the Welsh population of vascular plant taxa experiences anysignificant immigration of viable propagules from England. Any taxa that were found toexperience significant propagule immigration and not to be threatened in Great Britain asa whole were downgraded by one threat category.
The ecology and population dynamics of most threatened bryophytes in Wales are simplytoo poorly known to allow this approach to be adopted for the current Red Data List. Sometaxa are obviously poor dispersers - for example Isopterygiopsis muelleriana and Radulavoluta have never been recorded with sporophytes in the British Isles and do not produceasexual propagules. Others, such as Encalypta alpina and E. rhaptocarpa, fruit profuselyin parts of Britain but have not recolonised Snowdonia since their loss in the early 20th
century, so the regular production of sporophytes is no guide to colonisation ability ordynamism. Yet others have asexual propagules, but these are probably seldomtransported over great distances. Bryophytes certainly can be highly dynamic, as typifiedby the epiphytic mosses and liverworts that are rapidly expanding eastwards into easternEngland, but the only one of these obviously dynamic epiphytes that appears on the RedData List is Ulota calvescens (which might be a casual colonist from Ireland but isthought to have genuinely declined in north Wales); no Orthotrichum have been included.
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5.3 IUCN categories in Wales As well as the modifications given in section 5.1 above, IUCN criteria were adapted andmodified to produce the GB Red Data List (Cheffings & Farrell, 2005), and these samecriteria have been used to produce this Red Data List. This means that the same thresholdsused to determine categories in the GB Red Data List have been used for Wales, and thelists are therefore directly comparable. Because of this, a detailed treatment of how eachcriterion was applied is not reproduced here, but readers are referred to the GB Red DataList for bryophytes (Church et al., 2001) for further information. Table 1, however, gives abrief summary of the categories and criteria used here.
Threat Category Criterion ThresholdsEX Extinct in Great Britain (but was present in Wales)ExtinctRE Extinct in Wales but still present elsewhere in Great BritainRegionally extinctEW Extinct in Great Britain (but was present in Wales) but is still present in cultivationExtinct in the wildCR A AOO trend or hectad trend > 80% declineCritically Endangered B 1 location + continuing decline
C <250 individuals + continuing declineD < 50 individuals
EN A AOO trend or hectad trend > 50% declineEndangered B 5 locations + continuing decline
C < 2500 individuals + continuing declineD < 250 individuals
VU A AOO trend or hectad trend > 30% declineVulnerable B 10 locations + continuing decline
NT A AOO trend or hectad trend > 20% declineNear Threatened* B 30 locations + continuing decline
D < 10000 individualsLC Evaluated against criteria and does not qualify for threatened or Near Threatened.Least concernDD Threat suspected but there is insufficient data for analysisData deficientWL Inadequate data, taxonomic uncertainties or uncertainties over native orWaiting list** archaeophyte status means no assessment can be made.(not an IUCN category – see below)
Table 1. IUCN Categories and criteria as adapted for use in Great Britain by Cheffings & Farrell(2005) and Wales (Dines, 2008). In essence, criterion A looks at decline in hectads or Area ofOccupancy (AOO), criterion B deals with declining taxa that occur in a small number of sites,criterion C also deals with declining taxa but those that have a small number of individuals, andcriterion D looks at those taxa in a small number of sites or with few individuals that are notnecessarily declining. A taxon may qualify as threatened or near threatened on one or more criteria. * No standard IUCN criteria exist for the Near Threatened category; those used were developed
by Cheffings and Farrell (2005) for the GB Red Data List.** The term Waiting List is not an IUCN category but one adopted for use by Cheffings & Farrell
(2005) to deal with the taxa described.
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5.4 Limitations of the analysisWhile considerable efforts have been made to compile and use the best available datafor this analysis, two factors are effective in compromising the application of IUCNcriteria in Wales.
For Criterion A the GB Red Data List (Hodgetts, 2011) used data from nearly 3000 hectads(10 km squares) for the analysis of Area of Occupancy (AOO) and hectad decline. Thisnumber of hectads allowed a fairly robust analysis, as each unit represents 0.035% of thetotal area under consideration. In Wales, however, the same scale of data has been used,with 285 hectads being included in the analysis. Each unit therefore represents 0.35% ofthe area. This makes the analysis much more sensitive and less reliable. As a result, morecaution has been applied and the A criterion has only been used with species that havebeen recorded from more than 10 hectads. It is hoped that, with more tetrad (2km square)data becoming available, criterion A can be applied at this scale in the future, althoughconsiderably more work is needed in mid and north Wales to make this practical.
A further difficulty, which is more of an issue with bryophytes than vascular plants, is thelow number of active recorders in Wales. Wales is fortunate to be home to three or four ofBritain’s top bryologists, but it is impossible for them and the small number of otherBritish Bryological Society (BBS) members to record across the whole country. At thetime of the Atlas (Hill et al, 1991-94), north Wales was the epicentre of British bryologyand was extremely well-recorded, whilst most of south Wales was almost unknown.Subsequently there has been an upsurge in south Wales, but general recording in thenorth has been almost non-existent since the Flora by Hill (1988) was published (Prestonet al., 2009). Contract surveys of a number of key sites in the north have been carried outsince 2000, but data flow issues mean that much data from these is not yet on the NBNGateway. This imbalance in recording effort means that it is very difficult to assessdeclines because many north Wales rarities were found in the 1960s and have not beennoted (or looked for) since. Some taxa that appear to have declined are probably justunder-recorded, especially moderately rare species such as Hypnum callichroum andRadula aquilegia, which are just about common enough not to warrant a specific datedrecord but rare enough to be restricted to a limited number of sites. These species maygenuinely have declined, but it is unlikely that they have experienced the >50% declinesuggested by the current data. They have therefore been dropped by one threat level andflagged with a hyphen ‘-’ next to the threat category in the tables.
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6. Explanation of theWales Red Data ListThe columns that appear in the Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales (Section 8) aredescribed below.
6.1 Species informationTaxonomy of the Wales Red Data List (as given in the Taxon column) follows that of thelatest Census Catalogue (Hill et al., 2008). Whether the taxon is a moss (M), liverwort (L) orhornwort (H) is indicated in the MLH column.
The threat category of the species in Great Britain is given in the GB Red List column,and follows Hodgetts (unpublished). The current list of bryophytes on Section 42 of theNatural Environment and Rural Communities Act (NERC) 2006 (Habitats and species ofprincipal importance in Wales) is given in the Section 42 Wales column. European RedData Book species (ECCB, 1995) are shown in the Europe Red List column.
The native or alien status of each taxon in Britain (and therefore Wales) is given in theNative/alien status column, following Hill et al. (2007). Almost all taxa are considered tobe natives except for a few possible archaeophytes (see section 3.2). Neophytes havebeen excluded and are listed in Section 9.
6.2 National responsibility and edge of rangeAn assessment has been made of what proportion of the British distribution of each taxonis found within Wales. This has been done using the number of hectads for which there aremodern records in the BBS database (see Hill et al., 2007) compared with the count forWales made by the Biological Records Centre (BRC). Although crude, this does provide anindication of how much of the GB resource is located within Wales. For taxa with more than25% of the GB distribution in Wales (and for which Wales has a national responsibility) thepercentage is given in the Prop (%) of GB population column (see section 7.6).
Taxa that reach the edge of their British range in Wales are identified in the Edge of GBrange? column. The edge of range in question is indicated by “N”, “S”, “E” and “W”, where“S” indicates that the taxon reaches its southern limit in Wales. Notes indicate the countyin which this edge lies, and where necessary gives information on outlying colonies whenthe edge is almost reached in Wales (e.g. Adelanthus decipiens with single outliers inDevon and Cornwall but the southern edge of its core range in Cardiganshire). Disjunctionsfrom Scotland are indicated in the Disjunct from Scotland? column because taxa that‘skip’ northern England and are (or were until they were lost from Wales) found only in themountains of Scotland and Wales are believed to be more vulnerable to climate changethan those also found in the lower mountains of the Lake District and the north Pennines.
6.3 Wales Red Data List categories, criteriaand justificationThe IUCN category (as defined in section 5.3 above) for Wales is given in the Wales Red Listcolumn (note that blanks indicate an assessment of Least Concern). The criterion/criteriaunder which each threatened taxon qualifies is/are given in the Criteria column.
The number of extant hectads (with a post-1970 record) is given in the Wales extant(post-1970) column and can be compared with the Wales hectads (all records) column.The former is equivalent to the locations column in Dines (2008): hectads were used inplace of locations because that was the case for the GB Red Data List (Hodgetts, 2011). Thenumber of locations of rare bryophytes is seldom precisely known – especially becausemany old records have vague location details amounting to little more than a nearbyvillage or a whole mountain – and is often equivalent to hectads anyway. In some cases,declines appear smaller with hectad counts than location counts, especially in Snowdoniawhere Hill (1988) reports losses from two or three localities within a range spanning one ortwo hectads, and this was taken into account when decline criteria were assessed.
The number of individuals of any one species has not been included in the Red List table,although Fossombronia fimbriata was included in the Critically Endangered category onthe basis of its known tiny population (<40 individuals). Otherwise, the number ofindividuals is only known for a handful of Welsh bryophytes.
Continued decline was difficult to assess because of the lack of comparable data fromdecade to decade (see 5.4). A Significant decline? column highlights taxa that haveshown a >50% decline in hectad occupancy between all records and post-1970 records(see Section 4). It is assumed that past declines are unlikely to have slowed much giventhe continuing loss of habitat in Wales coupled with climate change and site dereliction,but in the small number of cases where the only populations are known to be holdingtheir own (for example Bartramia stricta at its sole GB site), past declines have beenignored and Criterion B has not been met (in most such cases the species meet CriterionD2 of the Vulnerable category).
A Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales
16
Rhestr Data Coch Bryoffytau ar gyfer Cymru
17
7. Analysis7.1 Comparison of Welsh and British Red Data ListsWhen drawing comparisons between taxa on the Welsh and GB Red Data Lists it isimportant to remember that identical criteria were used in their selection. Obviously, amuch smaller area was under consideration (Wales being only 10% of the size of GreatBritain) so it is not surprising that the proportion of taxa in each threat category in eacharea is so dissimilar in some cases (Table 2 and Figures 1 & 2).
Great Britain WalesNo. of taxa % of total No. of taxa % of total
Table 2. Number and proportion of taxa in each Red Data List category in Great Britain andWales. Taxa on the Waiting List are excluded.
Extinct (EX)
Critically Endangered (CR)
Endangered (EN)
Vulnerable (VU)
Near Threatened (NT)
Data Deficient (DD)
Least Concern (LC)
Figure 1. The proportion of taxa in each IUCN category in Great Britain (following Hodgetts, 2011).
A Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales
18
Figure 2. The proportion of taxa in each IUCN category in Wales (Extinct includes both EXand RE taxa).
Although the overall proportion of Threatened to Least Concern taxa is the same in Walesand Great Britain, the proportion within each category is quite strikingly different. Waleshas a higher proportion of Extinct (EX & RE) taxa than Great Britain, many of which areboreal taxa lost from Snowdonia since the early 20th century but still persisting in Scotland(see section 7.2). This is to be expected. Less expected was the relatively high proportion ofEndangered taxa. These mostly qualify under criterion B (<5 locations and a continuingdecline) and/or criterion A (>50% decline), and many (41%) are boreal or montane speciesthat are believed to be vulnerable to climate change. In a few cases the apparent declinemay be because of the paucity of very recent data from north Wales (see 5.4), but eachtaxon retained in EN rather than demoted to VU is montane and therefore at particular risk.Countering the high number of Endangered taxa is a low number in the Near Threatenedcategory. This was used very cautiously in Wales because historic data are not sufficient todetect the >20% decline (criterion A) as opposed to a lack of recent recording, and criterionD (<10,000 individuals) is almost impossible to apply to bryophytes. The 12 NearThreatened taxa were therefore selected using criterion B (<30 localities and continuingdecline), usually where site losses had been witnessed in recent years.
An interesting facet of Red Listing that is visible in the Welsh bryophytes on the GB RedList is the number of species that dropped by one threat category between the 2005 and2011 assessments. In many cases this results from survey work revealing that apparentdeclines were artificial. 25 of the 65 GB 2005 Red List species present in Wales weredowngraded by at least one category by 2011, including Section 42 species such as Bryummarratii, B. warneum, Entosthodon pulchellus, Grimmia elongata, Habrodon perpusillusand Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus. In all, 14 of the 33 Section 42 bryophytes are nowconsidered less threatened at the GB level than they were before, despite no action otherthan survey having taken place. Just 9 taxa have gone up a threat category, including 6that were formerly considered Least Concern. All but 1 of these 9 taxa meet the IUCNcriteria for Wales and are included on the Welsh Red List as well as the revised GB list.
Extinct (EX)
Critically Endangered (CR)
Endangered (EN)
Vulnerable (VU)
Near Threatened (NT)
Data Deficient (DD)
Least Concern (LC)
Rhestr Data Coch Bryoffytau ar gyfer Cymru
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GB Taxon Wales Year last Vice-county WelshRed Red recorded last recorded habitatList ListDD Andreaea alpestris EX 1879 Caerns MontaneCR Atrichum angustatum RE 1926 Carms Upland streamRE Bryum turbinatum EX 1904 Meirionydd Dunes & river shingleRE Bryum uliginosum EX 1904 Meirionydd Dunes
Cinclidium stygium RE 1939 Meirionydd Upland fenConostomum tetragonum RE 1919 Caerns Montane
VU Dialytrichia saxicola RE 1927 Meirionydd Damp rockDiplophyllum taxifolium RE 1844 Caerns MontaneEncalypta alpina RE 1931 Caerns MontaneEncalypta rhaptocarpa RE 1880 Caerns Montane
VU Fissidens serrulatus RE 1968 Meirionydd Sea caveNT Gymnomitrion corallioides RE 1912 Caerns Montane
Lophozia longidens RE 1966 Meirionydd Atlantic woodlandMyurella julacea RE 1912 Caerns Montane
VU Orthodontium gracile RE 1924 Denb/Flint WoodlandRE Philonotis cernua EX 1939 Meirionydd Montane
Philonotis seriata RE 1960s Caerns MontanePseudoleskeella catenulata RE 1960s Caerns MontanePterigynandrum filiforme RE 1928 Caerns MontanePterygoneurum ovatum RE 1830 Denbs/
Anglesey Limestone soilRhynchostegiella curviseta RE 1925 Mons Abbey wallScapania nimbosa RE 1909 Caerns MontaneSolenostoma confertissimum RE 1965 Carms Limestone quarriesSphagnum strictum RE 1960s Merionydd Blanket bogTetraplodon angustatus RE 1899 Caerns MontaneUlota coarctata RE 1914 Merionydd Atlantic woodland
Table 3. The 26 taxa that have become extinct in Wales, along with the vice-county andyear of the last record, and their Red Data List status in Great Britain and Wales. The fourExtinct (EX) taxa have been lost from Britain; Regionally Extinct (RE) taxa remain extantelsewhere in Britain.
7.2 Taxa extinct in WalesThe higher proportion of extinct taxa (EX+RE) in Wales than in Great Britain (3.1% as opposedto 1.6% for GB, see Table 2) is to be expected. There will always be a higher rate of extinctionat the local site level long before extinctions become apparent from larger areas. In a fewcases, taxa that appear to be heading for GB-wide extinction have been targeted by specialprojects, for example Bryum schleicheri (Rothero et al., 2006), but this was not the case forany of the species in Table 3, most of which were lost from Wales long before activeconservation began. The only taxa that have received active help in Wales have beenconserved because of GB-wide threat rather than potential loss from Wales.
A Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales
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It is difficult to be sure precisely when the mosses and liverworts in Table 3 becameextinct in Wales because many were based on single collections from sites that have onlybeen visited by competent bryologists on a small number of occasions. Indeed it ispossible that some of the montane species may persist on some remote rock outcrops inSnowdonia. Five taxa were only recorded in the 19th century, whilst 15 last records datefrom the golden age of Welsh bryology between 1900 and 1930 when the outstandingD.A. Jones was collecting in north Wales (Hill, 1988) and there were numerous visitors. Theremaining six date from the 1960s, the start of another period when north Wales was theepicentre of British bryology. The site for Fissidens serrulatus was revisited in 2009 and nosign of the Fissidens was seen, whilst Solenostoma confertissimum has not beenrelocated during several recent visits. The remaining four taxa technically qualify asExtinct because the last record was made before 1970, but it is possible that none of themhas been sought subsequently and it is perhaps premature to accept their loss.
7.3 Taxa “doing better” in WalesBecause identical IUCN threat criteria have been used to identify threatened taxa in bothGreat Britain and Wales, we can compare the two floras directly to see how various taxaare faring. Some are “doing better” in Wales (in other words they are less threatened inWales than they are in Great Britain), whilst others are “doing worse” (they are morethreatened in Wales than Great Britain).
As one would expect when comparing a smaller area with a larger one, there are only afew taxa that are “doing better” in Wales (Table 4).
Taxon GB Red Wales RedList List
Bartramia stricta CR ENSouthbya tophacea VU LCTomentypnum nitens VU NTAmblystegium radicale NT LCBryum kunzei NT LCEntosthodon pulchellus NT LCFissidens monguillonii NT LCGrimmia atrata NT LCMyrinia pulvinata NT LCPhaeoceros carolinianus NT LCRhytidiadelphus subpinnatus NT LC
Table 4.The 11 taxa that are “doing better” in Wales compared with Great Britain,arranged by decreasing GB threat category. Taxa are included if they are Threatened (CR,EN, VU) or Near Threatened (NT) in GB, but have a lower threat category or are LeastConcern (LC) in Wales.
Rhestr Data Coch Bryoffytau ar gyfer Cymru
21
7.4 Taxa “doing worse” in WalesThe taxa that are more threatened in Wales than they are in Great Britain are listed inTable 5. Many taxa are more threatened in Wales than GB as a whole because of smallWelsh ranges, despite caution over applying criteria B and D when declines arequestionable. A significant number of species are considered Least Concern in GreatBritain but are restricted to a very small number of Welsh sites and therefore qualifyunder criterion D. For example, Dicranodontium asperulum is at the southern edge of itsBritish range at a single site in Snowdonia, Scapania calcicola has only been recordedsouth of Scotland at a single site in the Brecon Beacons, and the southern Ricciocarposnatans only crosses the border from England in a couple of places. Others have declinedmore rapidly in Wales than in Britain as a whole, with Antitrichia curtipendula, Bazzaniatricrenata and perhaps Calypogeia azurea retreating northwards, Leptodon smithiiretreating southwards, and Dicranella cerviculata almost lost from south Wales.
In some cases, taxa are “doing worse” in Wales because of different criteria. Fossombroniafimbriata is Near Threatened in Britain because of the paucity of recent records, whereasall Welsh records are modern so there is no evidence of a decline but the population isfewer than 50 individuals (CR criterion D).
Perhaps of most interest are the 20 species that are “doing worse” because the declinesthat were sufficient for Red List status in Great Britain are even more severe in Wales. Thedune moss Bryum calophyllum has been lost from five of its six Welsh sites, Cephaloziellanicholsonii has declined somewhat in southern Britain but is almost lost from Wales, andDicranum undulatum has declined slightly on British bogs but is now restricted to asingle Welsh site.
That only 11 of the 71 GB Red List bryophytes recorded in Wales are “doing better” here isa worry. 13 were assigned the same threat level, albeit not necessarily using the samecriteria, 34 are “doing worse” (see 7.4), 8 are Regionally Extinct (see 7.2) and 5 are DataDeficient. Most of the species on the “doing better” list remain at a reasonable number ofWelsh sites and have been discovered at new localities in recent years. This does notnecessarily mean that they have not declined overall, nor that they are not potentiallythreatened, but there is no evidence of declines in Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus,Entosthodon pulchellus, Southbya tophacea, Fissidens monguillonii or Phaeoceroscarolinianus and only questionable losses of colonies of Myrinia pulvinata in an area thathas not been well surveyed. Bartramia stricta is stable at its only extant British site,whilst the dramatic decline in Tomentypnum nitens in southern Britain is slightly maskedby the relatively small number of historic sites in Wales: it is declining here as well.
A Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales
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Taxon GB Red Wales RedList List
Micromitrium tenerum EN CRBryum calophyllum VU CRBryum knowltonii VU CRCephaloziella massalongi VU CRSchistidium flaccidum VU CRSeligeria brevifolia VU CRAnomodon longifolius VU ENBryum marratii VU ENCephaloziella nicholsonii VU ENDicranum undulatum VU ENGymnocolea acutiloba VU ENRiccia canaliculata VU ENScopelophila cataractae VU ENSolenostoma caespiticium VU ENTortula wilsonii VU ENPhilonotis tomentella NT CRBryum muehlenbeckii NT ENWeissia squarrosa NT VUWeissia sterilis NT VUAloina rigida LC CRDicranodontium asperulum LC CRFossombronia fimbriata LC CRGrimmia alpestris LC CRLeiocolea fitzgeraldiae LC CRMeesia uliginosa LC CRPohlia wahlenbergii var. glacialis LC CRScapania calcicola LC CRSchistidium trichodon LC CR-Abietinella abietina var. abietina LC ENAmblyodon dealbatus LC ENAnthelia juratzkana LC ENAntitrichia curtipendula LC ENBryum mildeanum LC ENBryum weigelii LC ENBuxbaumia aphylla LC ENCampylostelium saxicola LC ENCephalozia leucantha LC ENCephalozia macrostachya var. macrostachya LC ENCephaloziella spinigera LC ENCladopodiella francisci LC ENCynodontium polycarpon LC ENDicranella crispa LC ENDicranoweisia crispula LC ENDrepanocladus sendtneri LC ENFrullania microphylla var. deciduifolia LC ENGlyphomitrium daviesii LC ENGrimmia montana LC ENHypnum imponens LC ENKiaeria falcata LC EN
Taxon GB Red Wales RedList List
Bryum warneum NT ENHygrohypnum duriusculum NT ENPseudocalliergon lycopodioides NT ENScapania gymnostomophila NT ENBarbilophozia kunzeana NT VUBryum dyffrynense NT VUCephaloziella calyculata NT VUDendrocryphaea lamyana NT VUFossombronia maritima NT VUGrimmia tergestina NT VUHabrodon perpusillus NT VUOrthotrichum obtusifolium NT VUSeligeria campylopoda NT VUSematophyllum substrumulosum NT VUSyntrichia princeps NT VURiccia crozalsii LC ENRicciocarpos natans LC ENScapania ornithopodioides LC ENScapania paludosa LC ENScapania uliginosa LC ENSphagnum fuscum LC ENSplachnum ampullaceum LC ENTortula canescens LC ENUlota calvescens LC ENUlota hutchinsiae LC ENAtrichum tenellum LC VUBarbilophozia hatcheri LC VU-Bryum elegans LC VUCalypogeia azurea LC VU-Catoscopium nigritum LC VUCephalozia loitlesbergeri LC VUCephalozia macrostachya var. spiniflora LC VUCephaloziella elachista LC VUDicranum flagellare LC VUDidymodon tomaculosus LC VUDitrichum pusillum LC VUEntodon concinnus LC VU-Ephemerum recurvifolium LC VUFissidens polyphyllus LC VUGrimmia funalis LC VU-Grimmia longirostris LC VUHageniella micans LC VUHedwigia ciliata var. ciliata LC VUHerzogiella seligeri LC VUHygroamblystegium humile LC VUHypnum callichroum LC VU-Hypnum hamulosum LC VU-Isopterygiopsis muelleriana LC VU-Jungermannia borealis LC VULeptoscyphus cuneifolius LC VU
Table 5. The 140 taxa that are “doing worse” in Wales than they are in Great Britain,arranged by decreasing GB threat category. Taxa are included if they are Threatened (EN& VU) or Near Threatened (NT) in GB but have a higher threat category in Wales, or if theyare Least Concern (LC) in GB but Threatened or Near Threatened in Wales. Taxa that arethreatened in GB but extinct in Wales are excluded (see section 7.2).
7.5 Taxa reaching the edge of their range in WalesNearly 30 taxa reach the northern edge of their British range in Wales (Table 6) and nearly150 are at their southern edge (Table 7). The former is comparable to the equivalentcount for vascular plants, but the latter is a far larger total. It is becoming increasinglyimportant to identify such species in order to select priorities for conservation and formonitoring the impacts of climate change. Small, edge-of-range populations of speciesthat might be vulnerable to change are particularly important as they are oftengenetically distinct.
16 montane taxa that were at their southern edge in Wales are believed to be extinct.Several were last seen in the 19th century, but there remains a faint chance thatpopulations may exist undiscovered in Snowdonia. They are listed separately at the endof Table 7.
Table 7. Taxa that reach the southern edge of their GB distribution in Wales. Taxa whichare/were disjunct from Scotland are marked ‘!’ next to the species name, whilst taxabelieved to be extinct in Wales are listed at the end of the table. A hyphen ‘-‘ next to thethreat category indicates taxa downgraded by one threat category because they arepotentially under-recorded in north Wales (see section 5.4 above).
A Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales
26
7.6 Species for which Wales has a particularresponsibilityConsideration is given here to those taxa for which Wales has a particular responsibilityfor conservation. In the GB Red Data List (Hodgetts, unpublished), taxa for which GreatBritain has an international responsibility are indicated by showing those for which weprobably or definitely have more than 25% of the European population.
For this study a very crude assessment of responsibility has been made using the numberof hectads occupied by each taxon in Great Britain. This total was compared with thenumber of extant (post-1970) Welsh hectads. Any taxon for which Wales has 25% or moreof the GB population is indicated in the Red Data List. In order to highlight conservationpriorities, all of these taxa that are also threatened in Wales are listed in Table 8. Inaddition, the list includes 10 taxa that are of Least Concern in Wales but for which Walesholds 50% or more of the GB population. Several of these are considered Threatened orNear Threatened in GB as a whole.
Rhestr Data Coch Bryoffytau ar gyfer Cymru
27
Taxon Wales Red Proportion (%) ofData List GB population
Bartramia stricta EN 100Ephemerum crassinervium subsp. rutheanum VU 100Frullania microphylla var. deciduifolia EN 100Seligeria oelandica VU 100Sematophyllum demissum VU 100Gymnocolea acutiloba EN 75Seligeria campylopoda VU 71Grimmia arenaria VU 45Grimmia elongata VU 45Riccia nigrella EN 40Weissia levieri EN 40Dendrocryphaea lamyana VU 36Philonotis rigida EN 35Anomodon longifolius EN 33Bryum gemmiparum EN 33Ditrichum subulatum VU 33Grimmia alpestris CR 33Grimmia laevigata NT 33Fissidens curvatus EN 31Scopelophila cataractae EN 29Tortella inclinata NT 29Targionia hypophylla NT 26Cephaloziella calyculata VU 25Habrodon perpusillus VU 25Hedwigia ciliata var. ciliata VU 25Micromitrium tenerum CR 25Seligeria brevifolia CR 25Sematophyllum substrumulosum VU 25Scapania paludicola 89Southbya tophacea 75Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus 73Amblystegium radicale 64Entosthodon pulchellus 60Porella pinnata 59Ditrichum plumbicola 56Petalophyllum ralfsii 55Coscinodon cribrosus 52Fissidens monguillonii 50
Table 8. Threatened Welsh taxa for which Wales has 25% or more of the total GB hectads,in order of decreasing proportion, and taxa that are not considered threatened in Walesbut which have 50% or more of the total GB hectads in Wales.
A Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales
28
8.BryophyteRed Data Listfor Wales
29
GB Red List 2005
GB Red List 2011
MLH
Taxon
Wales Red List
Criteria
Native/alien status
Section 42 Wales
Europe Red List
Significant decline?
Wales hectads (all records)
Wales extant (post-1970)
Prop (%) of GB population
Edge of GB range?
Disjunct from Scotland?
Comments
MAbietin
ella abietinavar. abietin
aEN
A, B
Native
>50%
103
5Lost from
Carmarthenshire & Caernarfon and perhaps fro
m 2 sites in Glamorgan; extant on An
glesey (2 sites) & in Glamorgan (1 site)
MAcaulon muticum
Native
LAdelanthus decipiens
Native
148
7Ou
tliers in Devon & Cornw
all, otherwise southern edge in Cardiganshire (Cwm Llyfnant)
MAloina aloides
Native
MAloina ambigua
Native
159
10Widespread but generally uncom
mon
MAloina rigida
CRA, B, C
Native
>50%
51
2Lost from
Monmouthshire, M
eirio
nydd & Denbighshire but still extant in tin
y quantity at one site in Flintshire (H
alkyn Mountain)
MAm
blyodon dealbatus
ENB
Native
95
7On
e colony in Devon otherwise southern edge in Glamorgan (W
hiteford Burrows); vulnerable species of dun
es; only inland records fro
m
Brecknock (Black Mountains 1981) and Carmarthenshire (1905 & 1929)
MAm
blystegium
confervoides
Native
96
19Scattered colonies on carboniferous limestone
DDNT
MAm
blystegium
radicale
Native
Rare
77
64Historically known fro
m single sites in Cornw
all &
Meirio
nydd and lost from
Cornw
all (Blackstock & Holyoak, 2004), how
ever recently foun
d to be present in reed fen in Pem
brokeshire & Glamorgan (Bosanquet, 2006b), as well as casually in cereal fields; unlikely to be threatened
MAm
blystegium
serpensvar. salinum
Native
1712
16Widespread on th
e Welsh coast
MAm
blystegium
serpensvar. serpens
Native
MAm
phidium lapponicum
Native
118
11S
Southern edge in Brecknock/Carmarthenshire (Bosanquet & Motley, 2008)
MAm
phidium mougeotii
Native
LAnastrepta orcadensis
Native
2317
6On
e outlier in Devon, otherwise southern edge in Cardiganshire (Pum
lumon)
LAnastrophyllum hellerianum
Native
87
15S
Southern edge in Brecknock/Glamorgan (Waterfalls area)
LAnastrophyllum minutum
Native
DDDD
MAndreaea alpestris
EXNa
tive
>50%
10
0S
Yes
Equivocal records from
Caernarfon (Snowdon, 1879; Hill, 1988)
MAndreaea alpina
Native
3016
8S
Southern edge in Brecknock (Bosanquet & Motley, 2008)
MAndreaea megistospora
Native
Rare
96
18S
Southern edge in Pem
brokeshire (Carn Ingli), 4 recent north Wales records by ME Ne
wton in different localities com
paired to 3 historic ones
suggest that this species is relatively stable
MAndreaea mutabilis
Native
Rare
76
19S
Southern edge in Cardiganshire (Cwm Doethie)
MAndreaea rothiisubsp. falcata
Native
MAndreaea rothii subsp. rothii
WL
Native
>50%
63
10Probably under-recorded, but no recent records fro
m Pem
brokeshire
MAndreaea rupestris
var. papillosa
WL
Native
>50%
21
50S
Southern edge in Meirio
nydd, but confusion over identificatio
n of British plants
MAndreaea rupestris
var. rupestris
Native
LAneura mirabilis
Native
1211
14Probably under-recorded because it grow
s un
der Sphagnum; w
idely scattered but often sought w
ithout success
LAneura pinguis
Native
MAnoectangium
aestivum
Native
MAnom
obryum
concinnatum
Native
1210
15S
Southern edge in Brecknock
MAnom
obryum
julaceum
Native
ENVU
MAnom
odon longifolius
ENB
Native
S42
22
33S
Southern edge in Monmouthshire (M
ounton & Lady Park Wood), w
here very rare and vulnerable at 2 sites (Bosanquet, 2003)
MAnom
odon viticulosus
Native
LAnthelia julacea
Native
1410
5S
Southern edge in Brecknock (A
fon Irfon)
LAnthelia juratzkana
ENB
Native
53
4S
Yes
Southern edge in Meirio
nydd (Cadair Idris)
HAnthoceros agrestis
Arch?
HAnthoceros punctatus
Native
MAntitrichia curtipendula
ENA
Native
>50%
258
3Lost from
Monmouthshire & Pem
brokeshire, and restricted in south Wales to one site in Brecknock (D
ree vulnerable metal-toxic sites in Glamorgan (Llansam
let), Cardiganshire (Pontrhydygroes) and Caernarfon (Abersoch)
MScorpidium
cossonii
Native
MScorpidium
revolvens
Native
MScorpidium
scorpioides
Native
MScorpiurium circinatum
Native
2720
15N
Northern edge on Anglesey (several sites)
MSeligeria acutifolia
Native
129
23Reasonably com
mon on upland limestone in south Wales
VUVU
MSeligeria brevifolia
CRB
Native
DD1
125
SSouthern edge in Caernarfon (Cwmglas-m
awr; Hill, 1988), only Welsh site
VUNT
MSeligeria cam
pylopoda
VUD2
Native
DD5
571
NNo
rthern edge in Monmouthshire, core of GB populatio
n is in Wye Valley (Blockeel et al., 2000) where 6 populations exist in Monmouthshire,
there are also 2 outliers in north-west M
onmouthshire
MSeligeria donniana
Native
86
5Occasional on upland limestone in south Wales; rare further n
orth
NEVU
MSeligeria oelandica
VUD2
Native
DD1
1100
ERecently foun
d in Brecknock (Craig y Cilau NN
R 2009), otherwise know
n in UK only from
one site in Fermanagh.
DDDD
MSeligeria patula
VUD2
Native
DD1
15
Southern edge in Monmouthshire (Blorenge SSSI), also in Brecknock (Craig y Cilau NN
R) but not looked for recently
at 2nd Brecknock site
(Tarren yr Esgob 1965; Woods, 2006), probably all 'S. trifaria
' is S. patula
MSeligeria pusilla
Native
1810
9Slightly more widespread than S. acutifoliabut often growing with
itM
Seligeria recurvata
Native
VUVU
MSematophyllum dem
issum
VUD2
Native
Rare
54
100
EEntire GB
population is in north Wales, m
ost populations are small and very vulnerable except for th
e one at Coed Ga
nllwyd
NTNT
MSematophyllum su
bstrum
ulosum
VUD2
Native
22
25N
Northern edge in Pem
brokeshire (A
mroth & Stackpole), where only 2 Welsh colonies
VUVU
LSolenostom
a caespiticium
ENA, B
Native
>50%
21
8Records fro
m 1965 & 1972 fro
m Radnorshire are only ones in Wales
LSolenostom
a confertissimum
RENa
tive
>50%
10
0S
Southern edge in Carmarthenshire (Foel Faw
r 1965; Bosanquet et al., 2005) where only Welsh site, not refoun
d on several recent visits
LSolenostom
a gracillimum
Native
LSolenostom
a hyalinum
Native
LSolenostom
a obovatum
Native
4024
8S
Southern edge in Glamorgan (Cwm Clydach)
LSolenostom
a paroicum
Native
RTL
Solenostom
a sphaerocarpum
Native
LSolenostom
a subellipticum
VU-
B-Na
tive
75
6Occasional in th
e Brecon Beacons (Bosanquet & Motley, 2008), very rare in Snowdonia (Hill, 1988)
46
GB Red List 2005
GB Red List 2011
MLH
Taxon
Wales Red List
Criteria
Native/alien status
Section 42 Wales
Europe Red List
Significant decline?
Wales hectads (all records)
Wales extant (post-1970)
Prop (%) of GB population
Edge of GB range?
Disjunct from Scotland?
Comments
VUVU
LSouthbya tophacea
Native
66
75N
Northern world edge in Flintshire (D
dol 1973; Hill, 1988), if still extant, otherwise on Anglesey (Tyw
yn Aberffra
w, to 2004 at least), also 2 sites
in Pem
brokeshire & 1 in Glamorgan
MSphagnum
affine
Native
1010
17S
Southern edge in Meirio
nydd, occasional in north Wales (H
ill, 1988)
MSphagnum
angustifolium
Native
2726
27Widespread and probably still under-recorded
MSphagnum
austin
iiVU
D2Na
tive
44
4Present in Cardiganshire (Cors Fochno), Meirio
nydd (Cors Go
ch, Trawsfynydd
ENEN
MSphagnum
balticum
ENA, B
Native
>50%
21
14S
Southern edge in Cardiganshire; not seen durin
g recent searches at main site (Cors Caron 1967; Hale, 1998), but new
colony discovered in
2009 (Cors Craig y Bw
lch)
MSphagnum
capillifolium
subsp. capillifolium
Native
1212
63Poorly understood, eith
er locally frequent on bogs (SDS
B pers. obs.) or very rare (M
.O. Hill pers. com
m.)
MSphagnum
capillifolium
subsp. rubellum
Native
MSphagnum
com
pactum
Native
MSphagnum
contortum
Native
MSphagnum
cuspidatum
Native
MSphagnum
denticulatum
Native
MSphagnum
fallax
Native
MSphagnum
fimbriatum
Native
MSphagnum
flexuosum
Native
MSphagnum
fuscum
ENB
Native
33
1Present in Cardiganshire (Cors Fochno), Meirio
nydd (Cors Go
ch, Trawsfynydd)
MSphagnum
girgensohnii
Native
MSphagnum
inundatum
Native
MSphagnum
magellanicum
Native
MSphagnum
molle
Native
MSphagnum
palustrevar. centrale
DDNa
tive
11
33Very poorly
understood and probably not as rare as the single Welsh record suggests
MSphagnum
palustrevar.palustre
Native
MSphagnum
papillosum
Native
MSphagnum
platyphyllum
Native
2019
40S
Southern edge in Pem
brokeshire, w
here locally frequent (15+ sites around Mynydd Preseli)
MSphagnum
pulchrum
VUD2
Native
55
16Present in Cardiganshire (Cors Fochno & Cors Caron), M
ontgom
eryshire (Cors Dy
fi)M
Sphagnum
quinquefariu
mNa
tive
MSphagnum
ripariu
mVU
D2Na
tive
11
4On
ly Welsh site is on An
glesey (Jones et al., 2006), perhaps lost from
Berkshire
MSphagnum
russow
iiNa
tive
NTNT
MSphagnum
skyense
DDNa
tive
DD1
18
SYes
Southern world edge in Cardiganshire (Bryn Bras), but likely to be foun
d in Snowdonia if looked for
MSphagnum
squarrosum
Native
MSphagnum
strictum
RENa
tive
>50%
10
0S
Yes
Southern edge was in Meirio
nydd (Bwych Tydiad, Rhinogs; Hill, 1988) but not looked for recently
, disjunct from Kircudbrightshire
MSphagnum
subnitens
var.subnitens
Native
MSphagnum
subsecundum
Native
2821
28Very uncom
mon at scattered sites, perhaps com
monest in Cardiganshire (Llyn Eiddwen) and Caernarfon (Cors Graianog)
MSphagnum
tenellum
Native
MSphagnum
teres
Native
MSphagnum
warnstorfii
Native
3329
17S
Southern edge in Brecknock
LSphenolobopsis pearsonii
Native
Rare
1612
13S
Southern edge in Brecknock (W
aterfalls area)
MSplachnum ampullaceum
ENA
Native
>50%
3618
10Lost from
Carmarthenshire and various sites in most other vice-coun
ties because of decline in cattle grazing on wetlands
MSplachnum sp
haericum
Native
MStraminergon stramineum
Native
MSyntrichia laevipila
Native
MSyntrichia latifolia
Native
MSyntrichia montana
Native
MSyntrichia papillosa
Native
47
GB Red List 2005
GB Red List 2011
MLH
Taxon
Wales Red List
Criteria
Native/alien status
Section 42 Wales
Europe Red List
Significant decline?
Wales hectads (all records)
Wales extant (post-1970)
Prop (%) of GB population
Edge of GB range?
Disjunct from Scotland?
Comments
LCNT
MSyntrichia princeps
VUD2
Native
11
5On
ly Welsh population on Moel Hebog appears stable (SDS
B pers. obs., 2003)
MSyntrichia ruralis
var.ruraliformis
Native
MSyntrichia ruralis
var.ruralis
Native
MSyntrichia virescens
Native
77
4W
Western edge in Pem
brokeshire (M
ilford Ha
ven)
LTargionia hypophylla
NT
BArch?
1712
26Lost from
one site in Carmarthenshire and present in tiny quantity
at other S Wales sites; slightly com
moner in east W
ales (eg Stanner
Rocks); w
idely scattered in sun
ny sites on Llyn and An
glesey
MTaxiphyllum wissgrillii
Native
MTetraphis p
ellucida
Native
MTetraplodon angustatus
RENa
tive
>50%
10
0S
Yes
Lost from
Caernarfon (Snowdon, 1899; Hill, 1988), now
southern edge in Perthshire
MTetraplodon mnioides
Native
MTetrodontiu
m brownianum
Native
MTham
nobryum alopecurum
Native
MThuidium
assimile
Native
MThuidium
delicatulum
Native
MThuidium
recognitu
mVU
-B-
Native
64
11On
limestone pavem
ent in several places in north-east W
ales (H
ill, 1988) and at one in Monmouthshire (G
reat Barnets Woods)
MThuidium
tamariscinum
Native
LCVU
MTomentypnum
nitens
NT
BNa
tive
74
7S
Southern edge in Cardiganshire (H
en-draws); lost from several north Wales sites (K. Birch pers. com
m.)
MTortella bam
bergeri
Native
2119
51S
Southern edge in Monmouthshire (Bosanquet, 2006a), recently recognised in Britain and certainly un
der-recorded
MTortella densa
VUD2
Native
11
4On
ly recorded on Great O
rme's He
ad (H
odgetts, 2003b)
MTortella flavovirens
Native
MTortella inclinata
NT
BNa
tive
1310
29Lost from
several sites in south Wales but still present in Glamorgan (Pennard Burrows), as well as on Anglesey (Tyw
yn Aberffra
w,
Newborough, Cors Go
ch; Hill, 1988) and Meirio
nydd (M
orfa Dyffry
n, Morfa Harlech; Hill, 1988)
MTortella nitida
Native
MTortella tortuosa
Native
MTortula atrovirens
Native
3122
28Locally com
mon on the Pembrokeshire coast, on Llyn and Anglesey
MTortula canescens
ENA, B
Native
>50%
62
11On
e outlier in Kintyre, otherwise northern edge in Meirio
nydd where extant at one site (near H
arlech), lost from
Pem
brokeshire & Radnorshire
but presumably still on Roun
dton Hill
ENEN
MTortula cuneifolia
ENA, B
Native
S42
>50%
52
14N
Northern edge in Caernarfon (Bardsey), lost from
Pem
brokeshire & Anglesey, otherwise only extant at one site in Meirio
nydd (near H
arlech)
MTortula lanceola
Native
MTortula marginata
Native
MTortula modica
Native
MTortula muralis
Native
MTortula protobryoides
Native
1511
6W
Western edge in Pem
brokeshire (Castlemartin
Range)
MTortula schimperi
DDNa
tive
>50%
10
0No
specimen backs up Monmouthshire record of var. angustata(Black Mountains 19th century), no Welsh specimens of T. schimperilocated
by Smith
(2008)
MTortula subulata
Native
MTortula truncata
Native
MTortula virid
ifolia
Native
ENVU
MTortula wilsonii
ENA, B
Native
S42
>50%
184
15N
Dram
atic decline, northern lim
it may now
be in Pem
brokeshire, w
here 3 colonies remain, but status in Meirio
nydd (nr A
berdovey 1974;
TBDB
) needs to be ascertained
LTrichocolea tomentella
Native
MTrichodon cylindricus
Native
MTrichostom
um brachydontiu
mNa
tive
MTrichostom
um crispulum
Native
MTrichostom
um tenuirostre
Native
LTritomaria exsecta
Native
159
8S
Southern edge in Brecknock (Pen y Cae; W
oods 2006), apparently
lost from
Monmouthshire
LTritomaria exsectiformis
Native
48
GB Red List 2005
GB Red List 2011
MLH
Taxon
Wales Red List
Criteria
Native/alien status
Section 42 Wales
Europe Red List
Significant decline?
Wales hectads (all records)
Wales extant (post-1970)
Prop (%) of GB population
Edge of GB range?
Disjunct from Scotland?
Comments
LTritomaria quinquedentata
Native
MUlota bruchii
Native
MUlota calvescens
ENA, B
Native
>50%
31
1E
Eastern edge was in Meirio
nydd, but not recorded th
ere since 1970; only recent record was a casual colony in Pem
brokeshire (Lam
phey)
MUlota coarctata
RENa
tive
RT>50%
20
0Lost from
Meirio
nydd (3 sites; Hill, 1988)
MUlota crispa
Native
MUlota drum
mondii
Native
118
3S
Southern edge in Cardiganshire (Cwm Mwyro)
MUlota hutchinsiae
ENA, B
Native
>50%
114
2Lost from
Carmarthenshire, rare in north Wales (H
ill, 1988), perhaps genuinely declining
MUlota phyllantha
Native
MWarnstorfia fluitans
Native
MWeissia brachycarpa
var.brachycarpa
Native
98
10Probably much commoner in arable fields and on road verges than th
e few records suggest
MWeissia brachycarpa
var. obliqua
Native
MWeissia controversa
var. controversa
Native
MWeissia controversa
var. crispata
Native
1211
39Very com
mon on the south Wales coastal limestone
MWeissia controversa
var. densifolia
Native
3433
45Probably widespread un
der drip
ping metal roofs, crash barriers etc; officially only on lead mines, but ubiquito
us on them
ENEN
MWeissia levieri
ENB
Native
S42
Rare
22
40N
Northern world edge in Glamorgan (Gow
er), where still locally frequent (Bosanquet, 2008a)
MWeissia longifolia
var. angustifolia
Native
MWeissia longifolia
var. longifolia
Native
CRCR
MWeissia multicapsularis
CRB
Native
EN1
18
NNo
rthern edge was Monmouthshire, w
here last seen in 1981, now
restricted to Cornw
all
MWeissia perssonii
Native
Rare
2828
29Common on the coast and not th
reatened at all
MWeissia rostellata
Native
Rare
88
19W
Western edge in Pem
brokeshire (Red Hill & Llys y Fran Reservoir), not seen recently on An
glesey (Llyn Alaw
1988 & Cefni Reservoir 1971) or
Cardiganshire (Llechryd 1995) but extant in Carm
arthenshire (G
lan Myddyfi) & Monmouthshire (D
ingestow
& Wentwood Reservoir)
MWeissia rutilans
Native
VUNT
MWeissia sq
uarrosa
VUD2
Arch?
S42
Rare
43
12W
Western edge in Pem
brokeshire (2 sites), largest known GB
colony is in Monmouthshire (Bosanquet & Preston, 2005), but species is likely to
be under-recorded
VUNT
MWeissia sterilis
VUD2
Native
Rare
11
3N
Northern edge in Montgom
eryshire (Roundton Hill 1975; TBD
B) status needs to be assessed at its only Welsh site
MZygodon conoideusvar. conoideus
Native
MZygodon rupestris
Native
MZygodon virid
issimus
var.stirtonii
Native
MZygodon virid
issimus
var. virid
issimus
Native
Rhestr Data Coch Bryoffytau ar gyfer Cymru
49
9. Excluded taxaSix taxa that are thought to be neophytes in Wales have been excluded from the analysis,as have 19 varieties and four species recognised in the 1998 Census Catalogue butexcluded from the 2008 equivalent. They are all given the IUCN category of Not Applicable(NA) for the purpose of this study. Several of the varieties would qualify as threatened ifthey were shown to be taxonomically valid because of declines (4 taxa), apparent regionalextinction (7 taxa), or restricted ranges (2 taxa); they are marked * below. In some casesthe apparent extinction is because recent recorders have ignored the taxon, but some ofthem are likely to be genuinely rare. Two of the neophytes, marked # below, are rare inWales and would qualify as Vulnerable if proven to be native.
Taxon Wales Red Reason(s) for exclusionData List
Atrichum crispum NA NeophyteCampylopus introflexus NA NeophyteDidymodon umbrosus# NA NeophyteHennediella stanfordensis NA NeophyteLophocolea semiteres# NA NeophyteOrthodontium lineare NA NeophyteBryum capillare var. rufifolium* NA Synonymous with var. capillareBryum neodamense* NA Synonymous with B. pseudotriquetrumCampylopus atrovirens var. gracilis* NA Synonymous with var. atrovirensCampylopus pyriformis var. azoricus NA Synonymous with var. pyriformisCtenidium molluscum var. fastigiatum* NA Synonymous with var. molluscumDitrichum zonatum var. scabrifolium NA Synonymous with var. zonatumFissidens exiguus* NA Synonymous with F. pusillusFontinalis antipyretica var. gigantea NA Synonymous with var. antipyreticaFontinalis squamosa var. dixonii* NA Synonymous with var. squamosaFossombronia caespitiformis s.str.* NA F. husnotii now synonymous with F. caespitiformis so latter is not
threatenedGrimmia pulvinata var. africana* NA Synonymous with var. pulvinataHygrohypnum luridum var. subsphaericarpon* NA Synonymous with var. luridumHypnum lacunosum var. tectorum NA Synonymous with H. cupressiformeOrthotrichum cupulatum var. riparium NA Synonymous with var. cupulatumPlagiothecium ruthei NA Synonymous with P. denticulatumPolytrichum commune var. humile* NA Synonymous with var. perigonialePterigynandrum filiforme var. majus* NA Synonymous with var. filiformeSchistidium elegantulum subsp. wilsonii NA Synonymous with var. elegantulumTortella flavovirens var. glareicola NA Synonymous with var. flavovirensTortula muralis var. aestiva NA Synonymous with var. muralisTortula subulata var. graeffii NA Synonymous with var. subulataTortula subulata var. subinermis* NA Synonymous with var. subulataTrichostomum tenuirostre var. holtii* NA Synonymous with var. tenuirostre
A Bryophyte Red Data List for Wales
50
10. AcknowledgementsThanks go to the British Bryological Society vice-county recorders: 35 & 45 SamBosanquet; 41 Roy Perry; 42 & 43 Ray Woods; 44 Graham Motley; 46 Alan Hale; 47-52 TimBlackstock. Records from all of them, as well as other active Welsh recorders, helped in thedevelopment of this Red Data List. Chris Preston at the Biological Records Centre (BRC)supplied hectad counts for Wales almost as soon as requested and modified these countswhere necessary to take account of taxonomic splits and other changes. Mark Hill at BRChas been critically checking records for many years and was instrumental in documentingthe rich bryophyte flora of north Wales.
Rhestr Data Coch Bryoffytau ar gyfer Cymru
51
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