BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES ABRASIVE TECHNOLOGIES ABRASIVE TECHNOLOGIES by Endika Gandarias
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERINGBACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIESMANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES
ABRASIVE TECHNOLOGIESABRASIVE TECHNOLOGIES
by Endika Gandarias
2by Endika Gandarias
Dr. ENDIKA GANDARIAS MINTEGI
Mechanical and Manufacturing department
Mondragon Unibertsitatea - www.mondragon.edu(Basque Country)
www.linkedin.com/in/endika-gandarias-mintegi-91174653
Further presentations: www.symbaloo.com/mix/manufacturingtechnology
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CONTENTS BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION GRINDING BENCH GRINDING BENCH GRINDING BLASTING BLASTING WIRE BRUSHING WIRE BRUSHING GRINDING MASS FINISHING MASS FINISHING COATED ABRASIVE COATED ABRASIVE HONING HONING POLISHING AND BUFFING POLISHING AND BUFFING LAPPING LAPPING SUPERFINISHING SUPERFINISHING OTHERS:
ABRASIVE FLOW MACHINING ELECTRO-POLISHING ELECTROLYTIC GRINDING CHEMICAL MECHANICAL POLISHING POLISHING USING MAGNETIC FIELDS
GLOSSARYby Endika Gandarias
HIGH
LOW BETTER
WORSE
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
by Endika Gandarias
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The author would like to thank all the bibliographic references and videos that
have contributed to the elaboration of these presentations.
For bibliographic references, please refer to:
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763364 (PDF file)
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763366 (PPT file)
For videos, please refer to:
• www.symbaloo.com/mix/manufacturingtechnology
BIBLIOGRAPHY
by Endika Gandarias
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
by Endika Gandarias
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INTRODUCTION
• Usually brought into play after machining, casting, forging, sheet metal forming, etc.
• It can be used on all type of materials.
• A variety of abrasive machining processes and machinery is available.
• Abrasive machining is necessary and economical when:
• Hard materials
• Brittle materials
• Excellent surface finish and dimensional tolerances are required.
by Endika Gandarias
Rz: Maximum height of the roughness profile
Ra: Arithmetical mean deviation of the roughness profile
Rq: Root mean square deviation of the roughness profile
Roughness 2D Parameters
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INTRODUCTION
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• All abrasive operations can be considered as material removal processes with geometrically undefined cutting edges. Each abrasive grain acts like a single cutting tool with undefined geometry but usually with high negative rake angle.
INTRODUCTION
by Endika Gandarias
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Sharping with stones
Rotary stonePedal with shank
and connecting rodCHARLES MOSELEY
Cylindrical grinding machineSWEN PULSON Extra-strong
grinding wheel
BROWN & SHARPE Universal grindingNORTON
Horizontal grinding tool holderACHESON
Carborundum (Silicon carbide)CINCINNATI Centerless
grinding machine GENERAL ELECTRICSynthetic diamond
INTRODUCTION
by Endika Gandarias
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INTRODUCTION
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GRINDING
by Endika Gandarias
GRINDING
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GRINDING
Introduction
It is an abrasive technology in which abrasive particles are contained in bonded grinding wheel.
The feed (F) and depth of cut (ap) in grinding are small, while the cutting speed (Vc) is high.
Dimensional accuracy: 0,3 – 0,5 µm Surface finish (Ra) ~ 0,1 – 1,6 µm Specific cutting energy: 50 J/mm3
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
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Introduction
GRINDING
A grinding wheel consists of: Hard abrasive grains called grits perform the cutting or material removal Hardness Bonding material holds particles in place and gives the profile to the wheel Toughness
Conventional abrasive wheel materials: • Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)• Silicon carbide wheels (SiC)
Superabrasive wheels:
• Diamond • CBN (Cubic Boron Nitride)
Conventional abrasive wheels Superabrasive wheels
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1 14192 250 X 25 X 25 51-A-36-L-5-V-23 40m/s
GEOMETRY DIMENSIONS COMPOSITION Max SPEEDPRODUCT NUMBER
Grinding wheel specification
It is needed to be specified:• Wheel diameter (D)• Width and depth of rim (T)• Bore diameter (H)
GRINDING
by Endika Gandarias
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Standard Marking System for Aluminum-Oxide and Silicon-Carbide Bonded Abrasives
GRINDING
Grinding wheel specification
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ABRASIVE TYPE: Al2O3 (2000-3000) high tensile strength materials, ductile materials “corundum” SiC (2100-3000) low tensile strength, brittle and non metallic materials
“carborundum” CBN (4000-5000) very hard materials “borazon” Diamond (7000-8000) carbide & very hard non ferrous materials
ABRASIVE GRAIN SIZE: Coarse Soft & ductile materials or poor Ra = roughing Fine Hard & brittle materials or excellent Ra = finishing
GRADE (abrasive grain-bonding joining strength): Soft wheel hard materials machining (to have fresh abrasive) or poor Ra = roughing Hard wheel soft materials machining or excellent Ra = finishing
STRUCTURE (porosity): Open Soft & ductile materials High removal rate or poor Ra = roughing Dense Long wheel life & precise wheel forms/profiles or excellent Ra = finishing
BOND TYPE: Vitrified: most common, brittle bond Resinoid: more flexible bond Rubber: very flexible bond
GRINDING
Grinding wheel specification
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
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Grinding wheel specification
GRINDING
by Endika Gandarias
The heavy point of the grinding wheel is marked with an arrow.Depending of the wheel manufacturer, it needs to be mounted with the arrow pointing downwards or upwards. VIDEO
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Truing is the process of making a grinding wheel round and concentric with the grinding wheel spindle axis. Truing is also the process of forming a specific shape on the face of the wheel.
Dressing is the process of conditioning the surface of a trued wheel to expose the grain for efficient grinding action.
GRINDING
Truing and dressing a grinding wheel
After truing
After dressing
Truing and dressing can often be performed at the same time, even using the same tool. WHEEL OR GRINDING
DRESSERS
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
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GRINDING
• It is used to remove material from flat surfaces.
• Spindle position can be horizontal or vertical.
• Dimensional tolerance ~ IT5 – IT6 • Surface finish (Ra) ~ 0,15 – 0,6 µm
Grinding technology classification
Flat or surface grinding
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
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ALTERNATIVEWORKTABLE
ALTERNATIVEWORKTABLE
ROTATIVEWORKTABLE
ROTATIVEWORKTABLE
• Long and narrow surfaces.
• Worse efficiency than the frontal grinding.
• Better finishing than the frontal grinding.
• High material start-up rate.
• Worse finishing than the tangential grinding.
• Tools: rings, cups, segments
GRINDING
Flat or surface grinding
TANGENTIAL GRINDING WHEEL FRONTAL GRINDING WHEEL
VIDEO VIDEO
Grinding technology classification
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
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Props Guide
Engine Cutting blade
GRINDING
Flat or surface grinding
APPLICATIONS
Gear
Other
Grinding technology classification
by Endika Gandarias
TANGENTIAL
FRONTAL FRONTAL
TANGENTIAL TANGENTIAL
VIDEO
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GRINDING
Creep feed grinding
It uses large depth of cuts (typically ap on the order of 1 - 6 mm) and low feed rates (F).
The wheel is often continuously dressed. It is essential to use a high pressure coolant system and soft wheels with open
structure to keep temperature low. Advantages: High material removal rates and productivity (the wheel is
continuously cutting).
Grinding technology classification
Conventional grinding contrasted to creep feed grinding
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GRINDING
Creep feed grinding
Grinding technology classification
APPLICATIONS
Gas turbine bladeGear Other parts
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Cylindrical grinding
GRINDING
Grinding technology classification
• It is used to remove external or internal cylindrical surfaces.
• It is also known as Universal grinding.
• The workpiece is usually held in a rotating chuck in the headstock or between centers. • The wheel rotates at very high rotational speed (N).
• Dimensional tolerance ~ IT6 – IT8 • Surface finish (Ra) ~ 0,8 – 1,6 µm
by Endika Gandarias
Feed
VIDEO
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Cylindrical grinding
GRINDING
Grinding technology classification
EXTERNAL GRINDING OPERATIONS
(a)Traverse grinding (single axis feed movement)
(b) Plunge grinding (penetration movement)
(c) Profile grinding (multiple axes simultaneous feed movement)
VIDEO
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
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Cylindrical grinding
GRINDING
Grinding technology classification
INTERNAL GRINDING OPERATIONS
VIDEO
(a) Traverse grinding
(b) Plunge grinding (c) Profile grinding
by Endika Gandarias
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Cylindrical grinding
GRINDING
Grinding technology classification
SPECIAL OPERATIONS
STEPPED SHAPE GRINDING WHEEL THREAD GRINDING
(a) traverse grinding (b) plunge grinding
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOGEAR GRINDING
VIDEO
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Cylindrical grinding
GRINDING
Grinding technology classification
SPECIAL OPERATIONS
The part rotation and the distance x between centers is varied and synchronized to grind the particular workpiece shape.
GRINDING A NON-CYLINDRICAL PART
VIDEOby Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
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Cylindrical grinding
GRINDING
Grinding technology classification
APPLICATIONS
Transmission shaft
Internal axis gear Aerospace rotor
Axle Spindle housing
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VIDEO
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Cylindrical grinding
GRINDING
Grinding technology classification
APPLICATIONS
Internal thread grinding Worm grinding
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Centerless grinding
GRINDING
Grinding technology classification
• It is used for high length to diameter ratio parts.• Workpiece is NOT supported by centers or chucks,
but by a blade or between rollers.• Easy to be automatizated.
• Dimensional tolerance ~ IT4 – IT6 • Surface finish (Ra) ~ 0,4 – 0,8 µm
(a) Through-feed grinding (b) Plunge grinding
EXTERNAL GRINDING OPERATIONS
VIDEOVIDEO
by Endika Gandarias
(a) Through-feed grinding
VIDEO
VIDEO
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Centerless grinding
GRINDING
Grinding technology classification
(c) Internal centerless grinding
INTERNAL GRINDING OPERATIONS
by Endika Gandarias
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GRINDING
Grinding technology classification
APPLICATIONS
Bars / tubes
Gearbox shaftCamshaft tube
Centerless grinding
Piston
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BENCH GRINDING
by Endika Gandarias
BENCH GRINDING
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The work is held (usually manually) against the flat surface of the wheel to accomplish the grinding operation.
It can be a bench grinder or pedestal grinder.
Surface finish (Ra) ~ 0,2 - 1,6 µm
BENCH GRINDING
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
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BLASTING
by Endika Gandarias
BLASTING
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This is the finishing method by spraying blasting abrasives from a nozzle with the force of compressed air to workpieces.
It is used for: Cleaning Deburring Descaling Finishing Peening (increases hardness and eliminates residual stresses)
Surface finish (Ra) ~ 1,5 µm
BLASTING
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO
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WIRE BRUSHING
by Endika Gandarias
WIRE BRUSHING
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WIRE BRUSHING
It produces a fine and controlled surface texture.
Wire brushing is typically used for: removal of rust or corrosion from metal objects. rough-polishing castings, hot-rolled steel,…
Brushes can be made of nylon, steel or brass filaments, and may contain abrasives.
Surface finish (Ra) ~ 0,1 – 1,5 µm
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO
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MASS FINISHING
by Endika Gandarias
MASS FINISHING
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MASS FINISHING
Mass finishing is a surface improving mass-production system. A mixture of parts, abrasive media (vitrified, alumina, plastic, organic or metallic) and compounds (liquid or powder) are placed into a container or barrel, and rotated at a predetermined speed.
It is used for: Deburring Radiusing Smoothing Descaling Luster and mirror finishing.
There are several types of barrel motion:
Centrifugal barrel Centrifugal disc Vibratory bowl Rotary tumbling
Surface finish (Ra) ~ 0,05 – 1,6 µm
HIGH
LOW
Centrifugal barrel Centrifugal disc
Vibratory bowl Barrel / Rotary tumbling
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
VIDEO VIDEO
VIDEO VIDEO
VIDEO
VIDEO
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COATED ABRASIVE
by Endika Gandarias
COATED ABRASIVE
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COATED ABRASIVE
Sandpaper and emery cloth are common examples of coated abrasives. They are available in multiple geometries: sheets, belts, disks,… The precision of the surface finish depends primarily on the grain size. Abrasive grains (mostly Al2O3, ZrO2, SiC) are uniformly distributed on flexible backing
material (paper, cotton, rayon polyester) with the tips upward. Matrix or make coat is made of resins.
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
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COATED ABRASIVE
by Endika Gandarias
FEPA P GRAIN DIAMETER (µm)
VERY COARSE
P12 1815
P16 1324
P20 1000
P24 764
COARSE
P30 642
P36 538
P40 425
P50 336
MEDIUM
P60 269
P80 201
P100 162
FINE
P120 125
P150 100
P180 82
P220 68
FEPA P GRAIN DIAMETER (µm)
VERY FINE
P240 58.5
P280 52.2
P320 46.2
EXTRA FINE
P360 40.5
P400 35.0
P500 30.2
P600 25.8
P800 21.8
SUPER FINE
P1000 18.3
P1200 15.3
P1500 12.6
P2000 10.3
P2500 8.4
P3000 7
P5000 5
Obtained surface roughness (Ra) depends on the workpiece material.
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Coated abrasives are also used as belts for high material removal rate and good surface finish.
Typical applications: surgical implants, medical & dental instruments, golf clubs, firearms, turbine blades.
Dimensional tolerance ~ IT10 – IT11 Surface finish ~ 0,4 – 0,8 µm
COATED ABRASIVE
Belt grinding
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO
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HONING
by Endika Gandarias
HONING
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HONING
Honing is used to improve the surface finish and roundness of bored or ground holes. It creates a characteristic cross-hatched surface that retains lubrication. As it is a slow rotation operation, no heat affected zone (HAZ) appears. Typical application: bores of internal combustion engines.
Dimensional tolerance ~ IT4 – IT5 Surface finish (Ra) ~ 0,05 – 0,2 µm (Al2O3 or SiC)
by Endika Gandarias
Osc
illat
ion
Va
Slow rotation Vu
VIDEOVIDEO
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HONING
by Endika Gandarias
(Va)(Vu)
VIDEO
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POLISHING AND BUFFING
by Endika Gandarias
POLISHING AND BUFFING
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POLISHING AND BUFFING
Abrasive particles are glued to the outside periphery of the polishing wheel and it rotates at high speeds.
Polishing is used to remove scratches and burrs.
Polishing operations are often accomplished manually.
The polishing wheel is made of fabrics, leather or felt.
Surface finish (Ra) ~ 0.02 – 0.4 μm
BEFOREAFTER
Polishing
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO
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It is very similar to polishing, in which abrasive particles are not glued to the wheel but are loose. Buffing is a finer operation than polishing.
Ideal for enhancing and brightening existing finishes, taking out stains in metals and bringing out a new lustre in work surfaces.
Polishing operations are often accomplished manually.
The buffing wheel is made of linen, cotton, bleached muslin, flannel, or other soft cloth materials.
Surface finish (Ra) ~ 0.01 – 0.2 μm
Buffing
POLISHING AND BUFFING
by Endika Gandarias
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LAPPING
by Endika Gandarias
LAPPING
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LAPPING
(b) lapping on cylindrical surfaces(a) lapping on flat surfaces
It is a low speed, low ablading process.
Lapping uses fluid suspension of very small abrasive particles between workpiece and lap. Lap usually made of cast iron, copper, leather, or cloth.
Typical application: optical lenses, metallic bearing surfaces, gages.
Dimensional tolerance ~ IT4 – IT5 Surface finish (Ra) ~ 0.025 – 0.1 μm
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO VIDEO
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SUPERFINISHING
by Endika Gandarias
SUPERFINISHING
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SUPERFINISHING
It is similar to honing (also called “microhoning”): Shorter strokes (<5 mm) Higher frequencies (>400 cycles/min) Lower pressures (10-40 psi) Smaller grit size
Copious amount of low viscosity lubricant-coolant is used and it establishes a continuous film between the stone and the workpiece and separates them.
Stroke paths controlled so that a single grit never traverses the same path twice.
Dimensional tolerance ~ IT3 – IT4 Surface finish (Ra) ~ 0.01 – 0.04 μm
(a) cylindrical microhoning (b) centerless microhoning
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO
VIDEO
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OTHERS
by Endika Gandarias
OTHERS
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OTHERS
A putty of abrasive grains (SiC or diamond) is forced back and forth through the workpiece.
It is particularly suitabe for workpieces with internal cavities.
It is used for: Deburring Radiusing Polishing
Dimensional tolerance ~ ± 0,005mm Surface finish (Ra) ~ 0,05 – 0,4 µm
Abrasive Flow Machining
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
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This polishing method melts the surface of a workpiece by applying an electrolytic solution and an electric DC current to workpiece.
Mirrorlike finishes can be obtained on metal surfaces. It is very suitable for irregular geometries.
This process is also used for deburring operations.
Typical application: medical instrumentation, bone screws, stainless steel surfaces.
Surface finish (Ra) ~ 0.1 – 0.8 μm
OTHERS
Electropolishing
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO
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It is a variant of ElectroChemical Machining (ECM), and it is also known as electrochemical grinding.
It is a process that combines electrochemical energy with mechanical energy to remove material by grinding with a negatively charged abrasive grinding wheel, an electrolyte fluid, and a positively charged workpiece.
Typically 90% of the metal is removed by electrolysis and 10% from the abrasive grinding wheel (the wheel lasts a longer time). Thus, difficult materials independent of their hardness or strength can be machined.
The wheel and workpiece must be electrically conductive.
OTHERS
Electrolytic grinding (ECG)
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
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OTHERS
Chemical Mechanical Polishing/Planarization is a process of smoothing surfaces.
It is a combination of mechanical free abrasive polishing and chemical etching (increases material removal rate).
It may contain 1 or more workpiece carriers.
Typical applications: silicon wafers and integrated circuits.
Surface finish (Ra) ~ 0.035 – 0.0005 μm
Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP)
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO
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OTHERS
A magnetic field is used to force a homogeneous mixture of magnetic particles and abrasive particles against the target surface.
The particles can be introduced into areas which are hard to reach by conventional techniques.
Typical applications: medical components, fluid systems, optics, dies and molds, electronic components, microelectromechanical systems, and mechanical components.
Surface finish (Ra) ~ 200 – 0.001 μm
(a) magnetic float polishing of ceramice balls (b) magnetic field assisted polishing of rollers
Polishing Using Magnetic Fields
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO
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GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
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GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Ablading Abrasión UrratzeAbrasive Abrasivo UrratzaileAccuracy Precisión DoitasunAttrition Erosión ErosioAxial cutting depth Profundidad de pasada axial Sakontze sakoneraAxle Eje ArdatzBacking Sustrato / Apoyo SubstratuBarrel Barril / Tonel Upel / BarrikaBarrel finishing Tambor de pulido Leunketa danborBatch Lote SortaBearing Rodamiento ErrodamenduBed Base OinarriBelt Cinta / Banda BandaBelt grinding Lijado con cinta/banda Banda bidezko lixatzeBench grinding Esmerilado EsmerilaketaBetween centers Entre centros Zentru arteanBinder Aglutinante AglutinatzaileBlade Cuchilla HortzBlasting Chorreado JariaketaBleached muslin Muselina blanqueada Muselina zurituaBond Enlace LoturaBone Hueso HezurBrittle Frágil HauskorBuffing Abrillantado DistiraketaBurr Rebaba BizarCamshaft Arbol de levas Espeka ardatzaCarborundum Carborundo KarborundumCarriage Carro Orga
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GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Carrier Transportador / Portador GarraiatzaileCasting Fundición GaldaketaCenterless grinding Rectificado sin centros Zentrugabeko artezketaChip Viruta TxirbilChuck Amarre / Porta Amarratze / PortaCoarse Basto BaldarCoated abrasive Papel / telas abrasivas Paper / Oihal urratzaileakCompound Mezcla / Compuesto NahasteCorundum Corindón KorindoiCotton Algodón KotoiCrankshaft Cigüeñal BirabarkiCreep feed grinding Rectificado de profundidad Sakonerako artezketaCross-hatched Estrías cruzadas Ildaska gurutzatuakCup Copa KopaCutting speed Velocidad de corte Ebaketa abiaduraCutting speed Velocidad de corte Ebaketa abiadura
Descaling Descascarillar / Desescamar / Desincrustar / Decapar Azala kendu / Ezkata kendu / Inkrustazioak kendu / Ugerra kendu
Dressing Reavivado BerpizketaDrive spindle Cabezal motriz Buru eragileaEmery Esmeril EsmerilEmery cloth Paño de lija Lixa oihalEngine Motor MotoreFabric Tela OhialFace plate Plato plano Plater lauaFeed rate Avance por minuto Aitzinamendua minutukoFelt Fieltro FeltroField Campo EremuFirearms Armas de fuego Su arma
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GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Flannel Franela FlanelaFlat grinding Rectificado plano Artezketa lauaFloat Flotador FlotatzaileForming Conformado KonformaketaGage Calas patrón / Calzo Kala patroi / AltxagarriGear Engranaje EngranaiGearbox Caja de cambios Engranai kaxaGlue Pegar ItsatsiGolf clubs Palos de golf Golf makilakGrain Grano GranuGrinding Rectificado ArtezketaGrinding wheel Muela abrasiva Harri urratzaileGrit Grano abrasivo Ale urratzaileGroove Ranura ArtekaGround Rectificado ArteztutakoGuard Protector BabesHardness Dureza GogortasunaHeadstock Cabezal BuruHeater Calentador BerogailuHoning Bruñido TxartaketaHousing Carcasa KarkasaIdler pulley Rodillo tensor Tentsio arrabolaInfeed Avance AitzinamenduLapping Lapeado LapeaketaLay pattern Marca dejada Utzitako markaLeather Cuero LarruLinen Lino LihoLoose Suelto Aske
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GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Luster Lustre DistiraMagnet Imán ImanMandrel Mandril MandrilNarrow Estrecho EstuNonabrading No desgastable Higatu ezinNozzle Boquilla Aho / PitaPad Almohadilla KuxinPath Trayectoria IbilbidePeening Granallado GranailaketaPlaten Platina / Pieza soporte Platina / EuskarriPlunge grinding Rectificado por penetración Sakontze artezketaPolishing Pulido LeunketaProfile grinding Rectificado de perfiles Profilen artezketaProp Utillaje TresneriPump Bomba BonbaPutty Masilla MasillaRack Estante / Colgador KakoRadiusing Redondeo BiribiltzeRake Desprendimiento JaulkitzeRayon Rayón / Seda sintética Rayon / Zeta sintetikoRegulating wheel Muela reguladora Harri erregulatzaileaRemoval rate Tasa de eliminación Ezabapen tasaRidge Cresta Tontor / GandorRim Borde ErtzRing Aro UztaiRod Barra calibrada Baraila kalibratuaRoll Rodillo ArrabolRubber Goma / Caucho Goma / Kautxu
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GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Rust Óxido OxidoSaddle Asiento OinarriSandpaper Papel de lija Lixa paperScale Cascarilla Scratch Raya / Rasguño ArraiaShaft Barra BarailaSheet metal processes Transformación de chapa Txapa bidezko eraldaketaSlurry Lodo LokatzSmoothing Suavizado LeunketaSpindle Cabezal BuruSpindle speed Velocidad de giro Biraketa abiaduraStain Mancha OrbanStep Escalón MailakatuStone Piedra HarriStroke Trazado / Desplazamiento Marratze / DesplazamenduSuperfinishing Superacabado SuperakaberaTailstock Contrapunto KontrapuntuThread Roscado HariztaketaThrough-feed grinding Rectificado pasante Alderik aldeko artezketaTip Punta PuntaToolholder Portaherramientas Erraminta etxeaToughness Tenacidad ZailtasunTraverse grinding Rectificado transversal Zeharkako artezketaTruing Perfilado PerfilaketaVoid Vacío HutsuneWire brushing Desbarbado / Cepillado con alambre Bizar kentzeWorkpiece Pieza PiezaWorktable Mesa de trabajo Lan mahai
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GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Worm Sin fín Sin fin