Above The Clause & Below The Cluase In Functional Grammar

Presented to: Presented to: Sir Irfan LodhiSir Irfan Lodhi

Presented by: Presented by: Muhammad Sajid us SalamMuhammad Sajid us SalamMphil LinguisticsMphil LinguisticsIslamia University BahawalpurIslamia University Bahawalpur

[email protected]@gmail.com

Previous KnowledgePrevious Knowledge

ClauseClause Co-ordinating clauses Co-ordinating clauses Subordinate clauseSubordinate clause Phrase Phrase Phrasal verbPhrasal verb Word classesWord classes

Groups and PhrasesGroups and Phrases

GroupGroupGroup is a combination of words built up on the basis of Group is a combination of words built up on the basis of

a particular logical relation.a particular logical relation. PhrasePhrase A phrase is different from a group in that , whereas a A phrase is different from a group in that , whereas a

group is an expansion of a word, a phrase is a group is an expansion of a word, a phrase is a contraction of clause. The two have roughly the same contraction of clause. The two have roughly the same status on the rank scale, as units that lie somewhere status on the rank scale, as units that lie somewhere intermediate between clause and word.intermediate between clause and word.

Three main Classes of GroupThree main Classes of Group

Nominal GroupNominal GroupVerbal GroupVerbal GroupAdverbial GroupAdverbial Group

Other Classes of GroupOther Classes of Group

Prepositional Groups Prepositional Groups Conjunction GroupsConjunction Groups

Nominal GroupNominal Group

DeicticDeicticNumerativeNumerativeEpithetEpithetClassifierClassifierThingThing

ExampleExample

thosethose twotwo splendidsplendid oldold electricelectric trainstrains

DeicticDeictic NumerativeNumerative Epithet1Epithet1 Epithet2Epithet2 ClassifierClassifier ThingThing

Items functioning as Specific DeicticItems functioning as Specific Deictic

DeterminativeDeterminative InterrogativeInterrogative

DemonstrativeDemonstrative This thatThis that

These thoseThese those

thethe

Which(ever)Which(ever)

What (ever)What (ever)

PossessivePossessive My your ourMy your our

His her itsHis her its

Their Their

One’sOne’s

..........................................................................................

[John’s ] [my father’s] etc[John’s ] [my father’s] etc

Whose(ever)Whose(ever)

………………………………

[which [which person’s]person’s]

Items functioning as non-specific deicticItems functioning as non-specific deictic

SingularSingular Non-singularNon-singular

Dual Dual mass/pluralmass/plural

unmarkedunmarked

Total Total positivepositive

negativenegative

EachEach

EveryEvery

neitherneither

(not either)(not either)

Both allBoth all

NoNo

(not any)(not any)

Partial Partial selectiveselective

non-non-

selectiveselective

One One eithereither

a(n)a(n)

One One

somesome

Two not oneTwo not one

SomeSome

AnyAny

unrestrictedunrestricted

Items functioning as NumerativeItems functioning as Numerative

definitedefinite IndefiniteIndefinite

QuantativeQuantative One two three etcOne two three etc

[a couple of] etc[a couple of] etc

[a quarter of] etc[a quarter of] etc

Few little[a bit of ] etcFew little[a bit of ] etc

Several[ a number of ] Several[ a number of ]

Many much[ a lot of ]Many much[ a lot of ]

Fewer less more Fewer less more

[The same amount of ][The same amount of ]

OrdinativeOrdinative First second thirdFirst second third

etc etc

Next lastNext last

Preceding subsequent Preceding subsequent etcetc

EpithetEpithet

Epithet indicates some quality of the subset ,e.g.Epithet indicates some quality of the subset ,e.g.

Long, old, blue, fast.This may be objective Long, old, blue, fast.This may be objective property of the thing itself;or it may be an property of the thing itself;or it may be an expression of speaker’s subjective attitude expression of speaker’s subjective attitude towards it e.g. splendid, silly, fantastictowards it e.g. splendid, silly, fantastic

ClassifierClassifier The classifier indicates a particular subclass of The classifier indicates a particular subclass of

the thing in question e.g electric trains, the thing in question e.g electric trains, passenger trains, wooden trains,toy trains.passenger trains, wooden trains,toy trains.

Sometime the same word may function as Sometime the same word may function as Epithet or as Classifier.Epithet or as Classifier.

Verb as Epithet Verb as Epithet

a galloping horse ( a horse which is galloping)a galloping horse ( a horse which is galloping)

a bleeding nose ( a nose that is bleeding)a bleeding nose ( a nose that is bleeding)

Verb as ClassifierVerb as Classifier

a tied notea tied note

Head and ThingHead and Thing

DeicticDeictic NumerativeNumerative

ModifierModifier

ββ

HeadHead

αα

[look at] those two

Verbal GroupVerbal Group The verbal group is the constituent that functions as The verbal group is the constituent that functions as

Finite plus Predicator( or as Predicator alone if there Finite plus Predicator( or as Predicator alone if there is no finite element)is no finite element)

in the mood structure( clause as exchange); and as in the mood structure( clause as exchange); and as process in the transitivity structure(clause as process in the transitivity structure(clause as representation)In the clause representation)In the clause

someone’s been eating my porridgesomeone’s been eating my porridge The verbal group is has been eating.The verbal group is has been eating. A verbal group is the expansion of a verb as nominal A verbal group is the expansion of a verb as nominal

group is the expansion of a noungroup is the expansion of a noun Here Here eateat is “ lexical verb” is “ lexical verb” HasHas is “ finite verb” and is “ finite verb” and

beenbeen functions as auxiliary verb. functions as auxiliary verb.

ExampleExample

Finite/EventFinite/Event

ate

Couln’t have been going to be being eaten

finitefinite auxiliaryauxiliary auxiliaryauxiliary auxiliaryauxiliary auxiliaryauxiliary auxiliaryauxiliary EventEvent

Phrasal verbsPhrasal verbs

Phrasal verbs are lexical verbs which consist Phrasal verbs are lexical verbs which consist of more than just the verb word itself. They are of more than just the verb word itself. They are of two kinds, plus a third which is the of two kinds, plus a third which is the combination of two:combination of two:

Verb adverb e.g Verb adverb e.g look outlook out, “ unearth, retrieve”, “ unearth, retrieve” Verb preposition e.g. Verb preposition e.g. look forlook for “ seek” “ seek” Verb+adverb+preposition e.g. Verb+adverb+preposition e.g. look out forlook out for

Adverbial GroupAdverbial Group

The adverbial group has an adverb as Head, The adverbial group has an adverb as Head, which may or may not be accompanied by which may or may not be accompanied by modifying elements.Premodfiers are modifying elements.Premodfiers are grammatical elements like not and rather and grammatical elements like not and rather and so;there is no lexical premodification in the so;there is no lexical premodification in the adverbial group.adverbial group.

Conjunction groupConjunction group

Within the primary word class of adverbials , Within the primary word class of adverbials , there is another class besides adverbs, namely there is another class besides adverbs, namely conjunctions. They are generally linkers and conjunctions. They are generally linkers and continuatives.continuatives.

Conjunctions also form word groups by Conjunctions also form word groups by modification, for example even if , just as not modification, for example even if , just as not until, if only,until, if only,

nominalsnominals

Noun adjective numeral determinerNoun adjective numeral determiner

Common proper pronounCommon proper pronoun

VerbalsVerbals

verb prepositionverb preposition

Lexical auxiliary finiteLexical auxiliary finite

Adverbials Adverbials

conjunction adverbconjunction adverb

Linker binder continuativeLinker binder continuative

Clause ComplexClause Complex

Clauses combine together to form a clause complex.Clauses combine together to form a clause complex. Traditionally , a series of related clauses make up Traditionally , a series of related clauses make up

the higher rank unit ‘ sentence’, but according to the higher rank unit ‘ sentence’, but according to Halliday clauses combine to form a clause Halliday clauses combine to form a clause complex,they do not thereby create a new complex,they do not thereby create a new grammatical unit of higher rank.His position is that grammatical unit of higher rank.His position is that the sentence is not a unit of grammar , but a unit of the sentence is not a unit of grammar , but a unit of English orthography, realizing the grammatical English orthography, realizing the grammatical construction clause complex.construction clause complex.

Rank ScaleRank Scale

COMPLEXINGCOMPLEXING

clause clause clause clause clause clause clause clause

group/phrase group/phrasegroup/phrase group/phrase

SentenceSentence

clause complexclause complex

Flow of EventsFlow of Events

Taxis and Logico-semantic Taxis and Logico-semantic realtionshipsrealtionships

Taxis is concerned with the INTERDEPENDECY Taxis is concerned with the INTERDEPENDECY relations between grammatical units forming a clause relations between grammatical units forming a clause complex.complex.

The two options within the system of TAXIS are The two options within the system of TAXIS are those of PARATAXIS AND HYPOTAXIS, those of PARATAXIS AND HYPOTAXIS, categories which relate to ( but are not identical with) categories which relate to ( but are not identical with) traditional notions of co-ordination and traditional notions of co-ordination and subordination, respectively.If the units in a complelx subordination, respectively.If the units in a complelx are of equal status, the relation between them is are of equal status, the relation between them is Paratactic one ;if the units are of unequal status, the Paratactic one ;if the units are of unequal status, the relation is hypotactic one.relation is hypotactic one.

Examples of Paractactic relationExamples of Paractactic relation He looked terrible; He looked terrible; ׀׀׀׀ his clothes were crumpled and dirty.his clothes were crumpled and dirty. Miriam was somewhat scared by the wind, Miriam was somewhat scared by the wind, ׀׀׀׀ but the lads but the lads

enjoed it.enjoed it. He hated her, He hated her, ׀׀׀׀for she seemed in some way to make for she seemed in some way to make

him him

despise himself.despise himself.

He replied quickly, He replied quickly, ׀׀׀׀ “ “ I can’t complain.”I can’t complain.”

Hypotatic RelationHypotatic Relation

Dominant(Dominant(αα)) Dependent (Dependent (ββ))They spoke to Dr Liu,They spoke to Dr Liu,

The man rarely left the villageThe man rarely left the village

I can do my best thingsI can do my best things

He explainedHe explained

Who was an ear,nose and throat specialist.Who was an ear,nose and throat specialist.

apart from visiting his sister in York once a apart from visiting his sister in York once a month.month.

when you sit there in your rocking chairwhen you sit there in your rocking chair

that there was no possiblity of a new lease.that there was no possiblity of a new lease.

Logico-semantic typeLogico-semantic type

ExpansionExpansion ProjectionProjection

ExpansionExpansion There various logico-sementic relations There various logico-sementic relations

included as expanding relations are of three included as expanding relations are of three main kinds:main kinds:

ElaborationElaboration ExtentionExtention EnhacementEnhacement

Elaboration (=)Elaboration (=) The elaborating relation is symbolized in the The elaborating relation is symbolized in the

notation with an “ equals” sign.IN a paratactic notation with an “ equals” sign.IN a paratactic clause elaborating complex an initial clause is clause elaborating complex an initial clause is restated, exemplified or further specified by restated, exemplified or further specified by another.There is no over linker between the another.There is no over linker between the clauses apart from a colon or semi-colon in a clauses apart from a colon or semi-colon in a written text:written text:

He looked a fright; He looked a fright; ׀׀׀׀ his clothes were damp, dirty and torn.his clothes were damp, dirty and torn.

1 =21 =2

She didn’t like the chararcter she was playing; She didn’t like the chararcter she was playing; ׀׀׀׀ she hated her self-she hated her self-confidence.confidence.

Hypotectic Elaborating complexHypotectic Elaborating complex They were now in the bare country of stone walls, They were now in the bare country of stone walls, ׀׀׀׀ which he loved.which he loved. The accident lef him with two broken front teeth, The accident lef him with two broken front teeth, ׀׀׀׀which was such a which was such a

shameshame

Extension (+)Extension (+)

The basic meanings of the extending relation The basic meanings of the extending relation are those of addition or variation. The are those of addition or variation. The extending relation combines most frequently extending relation combines most frequently with parataxis, being realized most typically with parataxis, being realized most typically by the conjunctions by the conjunctions and, nor , but, and orand, nor , but, and or For For example:example:

The beef animal is the buffalo The beef animal is the buffalo ׀׀׀׀and its meat is suprisingly is tender.and its meat is suprisingly is tender. The idea of relativity did not orginate with Einstein, The idea of relativity did not orginate with Einstein, ׀׀׀׀but [it] goes back but [it] goes back

to Newtonto Newton

Enhancement( )Enhancement( )

The meaning included enhancement are those The meaning included enhancement are those of time,place,manner, cause and condition, of time,place,manner, cause and condition, which can also be expressed as circumstances which can also be expressed as circumstances within the clause:within the clause:

John was scared, John was scared, ׀׀׀׀ so he ran away.so he ran away. They dried their clothesThey dried their clothes ׀׀׀׀by hanging them on branches in the wind.by hanging them on branches in the wind.

ProjectionProjection

Projection typically concerns the relation between a Projection typically concerns the relation between a mental or a verbal clause and the content which it mental or a verbal clause and the content which it quotes or reports. A paratactic relation holds when quotes or reports. A paratactic relation holds when one clause reports anotherone clause reports another

(direct speech/though) and hypotactic relation when (direct speech/though) and hypotactic relation when one clause reports another ( indirect speech/thought). one clause reports another ( indirect speech/thought). Projection through verbal clause is locution Projection through verbal clause is locution symbolized by (’’) notation, while projection through symbolized by (’’) notation, while projection through mental clause is an idea notated as (’)mental clause is an idea notated as (’)

ExamplesExamples

Projecting clause locutionProjecting clause locution

His aunt told him ( that ) he should write home more frequently.His aunt told him ( that ) he should write home more frequently.

His aunt told him to write home at lest once a month.His aunt told him to write home at lest once a month.

His aunt told him not to forgetHis aunt told him not to forget

Projecting Clause IdeaProjecting Clause Idea

His aunt wishesHis aunt wishes that he would write home more regularly.that he would write home more regularly.

His aunt would have liked him to write home regularly.His aunt would have liked him to write home regularly.

His aunt expected him to forgetHis aunt expected him to forget

QuestionsQuestions

How many relationships are there between How many relationships are there between clauses?clauses?

Answer :Answer :

Two Two

1) Taxis1) Taxis

2) Logicosemantic type2) Logicosemantic type

QuestionNo 2QuestionNo 2

What are the two types of Taxis?What are the two types of Taxis?

Answer:Answer: ParatacticParatactic HypotacticHypotactic

Question #3Question #3

What two types of logico-semantic What two types of logico-semantic relationship have been discussed.relationship have been discussed.

Answer:Answer: ExpansionExpansion ProjectionProjection

Question# 4Question# 4

We express the relationship of extension by We express the relationship of extension by the following symbol?the following symbol?

++ == -- **Answer:Answer:++

Question# 5Question# 5

The following sentence is the example of ........The following sentence is the example of ........ His aunt told him that he should write home.His aunt told him that he should write home.

LocutionLocution IdeaIdea ExtensionExtension HypotacticHypotactic

Answer:Answer:

LocutionLocution

Question#6Question#6

How many groups have been discussed in the How many groups have been discussed in the presentation?presentation?

33 44 55 66Answer:Answer:55

Question#7Question#7

Deictic belongs to ………………group.Deictic belongs to ………………group.

NominalNominal VerbalVerbal AdverbialAdverbial ConjunctionConjunctionAnswer:Answer:NominalNominal

Question#8Question#8

Event is the part of adverbial groupEvent is the part of adverbial group

TrueTrue FalseFalse Answer:Answer: FalseFalse

Question#9Question#9

Can verb function as ClassifierCan verb function as Classifier YesYes No No Don’t knowDon’t know MaybeMaybe AnswerAnswer YesYes

Question# 10Question# 10

What is most important element in a groupWhat is most important element in a group

ThingThing HeadHead VerbVerb SubjectSubject AnswerAnswer HeadHead