About the Authors...Concord Community Schools 5,314 4,651 663 Covington Community Sch Corp 1,002 991 11 Cowan Community School Corp 779 651 128 Crawford Co Com School Corp 1,645 1,818
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County Land Area (sq. mi.) 2014 Population # of Public School
Corporations*
Adams 339 34,756 3
Allen 657 365,701 4
Bartholomew 407 80,220 2
Benton 406 8,697 1
Blackford 165 12,401 1
Boone 423 61,805 3
Brown 312 14,932 1
Carroll 372 19,904 2
Cass 413 38,336 3
Clark 375 114,301 3
Clay 358 26,483 1
Clinton 405 32,672 4
Crawford 306 10,627 1
Daviess 431 32,745 3
DeKalb 363 49,423 3
Dearborn 305 26,511 3
Decatur 373 42,508 2
Delaware 393 117,201 7
Dubois 430 42,364 4
Elkhart 464 201,739 7
Fayette 215 23,466 1
Floyd 148 76,233 1
Fountain 396 16,723 3
Franklin 386 22,898 1
Fulton 369 20,483 2
Gibson 489 33,845 3
Grant 414 68,631 4
Greene 542 32,733 5
Hamilton 398 303,278 6
Hancock 306 71,963 4
Harrison 485 39,238 3
Hendricks 408 156,083 6
Henry 393 49,072 5
Howard 293 82,693 5
Huntington 383 36,686 1
Jackson 509 43,803 4
Jasper 560 33,464 2
Jay 384 21,147 1
Jefferson 361 32,529 2
Jennings 377 27,996 1
Johnson 320 147,489 6
Knox 516 37,845 3
Kosciusko 538 78,445 4
LaPorte** 598 111,695 6
LaGrange 380 38,462 3
Lake 497 490,574 16
Lawrence 449 45,615 2
Table A2: Number of School Corporations by County, IndianaSource: Land area from U.S. Census Bureau; Population from U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis regional data; Number of school corporations from U.S. Census Bureau, Census of Governments
County Land Area (sq. mi.) 2014 Population # of Public School
Corporations*
Madison 452 129,999 5
Marion 396 934,531 11
Marshall 444 47,013 5
Martin 336 10,209 2
Miami 376 35,983 4
Monroe 394 143,571 2
Montgomery 505 38,060 3
Morgan 406 69,590 4
Newton 402 14,072 2
Noble 411 47,595 3
Ohio 87 6,008 1
Orange 400 19,686 3
Owen 385 21,034 1
Parke** 445 17,227 2
Perry 381 19,387 3
Pike 336 12,641 1
Porter 418 167,308 7
Posey** 409 25,520 2
Pulaski 434 12,979 2
Putnam 480 37,660 4
Randolph 453 25,341 5
Ripley 446 28,548 4
Rush 408 16,834 1
Scott 190 23,678 2
Shelby 413 44,531 4
Spencer 399 20,831 2
St. Joseph 457 267,679 5
Starke 309 23,037 3
Steuben 309 34,406 3
Sullivan 447 21,003 1
Switzerland 221 10,490 2
Tippecanoe 500 183,670 3
Tipton 260 15,429 2
Union 162 7,225 1
Vanderburgh 235 181,918 1
Vermillion 257 15,694 2
Vigo 403 108,201 1
Wabash 413 32,282 3
Warren 365 8,330 1
Warrick 384 61,267 1
Washington 514 27,904 3
Wayne 404 67,447 5
Wells 370 27,827 3
White 505 24,408 4
Whitley 336 33,412 2
Indiana** 35,867 6,597,880 289
* The Census Bureau uses the term “school districts.” We use the term “school corporation” because that term is commonly used in Indiana.
** The number of public school corporations reflects recent mergers.
Table A3: Other Educational Outcomes in Indiana School Corporations by Enrollment Level, 2014Source: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports
† Sample size was 45 instead of 53 for this variable. Corporations reporting zero students taking AP exams or not reporting are not included in the calculation. We assume that no students took AP exams in these school corporations.
Table A4: Frequency Distribution for General Calculus— Non-AP TrackSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College
Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
2015 Student Enrollment
# of Corporations Offering Calculus % of Total % of School Corporations in
This Enrollment Category
220 to 999 1 4.17 1.85
1,000 to 1,499 6 25.00 10.34
1,500 to 1,999 7 29.17 15.91
2,000 to 2,999 1 4.17 2.44
3,000 to 4,999 1 4.17 2.78
5,000 to 9,999 5 20.83 15.15
10,000 to 20,000+ 3 12.50 13.04
Total 24 100.00 8.30
Table A5: Frequency Distribution for AP Calculus AB— Equivalent to One Semester of Calculus at Most Colleges & UniversitiesSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College
Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
2015 Student Enrollment
# of Corporations Offering AP Calc AB % of Total % of School Corporations in
This Enrollment Category
220 to 999 36 16.14 66.67
1,000 to 1,499 42 18.83 72.41
1,500 to 1,999 32 14.35 72.73
2,000 to 2,999 31 13.90 75.61
3,000 to 4,999 31 13.90 86.11
5,000 to 9,999 28 12.56 84.85
10,000 to 20,000+ 23 10.31 100.00
Total 223 100.00 77.16
Table A6: Frequency Distribution for AP Calculus BC— Equivalent to One Year of Calculus at Most Colleges & UniversitiesSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College
Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
2015 Student Enrollment
# of Corporations Offering AP Calc AC % of Total % of School Corporations in
This Enrollment Category
220 to 999 0 0 0.00
1,000 to 1,499 6 10.91 10.34
1,500 to 1,999 5 9.09 11.36
2,000 to 2,999 4 7.27 9.76
3,000 to 4,999 7 12.73 19.44
5,000 to 9,999 20 36.36 60.61
10,000 to 20,000+ 13 23.64 56.52
Total 55 100.0 19.03
Table A7: Frequency Distribution for Physics ISource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College
Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
2015 Student Enrollment
# of Corporations Offering Physics I % of Total % of School Corporations in
This Enrollment Category
220 to 999 30 13.16 55.56
1,000 to 1,499 44 19.30 75.86
1,500 to 1,999 36 15.79 81.82
2,000 to 2,999 34 14.91 82.93
3,000 to 4,999 29 12.72 80.56
5,000 to 9,999 32 14.04 96.97
10,000 to 20,000+ 23 10.09 100.00
Total 228 100.00 78.89
Table A8: Frequency Distribution for Physics IISource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College
Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
2015 Student Enrollment
# of Corporations Offering Physics II % of Total % of School Corporations in
This Enrollment Category
220 to 999 1 3.45 1.85
1,000 to 1,499 4 13.79 6.90
1,500 to 1,999 4 13.79 9.09
2,000 to 2,999 3 10.34 7.32
3,000 to 4,999 2 6.90 5.56
5,000 to 9,999 7 24.14 21.21
10,000 to 20,000+ 8 27.59 34.78
Total 29 100.00 10.03
Table A9: Frequency Distribution for AP Physics 1 and 2Source: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College
Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
2015 Student Enrollment
# of Corporations Offering AP Phys 1, 2 % of Total % of School Corporations in
This Enrollment Category
220 to 999 5 5.81 9.26
1,000 to 1,499 9 10.47 15.52
1,500 to 1,999 10 11.63 22.73
2,000 to 2,999 9 10.47 21.95
3,000 to 4,999 17 19.77 47.22
5,000 to 9,999 19 22.09 57.58
10,000 to 20,000+ 17 19.77 73.91
Total 86 100.00 29.76
Notes for Tables A4-A9: (1) AP Physics I is a full-year course that is the equivalent of a first semester introduction college course in algebra-based physics.(2) Eight school corporations, seven of which have 3,000 or more students, also offer AP Physics II, which is a full-year course equivalent to a second-semester introductory college course in physics.
The course covers fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, optics, quantum, atomics, and nuclear physics.(3) Thirty-two school corporations with 2,000 or more students also offer AP Physics C, which is a two-course sequence focusing on mechanics and on electricity and magnetism.
Our model is a straightforward exposition of the relationship between scale and educational outcomes (quality), taking the form:
Qi,t= α +δ1 (ln(Zi,t))+ XB + µt + αi,t
...where the quality measure of school corporation, i, in year t, is a function of a common intercept, α, the natural log of enrollment, Z, the matrix of control variables X, year fixed effects, µ and error terms containing both corporation-specific random effects and a white noise idiosyncratic error term distributed identically and independently.
The control variables X in the model include share of free and reduced lunch students, share of African American students, and share of Hispanic students. We also include eight categories of USDA’s rural-urban continuum code dummies where counties with populations of one million or more as the omitted category. We also include year fixed effects to account for unobserved factors that vary across time common to all school corporations.
The panel nature of the analysis is motivated by an interest in accounting for the unobserved heterogeneity across schools. Due to very clear theoretical guidance, a cost model may be estimated in a cross-sectional setting, but performance models lack some of the specification guidance that cost models provide. For that reason, we opt for estimation of a straightforward panel model using generalized least squares random effects. We assume that the school corporation-specific effect in the error term is a random variable that is uncorrelated with the enrollment in the past, present and the future time periods of the same school corporation. Because there is not much variation in key variables over time, random effects model estimates are expected to have much smaller variances than fixed effects estimates making this the preferred modeling strategy (Wooldridge, 2010).
Table B1: Summary StatisticsSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
VariablesOverall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max. Mean Std.
Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std.
Dev. Mean Std. Dev.
Dependent variables
SAT Composite Score among HS graduates 972.86 52.70 764.80 1223.20 953.11 43.46 964.05 44.28 969.70 45.50 971.73 48.97
Share of HS graduates passing AP exam 0.37 0.22 0.00 1.00 0.22 0.21 0.30 0.21 0.33 0.21 0.35 0.22
English ECA pass rate among HS graduates 0.79 0.09 0.40 0.98 0.79 0.09 0.79 0.08 0.79 0.08 0.79 0.08
Table B2: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on SAT Composite ScoreSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 22.68***(2.798)
5.603(13.02)
20.53***(6.341)
20.77***(3.948)
22.12***(3.003)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -183.9***(19.00)
-151.3***(40.54)
-169.0***(22.78)
-159.6***(25.21)
-170.9***(20.96)
Share of African American students in school corporation -129.6***(35.98)
207.6(670.3)
104.7(315.9)
45.78(190.0)
-143.1***(35.00)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation -32.53(21.93)
60.70(95.93)
-39.33(40.57)
-43.28(28.35)
-29.57(21.78)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population 2.293(6.974)
46.46***(9.309)
6.786(12.29)
9.052(10.52)
7.721(8.781)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 17.00**(7.060)
7.859(12.88)
7.387(8.589)
18.45**(9.323)
15.71**(7.744)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area 10.44*(5.901))
-1.139(14.89)
6.711(8.074)
10.84(6.654)
9.957*(5.963)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 20.01***(6.588)
-4.221(14.54)
19.76**(8.930)
22.80***(6.967)
20.24***(6.534)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 6.448(4.802)
10.75(11.57)
6.013(5.996)
8.068(5.123)
5.834(4.845)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 12.74*(7.680)
20.40*(11.90)
6.633(8.016)
14.85**(7.406)
12.41*(7.469)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, adjacent to a metro area -6.302(8.117)
-5.805(9.295)
-3.509(8.794)
-6.409(8.379)
Constant 883.2***(23.58
980.2***(91.89)
893.2***(46.67)
884.7***(29.30)
882.1***(24.07)
Observations 1,081 151 550 800 964
Number of school corporations 284 53 153 216 257
R-squared 0.545 0.244 0.319 0.347 0.469
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B3: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on ACT Composite ScoreSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.516***(0.103)
0.314(0.793)
0.379(0.352)
0.553***(0.192)
0.621***(0.136)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -5.461***(0.612)
-1.074(2.362)
-4.391***(1.006)
-4.584***(0.833)
-5.174***(0.677)
Share of African American students in school corporation -3.985***(0.811)
-14.21(35.35)
-7.455*(4.328)
-4.168(2.915)
-4.471***(0.925)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation -1.625*(0.834)
-7.438(8.516)
-2.551(1.752)
-2.442**(1.135)
-1.341(0.850)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population 0.0992(0.262)
-1.840(1.185)
-0.0175(0.462)
-0.0528(0.367)
0.230(0.318)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.630***(0.208)
-0.491(0.979)
0.106(0.275)
0.602**(0.260)
0.655***(0.221)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area 0.360(0.265)
-0.128(1.060)
-0.0937(0.368)
0.269(0.295)
0.338(0.265)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.685*(0.351)
-1.174(1.352)
0.348(0.469)
0.715*(0.387)
0.687**(0.347)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.460**(0.201)
-1.173(1.011)
0.159(0.280)
0.401*(0.221)
0.458**(0.206)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.699(0.534)
-0.207(1.323)
0.292(0.665)
0.625(0.514)
0.706(0.519)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.230(0.412)
0.0221(0.445)
0.175(0.424)
0.239(0.417)
Constant 20.55***(0.836)
21.38***(5.208)
21.39***(2.490)
20.02***(1.408)
19.65***(1.038)
Observations 1,069 141 538 788 952
Number of school corporations 284 53 153 216 257
R-squared 0.352 0.107 0.164 0.204 0.287
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B4: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Graduates Taking and Passing an AP ExamSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.113***(0.0128)
0.0681(0.111)
0.149***(0.0413)
0.122***(0.0244)
0.127***(0.0164)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.487***(0.0756)
-0.349(0.270)
-0.360***(0.122)
-0.416***(0.104)
-0.440***(0.0844)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.189*(0.106)
-4.324(3.957)
0.419(0.637)
0.574(0.405)
-0.159(0.145)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.111(0.0885)
-0.373(0.362)
-0.187(0.152)
-0.0585(0.117)
0.101(0.0963)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population 0.0149(0.0374)
0.122(0.108)
0.119**(0.0463)
0.117***(0.0412)
0.100***(0.0351)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.00499(0.0305)
-0.0605(0.123)
-0.0387(0.0514)
0.00471(0.0437)
0.00764(0.0343)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area 0.0197(0.0373)
-0.0348(0.119)
-0.0576(0.0446)
0.0144(0.0400)
0.0245(0.0364)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0458(0.0588)
0.0127(0.125)
0.0295(0.0755)
0.0498(0.0615)
0.0552(0.0576)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.00852(0.0272)
-0.0284(0.0978)
0.0112(0.0336)
0.0131(0.0295)
0.000144(0.0278)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.00451(0.0533)
0.0233(0.122)
0.0212(0.0668)
0.0230(0.0542)
0.0161(0.0544)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0170(0.0537)
-0.0296(0.0597)
-0.00154(0.0558)
-0.00747(0.0543)
Constant -0.322***(0.113)
-0.0395(0.767)
-0.621**(0.309)
-0.430**(0.193)
-0.455***(0.138)
Observations 1,039 125 513 758 922
Number of school corporations 278 47 147 210 251
R-squared 0.289 0.116 0.136 0.161 0.244
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B5: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Graduates Who Passed the English End of Course Assessment (ECA)Source: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment -0.00113(0.00377)
0.00794(0.0295)
-0.00356(0.00992)
-0.00339(0.00668)
-0.000243(0.00465)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.340***(0.0197)
-0.176**(0.0826)
-0.323***(0.0296)
-0.315***(0.0235)
-0.333***(0.0210)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.199***(0.0449)
-2.540***(0.949)
-0.377**(0.157)
-0.248**(0.123)
-0.196***(0.0564)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0497(0.0391)
-0.214(0.178)
0.123*(0.0630)
0.0932**(0.0450)
0.0617(0.0411)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0161*(0.00952)
0.00985(0.0487)
-0.0105(0.0166)
-0.0233*(0.0131)
-0.0151(0.0123)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.00680(0.00687)
-0.0134(0.0234)
0.00188(0.0106)
0.00224(0.00834)
-0.00519(0.00744)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0208**(0.00945)
-0.0566(0.0407)
-0.0202(0.0132)
-0.0185*(0.0106)
-0.0206**(0.00953)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0164*(0.00958)
-0.0561(0.0470)
-0.0256***(0.00932)
-0.0187**(0.00946)
-0.0156(0.00952)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.0165**(0.00738)
-0.0363(0.0247)
-0.0180*(0.00946)
-0.0160**(0.00801)
-0.0160**(0.00745)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.00125(0.0213)
0.0133(0.0343)
0.0194(0.0249)
0.00234(0.0216)
0.00212(0.0216)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0223(0.0149)
-0.0174(0.0170)
-0.0196(0.0155)
-0.0212(0.0150)
Constant 0.959***(0.0316)
0.874***(0.205)
0.963***(0.0719)
0.961***(0.0508)
0.947***(0.0376)
Observations 1,085 155 554 804 968
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.577 0.341 0.350 0.377 0.489
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B6: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Graduates Who Passed the Algebra End of Course Assessment (ECA)Source: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0264***(0.00834)
0.0526(0.0434)
0.0427**(0.0194)
0.0526***(0.0132)
0.0415***(0.00982)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.434***(0.0439)
-0.335**(0.164)
-0.443***(0.0735)
-0.374***(0.0588)
-0.410***(0.0475)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.283***(0.0588)
-2.814(1.862)
-0.550(0.663)
-0.530(0.416)
-0.283***(0.0691)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.132(0.0824)
-0.399(0.319)
0.145(0.144)
0.155(0.101)
0.170**(0.0759)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0722***(0.0227)
-0.200***(0.0694)
-0.0998**(0.0465)
-0.0780**(0.0316)
-0.0571**(0.0268)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.00238(0.0199)
-0.0494(0.0750)
-0.0216(0.0294)
0.00932(0.0234)
0.0197(0.0193)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area 0.00547(0.0223)
-0.0926(0.0677)
-0.0271(0.0277)
0.00481(0.0245)
0.00757(0.0218)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0156(0.0303)
-0.0921(0.200)
-0.0447(0.0388)
-0.0295(0.0324)
-0.0111(0.0297)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.0131(0.0186)
-0.0285(0.0660)
-0.0316(0.0236)
-0.0208(0.0197)
-0.00817(0.0187)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area -0.00194(0.0288)
-0.0385(0.0694)
-0.0171(0.0368)
-0.00410(0.0303)
0.00703(0.0293)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0407**(0.0199)
0.0272(0.0237)
0.0331(0.0203)
0.0471**(0.0195)
Constant 0.706***(0.0702)
0.507(0.314)
0.595***(0.148)
0.492***(0.103)
0.574***(0.0790)
Observations 1,084 154 553 803 967
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.311 0.264 0.207 0.214 0.263
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B7: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Graduates Who Passed the Biology End of Course Assessment (ECA)Source: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0437***(0.00835)
0.0388(0.0568)
0.0436**(0.0214)
0.0515***(0.0145)
0.0498***(0.0103)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.544***(0.0471)
-0.655***(0.158)
-0.543***(0.0657)
-0.488***(0.0612)
-0.524***(0.0512)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.249***(0.0568)
1.724(1.065)
-0.188(0.161)
-0.220(0.182)
-0.267***(0.0764)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0709(0.0544)
0.407(0.285)
0.177**(0.0836)
0.153**(0.0644)
0.0898(0.0570)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.00490(0.0272)
0.0354(0.129)
0.0620(0.0464)
0.0222(0.0403)
0.0241(0.0325)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.00649(0.0165)
-0.0610(0.0468)
-0.00453(0.0272)
0.00973(0.0222)
0.000831(0.0180)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.00798(0.0212)
-0.0842*(0.0465)
-0.0171(0.0272)
-0.00573(0.0238)
-0.00528(0.0213)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.00624(0.0342)
-0.137(0.110)
0.0146(0.0448)
0.00963(0.0362)
0.0109(0.0338)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.0170(0.0155)
-0.0316(0.0430)
-0.0135(0.0193)
-0.0145(0.0170)
-0.0131(0.0157)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0503(0.0405)
0.00408(0.0683)
0.0329(0.0421)
0.0557(0.0396)
0.0561(0.0398)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0272(0.0344)
0.0336(0.0351)
0.0328(0.0359)
0.0319(0.0349)
Constant 0.358***(0.0694)
0.444(0.413)
0.344**(0.163)
0.268**(0.112)
0.299***(0.0816)
Observations 1,080 151 549 799 963
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.442 0.321 0.307 0.297 0.393
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B8: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Graduates with an Honors DiplomaSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0197***(0.00559)
-0.0375(0.0386)
0.00288(0.0174)
0.0158(0.0101)
0.0185***(0.00709)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.323***(0.0336)
-0.240***(0.0901)
-0.233***(0.0455)
-0.264***(0.0411)
-0.316***(0.0374)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.0964*(0.0492)
0.713(1.842)
-0.0209(0.232)
0.0396(0.148)
-0.102**(0.0471)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation -0.0157(0.0302)
-0.0620(0.127)
-0.0726(0.0500)
-0.0747*(0.0382)
-0.00679(0.0299)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.00862(0.0119)
-0.0318(0.0352)
-0.00781(0.0214)
0.00365(0.0179)
-0.00361(0.0144)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.0312**(0.0124)
0.00175(0.0369)
0.0217(0.0179)
0.0423***(0.0163)
0.0338***(0.0129)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area 0.00742(0.0124)
0.0297(0.0346)
-0.00486(0.0169)
0.00313(0.0134)
0.00830(0.0124)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0519***(0.0162)
0.136***(0.0489)
0.0593**(0.0238)
0.0595***(0.0188)
0.0531***(0.0164)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.0203**(0.00974)
0.0390(0.0296)
0.0132(0.0138)
0.0243**(0.0109)
0.0212**(0.00979)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0469***(0.0173)
0.0638(0.0393)
0.0513**(0.0234)
0.0507***(0.0179)
0.0478***(0.0174)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0207(0.0199)
-0.0216(0.0234)
-0.0167(0.0224)
-0.0194(0.0201)
Constant 0.269***(0.0463)
0.587**(0.280)
0.352***(0.130)
0.270***(0.0772)
0.274***(0.0554)
Observations 1,083 155 552 802 966
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.398 0.129 0.200 0.259 0.341
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B9: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed the ISTEP during 4th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0126**(0.00537)
-0.00189(0.0361)
0.0127(0.0149)
0.00852(0.00896)
0.0164**(0.00694)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.315***(0.0304)
-0.340***(0.120)
-0.304***(0.0556)
-0.306***(0.0427)
-0.307***(0.0340)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.126**(0.0565)
1.137(1.285)
0.362***(0.125)
0.198(0.137)
-0.0838(0.109)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation -0.00534(0.0532)
0.383*(0.204)
-0.0146(0.0922)
-0.0528(0.0677)
0.0131(0.0612)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.00963(0.0122)
-0.0229(0.0324)
0.00908(0.0240)
0.00182(0.0170)
-0.000734(0.0134)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0158(0.0117)
-0.0573(0.0378)
-0.0277(0.0197)
-0.0125(0.0153)
-0.0128(0.0129)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0315**(0.0134)
-0.0476(0.0515)
-0.0281(0.0200)
-0.0294*(0.0154)
-0.0300**(0.0134)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0308(0.0219)
0.0134(0.0960)
0.0523*(0.0299)
0.0414*(0.0247)
0.0332(0.0222)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.00864(0.0109)
0.0335(0.0402)
0.0236(0.0151)
0.0179(0.0118)
0.0113(0.0112)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0155(0.0159)
0.0614(0.0390)
0.0377*(0.0200)
0.0235(0.0163)
0.0193(0.0167)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0322(0.0306)
0.0397(0.0317)
0.0409(0.0312)
0.0355(0.0306)
Constant 0.789***(0.0449)
0.874***(0.249)
0.782***(0.106)
0.810***(0.0688)
0.754***(0.0556)
Observations 1,084 154 553 803 967
Number of school corporations 284 53 153 216 257
R-squared 0.623 0.557 0.572 0.577 0.599
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B10: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed the ISTEP during 8th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0335***(0.00577)
0.0470(0.0406)
0.0507***(0.0168)
0.0455***(0.0102)
0.0372***(0.00732)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.425***(0.0279)
-0.502***(0.113)
-0.448***(0.0474)
-0.405***(0.0366)
-0.417***(0.0296)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.280***(0.0481)
-0.471(2.261)
0.179(0.317)
0.0953(0.201)
-0.267***(0.0551)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0303(0.0424)
0.619***(0.187)
0.113(0.0705)
0.0479(0.0525)
0.0329(0.0460)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0123(0.0119)
0.0285(0.0654)
-0.00484(0.0216)
-0.00252(0.0159)
-0.00685(0.0132)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0187*(0.0110)
-0.0185(0.0470)
-0.0154(0.0209)
-0.00872(0.0151)
-0.0170(0.0124)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0328**(0.0129)
-0.0427(0.0448)
-0.0270(0.0189)
-0.0317**(0.0146)
-0.0328**(0.0130)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0127(0.0157)
-0.0808(0.0560)
-0.0157(0.0202)
-0.0125(0.0165)
-0.0120(0.0155)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.00229(0.0115)
-0.0216(0.0412)
0.00104(0.0157)
0.00230(0.0122)
-0.00128(0.0116)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.00199(0.0228)
-0.00374(0.0557)
0.0124(0.0291)
0.00835(0.0228)
0.00374(0.0227)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0663***(0.0256)
0.0606**(0.0308)
0.0709***(0.0261)
0.0673***(0.0257)
Constant 0.632***(0.0488)
0.556*(0.309)
0.511***(0.129)
0.530***(0.0807)
0.600***(0.0605)
Observations 1,084 154 553 803 967
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.733 0.671 0.667 0.687 0.715
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B11: Summary Statistics of Other MeasuresSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
VariableOverall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max. Mean Std.
Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std.
Dev. Mean Std. Dev.
Other outcome measures
Share of HS graduates taking SAT exam† 0.60 0.15 0.10 1.20 0.59 0.16 0.59 0.15 0.60 0.15 0.60 0.15
Share of HS graduates taking AP exam 0.25 0.13 0.00 0.71 0.18 0.14 0.23 0.13 0.23 0.13 0.24 0.13
Share of HS students who took and met benchmark among HS graduates 0.41 0.12 0.09 0.90 0.36 0.10 0.38 0.10 0.40 0.10 0.40 0.11
Share of HS graduates planning to attend any college 0.62 0.09 0.33 1.00 0.62 0.10 0.61 0.09 0.62 0.09 0.62 0.09
Share of students who passed ISTEP ELA in 4th grade 0.79 0.12 0.27 0.99 0.79 0.14 0.79 0.13 0.79 0.12 0.80 0.12
Share of students who passed ISTEP MATH in 4th grade 0.72 0.13 0.20 0.98 0.71 0.15 0.72 0.14 0.72 0.13 0.73 0.13
Share of students who passed ISTEP ELA in 8th grade 0.75 0.17 0.12 0.99 0.71 0.19 0.75 0.18 0.75 0.17 0.75 0.17
Share of students who passed ISTEP MATH in 8th grade 0.64 0.16 0.11 0.95 0.60 0.17 0.63 0.16 0.64 0.15 0.64 0.15
† These variables also include students taking the test multiple times and/or non-seniors taking the exam.
Table B12: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Took the SAT ExamSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0163*(0.00950)
-0.0193(0.0637)
0.0124(0.0225)
0.0144(0.0143)
0.0189*(0.0104)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.451***(0.0552)
-0.378**(0.163)
-0.238***(0.0866)
-0.379***(0.0741)
-0.442***(0.0569)
Share of African American students in school corporation 0.00198(0.0764)
-1.004(1.864)
-1.183(0.729)
-0.379(0.507)
0.0598(0.100)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.258***(0.0711)
0.516(0.449)
0.427***(0.0970)
0.283***(0.0972)
0.282***(0.0722)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.00641(0.0301)
-0.271***(0.0452)
0.0161(0.0572)
-0.0272(0.0470)
-0.00315(0.0390)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.0305*(0.0161)
0.0223(0.0480)
0.0465**(0.0236)
0.0525***(0.0202)
0.0390**(0.0169)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0317(0.0258)
0.0239(0.0496)
-0.0319(0.0384)
-0.0239(0.0293)
-0.0299(0.0260)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.00690(0.0293)
-0.0374(0.0564)
-0.00317(0.0350)
-0.00886(0.0322)
-0.00358(0.0294)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.0264(0.0177)
0.0183(0.0527)
0.0267(0.0244)
0.0280(0.0200)
0.0295(0.0180)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0161(0.0445)
0.0495(0.0774)
0.0506(0.0538)
0.0155(0.0459)
0.0194(0.0448)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0563(0.0491)
-0.0549(0.0522)
-0.0547(0.0498)
-0.0520(0.0492)
Constant 0.651***(0.0763)
0.856*(0.444)
0.581***(0.170)
0.630***(0.113)
0.620***(0.0841)
Observations 1,073 145 542 792 956
Number of school corporations 282 51 151 214 255
R-squared 0.215 0.157 0.131 0.154 0.197
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B13: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Took an AP ExamSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Table B14: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Took the ACT ExamSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0339***(0.00761)
0.0297(0.0311)
0.0628***(0.0209)
0.0398***(0.0144)
0.0350***(0.00987)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.259***(0.0482)
-0.320**(0.134)
-0.159**(0.0788)
-0.201***(0.0671)
-0.250***(0.0539)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.00222(0.0512)
-4.523***(1.702)
0.0511(0.404)
0.111(0.281)
0.0297(0.0636)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0965(0.0605)
0.656**(0.292)
0.133*(0.0810)
0.144**(0.0729)
0.0913(0.0656)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0607***(0.0199)
-0.125**(0.0572)
-0.0176(0.0316)
-0.0276(0.0282)
-0.0368(0.0233)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0136(0.0218)
-0.111**(0.0497)
-0.00575(0.0304)
0.00890(0.0305)
-0.00822(0.0244)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0203(0.0218)
-0.0460(0.0675)
-0.0299(0.0320)
-0.00700(0.0259)
-0.0163(0.0221)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0129(0.0232)
-0.0542(0.0771)
-0.0188(0.0295)
-0.000457(0.0269)
-0.00836(0.0235)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.00608(0.0166)
-0.0266(0.0398)
-0.0104(0.0239)
0.00349(0.0190)
-0.00158(0.0170)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0996***(0.0304)
-0.138***(0.0442)
-0.118***(0.0321)
-0.0883***(0.0304)
-0.0947***(0.0306)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0172(0.0305)
0.00536(0.0343)
0.0288(0.0311)
0.0218(0.0306)
Constant 0.134**(0.0653)
0.190(0.218)
-0.114(0.156)
0.0496(0.114)
0.117(0.0807)
Observations 1,083 155 552 802 966
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.244 0.245 0.182 0.164 0.213
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0319**(0.0126)
-0.0661(0.0728)
-0.00735(0.0371)
0.0124(0.0216)
0.0200(0.0151)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.326***(0.0620)
-0.157(0.144)
-0.304***(0.0931)
-0.278***(0.0780)
-0.306***(0.0666)
Share of African American students in school corporation 0.166(0.112)
5.008(4.212)
1.762***(0.290)
0.988**(0.462)
0.112(0.125)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0955(0.0872)
-0.120(0.242)
-0.00574(0.180)
0.0292(0.120)
0.114(0.0920)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0394(0.0258)
0.0300(0.133)
-0.0480(0.0365)
-0.0158(0.0365)
-0.0299(0.0313)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0739***(0.0201)
-0.0294(0.0615)
-0.0682**(0.0276)
-0.0731***(0.0208)
-0.0766***(0.0189)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0206(0.0287)
-0.0413(0.0633)
0.00175(0.0373)
-0.0174(0.0338)
-0.0190(0.0286)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0130(0.0286)
0.0958(0.0817)
0.0193(0.0365)
-0.00145(0.0317)
-0.0106(0.0290)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.0351(0.0214)
0.0146(0.0643)
-0.0110(0.0298)
-0.0209(0.0229)
-0.0354*(0.0215)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0402(0.0325)
-0.00917(0.0727)
-0.0458(0.0410)
-0.0314(0.0345)
-0.0432(0.0336)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0343(0.0486)
-0.000882(0.0529)
-0.0195(0.0490)
-0.0331(0.0489)
Constant 0.139(0.0977)
0.680(0.487)
0.382(0.253)
0.241(0.157)
0.217*(0.111)
Observations 1,083 155 552 802 966
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.227 0.211 0.188 0.171 0.193
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B15: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Students Who Took and Met the ACT/SAT College Readiness BenchmarkSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0354***(0.00706)
-0.0599(0.0522)
0.00848(0.0233)
0.0260**(0.0130)
0.0335***(0.00898)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.552***(0.0429)
-0.478***(0.109)
-0.438***(0.0535)
-0.487***(0.0542)
-0.532***(0.0467)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.0666(0.0725)
2.982(2.068)
0.257(0.301)
0.317*(0.187)
-0.0787(0.0671)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0592(0.0475)
0.160(0.212)
0.0743(0.0870)
0.0361(0.0664)
0.0781(0.0477)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.00574(0.0135)
0.0676**(0.0318)
0.000885(0.0246)
-0.000421(0.0196)
0.00393(0.0179)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.00935(0.0131)
-0.00812(0.0389)
0.0105(0.0190)
0.0226(0.0175)
0.0128(0.0144)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.00436(0.0131)
0.0141(0.0393)
-0.00346(0.0167)
-0.00167(0.0139)
-0.00360(0.0130)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0109(0.0249)
0.121***(0.0357)
0.0201(0.0297)
0.0164(0.0277)
0.0129(0.0249)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.00365(0.00946)
0.0365(0.0288)
0.00779(0.0123)
0.00989(0.0104)
0.00428(0.00953)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0159(0.0149)
0.0205(0.0358)
-0.0111(0.0206)
-0.00987(0.0155)
-0.0149(0.0152)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0309(0.0266)
-0.0174(0.0286)
-0.0219(0.0272)
-0.0289(0.0267)
Constant 0.399***(0.0548)
0.963**(0.379)
0.532***(0.163)
0.429***(0.0931)
0.402***(0.0664)
Observations 818 123 421 608 730
Number of school corporations 282 52 151 214 255
R-squared 0.581 0.263 0.318 0.415 0.530
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B16: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Students Who Plan to Attend CollegeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.00792(0.00690)
-0.0476(0.0447)
-0.0208(0.0208)
-0.0104(0.0119)
-8.49e-06(0.00832)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.365***(0.0314)
-0.216**(0.105)
-0.293***(0.0413)
-0.318***(0.0363)
-0.355***(0.0333)
Share of African American students in school corporation 0.179***(0.0590)
1.521(1.151)
0.162(0.251)
0.468***(0.163)
0.217***(0.0600)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation -0.00940(0.0517)
-0.298(0.221)
0.0383(0.0956)
-0.0556(0.0783)
-0.00646(0.0542)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population 0.00434(0.0159)
0.0408(0.0861)
0.00542(0.0327)
-0.000787(0.0233)
0.00142(0.0199)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.0323***(0.0105)
0.0650(0.0495)
0.0381**(0.0175)
0.0418***(0.0144)
0.0332***(0.0114)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.00922(0.0133)
0.0515(0.0508)
-0.00491(0.0183)
-0.00491(0.0142)
-0.00786(0.0131)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.102***(0.0117)
0.148**(0.0638)
0.107***(0.0155)
0.113***(0.0141)
0.104***(0.0121)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.0176*(0.00942)
0.0766*(0.0445)
0.0294**(0.0140)
0.0245**(0.0104)
0.0181*(0.00949)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0550*(0.0334)
0.109*(0.0647)
0.0613(0.0400)
0.0593*(0.0325)
0.0541(0.0330)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.00402(0.0274)
0.0193(0.0301)
0.0129(0.0285)
0.00541(0.0276)
Constant 0.695***(0.0547)
0.972***(0.333)
0.859***(0.152)
0.803***(0.0894)
0.749***(0.0639)
Observations 1,078 150 547 797 961
Number of school corporations 285 54 154 217 258
R-squared 0.417 0.181 0.270 0.337 0.382
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B17: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed ISTEP ELA in 4th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.00658(0.00469)
-0.00286(0.0389)
0.00150(0.0163)
0.00551(0.00888)
0.00972(0.00632)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.235***(0.0246)
-0.225**(0.107)
-0.224***(0.0473)
-0.228***(0.0354)
-0.226***(0.0280)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.0807**(0.0387)
1.902*(0.993)
0.323***(0.105)
0.131(0.122)
-0.0635(0.101)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation -0.0267(0.0421)
0.347**(0.172)
-0.0139(0.0780)
-0.0430(0.0545)
-0.00309(0.0512)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.00647(0.0101)
-0.0633**(0.0282)
0.00791(0.0199)
0.00337(0.0134)
0.00130(0.0104)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0123(0.00924)
-0.0574*(0.0337)
-0.0143(0.0161)
-0.00772(0.0117)
-0.0101(0.0102)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0303***(0.0112)
-0.0784*(0.0416)
-0.0238(0.0170)
-0.0297**(0.0128)
-0.0295***(0.0113)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0313**(0.0128)
0.00519(0.0406)
0.0518***(0.0176)
0.0371***(0.0144)
0.0331**(0.0131)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.00186(0.00863)
-0.0107(0.0304)
0.0174(0.0124)
0.00759(0.00942)
0.00358(0.00897)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0126(0.0101)
0.0136(0.0318)
0.0241(0.0148)
0.0184*(0.0108)
0.0154(0.0104)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0136(0.0181)
0.0240(0.0190)
0.0196(0.0185)
0.0162(0.0181)
Constant 0.890***(0.0365)
0.942***(0.255)
0.912***(0.111)
0.891***(0.0634)
0.861***(0.0473)
Observations 1,084 154 553 803 967
Number of school corporations 284 53 153 216 257
R-squared 0.588 0.514 0.533 0.538 0.563
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B18: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed ISTEP Math in 4th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.00721(0.00482)
0.00978(0.0310)
0.0111(0.0128)
0.00334(0.00792)
0.0112*(0.00607)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.240***(0.0277)
-0.263**(0.105)
-0.233***(0.0512)
-0.230***(0.0383)
-0.227***(0.0311)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.138**(0.0556)
0.926(1.318)
0.283**(0.120)
0.161(0.119)
-0.129(0.104)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.00805(0.0436)
0.209(0.172)
-0.00185(0.0585)
-0.0351(0.0548)
0.0236(0.0499)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0108(0.0126)
-0.00947(0.0282)
0.0121(0.0266)
0.00244(0.0192)
2.06e-05(0.0149)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0144(0.0107)
-0.0408(0.0325)
-0.0218(0.0178)
-0.0119(0.0139)
-0.0112(0.0118)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0246*(0.0130)
-0.0164(0.0488)
-0.0196(0.0196)
-0.0209(0.0152)
-0.0236*(0.0131)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0132(0.0204)
0.00814(0.111)
0.0294(0.0280)
0.0248(0.0230)
0.0153(0.0208)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.00359(0.00998)
0.0378(0.0354)
0.0159(0.0137)
0.0121(0.0108)
0.00547(0.0102)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0127(0.0151)
0.0689**(0.0337)
0.0360**(0.0177)
0.0203(0.0154)
0.0158(0.0160)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0298(0.0293)
0.0363(0.0309)
0.0381(0.0297)
0.0323(0.0294)
Constant 0.869***(0.0415)
0.838***(0.220)
0.837***(0.0947)
0.890***(0.0628)
0.832***(0.0506)
Observations 1,084 154 553 803 967
Number of school corporations 284 53 153 216 257
R-squared 0.593 0.525 0.537 0.549 0.569
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table B19: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed ISTEP ELA in 8th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Table B20: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed ISTEP Math in 8th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0250***(0.00493)
0.0635(0.0412)
0.0507***(0.0132)
0.0425***(0.00857)
0.0311***(0.00633)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.337***(0.0253)
-0.375***(0.117)
-0.350***(0.0413)
-0.310***(0.0325)
-0.328***(0.0272)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.264***(0.0421)
-0.362(2.133)
0.0138(0.196)
-0.0527(0.152)
-0.254***(0.0512)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0192(0.0427)
0.593***(0.186)
0.143**(0.0599)
0.0396(0.0547)
0.0195(0.0479)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.00946(0.0100)
0.0218(0.0228)
-0.00387(0.0156)
-0.00230(0.0127)
-0.00480(0.0107)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0206**(0.0103)
-0.0259(0.0352)
-0.0101(0.0180)
-0.00741(0.0134)
-0.0194*(0.0117)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0337***(0.0108)
-0.0437(0.0324)
-0.0255*(0.0135)
-0.0356***(0.0125)
-0.0343***(0.0107)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0140(0.0160)
-0.0320(0.0414)
-0.0182(0.0208)
-0.0153(0.0165)
-0.0138(0.0156)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.0159(0.0100)
-0.0379(0.0292)
-0.00738(0.0131)
-0.0132(0.0106)
-0.0153(0.0101)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0242(0.0203)
-0.0345(0.0434)
-0.00861(0.0244)
-0.0188(0.0203)
-0.0223(0.0201)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0290(0.0198)
0.0285(0.0244)
0.0312(0.0207)
0.0295(0.0201)
Constant 0.717***(0.0422)
0.457(0.313)
0.526***(0.102)
0.573***(0.0680)
0.668***(0.0526)
Observations 1,083 153 552 802 966
Number of school corporations 284 53 153 216 257
R-squared 0.606 0.496 0.480 0.508 0.565
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000
Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0295***(0.00642)
0.0886*(0.0517)
0.0590***(0.0192)
0.0390***(0.0114)
0.0310***(0.00810)
Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -0.371***(0.0298)
-0.420***(0.124)
-0.399***(0.0535)
-0.368***(0.0399)
-0.367***(0.0317)
Share of African American students in school corporation -0.280***(0.0624)
0.665(2.067)
0.426(0.330)
0.222(0.240)
-0.310***(0.0696)
Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.0369(0.0546)
0.319(0.204)
0.0273(0.0860)
0.0498(0.0685)
0.0472(0.0564)
County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0235*(0.0123)
-0.0407(0.0369)
-0.0311(0.0198)
-0.0189(0.0173)
-0.0204(0.0143)
County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0149(0.0109)
-0.00607(0.0485)
-0.00861(0.0214)
-0.00628(0.0149)
-0.0116(0.0123)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0249*(0.0147)
-0.00784(0.0467)
-0.0164(0.0223)
-0.0202(0.0173)
-0.0241(0.0149)
Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.000495(0.0212)
-0.0663(0.110)
0.00617(0.0278)
0.00208(0.0234)
0.00143(0.0212)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.00923(0.0125)
-0.00945(0.0427)
0.0101(0.0171)
0.0153(0.0133)
0.0102(0.0127)
Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0112(0.0206)
-0.00177(0.0478)
0.0209(0.0264)
0.0187(0.0207)
0.0124(0.0207)
Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0831***(0.0246)
0.0694**(0.0308)
0.0892***(0.0252)
0.0841***(0.0247)
Constant 0.758***(0.0529)
0.372(0.383)
0.561***(0.146)
0.683***(0.0886)
0.746***(0.0654)
Observations 1,083 153 552 802 966
Number of school corporations 284 53 153 216 257
R-squared 0.748 0.738 0.718 0.724 0.739
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1