ABO BLOOD GROUP AND RHESUS FACTOR 1DISTRIBUTION …€¦ · ABO BLOOD GROUP AND RHESUS FACTOR 2DISTRIBUTION AMONG STUDENTS ABO Blood Group and Rhesus factor Distribution among Fendall

ABO BLOOD GROUP AND RHESUS FACTOR DISTRIBUTION AMONG STUDENTS 1


ABO Blood Group and Rhesus factor Distribution among Fendall Students

Chapter One: Introduction

Background of the Study

The term human blood group systems is defined by International Society of Blood Transfusion

as systems in the human species where cell-surface antigens—in particular, those on blood

cells—are controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous

genes with little or no observable recombination between them, and include the common ABO

and Rh- (Rhesus) antigen systems, as well as many others; thirty-five major human systems

are identified as of November 2014 (Dean, 2016).

Among the various factors that contribute to a person’s individuality are antigens attached to

surface of red blood cells and naturally occurring antibodies that circulate in the serum. The

ABO blood group and Rhesus (Rh) factor blood group are two of the most notable type groups

in humans due to their importance and association with blood transfusion (Khattak, et al. 2008).

The mode of inheritance of the ABO blood group follows the multiple allelic mode of

inheritance and is quite stable to be used to exclude paternity in paternity issues. The Rh antigen

is named after the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta where it was initially detected. There are

two theoretical models that attempt to explain the pattern of inheritance. The Wiener system

postulates a single gene locus with a series of at least ten multiple alleles. The Fisher system

assumes the existence of at least three closely linked loci designated as C, D, and E. Both are

currently in use and are still being studied. However, only the presence of the D antigen in the

Fisher system serves as the basis for classification of the Rh blood group; this way, the mode

of inheritance is simply single gene inheritance with accompanying dominance. The most

notable medical importance of this blood group system is the occurrence of Rh incompatibility


between mother and fetus, which is a major factor in the development of erythroblastosis fetalis

or hemolytic disease of the newborn (Dennis et al., 1998).

It was in 1901, that Austrian-American immunologist and pathologist Karl Landsteiner

discovered human blood groups. Karl Landsteiner's work helps to determine blood groups and

thus opened a way for blood transfusions which can be carried out safely. He was awarded the

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for this discovery (Farhud et. al, 2013).

Death of the patient was the result in most cases before 1900, when blood transfusion was

attempted. Blood transfusion was made much safer by the discovery of blood groups, as blood

of the same ABO group could be chosen for each patient. However, there were still many cases

of unexplained blood transfusion reactions. Biologists still went in search of these unexplained

questions (Farhud et. al, 2013).

In 1902, the fourth main type, AB was found by Decastrello and Sturli. It was the observations

of Levine and Stetson in 1939, and Landsteiner and Weiner in 1940 that laid the foundations

of our knowledge about the remaining major blood group, the Rhesus system. Once reliable

tests for Rhesus grouping had been established, transfusion reactions became rare! For this

discovery Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 (Farhud

et. al, 2013).

The fact that a person with one blood type produces antibodies against another blood type, it

is important that individuals be given compatible blood types for transfusions. For example, a

person with blood type B makes antibodies against blood type A. If this person is given blood

of type A, his or her type A antibodies will bind to the antigens on the type A blood cells and

initiate a cascade of events that will cause the blood to clump together. This can be deadly as

the clumped cells can block blood vessels and prevent proper blood flow in the cardiovascular

system (Bailey, 2017).


Additionally, a person who is Rh- produces antibodies against Rh+ blood cells if exposed to

them. A person can become exposed to Rh+ blood in instances such as a blood transfusion or

a pregnancy where the Rh- mother has an Rh+ child. In the case of an Rh- mother and Rh+

fetus, exposure to the blood of the fetus can cause the mother to build up antibodies against the

child's blood. This can result in hemolytic disease in which fetal red blood cells are destroyed

by antibodies from the mother (Bailey, 2017).

Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted to investigate the ABO Blood group and Rh factor distribution

among Fendall students of the University of Liberia. For the safe transfusion of blood from

donor to recipient, it is necessary that donor’s blood type (especially the ABO and Rh factors)

be determined in order to avoid the negative immune response. According to the Nobel Prize

website, mixing two different blood types can lead to blood clumping or agglutination. The

clumped red cells can crack and cause toxic reactions. Blood group antigens are hereditarily

determined and play a vital role in blood transfusion safety, understanding the genetics,

inheritance pattern and disease susceptibility ( Mathur et. al, 2017).

Significance of the Research

This research study is important because its findings will inform the appropriate stakeholders

in the health sector about the sources of potential blood donors. Also, the findings of this study

will add to the existing literature in field. Additionally, it is hoped that this research will serve

as a reference for future research on the investigation of blood groups distribution within a

given population.

Purpose of the Study

The intents of this research were:


1. to determine the ABO blood group and Rhesus factor frequency distribution among

Fendall students of the University of Liberia;

2. to determine the frequency distribution of the ABO blood group among the students;

3. to determine the frequency distribution of Rh blood group among the students; and

4. to determine the prevalent blood types among the students.

Delimitations of the Study

The research took place in District Number One in Montserrado Count. Specifically, the

research study was restricted to students of the Fendall Campus of the University of Liberia.

ABO blood group and Rh Factors were the foci.Participants were selected on a volunteer basis.

Limitations of the Study

The researcher used small number of participants. The materials needed for the conduct of the

study was limited in number. Findings of this study cannot be generalized to the entire student

population at Fendall Campus.

Chapter Two: Literature Review

There are several articles and journals published on the Determination of Gene Frequency and

Distribution of the ABO and Rh blood groups system in human immunity, blood transfusion

and organ transplantation. The literature review comprises of few articles that report on

Analysis, Determination and Gene frequency of the ABO and Rh blood group systems in

human.


Analysis of the Blood Type and Group among Undergraduate Physics Students of Dilla

University, Ethiopia

Atire(2015) reported in the Journal of Hereditary Genetics the analysis of the blood type and

group among undergraduate physics students of Dilla University, Ethiopia. Blood samples

were taken from the voluntary Physics students of Dilla University and test was carried on

various ethnic groups. The researcher observed that blood groups vary among each ethnic

group. The distribution of blood group O was the highest with percentage frequency of 38.33,

29.44 and 28.88%, followed by blood group A and blood group B, and the least percentage

frequency is that of blood group AB with 3.33% among each ethnic groups. The highest Rh-

blood types were 91.66% Rh-positive blood types followed by 8.34% Rh-negative blood types.

A hospital based study to find the distribution of ABO and Rh blood group in the local

population of Sikkim, NorthEastern India

Mathur et. al (2017) reported in the Journal of Public Health the distribution of blood groups

(ABO and Rh) subtypes A1, A2, A1B & A2B and Bombay blood group in the local population

of Sikkim. A total of 262 blood samples were collected over a period of two months from

voluntary blood donors, which included hospital staff, visitors and patients and local

inhabitants of Sikkim. Their result show that out of the total sample the most common blood

group was O blood group comprising 34.73% followed by B group (28.24%), A (22.91%) and

AB (14.12%). 98.4% of the total samples were Rh positive. Blood group A and AB were

further sub-typed the distribution of A1 antigen was 98.3% and A1B was 89.7% respectively


among A and AB blood groups. According to the result, the distribution of Blood group O was

highest in the study region closely followed by B, A and AB. Almost all the samples showed

positivity for Rh.

Blood Groups Distribution and Gene Diversity of the ABO and Rh (D) Loci in the

Mexican Population

The Blood Groups Distribution and Gene Diversity of the ABO and Rh (D) Loci in the Mexican

Population were reported in BioMed Research International. The researcher tested the Blood

groups in 271,164 subjects from 2014 to 2016.The ABO blood group was determined by

agglutination using the antibodies anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-D for the Rh factor, respectively.

They discovered that the overall distribution of ABO and Rh (D) groups in the population

studied was as follows: O: 61.82%; A: 27.44%; B: 8.93%; and AB: 1.81%. For the Rh group,

95.58% of people were Rh(D),and 4.42% were Rh(d).

Distribution of ABO and Rh-D blood groups in the Benin area of Niger-Delta: Implication

for regional blood transfusion

According to the report of Enosolease et. Al (2008) in the Asian Journal of Transfusion on the

Distribution of ABO and Rh-D Blood Groups in the Benin Area of Niger-Delta, O was the

most frequent distributed phenotype in the study population with a percent of 53.22%, followed

by group A with 23.74%. Rh negative was reported to be 5.46%, while Positive was 94. 54%.


Chapter Three: Research Methodology

Research Setting

This research will be conducted on the Fendall Campus of the University of Liberia in

November, 2018. Test to determine the ABO Blood group and Rhesus factor among volunteer

dormitory students was performed at the General laboratory of the Department of Biological

sciences, Fendall Campus, University of Liberia in November, 2018.

Materials & Methods


Study Design

A cross-sectional study was conducted on Fendall Campus students who volunteered to

participate in the exercise.

Population/ Sample Size of the Study

The selection of participants was performed using a nonprobability sampling as each individual

volunteered to donate. The study was conducted on twenty five (25) volunteer students.

Blood Sample Collection Method

The ABO and Rh-blood group’s tests Blood samples from each donor was taken by using

70% alcohol pads and piercing the fingers of donors with sterile disposable lancets.

Screening method

Test to determine the ABO Blood group and Rhesus factor among blood donors was done at

the General laboratory of the Department of Biological Sciences, Fendall campus, University

of Liberia. The slide method was used to determine blood types. ABO blood groups were

determined from each sample by agglutination using Anti-A and Anti-B and Anti-AB

antibodies and Rh factors were determined by agglutination using Anti-D antibody on the

slides.

Data Analysis Procedure


Data collected from the study on the ABO Blood group and Rh factor distribution among

Fendall Dormitory students are reported simple percentage tables using Microsoft word 2010

and Microsoft Excel 2010.

Chapter Four: Result and Discussion

Result

The results depict the distribution of ABO blood groups and Rh blood group among

volunteer students of university of Liberia, Fendall campus. The study included 25 samples

collected from volunteer student of Fendall dormitory, University of Liberia. Out of the total

sample, the most prevalent blood group was O group [52%], followed by A group [24%], and


B (16%) as shown in tables I and three. Additionally, Rh positive was 96% and negative was

4% as seen in table II.

Table I: ABO Blood Group Distribution

ABO Blood Group frequency Percentage

A 6 24

B 4 16

AB 2 8

O 13 52

TOTAL 25 100

Table II: Rhesus factor Distribution


Table III: ABO & Rh Blood Groups Distribution

Blood group Frequency Percentage

A+ 6 24

FREQUENCY

Rh +ve

Rh-ve


A- 0 0

B+ 4 16

B- 0 0

AB+ 2 8

AB- 0 0

O+ 12 48

O- 1 4

TOTAL 25 100


Discussion

The Distribution of ABO blood groups varies among donors’ population. As indicated in table

I, the distribution of blood group O was the highest with percentage 52%, followed by blood

group A (24%) and blood group B (16%).

Similarly, Canizalez-Román et al, (2018) stated that the overall distribution of ABO in the

population studied was as follows: O: 61.82%; A: 27.44%; B: 8.93%; and AB: 1.81%.

Futhermore, Enosolease et al. (2008) reported that the distribution of ABO the group ‘O’

(53.22%) is the most frequently encountered phenotype in that the distribution of ABO. These

studies showed that the most prevalent blood group was O follow by A and B.

Out of the total 25 samples, it was seen that 24 were Rh positive which comes out to be 96%

while only one (1) was Rh negative as depicted in table II. This observation also correlates

with the Atire which showed the high number of Rh positive subjects. Moreover, Canizalez-

Román et al, (2018) arrived at a similar result where 95.58% of people were Rh (D), and 4.42%

were Rh (d). The prevalence of Rh positive and negative subjects is quite similar to that found

in Mexico, Ethiopia as well as the rest of the world.

Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendation

Conclusion


This study concludes that the gene frequency distribution of Blood group O+ is highest among

participating students and is closely followed by A+ and B+. Almost all the samples showed

positivity for Rh. The distribution of Rh negative is very low among the volunteer students.

Meanwhile there is a need for a study on a larger population to be done as this was carried on

a smaller population.

Recommendation

There following are hereby recommended:

Appropriate health institution in the study area to keep track of potential blood donors

Establishment national programs that speed up blood donation and transfusions needed

in clinical practice.

REFERENCE:

Adrián Canizalez-Román, Abraham Campos-Romero, José A. Castro-Sánchez, Mario A.

López-Martínez, Francisco J. Andrade-Muñoz, Cinthia K. Cruz-Zamudio, Tania G. Ortíz-

Espinoza, Nidia León-Sicairos, Alma M. Gaudrón Llanos, Jorge Velázquez-Román, Héctor


Flores-Villaseñor, Secundino Muro-Amador, Jesús J. Martínez-García, and Jonathan Alcántar-

Fernández(2018). Blood Groups Distribution and Gene Diversity of the ABO and Rh (D) Loci

in the Mexican Population: BioMed Research International, Vol. 1925619

Atire, F.A (2015). Analysis of the Blood Type and Group among Undergraduate Physics

Students of Dilla University, Ethiopia: Hereditary Genet 4: 140. doi:10.4172/2161-

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