ABIKO–MASAMUNE Asymmetric Aldol Reaction Asymmetric aldol reaction between propionate esters e.g. 1 and aldehydes 2 using (þ) or () nor- epinephrine (or norephedrine) as a chiral auxiliary; proceeds via ester boron enolates 4. Formation of preferentially syn 3 or anti 2 products depends on the bulkiness of alkyl in the dialkylboron triflate, as well as on the chiral auxiliary, the tert amine and temp (lower temp favors kinetic anti product); the large dicyclohexylboron triflate 4 leads predominantly to anti products 3 via E-boron ester enolates, while dibutylboron triflate and DIPEA give more syn aldols. 10 Double aldol reaction of acetate esters is possible. 6 Methoxyacetates give syn-glycolate derivatives with high selectivity. 8 Compare with Evans syn-aldol and Crimmins anti-aldol (via ketone enolates). c-Hex 2 BOTf Et 3 N, –78 o C R O H 2 N O Bn MeO 2 S Ph O N O Bn MeO 2 S Ph O R OH 1 3 N R 1 O Ph Me R 2 O 2 S O c-Hex 2 BOTf, Et 3 N R*O O B(c-Hex) 2 R*O O BBu 2 RCHO R*O O OH R R*O O OH R 1 Bu 2 BOTf, i Pr 2 NEt 3-anti, 87% (R= i Pr) RCHO 3-syn, 98% 5 R 1 = Bn, R 2 = Mes R 1 = Me, R 2 = OHA 4 5 2 2 anti Selective aldol (3). 5 To a solution of norepinephrine ester (1R,2S)-1 (4.80 g, 10 mmol) (R 1 ¼ Bn, R 2 ¼ Mes) in CH 2 Cl 2 (50 mL) in an oven-dried 500 mL flask under nitrogen was added via syringe TEA (3.40 mL, 24 mmol). A solution of dicyclohexylboron triflate (1.0 M in hexane, 22 mL) was added over 20 min at 78 C and stirring was continued for 30 min. IBA 2 (R ¼ i Pr, 1.08 mL, 12 mmol) was then added dropwise and the mixture was stirred at 78 C for 30 min and then brought to r.t. (1 h). After quenching with a pH 7 buffer (40 mL), MeOH (200 mL) and 30% H 2 O 2 (20 mL) were added slowly. After stirring overnight at r.t. and usual workup and evaporation a solid was obtained which was crystallized from hexane (150 mL) to give crude 3 (4.4 g). Removal of cyclohex- anol from the mother liquor and chromatography provided an additional product (0.6 g). Crystalliza- tion from EA–hexane (1:5) afforded 4.77 g (87%) of pure anti (þ)-3. syn Aldol (3). 5 As above, reaction of ester (1R,2S)-1 (R 1 ¼ Me, R 2 ¼ octahydroanthracenyl(OHA), 0.4 mmol) with n-Bu 2 BOTf (0.8 mmol) and i Pr 2 NEt afforded 3-syn (98%). 1 Brown HC Tet Lett 1992 33 3421 2 Abiko A, Masamune S J Org Chem 1996 61 2590 3 Abiko A, Masamune S J Am Chem Soc 1997 119 2586 4 Abiko A, Masamune S J Am Chem Soc 2001 123 4605 5 Abiko A, Masamune S J Org Chem 2002 67 5250 6 Abiko A Org Syn 2002 79 103,116 7 Abiko A, Masamune S J Am Chem Soc 2002 124 10759 8 Andrus MB Org Lett 2002 4 3549 9R Abiko A Acc Chem Res 2004 37 387 10 Dai W-M Tetrahedron 2010 66 187 A 1
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ABIKO–MASAMUNE Asymmetric Aldol Reaction
Asymmetric aldol reaction between propionate esters e.g. 1 and aldehydes 2 using (þ) or (�) nor-
epinephrine (or norephedrine) as a chiral auxiliary; proceeds via ester boron enolates 4. Formation
ofpreferentially syn3 oranti2 productsdependson thebulkiness of alkyl in the dialkylboron triflate,as well as on the chiral auxiliary, the tert amine and temp (lower temp favors kinetic anti product);the large dicyclohexylboron triflate 4 leads predominantly to anti products 3 via E-boron ester
enolates, while dibutylboron triflate and DIPEA give more syn aldols.10 Double aldol reaction
of acetate esters is possible.6 Methoxyacetates give syn-glycolate derivatives with high
selectivity.8 Compare with Evans syn-aldol and Crimmins anti-aldol (via ketone enolates).
c-Hex2BOTf
Et3N, –78 oC R
O
H
2
NO
Bn
MeO2S
Ph O
NO
Bn
MeO2S
Ph O
R
OH
1 3
NR1
O
Ph
Me
R2O2S
O
c-Hex2BOTf, Et3NR*O
OB(c-Hex)2
R*O
OBBu2
RCHOR*O
O OH
R
R*O
O OH
R1 Bu2BOTf, iPr2NEt
3-anti, 87% (R=iPr)
RCHO
3-syn, 98%5
R1 = Bn, R2 = Mes
R1 = Me, R2 = OHA
4
5
2
2
anti Selective aldol (3).5 To a solution of norepinephrine ester (1R, 2S)-1 (4.80 g, 10 mmol) (R1¼ Bn,
R2 ¼ Mes) in CH2Cl2 (50 mL) in an oven-dried 500 mL flask under nitrogen was added via syringe
TEA (3.40 mL, 24 mmol). A solution of dicyclohexylboron triflate (1.0 M in hexane, 22 mL) was
added over 20 min at �78 �C and stirring was continued for 30 min. IBA 2 (R ¼ iPr, 1.08 mL,
12 mmol) was then added dropwise and the mixture was stirred at�78 �C for 30 min and then brought
to r.t. (1 h). After quenching with a pH 7 buffer (40 mL), MeOH (200 mL) and 30% H2O2 (20 mL)
were added slowly. After stirring overnight at r.t. and usual workup and evaporation a solid was
obtained which was crystallized from hexane (150 mL) to give crude 3 (4.4 g). Removal of cyclohex-
anol from the mother liquor and chromatography provided an additional product (0.6 g). Crystalliza-
tion from EA–hexane (1:5) afforded 4.77 g (87%) of pure anti (þ)-3.
syn Aldol (3).5 As above, reaction of ester (1R, 2S)-1 (R1 ¼ Me, R2 ¼ octahydroanthracenyl(OHA),
0.4 mmol) with n-Bu2BOTf (0.8 mmol) and iPr2NEt afforded 3-syn (98%).
1 Brown HC Tet Lett 1992 33 3421
2 Abiko A, Masamune S J Org Chem 1996 61 2590
3 Abiko A, Masamune S J Am Chem Soc 1997 119 2586
4 Abiko A, Masamune S J Am Chem Soc 2001 123 4605
5 Abiko A, Masamune S J Org Chem 2002 67 5250
6 Abiko A Org Syn 2002 79 103,116
7 Abiko A, Masamune S J Am Chem Soc 2002 124 10759
8 Andrus MB Org Lett 2002 4 3549
9R Abiko A Acc Chem Res 2004 37 387
10 Dai W-M Tetrahedron 2010 66 187
A
1
ABRAMOV Asymmetric Phosphonylation
Stereoselective phosphonylation of aldehydes by means of chiral phosphoro diamidates 2 or with
BINAP catalysts, leading to chiral hydroxyalkyl phosphonates 7.
NP
O PhCl
NP
O PhN
NP
O PhLiHMDS
Me3Si
Me3Si
N
SiMe3
Me3SiO
Ph
421
PhCHO3
O=CH-Ph
O
POPh2
POPh2H
O OH
POEt
OEtP(OEt)3
CH2Cl2, –78 oC
iPrNEt
5 6 7, 73%,10 31% ee
Ph Ph,
(S)-BINAPO
SiCl4
(S)-BINAPO
Diethyl hydroxybenzyl phosphonate (7).10 Phosphite 6 (1.50 mmol) was added to benzaldehyde 5
(1.0 mmol), iPr2NEt (1.50 mmol), and (S)-BINAPO (10 mol %) in DCM (4 mL) at �78 �C. SiCl4(0.75 M DCM solution, 2.0 mL) was added over 2 h with a syringe pump. Water (4 mL, deionized),
sat aq NaHCO3 (10 mL), and EA (10 mL) were added, the mixture was stirred for 1 h and filtered
through celite. Extraction with EA (3 � 10 mL), usual workup, and chromatography (silica gel
15 g, hexane:acetone 2:1 and 1:1) gave 7 (73%, 35% ee).
1 Abramov VS Dockl Akad NauKSSR 1954 95 991
2 Evans DA J Am Chem Soc 1978 100 3467
3 Kee TP J Chem Soc Perkin 1 1994 3183
4 Devitt PG J Chem Soc Perkin 1 1994 3169
5 Devitt PG Tetrahedron 1995 51 10987
6R Kee TP Coord Chem Rev 1997 359
7 Hanessian S J Org Chem 2000 65 2667
8 Shingare MS ARKIVOC 2006 11 196
9 Klimovitskii EN Russ J Org Chem 2007 43 911
10* Nakajima M Tetrahedron 2008 64 6415
2
ACHMATOWICZ Furanylcarbinol Rearrangement
Rearrangement of 2-hydroxyalkylfurans 1, 7 (or 2-aminoalkylfurans)4 to pyranose derivatives
4, 8 (or to 7-membered rings) by reaction with Br222MeOH,1 NBS,5 m-CPBA4 or TBHP-VO
72.4 mmol)was added to a solution of 5 (7.96 g, 72.4 mmol) in CH3CN (20 mL) followed by ammonium
ceric nitrate (1.94 g, 3.56 mmol) in CH3CN (20 mL). After usual workup and flash chromatography over
silica gel (n-hexane/EA 3:1), product 6 was isolated as a yellow oil. To a solution of 6 (0.954 g,
6.624 mmol) in PhCH3 (20 mL) was added BH3�SMe2 (2M in THF, 0.504 g, 6.624 mmol) in PhCH3
(10 mL), the mixture was stirred for 3 h at r.t. and then quenched with sat NH4Cl solution. After
usual workup and flash chromatography over silica gel (n-hexane/EA 3:1), pure 7 was isolated as
a pale yellow oil. Compound 7 (0.292 g, 2 mmol) was added to a solution ofm-CPBA (0.344 g, 2 mmol)
in CH2Cl2 (2 mL) at 0 �C and the mixture was stirred for 3 h till a ppt was formed. The precipitated
m-chlorobenzoic acid was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude productwhich was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (n-hexane/EA 3:1) to afford 8 as a colorless
liquid, 70%.
1 Achmatowicz O Tetrahedron 1971 27 1973
2 Shono T Chem Lett 1981 1121
3 Georgiadis MP J Org Chem 1986 51 2725
4 Zhou W-S J Chem Soc Chem Comm 1997 317
5 O’Doherty GA Tet Lett 2000 41 183
6 Schreiber SL Angew Chem Int 2004 43 57
7 Schreiber SL J Am Chem Soc 2004 126 14096
8 Zuhal G Turk J Chem 2007 31 491
9 Boger DL J Am Chem Soc 2010 132 2157
10 Nicolaou KC J Am Chem Soc 2010 132 6855, 8219
A
3
ACYLOIN Rearrangement
Rearrangement of O-silylacyloins (a-siloxyketones) catalyzed by strong bases (e.g. KHMDS
20 mmol) in DCM were heated at 140 �C for 16 h. Evaporation and distillation gave a fraction boiling
at 90–105 �C (0.5 torr) which was treated with 20 mL ether, worked up and distilled to afford 3 (62%).
Diethyl (2-isopropenyl-4,4-dimethyl cyclopentyl)-1-malonate (5).7 The catalyst was prepared by
stirring 4 g LiClO4 in 20 mL Et2O with silica gel for 30 min, evaporated and dried the catalyst
at 150 ˚C, 0.1 torr for 24 h. The catalyst (100 mg) was stirred with 4 (596 mg, 2 mmol) in 4 mL
DCM for 5 h under Ar at r.t. Filtration and evaporation afforded 5 in quantitative yield.
1 Alder K Chem Ber 1943 76B 27
2 Hill RK J Am Chem Soc 1964 86 965
3 Usieli V J Org Chem 1973 38 1703
4 Oppolzer W Angew Chem 1978 90 506
5 Achmatowicz O J Org Chem 1980 45 1228
6 Snider BB J Org Chem 1982 47 745
7 Sarkar TK Synlett 1996 97
8 Chen H Organomet 2005 24 872
9 Naruse Y Tet Lett 2005 46 6937
10 Hilt G Angew Chem Int 2007 46 8500
11 Shen R J Org Chem 2009 74 4118
A
5
ALDER–RICKERT Acetylene Cycloaddition
Synthesis of polysubstituted benzenes 5 via Diels–Alder reaction of cyclohexadienes, e.g. 2
with acetylenes 3, via bicyclooctadienes 4.
Cl
O
Cl
OTMS
LDA
Me3SiCl+
CO2Me
CO2Me
70–140 °C
Cl
E
E OH
ClE
E OTMS
5, 53%2, 79%41 3 4, E = CO2Me
Dimethyl 3-chloro-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-4-(2-propenyl)-phthalate (5). A solution of 2 (12 g,
47 mmol, prepared from cyclohexenone 1 with LDA and TMSCl at �70 �C), and DMAD 3 (9 mL,
73 mmol) in xylene (45 mL) was heated at 70 �C for 2 h and then at 145 �C for 4 h. Evaporation
of the solvent in vacuuo followed by routine work-up and silica gel chromatography afforded
9.48 g of 5 (53%) as an oil.
1 Alder K, Rickert HF Liebigs Ann 1936 524 180
2 Birch AJ Aust J Chem 1969 22 2635
3 Danishefsky S J Am Chem Soc 1974 96 7807
4 Winterfeldt E Tet Lett 1985 26 1705
5 Patterson JW J Org Chem 1995 60 560
6 Labadie SS Syn Comm 1998 28 2531
7 Kuwahara S Tetrahedron 2008 64 9073
8 White JM J Org Chem 2007 72 2929
ALDOL Reactions
Base or acid activated condensation between aldehydes and/or ketones to afford a b-hydroxyaldehyde (aldol) or b-hydroxyketone (ketol) 4. First examples by Claisen2 and Schmidt.1 Re-
action proceeds by attack of an enolate 2 (or an enol) as nucleophile on an aldehyde 3 or other
carbonyl compound or on an iminium ion. Many base catalysts can be employed; the most com-
mon bases leading to enolates are KOH, K2CO3, KCN, NaOAc, CaO, amines, KOtBu,KHMDS, LDA (at low temp affords preferentially kinetic enolate 2), Amberlite. Acid catalysts
include HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4, and Lewis acids like BF3, POCl3, ZnCl2, FeCl3, TiCl4, InCl3.
Retroaldol reactions (4 Æ 1 + 3) are possible. E-enolates lead preferentially to anti aldol 6,
while Z-enolates afford syn aldols 7, via 6-membered ring transition states. Many aldol type
reactions, depending on carbonyl nucleophile or electrophile substrate (e.g. aldehyde, ketone,
ester, amide, iminium ion), are known by name, e.g. Claisen, Evans, Knoevenagel, Mannich,
Mukaiyama, Stork etc, as well as corresponding asymmetric aldols.4–7
6
MeO
N
O
SMe
Me
Ph
1. (i) LDA- Cp2ZrCl2(ii) Cp2ZrCl2
2. PhCHO
O
N
O
SMe
MePh
OH
O
N
O
SMe
MePh
OH
+
6, anti 90% 7, syn 10%5
Me Me Me
Me Me
Ph Ph
98%
O OO
OLDA
-78 oCPh H
Ph
1 23
4
OH
Aldol product (6).5 To a stirred solution of iPr2NH (0.380 mL) in THF (7 mL), n-BuLi (1.5 M,
1.806 mL) was added at 0 �C. The LDA solution was cooled to �78 �C and a THF solution of
Cp2ZrCl2 (118.6 mg, 0.406 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. After 15 min, ester 5
(600 mg, 1.354 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 90 min. Then
Cp2ZrCl2 (990 mg, 3.38 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at �78 �C for another
10 min. PhCHO (158.2 mg, 1.490 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at
�78 �C for 30 min and quenched with 1N HCl. After usual workup and concentration, the residue
obtained was purified by silica gel chromatography (hexanes:EA:DCM 12:1:1 and hexanes:EA
10:1) to give the product as a mixture of 6 (major) and 7 in 98% yield.
1 Schmidt JG Ber 1880 13 2342
2 Claisen L Ber 1881 14 349
3R Heathcock CH Science 1981 214 395
4R Mukaiyama T Org React 1982 28 187
5R Mukaiyama T Aldrichim Acta 1996 29 59
6R Abiko A Aldrichim Acta 1997 37 387
7* Michio K J Org Chem 2001 66 1205
8R Moyano A, Rios R Chem Rev 2011 111 4703
ALLEN Phosphonium Rearrangement
Also known as Allen–Millar–Trippett. Ring enlargement of cyclic phosphonium salts 2,5
obtained by alkylation or acylation of cyclic phosphines 1, 4 in the presence of base.
P
RP
R CH2I
KOHCH2I2
PhH reflux P
O
R
1 2 3, 71%1
P
PhP
PhPh
O
TEA
H2O
refluxP
PhPh
O
P
PhOH
O
PhOH PO Ph
OHPh
4 5 8, 87%6
PhCOCl
6 7
A
7
9-Methyl-9,10-dihydro-9-phosphaphenanthrene-9-oxide (3).1 The phosphonium salt 2 (R ¼ Me,
0.7 g, 1.5 mmol) in aq acetone containing KOH solution was heated to reflux for 2 h. Extraction of
the cold mixture with CHCl3, evaporation of the solvent and silica gel chromatography via elution
with EA:EtOH (7:3) afforded 0.24 g, 71% of 3.
Hydroxyphosphine oxide (8).6 Benzoyl chloride (10 g, 71.1 mmol) was added to 4 (7.53 g, 40 mmol)
and Et3N (20 mL) in Et2O (300 mL). After 3 h stirring under reflux 5 was hydrolyzed with water
(150 mL) for 2 h. The precipitates thus formed were removed by filtration and the resulting filtrate dried
over MgSO4. Evaporation of the solvent and recrystallization from PhCH3 afforded 10.8 g of 8 (87%).
1 Allen DW, Millar IT Chem Ind 1967 2178
2 Trippett S Chem Comm 1967 1113
3 Allen DW, Millar IT J Chem Soc C 1969 252
4 Tebby JC J Chem Soc C 1971 1064
5 Mathey F Tetrahedron 1972 28 4171
6 Mathey F Tetrahedron 1973 29 707
7 Allen DW J Chem Soc Perkin 1 1976 2050
8 Markl G Angew Chem Int 1987 26 1134
9 Keglevich Gy J Org Chem 1990 55 6361
10 Keglevich Gy Synthesis 1993 931
11R Savignac P Eur J Org Chem 2000 3103
12 Mapp AK J Am Chem Soc 2006 128 4576
13 Vignolle J Tet Lett 2007 48 685
ALPER Carbonylation
Carbonylation of cyclic amines 4, hydroformylation (CO22H2) of amino olefins 6,
carbonylation of alkenyl epoxides8 and allenyl alcohols10 or amines catalyzed by metal (Pd,
Ru, Rh) complexes. Also dimerisation is possible with aziridine.
R
R R2
NR1
CH(CO2Et)2
I 1. Pd(OAc)2PPh3
2. CO
R
R
NPd
O
R1
R2(EtO2C)2HC
I–
+ –Pd(0)R
R R2
NR1
CO2Et
O
base
21 311
Pd(Ph3P)4
5, 79%2
NHNN
BuBu
O
CO HRh(CO)(Ph3P)3
NaBH4, 100 oC, 34 atm
N
O6 7, 78%3Pd(OAc)2/PPh3
or
4
CO
N-(n-Butyl)-a-methylene-b-lactam (5).2 CO was bubbled through Pd(OAc)2 or Pd(PPh3)4(0.136 mmol) in DCM (4 mL). After 2 min, PPh3 (0.54 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added followed
by aziridine 4 in DCM. The mixture was stirred for 40 h at r.t., the solvent was removed in vacuo andthe residue was purified by preparative TLC (silica gel, hexane:EA, 8:1) to give product 5 (79%).
1 Alper H J Chem Soc Chem Comm 1983 1270
2 Alper H Tet Lett 1987 28 3237
3 Alper H J Am Chem Soc 1990 112 2803
4R Alper H Aldrichim Acta 1991 24 3
5 Alper H J Org Chem 1992 57 3328
8
6 Alper H J Am Chem Soc 1992 114 7018
7 Alper H J Am Chem Soc 1996 118 111
8 Alper H J Org Chem 1997 62 8484
9 Alper H Org Lett 2000 2 441
10 Toros S Steroids 2004 69 271
11 Alper H Org Lett 2008 10 4903
AMADORI Glucosamine Rearrangement
Acid catalyzed rearrangement of aldoses 1, 3 viaN-aldoglycosides to aminoglycosides of ketoses
2, 4 in the presence of amines. Apparently proceeds via ring opening (I), imine to enamine tau-
tomerization and re-ring closure of aminoketone (II) to 2.
O
OH
HOHO
OH OH
OHO
HO
OH OH
NH–PhMe
1 2, 60%3
Tol–NH2
100 °COH
OH
HOHO
OH NHTol+
OH
HOHO
O NHTolI II
OH
O
OH
HO
SO3
OHOH
K O
OHHO
O3S
CH2NH2R
OH
4, 94%3
Amberlite-H+
R = Cyl
1-Deoxy-1-p-tolylamino-D-fructose (2).3 A mixture of a-D-glucose 1 (100 g, 555 mmol), p-toluidine(80 g, 533 mmol), water (25 mL) and 2N AcOH (5 mL) was heated to 100 �C for 30 min and to the
cooled mixture was added anh EtOH (100 mL) and after 24 h the ppt was filtered, washed with
EtOH:Et2O (2:3), to give 94 g of 2 (60%), mp 152–153 �C.1-Cyclohexylamino-1,6-dideoxy-a-D-tagatofuranose-6-C-sulfonic acid (4).
10 Amberlite IR-120
(Hþ) cation exchange resin was added to a solution of 3 (131 mg, 0.465 mmol) in water (2.5 mL)
up to pH 0–1. The resin was filtered and washed and the combined filtrate was brought to pH 6
using cyclohexylamine and concentrated to dryness several times by co-evaporating with abs EtOH.
Crystallization from H2O/EtOH 1:1 afforded 4, 150 mg (94%).
1 Amadori M Atti Accad Nazl Lincei 1925 2 337 (6)
2 Weygand F Chem Ber 1940 73 1259
3 Hixon RM J Am Chem Soc 1944 66 483
4 Hodge JE J Agric Food Chem 1953 1 928
5 Ames GR J Org Chem 1962 27 390
6 Gyorgydeak Z Carbohydrate Res 1997 302 2297 Horvat S J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1 1998 909
8 Mioduszewski JZ US Pat 1998 5723,504
9 Peters JA Eur J Org Chem 2001 3899
10 Fernandez-Bolanos JG Tet Asymm 2003 14 1009
11 Jalbout AF Food Chem 2007 103 919
12 Jakas A Carbohyd Res 2008 343 2475
13 Wrodnigg TM Carbohyd Res 2008 343 2057
14 Maugard T Tetrahedron 2009 65 531
A
9
ANGELI–RIMINI Hydroxamic Acid Synthesis
Synthesis of hydroxamic acids 5 from aldehydes 1 and N-sulfonylhydroxylamines 2; also used
as a color test for aldehydes.
Cl
C-NHOH
NaOMe
0–20 °C+
O2S
Cl1 2 5, 68%
MeOH
CH=O NHOH O
Ar
OH
N
O
SO2PhAr
OH
N
O3 4
p-Chlorobenzene hydroxamic acid (5).6 To an ice-cold solution ofN-hydroxybenzene sulfonamide 2
(730 mg, 4.2 mmol) in MeOH was added dropwise NaOMe-MeOH solution (4.36 mL, 8.4 mmol,
1.93 M). p-Chlorobenzaldehyde 1 (562 mg, 4 mmol) inMeOH (4 mL) was then added and the reaction
mixture was warmed to r.t. MeOH was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in ether (200 mL)
and the organic layer was extracted with 2M NaOH. The aq layer was acidified with conc HCl and
extracted with EA. The solution was concentrated to give product 5 (68%).
1 Angeli A Gazz Chim Ital 1896 26 17
2 Rimini E Gazz Chim Ital 1901 31 84
3 Balbiano L Att Accad Lincei 1913 22 575
4 Yale HL Chem Rev 1943 33 228
5 Lwowski W Angew Chem Int 1967 6 897
6 Hassner A J Org Chem 1970 35 1962
7 Stoyaoysky DA J Am Chem Soc 1999 121 5093
8 Porecheddu A J Org Chem 2006 71 7057
9 King SB Org Lett 2009 11 4580
APPEL Displacement Reagent
Formed from Ph3P and CCl4 (or CBr4) 1, a reagent for chlorine (also bromine or iodine) dis-
placement of OH (2+1 to 3, often with inversion) or for dehydration of amides 6 to nitriles 7, or
in Beckmann rearrangement (8 to 9). Sometimes used in the presence of imidazole. One can
also use Ph3P and NCS.14
Ph3P CCl4 (Ph3PCl) CCl3
R OHO R(Ph3P)
+ Cl–
R Cl Ph3PO
I1
+2
3
OH
OH
OH
Cl R
RR
R
CONH2 CNO
O
CCl4, 1
MeCN
1
4 5, 88%5 6 7, 89%2R = OMe
Reflux
Reflux,
NR2
R1
OH NCl
R1
R2 Ph3PO CHCl31
8 9
10
trans-2-Chlorocyclohexanol (5).5 trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediol 4 (3.82 g, 33 mmol) was added to a solu-
tion of 1, prepared from Ph3P (9.86 g, 33 mmol) in anh CCl4 (60 mL) and MeCN (20 mL). After 24 h
reflux, 1.95 g of 5 (88%) was isolated. Retention of configuration here is probably due to epoxide
intermediate.
2-Cyano-adamantan-4,8-dione (7).2 To a solution of 6 (600 mg, 2 mmol), Ph3P (786 mg, 3 mmol)
and Et3N (202 mg, 2 mmol) in anh DCM (60 mL) was added CCl4 (308 mg, 2 mmol). After 15 h re-
flux, the solvent was removed by distillation and the residue was chromatographed on silica gel (100 g)
(PE/Me2CO increasing the polarity). The product in Me2CO:H2O 1:1 (40 mL) and conc HCl (5 drops)
was refluxed for 5 h. Recrystallization from PE (bp 60–95 �C)/Me2CO afforded 168 mg of 7 (89%),
mp 255–257 �C.
1 Rabinowitz R, Marcus R J Am Chem Soc 1962 84 1312
2 Appel R Chem Ber 1971 104 1030
3 Appel R Chem Ber 1975 108 2680
4 Appel R Angew Chem Int 1975 14 801
5 Evans SAJr J Org Chem 1981 46 3361
6R Castro BR Org React 1983 29 1
7 Brinkman HR Synthesis 1992 1093
8 Lee KJ Synthesis 1997 1461
9 Barrett AGM Org Lett 2002 4 1975
10 Nishida Y Org Lett 2003 5 2377
11 Wagener KB Tetrahedron 2004 60 10943
12 Iranpoor N Tet Lett 2006 47 5531
13 Bergin E J Am Chem Soc 2007 129 9566
14 Baran P S J Am Chem Soc 2008 130 17938
15 Das B Tet Lett 2009 50 2072
16 Soltani RMN Synthesis 2010 1724
ARBUZOV Phosphonate Synthesis
Also known asMichaelis–Arbuzov. Synthesis of phosphonates 8 by heating of alkyl halides 5
with trialkyl phosphites. Ni catalyzed conversion of aryl halides 3 to aryl phosphonates 4 by
reaction with phosphites 1, via phosphite-Ni complex 2.
NiCl2[(EtO)3P]4Ni
P
O
(OEt)2
I
(EtO)3P150 oC 160 oC
1 2
3
4, 94%3
BrN
O
CH2Ph
CH(Me)Ph PN
O
CH2Ph
O
MeOCH(Me)PhMeO
(MeO)3P
110 oC8, 98%10
6
5(MeO)3P
PN
O
CH2Ph
OMe
MeORO
Br
Me
7
Diethyl phenylphosphonate (4).3 To 2 (2 mg) and PhI 3 (1 g, 4.9 mmol) was slowly added 1 (0.93 g,
5.64 mmol) at 160 �C. The solution (red upon each addition of 1) faded to yellow and Et–I was dis-
tilled. Vacuum distillation afforded 4 (94%), bp 94–101 �C, 0.1 mm.
A stirred and ice cooled suspension of sulfur (6.0 g, 187 mmol) in 1-methyl-4-piperidone 1 (40 g,
354 mmol) was treated with a flow of NH3 maintaining the temperature between 40–50 �C until all
traces of sulfur disappeared. The excess of NH3 was removed in vacuo, the mixture was diluted with
50% K2CO3 solution (200 mL) and extracted with ether (5� 100 mL). The dried solution was treated
with dry HCl. The solid was filtered, washed (Et2O) and dried in vacuo to give 53.5 g of 2.2HCl (97%),
mp 200–205 �C, after crystallization mp 240 �C.
1 Asinger F Liebigs Ann 1957 602 37
2 Asinger F Liebigs Ann 1957 606 67
3 Asinger F Angew Chem 1958 70 372
4 Asinger F Liebigs Ann 1964 674 57
5 Lyle RE J Org Chem 1965 30 293
6 Domling A Tetrahedron 1995 51 755
7* Martens J Tet Lett 2000 41 7289
8* Dunach E Tet Asymm 2001 12 1279
9R Offermanns H Angew Chem Int 2007 46 6010
A
13
ATHERTON–TODD Phosphoramidate Synthesis
Synthesis of phosphoramidates 4, 5, 7 from formamides 1 and phosphites 2 or from iodoform,
amines and dialkyl phosphites (2 to 7).
ONH
HP O
H
EtOEtO+ P
N OEt
OOEt
30% NaOH
R4N+Br–, CCl4
1 2
PNH
OEt
OOEt
4, 60%4O H OH–3
CHI3, NH3
CHCl3, r.t.
25, 83%9
EtOP H
O
EtOP
NH2
O
CHI3, PhNH2
Toluene, r.t. EtOP
NHPh
O
7, 82%6
EtOP
I
O
OEt OEt OEt OEt
Diethyl N-phenylphosphoramide (4).4 To an ice cold stirred suspension of formylanilide 1 (605 mg,
5 mmol) in CCl4 (25 mL) was added 30% NaOH (10 mL) and TEBAB (0.2 g). Diethyl phosphite 2
(828 mg, 6 mmol) in CCl4 (5 mL) was added dropwise. After 1 h at 0 �C and 4 h at 20 �C, the organiclayer gave 4, after crystallization, 0.687 g (60%), mp 96–97 �C.Diethyl phophoramide (5).9 Into vigorously stirred liquid NH3 (15–20 mL), 1.0 mmol of iodoform
and 1.1 equiv of dialkyl phosphite 2 were added simultaneously at�33 �C. After 5–10 min of stirring
at �33 �C, the cooling bath was removed and stirring was continued until NH3 was distilled off. The
product was dissolved in dry chloroform and the mixture was filtered through Celite. After evaporation
of the solvent, crystallization or distillation afforded 5 (83%).
1 Atherton FR, Todd AR J Chem Soc 1945 660
2 Wadsworth WS J Am Chem Soc 1962 64 1316
3 Zwierzak A Synthesis 1982 922
4 Lukanow LK Synthesis 1985 671
5 Hovalla D Tet Lett 1992 33 2817
6 Garrigue B Syn Comm 1995 25 871
7 Liu LZ Org Prep Proc Int 1996 28 490
8 Zhao YF J Chem Res S 2003 262
9 Mielniczak G Syn Comm 2003 33 3851
10 Zhao YF Synlett 2005 1927
11 Ju Y Synthesis 2007 407
12 Donghi M Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009 19 1392
14
AUWERS Flavone Synthesis
Synthesis of benzopyran-4-ones 4, 8 (flavones) from o-hydroxychalcones 5 or from benzo-
furan-3-ones 1.
O
Cl
O 1. PhCHO36% HCl
EtOH, 60 oC
21
2. Br2, 20 oCCHCl3
O
Cl
OBr Ph
Br
4
0.1 N KOH, EtOH
reflux, 10 min O
O
OH
Ph
Cl3
O–
Cl
OOHPh
Br
O
O Ph
O2N
Cl
O
Ph
OH
NO2
+
O
Cl
HEtOH
dry HCl, 0 oC
5 6 8, 30%5
reflux, H2O O
O Ph
O2N CHO
Cl
7
6
6-Nitroflavanone (8).5Amixture of chalcone 5 (1.35 g, 5 mmol) and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde 6 (1.45 g,
10 mmol) in EtOH (65 mL) was saturated with dry HCl, in an ice bath and allowed to stand for 1 h. It
was then refluxed for 5 h. The unreacted chalcone was separated by cooling, the mother liquor was
treated with H2O (30 mL) to afford a pale yellow solid which was recrystallized from CCl4 to afford
8 (30%).
1 Auwers K Chem Ber 1908 41 4233
2 Minton TH J Chem Soc 1922 121 1598
3 Ingham BH J Chem Soc 1931 895
4 Acharya BG J Chem Soc 1940 817
5 Szell T J Org Chem 1963 28 1146
6 Dorofeenko GN Chem Heterocycl Comp 1977 13 149
7 Gupta R Org Prep Proc Int 2000 32 280
8 Pawar RP ARKIVOC 2006 xvi 43
A
15
AUWERS–INHOFFEN Dienone-Phenol Rearrangement
Acid catalyzed rearrangement of dienones 1 or bromo substituted dienones5 3 to phenols (phenol
acetates) via carbocations.
O AcO
TsOH
Ac2O
O
Br
PhPh
PTSA
reflux
OAc
Br
Ph
Ph
OH
Br
PhPh
+
1 2 3 5, 38%5
Ac2O
4H+
H+ Ac2O
–
2-Bromo-3,4-diphenylphenylacetate (5).5 A solution of 3 (2.804 g, 8.62 mmol) and PTSA�H2O
(0.294 g) in Ac2O (60 mL) was refluxed for 1.75 h and then poured into water. The unreacted
Ac2O was removed by addition of NaHCO3 and the mixture was extracted with ether (1.2 L). The solid
that separated was dissolved in benzene (400 mL). The combined benzene–ether fractions were dried
and concentrated in vacuo to afford an oily solid, which was washed thoroughly with ether to afford