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LAD 555: DISSERTATION
TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT
OF CAMPUS CIRCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM
by: Abd. Maris bin Shamsuddin
(95781330) Bachelor of Landscape Architecture (Hons) (March
1998).
Supervisors: 1. Associate Professor Mrs. Kamariyah Kamsah
2. Mr. Anuar Mohd. Noor
Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture,
Planning and Surveying,
MARA Institute of Technology (ITM), 40450 SHAH ALAM
Selangor Darul Ehsan
Submission date: 18 March 1998
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Acknowledgements:
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim...
I would like to declare my deepest gr^Jtiide to AUah, the
Almighty, for His blessings and allowing me to accomplish the
dissertation.
My deepest thank you to my dearest and beloved wife, Maziana bte
Hj. Mohamad, and my children Hadeerah Miza and Hameedan Mirza, who
have sacrificed so much,
ail these years, for my study.
The collections of materials of study and equipments were made
possible with the help and co-operation of kind and obliging
friends and acquaintance. I wish to thank them all, especially to
Tn. Hj. Mohamad bin Hashim, En. Alias Taib (Head of Maintenance
Department), Pn. Rasan Halipah Yusoff and also to Allahyarham En.
Zulkifli Ahmad.
I would also like to express my appreciation to the Institut
Teknologi MARA Public Relation Office, the Student Affairs
Department, the Development Department, the Security Department,
the Maintenance Department and the Faculty of Architecture,
Planning and Surveying.
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TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT
OF CAMPUS GRCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM
CONTENTS Page
Acknowledgements i List of illustrations vi Ustof^gures viii
Abstract
CHAPTER 1; THE RESEARCH OUTLINE 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Goal
and Objectives 3
12,1 Sodal objective 3 1.2.2 Environmental objective 4 1.2.3
Academic objective 4
1.3 The Significance of the Study. 4 1.3.1 Internal (ITM)
Perspective 5 1.3.2 National Perspective 5
1.4 The Study Approach 5
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 Campus Planning 8 2.2 The Campus
Circulation 8 2.3 The Vehicular Circulation 9 2.4 The Pedestrian
Circulation 11
2.4.1 Designing a pedestrian circulation 13 2.4.2 The pedestrian
walkway capacity 18 2.4.3 Designing details 20 2.4.4 Designing for
the disabled 25
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2.5
2.6
A Case Study Conclusion
THE SITE STUDY
3.1
3.2 3.3 3.4
3.5
3.6 3.7
3.8
Background The Faculties and Academic Centres The Residence
Halls The Staffs Public Spaces Public Buildings The Existing Main
Pedestrian Routes Conclusion
26 27
3.0 THE SITE STUDY 29 29 30 31 32 32 33 34 37
4.0 DATA AMALYSIS AND ISSUES 40 4.1 The Natural Attributes
40
4.11 Hilly area 40 4.1.2 Lowland areas 41
4.2 Administrative Constraints 42 4.2.1 Budget constraints 42
4.2.2 Lack of multi inter-professional contribution 42
4.3 The Physical Planning Approach 43 4.3.1 Lack of pedestrian
linkage between landmarks 43 4.3.2 The lack of proper pedestrian
linkage between
residence halls and academic centres 43 4.3.3 Lack of supporting
system in the nuclei of activities 44 4.3.4 The increased of
vehicles usage 44 4.3.5 Failure to identify human anticipation in
design 46 4.3.6 Insufficient space for proposing pedestrian walkway
46
4.4 Standardise Construction Details for Site Amenities 47 4.4.1
The pedestrian safety 47 4.4.2 The pedestrian comfort 49
III
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4.4.3 The pedestrian convenience 51 4.4.4 The pedestrian
attractiveness 53
4.5 Conclusion 54
5.0 SOLUTIONS AND DESIGN GUIDELINES 56 5.1 Administration and
Management Prospects 57 5.2 The Planning Stage 58 5.3 Programming
62 5.4 Design Quality 64
5.4.1 Safety and security 64 5.4.2 Comfort and convenience 66
5.4.3 Attractiveness and aesthetic 68
5.5 Conclusion 69
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES
APPENDIX
Appendix 1: Distribution of Students by Programmes in ITM, Shah
AJam Campus. (As in August, 1997)
Appendix 2: Distribution of Full-time Students by Faculties in
ITM, Shah Alam Campus. (As in August, 1997)
Appendix 3: Distribution of the Existing Full-time Students
Accommodated on Campus and Their Faculties in ITM, Shah Alam. (As
in May - Oct. session, 1997)
IV
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Appendix 4: Registered Private Vehicles in ITM, Shah Alam. (As
in October, 1997)
Appendix 5: The Distribution of Car and Motorcycle Parking
Spaces in ITM, Shah Alam. (As in November, 1997)
Note; The recommendations in this study are supported and
supplemented by design proposals in the form of visual and graphic
presentation by the author.
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List of illustrations:
Illustration 1: Jalan llmu 1/1: one of the busiest road in ITM,
Shah Alam. Illustration 2: Multi-storey; the landmark of ITM, Shah
Alam. Illustrations: The future 20-level twin towers of the
Engineering
Faculties. Source.' The Development Department of ITM
Ulu^ration 4: The Multi-storey square: The oldest ar^ d biggest
public square in Shah Alam campus.
JJlustration 5: Existing bus stand in front of Kolej Seroja,
ITM, Shah Alam.
Illustration 6: A well-designed food centre at Kolej Perindu.
Illustration 7: The pedesfaian walkway which linked the
Multi-storey and
the Library I. Illustration 8: An overpass walkway which links
the Student Centre with
main pedestrian route. Illustration 9: The Academic II block.
illustration 10: Stairway that links between Kolej Delima and the
Faculty
of Information Technology and Quantitative Science. illustration
11: Motorcycles impeding pedestrian walkway. Illustration 12:
Pedestrian route by human anticipation. Illustration 13: Narrow
sidewalk poses problems in designing for a proper
pedestrian walkway.' iUustration 14: A view of a roadside
pedestrian walkway of Shah Alam,
ITM. illustration 15: The drain-edge pedestrian walkway.
Illustration 16: Existing pathway connecting the Maintenance
Department
and Islamic Centre of ITM. Illustration 17: The busiest
intersection on campus in front of Kolej
Seroja.
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Illustration 18: Amenities such as sculpture at Academic Centre
I square may stimulate interests in pedestrians.
Illustration 19: A historical information at Academic Centre 1
may encourage interpretative walking.
Illustration 20: Main pedestrian routes should connect residence
halls and faculties. Source: Untermann, R.K., 1984, "Accommodating
the Pedestrian," pg. 15.
Illustration 21: A sidewalk vendor. Source: Untermann, R.K,
1984, "Accommodating the Pedestiian,"pQ. 28.
Illustration 22: A sample of pedestrian signages which indicates
public amenity.
Illustration 23: A buffer between pedestrian and vehicular path
will enhance pedestrian safety.
Illustration 24: Expanding side walk at intersection. Source:
Untermann, RK, 1984, "Accommodating the Pedestrian," pg. 35.
iilusbration 25: Shelter may enhance pedestrian osmfort and
convenience. Source: Untermann, R.K., 1984, "Accommodating the
Pedestrian," pg, 145.
Illustration 26: Stalls enhance pedestrian comfort and
convenience. Ulustation 27: A scene of intensive planting along a
pedestrian route.
VII
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List of figures
Figure 1: The location of the faculties with the respective
numbers of full-time students.
Figure 2: The distribution of residence halls and number of
students. Figure 3: The location of main public spaces. Figure
4: The location of main public buildings. Figure 5: The site plan
of the eariiest phase of ITM, Shah Alam. Figure 6: The eariiest
phase of ITM Shah Alam with the
Development and Maintenance Department and the Faculty of Art
and Design.
Figure 7: The existing pedestrian routes and circulation. Figure
8: The elevations of every major points for pedestrians
concentration.
Figure 9: The distribution of the activity nuclei with the
numbers of
students involved. Figure 10: Typical road cross-section of ITM,
Shah Alam. Figure 11: A combination of a stair and a ramp as part
of disabled
pedestrian system. Figure 12: A curvilinear layout of walkway
will enhance attractiveness
and reduce boredom. Figure 13: Typical form of exerdse station
at every open spaces and
major pedestrian walkways. Figure 14: Open drainage system
should be dosed to provide buffer. Figure 15: Improved
road-crossing area. Figure 16: Cross section of planter or other
raised surface can be
used for sitting with height between 12 to 24 inches. Figure 17:
The critical sites of pedestrian safety.
VIII
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TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT
OF CAMPUS aRCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM
Abstract
A campus is a place for people to learn. It is a destination for
national conferences or sports throughout the country. Therefore,
one of ihe main aspects about campus character is it should have a
condudve environment and ambience that could support the learning
process. It should always be convenient for the user.
In order to visualise the mission, a list of strategies should
be proposed. One of the most paramount strategies is to develop an
effjdent pedestrian drculation system within the campus. The study
objective is multi-purpose, viz.: a) to analyse the existing
pedestrian routes, b) to identify the major pathway between
important points and destinations, and c) to design a proper and
effective pedestrian drculation system. The main objective is to
enhance a healthy leaming environment deemed pertinent to an
institution of higher leaming.
ITM, Shah Alam is a hilly campus which facilitate schooling for
about 23,000 students induding those enrolled with the out-campus
and distant learning programmes. About 10,200 of them are
accommodated on the main campus. The faculties, administotion
offices, residence halls, maintenance building and sport fadlities
are dispersed within its 150 hectares of space. The development of
the built-up area of the campus has already been pushed beyond the
limits of its full capacity. Moreover, the government policy to
maximise the number of local students has resulted an
over-populated campus. In order to move towards an excellent
leaming institute vis-a-vis the government policy, it is best to
design a more pedestrian-friendly campus. This would not only
minimise conflict Ijetween pedestrian and vehides but would foster
a learning community living on campus.
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H A P T E R
R E S E A R C H O U T L I N E
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TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT
OF CAMPUS CIRCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM
1.0 RESEARCH OUTLINE. 1.1 Introduction
As an institution of higher learning, campus is perceived as the
centre of education process. It provides learning facilities and is
known for having the most advanced technology in educational
programmes.
Perhaps, the eariiest planning for institution of higher
learning in the country is the development of Malay College, Kuala
Kangsar (MCKK) in 1905. However, the replacement of University
Malaya
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TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT
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The demand to establish new campuses rapidly led to an outcome
such as the lack to enhance the most important factor in campus
planning, that is the people-oriented approach. At the end, the
existing campus environment is less capable to fulfil the needs of
end-users such as the result of inefficient pedestrian
circulation.
The similar scene occurs in ITM, Shah Alam. Therefore, it is
very interesting and challenging to re-design the present campus
environment so that the appearance will be more people-based. The
study is recommended in order to have a more pleasant and amenable
environment for the users to support their learning habitation with
a proposal of a pedestrian-friendly campus.
Moreover, ITWl, Shah Alam is an extra-ordinarily busy campus.
The campus consists of academic blocks, administration buildings,
residence halls, commercial hotel, sport centres including an
Olympic size swimming pool and main stadium, nursery, etc. There
are also supporting elements such as maintenance office, Islamic
centre, bus stands, food centres, amphitheatre, etc. With 23,000
student population at present, it is established to be the biggest
and most active campus.
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TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT
OF CAMPUS ORCULATION FOR (TM. SHAH ALAM
1.2 Goal and Objectives
Illustration 1 (above): Jalan llmu 1/1: one of the busiest road
in ITM, Shah Alam.
The main goal of the study is to develop a successful
pedestrian-friendly campus that could be a model for any future
development (especially for new branch campuses of ITM). The
following objectives are established in conjunction with the idea
towards a pedestrian-friendly campus for ITM, Shah Alam:
1.2.1 Social objectives i. To have a safe, convenient and
pleasurable walking environment for
pedestrians by enhancing the quality of campus spaces and
amenities that are closely related to the pedestrian circulation
system.
ji. To establish linkage of the existing open spaces with the
pedestrian system that would support the learning environment
throughout the campus,
ill. To promote to a maximum social contact among pedestrians,
and minimising conflicts with vehicular movement.
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TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT
OF CAMPUS ORCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM
1.2.2 Environmental objectives i. To achieve a healthy living
environment in which walking is perceived as
a healthy form of exercise for the community, ii. To establish a
well defined and efficient pedestrian circulation system in
the physical layout of the campus, ii. To contribute towards the
preservation of the environment by reducing
the impact of vehicular movement within campus.
1.2.3 Academic objectives i. To achieve, sustain and create a
more pleasant and interpretative
pedestrian walkway system, ii. To build up the character of
people places on campus, especially by
creating academic setting and ambience, iii. To list recommended
strategies for future guidelines that can be
applied to any new appropriate development throughout the
country.
1.3 The Significance of the Study.
As a campus is a living environment, it is ideal to design a
pedestrian-ftiendiy campus. The study is cameti out in order to
have a set of concrete solutions and new findings towards the
establishment of a pleasant learning environment in ITM, Shah Alam
campus. Therefore, this study is geared towards a proposal for a
safe, convenient, comfortable and attractive campus for
pedestrians. These factors are considered the most important
aspects in designing pedestrian-friendly environment.
The e)dsting pedestrian system was designed mostly based on two
maiin fundamentals, that is the current vehicular circulation
system and the human anticipations. Therefore, the most important
aspects in pedestrian walkway
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TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT
OF CAMPUS aRCULATION FOR ITM. SHAH ALAM
design was not well regarded in the design process. The approach
was on a piece-meal or incremental basis without comprehensive
consideration for the
whole campus system.
The significance of the study can be interpreted through
internal and
nation-wide perspective:
1.3w1 Internal (ITM) Perspective
As the biggest and one of the most well-known institution of
higher learning in the country, the result of the study could be a
model for the improvement of other 12 existing branch campus in the
country. The concept can also be applied towards the development of
incipient and future permanent campus such as in Pulau Pinang,
Kedah and Negeri Sembilan.
1.3.2 National Perspective
The study can be a source of reference for physical planning of
a campus. In addition, it can also be a reference for any other
pedestrianisation projects such as residential area or development
of a new township. The concept could also contribute towards an
energy-efficient and caring living community in conjunction with
the idea of sustainable development and the government aspiration
of Vision 2020.
1.4 The Study Approach.
The study is conducted based on the existing condition of the
campus tnjt projected to the stage when all the planning
developments in ITM, Shah
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TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMBNT
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Alam have been completed. All relevant data and references are
collected and analysed to identify the main issues. From then, the
best policy and objecUves are outlined to improve the matters
before withdrawing appropriate strategies.
The infonnation are acquired by three main sources, that is the
literature review, interview and site survey. The literature review
is based from books or articles concern wiUi campus planning and
pedestrian issues. Interviews are conducted to obtain general and
specific information regarding to the subject. Meanwhile, surveys
are canied out through individual and windshield observations of
the respective sites.
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L I T E R A T U R E R E V I E W
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TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT
OF CAMPUS ORCULAVON FOR ITM. SHAH ALAM
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review are mainly based from reference books.
"Campus Planning," by Dober, R. P., published in 1963, is to be the
main reference in understanding campus planning although this book
is basically about the design of institutions of higher teaming in
the United State. However, to conform with the local condition, a
reference of a close to home university is made. Towards this, an
article, "University Planning with Spedal Reference to Singapore"
by Ta-Cheang, Meng, which was published in 1973 is utilised. In
addition, a few descriptions from various articles are also
applied. A paper by Kamsah, K., known as "Rekabentuk Landskap
Kampus," (Campus Landscape Design) presented on Kursus Asas
Landskap, Bahagian Pembangunan dan Penyelenggaraan, ITM in 1990 is
also appropriated.
Untermann, Richard. K., had studied thoroughly the aspects of
pedestrian circulation in his book, "Accommodating the Pedestrian,"
1984. Most of the references were gained here along with
information from a book entitled "Parks: Design and Management," by
Phillips, Leonard. E., in 1996. Phillips recommends useful
information regarding the detailing of designing park components
including pedestrian walkway, stairways and pavement. In
addition,
. a book written by Uhlig, Klaus, in 1979, "Pedestrian Areas:
From Malls to Complete Network," is also applied. This book
provides a remarkable collection of pictures of pedestrian places
in urban areas from all over the worid.
For purpose of comparison, a precedented study by The Campus
Planning Group, University of Massachusetts, is appropriated. The
title of the study is "A Landscape for Learning" which was
completed in 1993. It reveals examples of numerated policies and
strategies in promoting an efficient pedestrian circulation.
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TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT
OF CAMPUS ORCULAVON FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM
2.1 Campus Planning
A campus is well-known to the public as the centre for an
educational process. However, Dober, R. P., 1963, in his book
"Campus Planning," ndicates that the general tasks of an
institution of higher education are:
to provide general education;
i. to train professionals; ii. to foster creative thought,
scholarship and research; V. to disseminate knowledge and skills
through extension activities; and V. to serve as the centre of the
cultural resources for those outside the
campus community.
Particularly, Ta-Cheang, M., 1973, in his article "University
Planning witti Spedal Reference to Singapore" even explains that
the primary functions of teaching and research processes in
university works in many ways include such as follows:
i. the exchange of ideas, experience, stimulation and direction
between lecturers and students;
ii. the private investigation and research of student and
lecturer; iii. the exchange of experience between students through
the mutual
investigation of a field of knowledge; and iv. creative effort
in the arts, techniques and science through the medium of
exhibition, entertainment and personal contacts.
2.2 The Campus Circulation
Dober, R. P., identifies that there are three orders of
importance in listing the parts of the campus, that is the
buildings; an outdoor space; and the supporting site elements such
as utilities and circulation. The circulation is
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necessary to support institutional activities. In addition,
there are three types of flow that comprises the campus circulation
system: i. automotive (including motorcycle); ii. bicycle; and iii.
pedestrian. The type of traffic complies with the explanation from
Ta-Cheng, M., which defines that traffic in campus can be divided
into vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic. He refers to the
bicycle circulation as part of vehicular traffic.
Furthemiore, Dober, R. P., pointed out that the intemal
circulation begins at the campus gateways, which link the
institution to its environs. Campus roads are the channels which
carry traffic to and from the campus gateways, connecting points of
origin and destination inside the campus. Campus road alos serve as
convenient easements for utilities, fire breaks, and as open space
between buildings.
However, it is important to take special attention that eight
times a day the faculty and student body on a typical campus move
from one place to another. Much of this "peak hour" movement must
take place within ten minutes, which is the average time span
between classes. For this reason, Ta-Cheng, M., enhances to
separate the traffics between pedestrian and vehicular, and can be
achieved by through vehicular traffic avoiding the campus roads but
provision of access from service road to all buildings.
2.3 The Vehicular Circulation
Dober, R. P., mentions that in estimating campus circulation
requirements, a straight-line projection of existing traffic
volumes may be used. This parallels with the need for safety in an
increasing population. Nevertheless, allowance should be made for
such things as:
i
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i. the improvement of mass transportation; ii. the change in
percentage of students housed on campus or in the
immediate environs;
iii. the changes in the percentage of graduate and married
students in the
student body;
iv. the improvements in external road conditions which may
encourage a dispersal of off-campus population;
V. the significant additions to parking on campus or in the
immediate environs;
vi. alterations in the operational pattern of the school; for an
example, the addition of late afternoon and evening programmes;
and
vii. an increase in contract research or extra-educational
activities.
However, the general policy that should be adapted for
development in planning for circulation and parking on campus are
listed such as follows: i. creation of trafTic-free pedestrian
precincts; ii. segregation of traffic types by separating the
channels of movement for
pedestrian, bicycle and automotive flow; iii. servicing to all
buildings, preferably from the automotive, not the
pedestrian, side of the building; iv. grade separations between
major roads and major pedestrian paths; v. logical connections in
traffic flow; for example, a conflict-free flow from
major to minor road, to pari
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lies in the fact that parking is a large consumer of land: about
three hundred fifty square feet to four hundred square feet per
user. The space occupies by 20 automobiles is sufficiently used for
giving instruction for 300 students.
2.4 The Pedestrian Circulation
Kamsah, K., 1990, in her presentation paper "Reka Bentuk
Landskap Kampus," on Kursus Asas Landskap, Bahagian Pembangunan dan
Penyelenggaraan, ITM, stated that an institution of higher learning
is similar to a small scale township complete with residential
areas, management office, parks, roads, pedestrian walkways,
commercial centres, recreation, multi-purpose buildings and other
facilities. However, compared to a city, a campus is effectively
used by pedestrians and therefore an efficient circulation for
pedestrians is imperative.
The explanation indicates that campus environment should give
priority for pedestrians, as the main user. Accordingly, Dober, R.
P., identified that the circulation planning of most universities
in the United State is by creating a pedestrian precinct in the
form of a central campus area. The central campus contains the
heart of the teaching-learning process. The diameter of this core
is measured by the distance a student can walk in the time allotted
for moving from one class to another.
For students, ten minutes is acceptable to be a typical period
allowed for changing classes. When this is applied, the central
campus area will have a diameter of approximately 1,600 feet (500
metres), about 46 acres (20 hectares), or zone of 2 million square
feet (200,000 square metres) of land. By assuming buildings with
three floors and a ground coverage of 25%, the zone could
theoretically accommodate about 2 million square feet of building.
If each student requires about 400 square feet of instructional
space, library space,
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union and administration space, approximately 5,000 students
could be accommodated in the central campus.
The main pedestrian route which is free from through traffic can
only allow vehicles such as emergency and maintenance. Student
oriented administrative services will continue in this central
location and other business
and staff function will move to the periphery. Main library
(usually perceived as the focal building) and public open space are
perceived as the focal activity centre on campus and are usually
situated in the middle part of the central precinct.
In terms of pedestrian circulation, Ta-Cheng, M., identifies
that the pedestrian traffic on campus may be divided into 2
different types: i. the main pedestrian route between the faculties
and departments,
general teaching facilities and central facilities of the
university such as the library, students union, canteen, central
administration, computer
centre and other infra social structures; and
ii. sub-traffic routes between departments, general teaching and
special teaching, offices, laboratories and workshops.
Dober, R. P., specifically defines that the following pedestrian
circulation system will be needed on most campuses: i. Transition
areas from buildings to the path system. This may range from
formal plazas to simple enlargement of the paths in front of the
buildings which will allow ample movement during ten minute period
between classes for changing class,
ii. Major pedestrian paths. These are the most direct lines
between origins and destinations for the heaviest pedestrian
traffic. Major path are also often designed to allow access for
emergency vehicles,
iii. Intersection and exchange areas. These consist of
crosswalks, pedestrian bridges and other site elements where
traffic flows cross one to another.
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