ABB Ltd Type Publicly-traded limited company Traded as SIX: ABBN, NYSE: ABB, OMX: ABB, NSE: ABB, BSE: 500002 Industry Electrical equipment Founded 1988 through merger of ASEA (1883) of Sweden and Brown, Boveri & Cie (1891) of Switzerland Headquarters Zürich, Switzerland Area served Worldwide Key people Joe Hogan (CEO), Hubertus von Grünberg (Chairman) Products Power technology, Industrial automation Revenue US $40 billion (2011) [1] Operating income US $4.667 billion (2011) [1] Profit US $3.168 billion (2011) [1]
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ABB is a Swedish multinational corporation headquartered in Zurich,Switzerland, operating in robotics and mainly in the power and automation technology areas. It ranked 143rd in Forbes Ranking (2010).
ABB is one of the largest engineering companies as well as one of the largest conglomerates in the world. ABB has operations in around 100 countries, with approximately 145,000 employees in June 2012,[2] and reported global revenue of $40 billion for 2011.[1]
ABB is traded on the SIX Swiss Exchange in Zürich and the Stockholm Stock Exchange in Sweden since 1999, and the New York Stock Exchange in the United States since 2001.[3]
In the early 1990s ABB purchased Combustion Engineering (C-E), headquartered in Stamford and Norwalk, Connecticut, a leading U.S. firm in the development of conventional fossil fuel power and nuclear power supply systems to break into the North American market. Klaus Agthe was CEO of the US operation at the time. Continuing with its expansion plans, ABB purchased Elsag Bailey, a process automation group, in 1997 which included Bailey Controls, Hartmann & Braun, and Fischer & Porter. This was the largest acquisition to date in ABB's history.
ABB bought International Combustion Ltd [6] from Rolls-Royce [7] in 1997.
ABB's boiler and fossil fuel businesses were purchased by Alstom in 2000, and its nuclear business was purchased by Westinghouse Electric Company in 2000. In 2000 ABB also signed a contract for the delivery of equipment and services for two North Korean nuclear powerplants to be supplied under an agreement with the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO),[8] a consortium formed in 1995 by the governments of the United States, Japan, South Korea and the European Union.[9] ABB formally divested from a joint venture named ABB-Alstom Power in 2000, and sold its interest in conventional power generation systems to Alstom Power. ABB's nuclear business was sold[10] to BNFL and merged into Westinghouse Electric Company.
In 2001 ABB was ranked as number one on the Dow Jones corporate sustainability index[11] for the third year in a row.
In 2002 ABB asked Lindahl, the company's former chief executive, to return some of his $50 million retirement pay, which its board called excessive. ABB also asked its former chairman Percy Barnevik to pay back part of his $87 million pension package. The size of the pensions
was disclosed at the same time as ABB's $691 million net loss for 2001 made headlines and drew sharp criticism in Switzerland and Sweden.[12]
ABB's Building Systems business unit was sold off in 2004 to Capvis,[13] a Swiss private equity company, as part of ABB's strategy to focus on power and automation technologies. ABB's building systems businesses in Australia and Hong Kong were sold off the year before, in May 2003, to Downer EDI Limited. Building Systems provided services for building facilities encompassing indoor air quality, building automation as well as power distribution and management.
Financial debt and lingering asbestos liability brought ABB to the brink of bankruptcy in the early 2000s. In 2006 ABB returned to financial health by settling its asbestos liability regarding claims that were filed against ABB's U.S. subsidiaries, Combustion Engineering and Lummus Global.[14] In August 2007 Lummus Global was sold to CB&I.[15]
In 2009 ABB realigned its automation divisions to enhance growth opportunities. As of January 1, 2010, the business units in the Automation Products and Robotics divisions were regrouped into two new divisions – Discrete Automation and Motion, and Low Voltage Products. The Process Automation division remained unchanged except for the addition of the instrumentation business from the Automation Products division.
In 2011, on May 9 ABB announced acquisition of Australian-based Mincom Limited from private equity firm Francisco Partners - to expand their enterprise software business for undisclosed sum.[16] On July 29, 2011 acquisition has been finalised.[17]
In 2011 ABB acquired Baldor Electric USA for $4.2 billion in an all-cash transaction
On January 30, 2012, ABB Group acquired Thomas & Betts in a $3.9 billion cash transaction.[18]
On June 15, 2012, ABB completed acquisition of Tropos.
[edit] Management
On July 17, 2008, the Board of Directors of ABB Ltd. announced the appointment of Mr. Joseph M. Hogan as Chief Executive Officer and Member of the Executive Committee of The ABB Group. Mr Hogan is a graduate of Geneva College and holds an MBA from Robert Morris, both located in Western Pennsylvania.
Former CEOs:
September 2008–present: Joe Hogan February 2008 - September 2008: Michel Demaré - ad interim January 2005 - February 2008: Fred Kindle September 2002 - December 2004: Jürgen Dormann January 2001 - September 2002: Jörgen Centerman January 1997 - December 2000: Göran Lindahl
The Board of Directors[19] is chaired by Hubertus von Grünberg. He took over the position in May 2007, following the retirement of Jürgen Dormann, who had chaired the board since 2002.
Former Board Members:
Peter Sutherland Donald Rumsfeld (1990–2001)
[edit] Primary investors
The largest single stake in the firm is held by the Swedish investment company Investor AB, controlled by the Wallenberg family, which holds 7.1%.[20]
Adani Power Limited (BSE: 533096, NSE: 533096) is the power business arm of Indian business conglomerate Adani Group with head office at Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The company is India's largest thermal private power producer with capacity of 4620 MW and also it is the largest solar power producer of India with capacity 40MW. Adani Power Limited is ranked #334 in top companies in India in Fortune India 500 list of 2011.[1]
The company currently operates five supercritical boilers of 660MW each (as per March 2012) at Mundra, Gujrat. It also operates a mega solar plant of 40MW at Surendra nagar, Gujrat.[2] It is India's first company to achieve the supercritical technology. The plant
is the only thermal power plant in india to be certified by UN under CDM.[3]
The company is currently implementing 16500 MW at different stages of construction. Its mission is to achieve 20000 MW by 2020. The company currently produces electricity using only coal. 100MW of solar power station is also under advanced stage of implementation at Surendranagar in Gujarat out of which 40MW is already commissioned.[4] The
company has gone to long term PPAs of about 7200MW of its 9280MW with government of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana and Rajasthan.
The company was founded by the Adani group chairman billionaire Gautam Adani. It was incorporated as Adani Power Limited on 22 August 1996 and received a certificate of commencement of business on 4 September 1996. The Company became a private limited company on 3 June 2002 and the name of the Company was subsequently changed to Adani Power Private Limited. The RoC issued a fresh certificate of incorporation on 3 June 2002. The Company was, thereafter, converted into a public limited company on 12 April 2007 and the name of the Company was changed to Adani Power Limited. Further, upon ceasing to be a private limited company, the word private was deleted through a special resolution at the EGM of the Company held on 28 March 2007. The fresh certificate of incorporation consequent to change of the name was granted by the RoC to the Company on 12 April 2007.
Adani power was started as a power trading company 1996. It started generation in July 2009 by implementation of its first 330MW of 4620mw at Mundra. The Mundra super mega project is the largest coal based power project of India and fifth largest in the world. The company commissioned another three 330 MW by November 2010 and country's 1st supercritical unit of 660 MW on 22 December 2010, making its capacity 1980 MW.0n 6 june 2011 it synchronized its second unit of 660 MW bringing the total generating capacity to 2640 MW and on 2nd October, 2011, it synchronized its third super critical unit with national grid .With this,Adani power has become largest thermal power generating company in the private sector and the Mundra plant has become India's Largest Power plant with capacity 3300MW. In February 2012, it commissioned the last unit of Mundra Project to take its capacity to 4620MW which makes the Mundra TPP to be the largest privately held Thermal power plant of World and fifth largest on an overall basis(As per March,2012).
[edit] Operations
The company currently operates 4620 MW coal based Mundra Thermal Power Station at Mundra, Gujarat. It operates first power transmission project of 400KV Double Circuit Transmission System from the Mundra plant to Dehgam (430 km). The company operates India's first supercritical unit of 660MW. It also implemented country's only private 1000 km HVDC transmission line for efficient transmission of power to Haryana. The company produces 40MW of solar power in Gujrat showing its interest in renewable energy.
The company is currently implementing thermal projects of 3300MW (5X660MW) at Tiroda, Maharastra and 1320MW (2X660MW) at Kawai, Rajsthan,[5] and a 100 MW solar project at Surendranagar,Gujrat(40MW commissioned).
[edit] Future projects
As of January 2011, the company has 16500MW[6] under implementation and planning stage. A few of them are 3300MW coal based TPP at Bhadreswar in Gujarat, 2640 MW TPP at Dahej in Gujarat, 1320 MW TPP at Chhindwara in Madhya Pradesh, 2000 MW TPP at Anugul in Orissa and 2000MW gas based power project at Mundra in Gujarat. The company is also bidding for 1000 MW of lignite coal based power plant at Kosovo showing its international projects.[7]
Essar Retail and many others & the engines are well known in market for its operational economics,
ruggedness & robustness. It has unique & unmatchable features.
Institutional Clients
Reliance Swaraj Mazda Limited
Metal Tech Bodies Mahipalpur, New Delhi Central Command, Lucknow
U.P. treasury Lucknow Haryana DGS & D Chandigarh
M.P. Police Bhopal Punjab National Bank
District Health Officer Maharastra 10 Engineer Regiment C/o 56APO, Jalandhar (PB)
Kangra Co -operative Bank (H.P.)
H K V A Clients
Idea Vodafone
Bsnl Nutek
Indus Ericsson
Bharti Pmg
Nokia Mrf
Tower vision Quippo
Hayat
Yash Birla Group (BSE: 500335) is an Indian global industrial conglomerate group based in Mumbai, Maharashtra.[3] Its chairman is Yashovardhan Birla, a member of the Birla family.
The group has diversified interest in industries like steel pipes, machine tools, cutting tools, tool holders, iron castings, power solution products[clarification needed], multipurpose engines pumps, electrical appliances, textiles, carpets, furnishing, lifestyle, infotech, publication, travel, electricity, property development, cotton ginning etc.
Zenith Birla (India) Limited was incorporated in 1960 and commenced its commercial production in 1962. ZBIL, a flagship company of Yash Birla Group is a pioneer in Manufacture and Exports of Steel Pipes, Tubes and Hollow Sections from India. The Company's plant is located at Khopoli, Tarapur & Murbad. The Khopoli Plant has a complete Manufacturing and Residential complex for its employees with facilities of School, Club House, Guest House, Temple and Auditorium.
History
From humble beginnings back in 1861, the Birla Empire started by Raja Baldeo Das Birla, has evolved into a monolithic, multi-million dollar, global conglomerate.
Under the management of his four sons, J.K. Birla, R.D. Birla, G.D. Birla and B.M. Birla, the group business increased and multiplied. The growing business interests of the Birla brothers led to a split in the companies and assets. Today the Yash Birla Group is a well diversified entity with a turnover of over INR 30 Billion.
The Birla name is also associated with socio-economic philanthropic activities. Not content with contributing to India’s freedom struggle by imbibing and propagating Mahatma Gandhi’s ideas, the Birlas are continuing with their Corporate Social Responsibility by mobilizing funding and supporting many charitable institutions. The Yash Birla Group is active in this regard as outlined in the CSR.
[edit] Companies
The major companies in the group include:
Zenith Birla (India) Ltd, Birla Infrasolutions Ltd, Birla Power Solutions Ltd, Dagger Forst Tools Ltd (No more a part of Yash Birla Group), Birla Precision Technologies Limited (formerly Birla Kennametal Ltd), Birla Transasia Carpets Ltd, Birla Perucchini Ltd, Birla Electricals Ltd, Birla Lifestyle Ltd, Birla Concepts (India) Pvt. Ltd, Shloka Infotech Ltd, Birla Cotsyn (India) Ltd, Melstar Information Technologies.[4]
[edit] Sectors
The Yash Birla Group is a part of the Birla legacy, a major business group in India. Today the Yash Birla Group (YBG) is a conglomerate of 20 companies in diverse businesses, including:
Auto-components & Engineering Power Solutions Textiles Lifestyle Infrastructure & Real Estate
The group today has 10 companies publicly listed in India.[5]
[edit] Logo
The logo of group is a Conch. The Conch is a kind of seashell.
GMR Group, which is headquartered in Bangalore, is one of the fastest growing infrastructure enterprises in India with interests in Airports, Energy, Highways and Urban Infrastructure sectors. The company was founded in 1978 by Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao. Employing the Public Private Partnership model, the Group has successfully implemented several iconic infrastructure projects in India. The Group also has a global presence with infrastructure operating assets and projects in several countries including Turkey, South Africa, Indonesia, Singapore and the Maldives.
GMR Infrastructure Limited is the infrastructure holding company formed to fund the capital requirements of various infrastructure projects across the sectors. It undertakes the development of the infrastructure projects through its various subsidiaries.
They are also actively involved in community service as a part of Corporate Social Responsibility.[1]. The Group’s commitment to inclusive growth is achieved through its Corporate Social Responsibility arm – the GMR Varalakshmi Foundation (GMRVF). GMRVF works with the under-privileged sections of the community in all the locations where the Group has business interests.
The company was involved in the construction of Rajiv Gandhi International Airport - Hyderabad and Sabiha Gökçen International Airport in Turkey.[2] GMR is also involved in the expansion and modernisation of Indira Gandhi International Airport - New Delhi.
Indira Gandhi International Airport - New Delhi Rajiv Gandhi International Airport - Hyderabad Sabiha Gökçen International Airport - Turkey Ibrahim Nasir International Airport - Maldives
The Group’s strategy of being a power generation-focused, integrated player in the Energy space has resulted in a diversified fuel as well as tariff-mix. The Group today has 6 power generating assets with a total capacity of 836.8 MW and another 6 power generation projects under various stages of implementation with a diversified fuel mix consisting of coal, natural gas, and hydro that will eventually produce an additional 5000 MW. Recently it has completed setting up of a 25 MW solar power plant in Gujarat and two wind mills of 2.1 MW in Gujarat and 1.2 MW in Tamil Nadu. Besides these the Group also has around 600 Million Tons of proven coal deposits in mines located in Indonesia and South Africa.
The Group has six operating assets in the Highways sector. Four more are under construction - the 181 km Hyderabad–Vijayawada project in Andhra Pradesh on toll basis; the 29 km Chennai Outer Ring Road state project in Tamil Nadu on annuity basis, the 99 km Hungund-Hospet stretch in Karnataka on toll basis and the 555 km long Kishangarh - Udaipur - Ahmedabad highway the first brownfield mega highway project of the country on DBFOT basis.
The Group’s projects in the Urban Infrastructure sector include a multi-product SEZ and Large Area Development in Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, a captive port based multi-product SEZ in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, Aviation and Logistics SEZ around the Hyderabad International Airport and development of a Central Business District around the Delhi International Airport.
GMR Group chairman Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao, a first-generation entrepreneur hailing from Srikakulam in Andhra Pradesh, pledged $340 million (Rs 1,540 crore), which is equivalent to his personal share in the infrastructure conglomerate, to improve education among the underserved sections of the society.[3]
Going forward, the Group will actively seek opportunities in the core areas of infrastructure development. All these would be driven by a single minded path on translating the vision of the Group. GMR Group will be an institution in perpetuity that will build entrepreneurial organizations making a difference to society through creation of value.
GMR has forayed into sports by promoting the Indian Premier League (IPL) cricket team – Delhi Daredevils. This venture has enabled The Group to earn the reputation of a young and vibrant organisation and its identity has got an overall boost. GMR Sports owning the National Capital’s team has been helping it connect with the citizens of Delhi. GMR looks at its participation in the IPL as a serious and dedicated venture, representing a broad-based opportunity spectrum. Famous Bollywood playback singer Kailash Kher has sung the team anthem - "Khel Front Foot Pe" a.k.a. " Play Aggressively". It is played at every Delhi Daredevils match.
Other power companies
India’s Electricity is set to see a huge boom as the 8-9% economic growth rates require massive amounts of energy.India is planning to nearly treble its electricity capacity to almost 450 GW by 2020 from around 160 GW now which means a yearly addition of nearly 23 GW in the next decade.Currently India’s Electricity comes mostly from Coal and Hydro Based Energy.Almost 50% of Energy Requirements and 53% of the Electricity is generated from Coal.Despite Coal being the the Dirtiest Form of Energy,India has got little choice in the matter.Most of India’s upcoming Electricity Plants are based on Coal.Hydro Energy is generated mostly from India’s Northern Himalayan States.Renewable Energy forms only 7.7% of the Capacity with around 11 GW of the 16 GW from Wind Energy.Nuclear Energy is around 3% of the total capacity at around 4.5 GW.Here are the list of the major power utilities in the country which is currently dominated by the state run PSUs.However the next decade should see the rise of private electricity companies.
1) NTPC with around 33 GW of power generation capacity is India’s largest power utility by far and is planning to more than double that capacity to 75 GW by 2017 .The company mainly depends on coal and gas based power but is diversifying into gas,hydel,nuclear and solar power as well.It is one of the best run state owned companies and has executed well in building as well as running old plants.The company is one of the most valuable companies in terms of market cap as well wit ha market cap of nearly $35 billion.
2) NHPC – State owned like NTPC,this hydro power focused power company came out with an IPO with much fanfare.However slow implementation and lower profits have resulted in the stock prices declining a lot.However the
company aims to double its electricity generation of 5 GW in the next 5 years or so by focusing on hydel generation in the Northern states of India.
3) Tata Power – The largest private utility in India has ambitious plans to grow like the other private sector companies in India.The company has interests in electricity distribution as well.Tata Power has a presence in thermal, hydro, solar and wind areas of power generation, transmission and retail with a capacity of nearly 3 GW.Tata Power is building numerous power plants and transmission projects in JV.
4) Reliance Power – Reliance Power part of the ADAG Group came out with the biggest IPO of its time before the Lehman crisis.The company part of the ADAG Group has the most ambitious expansion plans in the country.The company is raising huge amounts of capital from Chinese banks and placed the largest power equipment order with Dongfang Electric.The company is currently constructing 3 4000 MW projects and has plans of building 35 GW capacity with a mix of hydel,gas and coal based plants.The company also win a solar thermal project in JNNSM bidding.
5) Adani Power – Power Limited is part of Adani Group with capacity of 1980MW.The company currently operates India’s only super-critical power plant in Gujarat. The company is currently implementing 16500 MW at different stages of construction..The company is currently implementing thermal projects of 3300MW at Maharastra and 1320MW at Rajasthan.The Adani Group has bought coal mines outside the country and with its port and shipping companies forms an integrated coal to power story.
6) Damodar Valley Corporation – DVC is a state owned organization with interests in flood control, irrigation, generation, transmission and distribution of electricity located in the Damdoar Valley in the east of the country.There are hydro-electric power stations at Tilayia, Maithon and Panchet, with total installed capacity of 144 MW.DVC operates thermal power stations at with total capacity of 2745 MW. DVC is expanding its thermal power capacity and with the completion of its present plans by 2012 it would be generating more than 11000 MW of power
7) Lanco Infratech - Lanco is fast emerging Andhra Pradesh based Group and has become a top private sector power developer with 2 GW capacity and another 18 Gw under development.Lanco through its step down Australian subsidiary, Lanco Resources Australia, has acquired Griffin Coal Mining Company and Carpenter Mine Management.
SJVN – SJVN is the second largest hydel power company in India which is a JV between the Indian government and the Himachal Pradesh state.The company owns the largest hydro plant in India the Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric 1500 MW Power Project .The company is trying to expand like NHPC but has been facing execution problems.
9) Nuclear Power Corporation of India( NPCIL) – Another state owned company,NPCIL is focused on generating Nuclear Power.The company operates around 4.5 GW of Nuclear Capacity in 6 locations.The company is expected to expand hugely in the future with India planning to add around 2 GW of Nuclear Power over the next decade.
10) CLP Power - CLP India Private Ltd. is a wholly owned subsidiary of CLP Holdings, a leading investor-operator in the Asia Pacific energy sector.CLP is also the largest foreign investor in Wind Power in India with over 450MW of wind power projects which are spread across 5 states. This apart, it is also in the process of developing a 1320MW coal firedpower plant located at Jhajjar, Haryana, which is due for commissioning in Dec 2011.It also owns a gas power plant in Gujarat.
11) Neyveli Lignite Corporation -Neyveli Lignite Corporation is a PSU like NTPC and is also involved in lignite mining company in India. The company is mainly based out of the southern state of Tamil Nadu and mines some 24 million ton of lignite per year with an installed capacity of 2490 MW<
12) Torrent Power - Like Adani Power,it is a Gujarat based company with interest in both transmission and generation.Torrent has a generation capacity of 1647.5 MW and distributes power in Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Surat, Bhiwandi and Agra.It is expanding in Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh.
Other Private Groups that are setting up big power capacities are JSW Energy,Sterlite Energy,GVK Energy,Moser Baer,Welspun Energy,Essar Energy,GVK Power.There are also state owned and run Power Generation Companies Punjat State Power,Haryana Power Generation,Gujarat State Energy etc.Orient Green Power,Greenko are green focused utilities with big expansion plans.
At present 54.09% or 93918.38 MW (Data Source CEA, as on 31/03/2011) of total electricity production in India is from Coal Based Thermal Power Station. A coal based thermal power plant converts the chemical energy of the coal into electrical energy. This is achieved by raising the steam in the boilers, expanding it through the turbine and coupling the turbines to the generators which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Introductory overview
In a coal based power plant coal is transported from coal mines to the power plant by railway in wagons or in a merry-go-round system. Coal is unloaded from the wagons to a moving underground conveyor belt. This coal from the mines is of no uniform size. So it is taken to the Crusher house and crushed to a size of 20mm. From the crusher house the coal is either stored in dead storage( generally 40 days coal supply) which serves as coal supply in case of coal supply bottleneck or to the live storage(8 hours coal supply) in the raw coal bunker in the boiler house. Raw coal from the raw coal bunker is supplied to the Coal Mills by a Raw Coal Feeder. The Coal Mills or pulverizer pulverizes the coal to 200 mesh size. The powdered coal from the coal mills is carried to the boiler in coal pipes by high pressure hot air. The pulverized coal air mixture is burnt in the boiler in the combustion zone.Generally in modern boilers tangential firing system is used i.e. the coal nozzles/ guns form tangent to a circle. The temperature in fire ball is of the order of 1300 deg.C. The
boiler is a water tube boiler hanging from the top. Water is converted to steam in the boiler and steam is separated from water in the boiler Drum. The saturated steam from the boiler drum is taken to the Low Temperature Superheater, Platen Superheater and Final Superheater respectively for superheating. The superheated steam from the final superheater is taken to the High Pressure Steam Turbine (HPT). In the HPT the steam pressure is utilized to rotate the turbine and the resultant is rotational energy. From the HPT the out coming steam is taken to the Reheater in the boiler to increase its temperature as the steam becomes wet at the HPT outlet. After reheating this steam is taken to the Intermediate Pressure Turbine (IPT) and then to the Low Pressure Turbine (LPT). The outlet of the LPT is sent to the condenser for condensing back to water by a cooling water system. This condensed water is collected in the Hotwell and is again sent to the boiler in a closed cycle. The rotational energy imparted to the turbine by high pressure steam is converted to electrical energy in the Generator.
Diagram of a typical coal-fired thermal power station
Principal
Coal based thermal power plant works on the principal of Modified Rankine Cycle.
i)Fuel preparation system: In coal-fired power stations, the raw feed coal from the coal storage area is first crushed into small pieces and then conveyed to the coal feed hoppers at the boilers. The coal is next pulverized into a very fine powder, so that coal will undergo complete combustion during combustion process.
** pulverizer is a mechanical device for the grinding of many different types of materials. For example, they
are used to pulverize coal for combustion in the steam-generating furnaces of fossil fuel power plants.
Types of Pulverisers: Ball and Tube mills; Ring and Ball mills; MPS; Ball mill; Demolition.
ii)Dryers: they are used in order to remove the excess moisture from coal mainly wetted during transport. As the presence of moisture will result in fall in efficiency due to incomplete combustion and also result in CO emission.
iii)Magnetic separators: coal which is brought may contain iron particles. These iron particles may result in wear and tear. The iron particles may include bolts, nuts wire fish plates etc. so these are unwanted and so are removed with the help of magnetic separators.
The coal we finally get after these above process are transferred to the storage site.Purpose of fuel storage is two –
Fuel storage is insurance from failure of normal operating supplies to arrive. Storage permits some choice of the date of purchase, allowing the purchaser to take advantage
of seasonal market conditions. Storage of coal is primarily a matter of protection against the coal strikes, failure of the transportation system & general coal shortages.
There are two types of storage:
1. Live Storage(boiler room storage): storage from which coal may be withdrawn to supply combustion equipment with little or no remanding is live storage. This storage consists of about 24 to 30 hrs. of coal requirements of the plant and is usually a covered storage in the plant near the boiler furnace. The live storage can be provided with bunkers & coal bins. Bunkers are enough capacity to store the requisite of coal. From bunkers coal is transferred to the boiler grates.
2. Dead storage- stored for future use. Mainly it is for longer period of time, and it is also mandatory to keep a backup of fuel for specified amount of days depending on the reputation of the company and its connectivity.There are many forms of storage some of which are –
1. Stacking the coal in heaps over available open ground areas.2. As in (I). But placed under cover or alternatively in bunkers.3. Allocating special areas & surrounding these with high reinforced concerted retaking
walls.
Boiler and auxiliaries
A Boiler or steam generator essentially is a container into which water can be fed and steam can be taken out at desired pressure, temperature and flow. This calls for application of heat on the container. For that the boiler should have a facility to burn a fuel and release the heat. The functions of a boiler thus can be stated as:-
1. To convert chemical energy of the fuel into heat energy2. To transfer this heat energy to water for evaporation as well to steam for superheating.
The basic components of Boiler are: -
1. Furnace and Burners2. Steam and Superheating
a. Low temperature superheater
b. Platen superheater
c. Final superheater
Economiser
It is located below the LPSH in the boiler and above pre heater. It is there to improve the efficiency of boiler by extracting heat from flue gases to heat water and send it to boiler drum.
Advantages of Economiser include
1) Fuel economy: – used to save fuel and increase overall efficiency of boiler plant.
2) Reducing size of boiler: – as the feed water is preheated in the economiser and enter boiler tube at elevated temperature. The heat transfer area required for evaporation reduced considerably.
Air Preheater
The heat carried out with the flue gases coming out of economiser are further utilized for preheating the air before supplying to the combustion chamber. It is a necessary equipment for supply of hot air for drying the coal in pulverized fuel systems to facilitate grinding and satisfactory combustion of fuel in the furnace
Reheater
Power plant furnaces may have a reheater section containing tubes heated by hot flue gases outside the tubes. Exhaust steam from the high pressure turbine is rerouted to go inside the reheater tubes to pickup more energy to go drive intermediate or lower pressure turbines.
Steam turbines
Steam turbines have been used predominantly as prime mover in all thermal power stations. The steam turbines are mainly divided into two groups: -
1. Impulse turbine2. Impulse-reaction turbine
The turbine generator consists of a series of steam turbines interconnected to each other and a generator on a common shaft. There is a high pressure turbine at one end, followed by an intermediate pressure turbine, two low pressure turbines, and the generator. The steam at high temperature (536 ‘c to 540 ‘c) and pressure (140 to 170 kg/cm2) is expanded in the turbine.
Condenser
The condenser condenses the steam from the exhaust of the turbine into liquid to allow it to be pumped. If the condenser can be made cooler, the pressure of the exhaust steam is reduced and efficiency of the cycle increases. The functions of a condenser are:-
1) To provide lowest economic heat rejection temperature for steam.
2) To convert exhaust steam to water for reserve thus saving on feed water requirement.
3) To introduce make up water.
We normally use surface condenser although there is one direct contact condenser as well. In direct contact type exhaust steam is mixed with directly with D.M cooling water.
Boiler feed pump
Boiler feed pump is a multi stage pump provided for pumping feed water to economiser. BFP is the biggest auxiliary equipment after Boiler and Turbine. It consumes about 4 to 5 % of total electricity generation.
Cooling tower
The cooling tower is a semi-enclosed device for evaporative cooling of water by contact with air. The hot water coming out from the condenser is fed to the tower on the top and allowed to tickle in form of thin sheets or drops. The air flows from bottom of the tower or perpendicular to the direction of water flow and then exhausts to the atmosphere after effective cooling.
The cooling towers are of four types: -
1. Natural Draft cooling tower
2. Forced Draft cooling tower
3. Induced Draft cooling tower
4. Balanced Draft cooling tower
Fan or draught system
In a boiler it is essential to supply a controlled amount of air to the furnace for effective combustion of fuel and to evacuate hot gases formed in the furnace through the various heat transfer area of the boiler. This can be done by using a chimney or mechanical device such as fans which acts as pump.
i) Natural draught
When the required flow of air and flue gas through a boiler can be obtained by the stack (chimney) alone, the system is called natural draught. When the gas within the stack is hot, its specific weight will be less than the cool air outside; therefore the unit pressure at the base of stack resulting from weight of the column of hot gas within the stack will be less than the column of extreme cool air. The difference in the pressure will cause a flow of gas through opening in base of stack. Also the chimney is form of nozzle, so the pressure at top is very small and gases flow from high pressure to low pressure at the top.
ii) Mechanized draught
There are 3 types of mechanized draught systems
1) Forced draught system
2) Induced draught system
3) Balanced draught system
Forced draught: – In this system a fan called Forced draught fan is installed at the inlet of the boiler. This fan forces the atmospheric air through the boiler furnace and pushes out the hot gases from the furnace through superheater, reheater, economiser and air heater to stacks.
Induced draught: – Here a fan called ID fan is provided at the outlet of boiler, that is, just before the chimney. This fan sucks hot gases from the furnace through the superheaters, economiser, reheater and discharges gas into the chimney. This results in the furnace pressure lower than atmosphere and affects the flow of air from outside to the furnace.
Balanced draught:-In this system both FD fan and ID fan are provided. The FD fan is utilized to draw control quantity of air from atmosphere and force the same into furnace. The ID fan sucks the product of combustion from furnace and discharges into chimney. The point where draught is zero is called balancing point.
Ash handling system
The disposal of ash from a large capacity power station is of same importance as ash is produced in large quantities. Ash handling is a major problem.
i) Manual handling: While barrows are used for this. The ash is collected directly through the ash outlet door from the boiler into the container from manually.
ii) Mechanical handling: Mechanical equipment is used for ash disposal, mainly bucket elevator, belt conveyer. Ash generated is 20% in the form of bottom ash and next 80% through flue gases, so called Fly ash and collected in ESP.
iii) Electrostatic precipitator: From air preheater this flue gases (mixed with ash) goes to ESP. The precipitator has plate banks (A-F) which are insulated from each other between which the flue gases are made to pass. The dust particles are ionized and attracted by charged electrodes. The electrodes are maintained at 60KV.Hammering is done to the plates so that fly ash comes down and collect at the bottom. The fly ash is dry form is used in cement manufacture.
Generator
Generator or Alternator is the electrical end of a turbo-generator set. It is generally known as the piece of equipment that converts the mechanical energy of turbine into electricity. The generation of electricity is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Advantages of coal based thermal Power Plant
They can respond to rapidly changing loads without difficulty A portion of the steam generated can be used as a process steam in different industries Steam engines and turbines can work under 25 % of overload continuously Fuel used is cheaper Cheaper in production cost in comparison with that of diesel power stations
Disadvantages of coal based thermal Power Plant
Maintenance and operating costs are high Long time required for erection and putting into action A large quantity of water is required Great difficulty experienced in coal handling Presence of troubles due to smoke and heat in the plant Unavailability of good quality coal Maximum of heat energy lost Problem of ash removing
Major Thermal Power Plants in India
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