ABA

ABAMotivation /

Reinforcement& Punishment

Alison Mummert2012PHCS

Goal:• Recognize how the environment

plays a role in behavior. • Understand how antecedent and

consequences function to alter frequency of behavior. (MO, SR+, Punishment)

• Understand how behavioral principles can be applied to make changes in student’s behavior.

Behaviorism: Study of observable/measurable

behavior. Behavioral terms are

observable / measurable

NOT Behavioral terms: He shut down… He had a meltdown… He was upset…. He felt overwhelmed… I know he can do it!Observable/Measurable: When told to get the ball. He ran into the school and threw himself on the floor crying, kicking staff 4 times… He was tapping his pencil and rubbing his head. I observed him demonstrate the skill.

Behavior- Observable/Measurable

movement of a person

Analyze bx to determine it’s function.

Escape/Attention/Automatic Reinforcement

Analyze bx we want to increase or decrease…

Behavior is o________ & m__________

ABC Analysis A- Antecedent – Anything in the environment before a particular behavior.C- Consequence – Anything in the environment after a particular behavior.

A- _______________- anything in the environment b_________ the behavior.

B- ______________ - observable/measurableC- ______________ - anything in the

environment a_____ the behavior.

Operant Analysis

The Operant Analysis

Antecedent Behavior Consequence

Student finishes page Put up flag Told to score

See a red light Push the break Car stops

See a Pepsi can Reach for a can of soda Open can

Review…

• Behavior is the o____________ and m______________ movement of a person.

• Antecedent condition includes anything in the environment b____________ a behavior.

• Consequence condition includes anything in the environment a__________ a behavior.

The Operant Analysis

Antecedent Behavior Consequence

Motivative Operation Response(Dimensions:

topography; temporal; magnitude; location)

Reinforcement(Positive and Negative)(Socially mediated and

automatic)

Stimulus (Discriminative, Neutral,

Delta)No Response

Punishment(Socially mediated and

automatic)

Prompts (a procedural use of discriminative stimuli)

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous, variable, fixed, extinction

What is Motivation? What Motivates You to Teach?

• Teacher- Extrinsic Motivation: Paycheck, Schedule, Coworkers…

• Teacher- Intrinsic Motivation: The feeling of achievement when a student grasps a skill. The good feeling knowing you are doing a good job.

What Motivates Students to work/enjoy learning?• Students- Extrinsic Motivation: friends, teachers, favorite

subject, 100%, recess, value of a good education.• Students- Intrinsic Motivation: feeling successful when

finishing goals, The sense of achievement when grasped a concept/finished goals.

• Is Intrinsic Motivation… really inside you??

Motivative Operations

Motivation is an Antecedent that alters the value of a reinforcer.

Motivation __________ the _________ of reinforcers.

Motivation !Motivation lies in the EnvironmentAffected by: Satiation/Deprivation Ex. Coffee

and Environmental changes Ex. Bring out bag of chips

Motivation affects the value of reinforcers!

Motivation is in the ___________ and is affected by S___________/D_____________ and other E___________ changes

Analysis

Antecedent Behavior ConsequenceMotivative Operations Response:

Given stickers every day.Satiation

Decrease the value of stickersLess likely to engage in targeted

behavior

Stickers have not been used for awhile.

(Deprivation)Increase the value of

stickers

More likely to engage in targetedbehavior

New sticker worn on the Teachers sweater.

(Manipulate environment)Increase the value of

stickers

More likely to engage in targetedbehavior

Reinforcement

Reinforcement: Consequence that increases the probability of a particular behavior occurring again under similar circumstances.

Reinforcement does what to behavior?______________

Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement- Something added Ex. Candy/token/praiseNegative Reinforcement- Something removed Ex. Timeout(demand removed)

Reinforcement increases a particular behavior.

Anything that increases a particular behavior is R_____________Something added after a particular bx that causes that bx to

increase is P________ ____________.Something removed after a particular bx that causes that bx to

increase is N___________ _____________.

The Operant Analysis

Antecedent Behavior Consequence Response:

Reinforcement

MO/ Prompt / SD Finishes 2 Paces before first break

merit/ sticker / token / verbal praise

MO / Prompt / SD Raise handPraise/ token/candy

(Increases the probability of bx occurring again )

Reinforcement: Increases the probability of bx occurring again! Reinforce behaviors that you want to see increase

Value of reinforcement The student will engage in behavior that is associated with a stronger motivative operation. Be sure to establish motivation!

Effort (needed to respond) The student will engage in behavior that involves less effort. Make responding easy: use errorless procedures!

Rate of Reinforcement The student will engage in behavior that most consistently obtains reinforcement. Reinforce on an appropriate variable ratio schedule!

Magnitude of Reinforcement The student will engage in behavior that obtains the greatest degree (quality and/or quantity) of reinforcement. Provide more reinforcement for better responding!

Immediacy of Reinforcement The student will engage behavior that produces reinforcement quickly. Reinforce best responding immediately!

Variable Rate of Reinforcement

-Each student is different (rate of reinforcement needed.)- Variable Rate is proven to keep behavior the strongest… Because its unpredictable.

This may be the time I get reinforced… so I’m going to do a good job! This is why people play the lottery!

If they can predict reinforcement and they know it’s not going to come… they are not going to give a strong response.

Punishment

Something added or taken away after a particular behavior, that decreases the probability of that behavior occurring again under similar circumstances in the future.

Consequence that decreases a particular behavior is-

_______________

The Operant Analysis : Function

Antecedent BehaviorSitting a desk coloring a picture Escape demand

Sitting in church asks to go to the bathroom Escape demand

Teacher working with other student/ ind. making noise Attention

Told to sweep floor refuses or I want to first…please, please… Escape Demand

Circle Time / made to sit loud noises… hit student Escape… (Sent to time

out!!!) Toddler sitting in church cry…. Mand/Escape

(Given candy!!)

You can make the changes needed to help students succeed!

http://www.pattan.net/Videos/Browse/Single/?code_name=teaching_procedures_assembly

http://www.pattan.net/Videos/Browse/Single/?code_name=overview_assembly

www.PaTTAN.net -- Videos

•PaTTAN Autism Initiative Applied Behavior Analysis Support: Introduction to Teaching Procedures

•PaTTAN Autism Initiative Applied Behavior Analysis Support: Overview Assembly