A.Astronomy-the study of objects beyond earth. B.Meteorology- the study of the forces and pressures that cause the atmosphere to change and produce weather.

A. Astronomy-the study of objects beyond earth.B. Meteorology- the study of the forces and pressures that

cause the atmosphere to change and produce weather.

A. Geology-the study of the materials that make up Earth, the processes that form and change these materials and the history of the planet.

B. Oceanography- the study of the earth’s oceans and freshwater systems.

C. Environmental Science- The study of the interactions of organisms and their surroundings.

Biosphere- all organisms and their environment

Anthrosphere-

humans

Geosphere- surface of earth down to its center.

Atmosphere-the gases that surround the earth.

Hydrosphere- all water on earth.

Scientific Method and Writing a formal lab report in Science

A. Scientific Method- Steps

1) Question or Problem2) Research/Background info3) Hypothesis4) Experiment/Procedure5) Results6) Analysis/Conclusion7) Retest

B. Writing a Formal Lab Reporta) Hypothesis- an educated guess as to what

you think the outcome of the experiment will be and why?

b) Variablesi. Independent- The change that is made, does

NOT depend on another variable.ii. Dependent- The results of the change, will

usually depend on the ind. var.c) Control- things that are kept the same in an

experimentd) Procedure- detailed, numbered steps that

can be replicated to come to the same results

e) Data- results of the experiment organized into a data table and graph with very specific observations and numbered data with 2 #’s after decimal.

f) Content Application-**How does this lab relate to the content being covered in this unit?

II. Metrics- SI International SystemA. Measuring Lengtha) Metrics are the only

measurement units used in this class.

b) 1 meter = 100 cmc) milli=one thousandthd) Kilo= one thousande) 1 km= 1,000 mf) Down Right Easy- when

decreasing, move down the stairs and the decimal to the right. Increasing, move up stairs and decimals to the left

g) Converting metrics to EnglishEX: miles to kilometers

EX: Down Right Easy

EX: The distance from the floor to a door knob is approximately 1 meter.

*All measurements MUST have TWO numbers after the decimal.

Metrics Practice1. A potato has the mass of 0.25kg. Your recipe

for potato salad calls for 1 kilogram of potatoes. How many potatoes do you need?

2. 800mg= kg3. 25.73m= cm 4. 1.00 ml of water is poured into a cube. What is

the volume of the cube?5. 0.95L= ml6. 1,685.36dg= dkg7. 0.03972hm= mm

4 potatoes

0.0008

2,573

16.8536

3,972

950

1.00 cm3

B. Mass- the amount of matter in an object 1. Mass depends on what is making up the object.2. A dense material such as lead is made up of many tightly

packed atomic particles and is more dense.EX: An anvil in space maybe weightless but not

massless! EX: One gram is approximately one small paper clip

Q: What instrument measures mass?

Triple Beam Balance

C. Volume- the amount of space an object takes up.

EX: One liter is approximately a medium size carton of milk

a) Measured with a graduated cylinder or if cubic, Length x width x height

b) Units: a) Liquid = mLb) Solid = cm3

c) True or false, an object with a large mass has a large volume.

d) Measure liquid at the bottom of the meniscus-always

Q: How is a graduated cylinder accurately read?

from the bottom of the meniscus at eye level

Density

A. Density- mass per unit of volume1. Formula- Density =

mass/volume2. Units= g/mL or g/cm3

3. Density is determined by the alignment of the atom, closely packed= more dense

• How can the density of a fluid change if it never changes chemically?

Temperature

We use…..Degrees Farenheit.-Freezing point of water = 32°F-Boiling point of water = 212°F

Metric system uses…..Degrees Celsius.-Freezing point of water = 0°C-Boiling point of water = 100°C

CONVERSION

IF YOU START WITH °F... IF YOU START WITH °C…

C = (F - 32)/1.8 F = (C x 1.8) + 32

***Examples on board***

Conversion and Math Practice1. How would you check the density of our E & E book?2. Convert the following metrics to km.

1. 125.63mm2. 52,638cm3. .0568dkm4. .004656hm5. 154.26m

3. What are these temperatures in F°?1. 100°2. 32°3. 65°4. 24°5. 45°

Dimensional AnalysisThe process of changing unit from the English to metric system and vice versa.

1.Use your “cheat sheet” for your conversion factors.2.Always setup units first, then fill in the appropriate numbers3.Use cross multiplication to cancel units out.4.Always write out what you have remaining before completing the math.

Scientific Notation• The expression of

extremely large or extremely small numbers.

• Numbers are expressed in values of 10

Graphing:A. Line Graphs- displays how

two variables are relateda. Independent on x axisb. Dependent on y axis

B. Circle Graphs- used to demonstrate percentages.

C. Bar Graphs- used to show amount for each variable

Theory vs. Law

Scientific Theory• An explanation based on

many observations during repeated investigations.

• A theory can be changed or modified with the discovery of new data.– Examples: Dinosaur

Extinction and Big Bang Theory

Scientific Law• Is a principle that describes

the behavior of a natural phenomenon.

• Scientific laws for rules of nature.– Examples: Newton’s Laws of

motion and gravity