A9928042

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ＬｉｓｔGreen Building P . 3Solar Energy P . 6Solar Energy Principle P . 9Wind Power P . 12Wind Power Principle P . 15Hydropower P . 18Hydropower Principle P . 21Tidal Power P . 24Tidal Power Principle P . 27

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Green building refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle:

From siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.

This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.

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Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:

Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources

Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity

Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation.

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Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies.

Solar radiation, along with secondary solar-powered resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass, account for most of the available renewable energy on earth.

Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy is used.

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Solar powered electrical generation relies on heat engines and photovoltaics.

Solar energy's uses are limited only by human ingenuity.

A partial list of solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable water via distillation and disinfection, daylighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.

To harvest the solar energy, the most common way is to use solar panels.

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Solar Thermal Energy (STE) is a technology for harnessing solar energy for thermal energy (heat).

Solar thermal collectors are classified by the USA Energy Information Administration as low-, medium-, or high-temperature collectors.

Low temperature collectors are flat plates generally used to heat swimming pools.

Medium-temperature collectors are also usually flat plates but are used for heating water or air for residential and commercial use.

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High temperature collectors concentrate sunlight using mirrors or lenses are generally used for appliances.

STE is different from photovoltaics, which convert solar energy directly into electricity.

While only 600 megawatts of solar thermal power is up and running worldwide in October 2009 according to Dr David Mills of Ausra, another 400 megawatts is under construction and there are 14,000 megawatts of the more serious concentrating solar thermal projects being developed.

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The Earth is unevenly heated by the sun, such that the poles receive less energy from the sun than the equator; along with this, dry land heats up and cools down more quickly than seas do.

The differential heating drives a global atmospheric convection system reaching from the Earth's surface to stratosphere which acts as a virtual ceiling.

Most of the energy stored in these wind movements can be found at high altitudes where continuous wind speeds of over 160 km/h occur.

Eventually, the wind energy is converted through friction into diffuse

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heat throughout the Earth's surface and the atmosphere.

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, windpumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.

The intermittency of wind seldom creates problems when using wind power to supply a low proportion of total demand, but as the proportion rises, increased costs, a need to upgrade the grid, and a lowered ability to supplant conventional production may occur.

Power management techniques such as exporting and importing power to

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neighboring areas or reducing demand when wind production is low, can mitigate these problems.

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A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy.

If the mechanical energy is used to produce electricity, the device may be called a wind generator or wind charger.

If the mechanical energy is used to drive machinery, such as for grinding grain or pumping water, the device is called a windmill or wind pump.

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The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging or auxiliary power on sailing boats; while large grid-connected arrays of turbines are becoming an increasingly large source of commercial electric power.

A quantitative measure of the wind energy available at any location is called the Wind Power Density It is a calculation of the mean annual power available per square meter of swept area of a turbine, and is tabulated for different heights above ground.

Calculation of wind power density includes the effect of wind velocity and air density.

Color-coded maps are prepared for a

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particular area described, for example, as "Mean Annual Power Density at 50 Meters."

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Hydropower is power that is derived from the force or energy of moving water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes.

Prior to the development of electric power, hydropower was used for irrigation, and operation of various machines, such as watermills, textile

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machines, sawmills, dock cranes, and domestic lifts.

Another method used a trompe to produce compressed air from falling water, which could then be used to power other machinery at a distance from the water.

In hydrology, hydropower is manifested in the force of the water on the riverbed and banks of a river.

It is particularly powerful when the river is in flood.

The force of the water results in the removal of sediment and other materials from the riverbed and banks of the river, causing erosion and other alterations.

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Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator.

The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow.

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This height difference is called the head.

The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head.

A large pipe (the "penstock") delivers water to the turbine.

An underground power station makes use of a large natural height difference between two waterways, such as a waterfall or mountain lake.

An underground tunnel is constructed to take water from the high reservoir to

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the generating hall built in an underground cavern near the lowest point of the water tunnel and a horizontal tailrace taking water away to the lower outlet waterway.

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Tidal power is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into electricity or other useful forms of power.

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The first large-scale tidal power plant “the Rance Tidal Power Station” started operation in 1966.

Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation.

Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power.

Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power has traditionally suffered from relatively high cost and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high

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tidal ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting its total availability.

However, many recent technological developments and improvements, both in design and turbine technology, indicate that the total availability of tidal power may be much higher than previously assumed, and that economic and environmental costs may be brought down to competitive levels.

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Tidal power is extracted from the 28

Earth's oceanic tides; tidal forces are periodic variations in gravitational attraction exerted by celestial bodies. These forces create corresponding motions or currents in the world's oceans.

The magnitude and character of this motion reflects the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, the effects of Earth's rotation, and local geography of the sea floor and coastlines

Tidal power is the only technology that draws on energy inherent in the orbital

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characteristics of the Earth–Moon system, and to a lesser extent in the Earth–Sun system.

A tidal generator converts the energy of tidal flows into electricity. Greater tidal variation and higher tidal current velocities can dramatically increase the potential of a site for tidal electricity generation.

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