Program/CourseHORTICULTURE NCII
Unit of CompetencyConduct Pre-Horticultural Farm Operations
Module TitleConduct Pre-Horticultural Farm Operations
INTRODUCTIONThis module contains information, suggested learning
activities, instruction and procedure in the conduct of
pre-horticultural farm operations. This module consists of three
(3) learning outcomes. Each learning outcome contains learning
activities supported by instruction sheets. Before performing the
instruction, the information sheets must be read first. Learning
activities and self-check must be answered. To ascertain the
competence, the teacher will assess the knowledge and skills
acquired such as the preparation of farm tools, farm implements and
simple equipment and how to perform routine operations.LEARNING
OUTCOMES AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIAThe module, entitled Conduct
Pre-Horticultural Farm Operations has the following learning
outcomes and performance criteria:Learning OutcomePerformance
Criteria
LO1Prepare tools, farm implements and simple equipment for
horticultural operations1.1 Appropriate tools, farm implements and
simple equipment are identified and sorted according to its
usage1.2 Basic pre-operative checking of tools, farm implements and
equipment is performed in accordance with manufacturers manual1.3
Tools with wear and corrosions are segregated and treated according
to maintenance plan and procedures
LO2Prepare and maintain farm facilities2.1 Workplace hazards and
environmental implications associated with maintenance procedures
are controlled in line with farm requirements 2.2 Maintenance
activities are performed to maximize efficiency and effectiveness
of facilities2.3 Relevant information with regard to the
maintenance activities are identified are noted following standard
procedures
LO3Secure tools, farm implements/equipment and facilities3.1
Simple repair and modifications of tools, farm implements/equipment
and facilities is conducted following standard procedures3.2
Preventive structures are installed during inclement weather3.3
Basic post-operative checks of tools, farm implements and equipment
is conducted in accordance with manufacturers manual3.4 Tools, farm
implements and equipment are stored according to approved
practices
TECHNICAL TERMS1.Farm tools are things used by the farmers or
farm workers to perform or facilitate manual or mechanical
work.
2.Farm implement is any device that directly affects the
production of agricultural products
3..Simple equipment is machinery used in horticultural
operations, especially in vegetable production
4.Plow is a farm implement used in farming for initial
cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seeds and
planting
5.Greenhouse is a building or complex in which plants are
grown
6.Farm Facilities a place, building or something designed,
built, installed that make an action, operation or activity in the
farm easier
7.Standard Procedure a prescribed procedure to be followed
routinely
8.Safety Practices protocols dealing with safety in connection
with occupational safety and health and may vary between industry
or sectors
9.Needle stick an accidental juncture of the skin with an
unsterilized instrument. Also called needle stick injury
10.Pesticide any substance used to kill or repel or contain in
plant or animal life that are considered to be pests
11..Hazard a chance of being injured or harmed
12.Post-operative during, relating to, or denoting the period
following a surgical operation
13.Pre-operative denoting, administered in or occurring in the
period before a surgical operation
14. Tillage is an agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical
agitation of various types such as digging, stirring and
overturning.
15.Power tool is a tool that is actuated by an additional power
source and mechanism other than the safely manual labour used with
hand tools.
16.Maintenance involves fixing any sort of mechanical, plumbing
or electrical device should it become out of order or broken
17. Manufacturers manual instructional book or booklet that is
supplied with almost all technologically advanced consumer
products, the information contained includes: instructions on
safety, set up, maintenance, regulatory, trouble shooting and
warranty.
Program/CourseHORTICULTURE NCII
Unit of CompetencyConduct Pre-Horticultural Farm Operations
Module TitleConduct Pre-Horticultural Farm Operations
Learning Outcome No. 1Prepare tools, farm implements and simple
equipment for horticultural operations
Performance Criteria
1. Appropriate tools, farm implements and simple equipment are
identified and sorted according to its usage2. Basic pre-operative
checking of tools, farm implements and equipment is performed in
accordance with manufacturers manual
3. Tools with wear and corrosions are segregated and treated
according to maintenance plan and
proceduresReferences:1.Agricultural Machinery and Equipment
Directory. 20062.The Howard Rotavator. 20073.Machinery
Manufacturers Secondary Tillage4.Australia Dictionary of Biography
Online Edition5.Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
INFORMATION SHEET 1.1 Farm Tools, Farm Implements and Simple
Equipment for Horticultural Operations A. Farm ToolsFarm tools,
definedFarm tools are things used by the farmers or farm workers to
perform or facilitate manual or mechanical work. These are objects
used as a means of accomplishing a task or purpose. Farm tools play
very important role in horticultural operation. Their availability
makes the work much easier and faster. For these tools to be more
useful, one must have a good working knowledge of farm tools before
using them.Classification of Farm ToolsFarm tools are classified as
follows:1. Cutting tools2. Cultivating tools3. Digging tools4.
Carpentry tools5. Measuring tools6. Transplanting tools7. Plumbing
tools8. Harvesting tools
a. Cutting tools and its usesA knife is used for cutting
planting materials and for performing other operations in
horticulture
Pruning shearA pruning shear is for cutting branches of planting
materials and unnecessary branches of plants
BoloA bolo is used for cutting tall grasses and weeds and
chopping branches of trees
An axe is used for cutting a bigger size post
b. Cultivating tools and its usesCROW BARA crowbar is used for
digging big holes and for digging out big stones and stumps
PICK MATTOCKA pick mattock is used for digging canals, breaking
hard topsoil and for pulverizing soil
GRUB HOEA grub-hoe is used for breaking hard topsoil and for
pulverizing soil
SpadeSPADEA spade is used for removing trash or soil, digging
canals or ditches and mixing soil media.
c. Digging tools and its usesRAKEA rake is used for loosening
the soil, light weeding and levelling, removing dead grass from
lawns
SHOVELA shovel is used for digging, lifting, and moving bulk
materials such as soil, coal, gravel and sand
HAND TROWELA trowel is used for digging, smoothing or otherwise,
moving around small amount of viscous or particular material
d. Carpentry tools and its usesHAND SAWA hand saw is used to cut
pieces of wood into different shapes in order to join the pieces
together and carve a wooden object
CHISELA chisel is not just for wood carvers, but it is used to
clean out joints and saw cuts
HAMMERThis tool looks roughly like the letter T. Most common
uses for hammers are to drive nails, fit parts, forge metal and
break apart objects
UTILITY KNIFEA utility knife is used to cleanout mortise joints
or scribing wood
e. Measuring tools and its usesTRY SQUAREA try square is used
for marking and measuring piece of wood.
TAPE MEASUREA tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible
ruler. It is a common measuring tool with linear measurement
markings. It measures around curves or corners.
RULERUsed in building to measure distances or rule straight
lines. It is a straightedge which contains calibrated lines to
measure distances. Desk rulers are used to measure, to aid in
drawing straight lines and as a straight guide for cutting.
PLUMB BOBA plumb bob is a weight, usually with a pointed tip on
the bottom that is suspended from a string and used as a vertical
reference line. This is used to ensure that constructions are plumb
or vertical. Plumb bob is used to provide vertical datum lines for
the building measurements.
f. Transplanting tools and its usesHAND TROWELIt helps in the
transplanting of seedlings, for the application of fertilizer and
also for the application of manure to the soil, it helps in
loosening vegetable beds, it can also be used for light weeding,
sampling or mixing up of soil and digging holes for the planting of
seeds.
HAND FORKIt is used in mixing manure into the soil, for breaking
the surface of the soil, so that air and water, can pass easily and
it is also used for the removal of weeds on the seed bed.
SPADESpade is used for different proposes. It can be used for
digging of holes and trenches around us, for leveling the ground,
for making seedbeds, ridges, mounds and heaps, transplanting of
seedlings like palm oil seedlings, turning the soil and the mixing
of manures, light weeding in the farm and at home, mixing of cement
and concrete for farm and home structures and the digging of
foundations when constructing farm and home buildings.
WATERING CAN
It is used to apply water to crops like seedlings in a nursery
and vegetables. It is used in applying liquid fertilizers to
crops.
g. Plumbing tools and its usesADJUSTABLE HACK SAW FRAMEIntended
to use blades of various lengths, especially those the ends which
have been broken off.
PIPE WRENCHA wrench used for turning soft iron pipes and
fittings with a rounded surface.
ADJUSTABLE WRENCHUsed to provide grip and mechanical advantage
in applying torque to turn objects
WRENCHAn instrument for exerting a twisting strain, as in
turning bolts, nuts, screw-taps, etc.
h. Harvesting tools and its uses
HOEHoes are used in tilling the soil, harvesting of crops like
cassava, sweet potato and cocoyam, weeding between the rows of
crops, digging of drains, making trenches and foundation of farm
houses, and the making of ridges and mounds.
SICKLEHand-held agricultural tool with a variously carved blade
typically used for harvesting grain crops or cutting succulent
forage chiefly for feeding livestock
SCYTHEIt is an agricultural tool for mowing grass or reaping
crops.
B. Farm ImplementsFarm Implement is any device that directly
affects the production of agricultural products. It is an article
used in a given activity, serving to equip and used in the
performance of a task.
PLOWAn agricultural implement used for cutting, lifting, turning
over and partly pulverizing the soil.
HARROWAn agricultural implement consisting of many spikes, tines
or discs dragged across the soil to turn most light weeds, and
scribble into the ground.
C. Simple EquipmentSimple equipment is machinery used in
horticultural operations, especially in vegetable production. They
are used in land preparation and in transporting farm inputs and
products. Simple equipment needs a highly skilled operator to
use.HAND TRACTORThis equipment is used to pull a plow and harrow in
preparing large area of land
FOUR WHEEL TRACTORThis is used to pull disc plow and disc harrow
in preparing much bigger area of land.it is a vehicle intended for
pushing or pulling something which cannot propel itself and often
powering it too. Tractor serves to deliver a high operative effort
at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery
used in agriculture or construction.
WATER PUMPWater pump is used to draw irrigation water from a
source
KNAPSACK SPRAYERA piece of agricultural equipment used primarily
to apply herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers ti agricultural
crops.
SELF-CHECK 1.1 A. Matching Type: Match Column A to Column
B____1. Pick Mattocka. Used for cutting branches of planting
materials and unnecessary branches of plants
____2. Grub-Hoeb. Used for cutting a bigger size post
____3. Sicklec. Used for cutting planting materials and for
performing other operations in horticulture
____4. Shoveld. Used for watering seedlings and young plants
____5. Rakee. Used for digging canals, breaking hard topsoil and
for pulverizing soil
____6. Axef. Used for cleaning the ground and leveling the
topsoil
____7. Knifeg. Used for removing trash, digging loose soil,
moving soil from one place to another and for mixing soil media
____8. Sprayerh. Hand-held agricultural tool with variously
carved blade typically used for cutting weeds
____9. Sprinkleri. Used to spray insecticides, foliar
fertlizers, fungicides and herbicides
____10. Pruning Shearsj. Used for breaking hard topsoil and for
pulverizing soil
B. ENUMERATION1. Give at least 2 examples of: 12 pointsa.
Cutting toolsb. Carpentry toolsc. Transplanting toolsd. Plumbing
toolse. Harvesting toolsf. Cultivating tools2. Give 3 examples of
farm equipment (3 points)
TASK SHEET 1.1 IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED FARM TOOLS AND
DEMONSTRATING ITS USEFarm Tools: Cutting tools knife, bolo, pruning
shear, axe Cultivating tools hand trowel, hand fork Digging tools
pick mattock Carpentry tools hammer, sawInstructions:1. Farm tools
are placed on the table. These tools include knife, bolo, pruning
shear, axe, hand trowel, hand fork, pick mattock, hammer and saw.
2. Cut-outs on the classification of tools such as cutting tool,
cultivating tool, digging tool, carpentry tools prepared for the
trainees to classify each tool3. Trainees will perform by
classifying the farm tools. Farm tools will be classified using the
label or the cut-outs4. After classifying, uses of each tool will
be tackled by the trainees5. Selected tools will be demonstrated
its use, i.e. shovel, pruning shear, hammer, bolo
Information Sheet 1.2 The PlowPLOWIs a farm implement used in
farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing
seed in planting.PURPOSE1. To turn over the upper layer of the
soil, bringing fresh ingredients to the surface while burying weeds
and the remains of the previous crops, allowing them to break
down.2. Aerates the soil and allows to hold moisture betterPARTS OF
A PLOW
Figure 1. Parts of a plowBeam the part where all the other parts
are attached directly or indirectlyMouldboard is the other main
part of the plow which turns over the earth previously cut by the
courter and the share. It is an extension of the share to the
rear.Frog Piece is the part attached to the lower part of the stay.
Its first part is called the sole plate. It is the frog that the
mouldboard and the share are attached. Share - one of the main
parts. It cuts the slice of the earth horizontally and starts
turning it over.Landslide is another wearing part bolted to the
frog. Its purpose is to prevent wear of the frog end of the story
as a result of friction along the furrow wall.TYPES OF PLOW1.
MOLDBOARD PLOWA moldboard plow is an ancient plow that is still use
in small farms today. It is very efficient. It consists of a single
large blade that enters the ground vertically. The plow is pulled
through the
ground by horse, ox, human or tractor power. While the blade
moves through the earth, it cuts, raises, and turns the soil in one
pass. If solid fertilizer is added to the field before it is
plowed, the moldboard plow will also incorporate the fertilizer
into the soil. 2. REVERSIBLE PLOWReversible plow is another version
of the moldboard type of plow. The difference is that this type of
plow uses two, four or more blades. This type of plow needs to have
the power of a tractor in order to be operated.3. SUB-SOILING
PLOWSub-soiling plow is another large plow that will need the power
of a tractor for proper use. The purpose of a sub-soiling plow is
to break up the ground beneath the top layer of a field. This is
necessary because some modern chemicals that are used in farming
cause hard crust of soil to form under a field and this has to be
broken up in order for plants to grow properly. In addition,
drainage is greatly improved by plowing a field with a sub-soiling
plow. 4. DISC PLOWDisc plow is used for the initial plowing of
brush-covered fields or plowing of dry rock soil. Farmers will
sometimes refer to plowing with a disc plow as discing. This plow
uses a large concave steel disc to break up the soil. The discs are
slightly inclined at a backwards angle, which turn the soil as the
ground is broken by the disc.WHEN TO PLOW1. If your soil is not
hard, you start plowing during the dry season so that you can start
planting as soon as the rains are steady2. On hard soils, we start
plowing as soon as the rains have softened the soil. Start plowing
on the plots with heavy soils (silt and clay). Once they are very
wet, they stick to the mouldboard and make the work difficult.HOW
TO PLOW1. The whole area of the plot has to be plowed. 2. Always
work the long side of the field so that your furrows are as long as
possible. You lose less time by turning round at the end of the
field. 3. Always plow across the slope! Plowing down the slope
provokes damage by erosion.4. If your field is wider than 30
meters, divide the area to be plowed into plots so as to reduce
walking at the ends of the furrow to a minimum.DISADVANTAGES OF
PLOWINGRepeated plowing can have negative effects on the soil. The
organic matter of the soil decomposes faster. The soil is losing
fertility and is more susceptible to erosion. MAINTENANCE OF THE
PLOWTo save money and work more effectively, you have to maintain
and care for your plow: Check and tighten all bolts and nuts of
your plow before starting work Oil your plow especially bolts and
nuts every week end Grease your plow wheel regularly Store plow in
a dry place to avoid corrosion Dont file the share of your plow too
often
SELF-CHECK 1.2 A. Enumeration1-6 Give at least 6 parts of a
plow7-10 Name 4 types of plow11-15 Care and maintenance of a
plow
B. Fill in the blanks. Select the answer from the choices below
and write the answer on the blank.
plowslopecorrosionnegativedry season
1. Always plow across the ______. 2. Store plow in a dry place
to avoid _____. 3. Start plowing during the _______4. Repeated
plowing can have___effects to the soil.5. ___is a farm implement
used in initial cultivation of the soil
Task Sheet 1.2 1. Bring the trainees in the nearby field2. Show
one type of plow and let the trainees identify the parts and its
functions.3. Demonstrate plowing, and let the trainees perform the
task.
Information Sheet 3.1Care and Maintenance of Farm Tools and
EquipmentA. Care and Maintenance of Farm Tools1. Prior to use,
always inspect farm tools for defects and damage. Check for loose,
bent or cracked tool handles, mushroomed tool heads, sprung tool
joints or worn teeth. If a hand tool fails the initial inspection,
tag the tool clearly as defective and remove it from service.
2. Allow adequate time at the end of each day to clean the farm
tools and properly pack for transportation or storage.3. To protect
farm tools from rust, use a wire brush occasionally on the metal
parts and wipe them down with an oily rag; apply rust resistant
paint on metal areas that rarely come into contact with the soil.4.
Sharpen tools such as shovels, hoes, and shears or cutters with a
file or sharpening stone and use grease or apply lubricant to
moving joints; always file away from the tools head on the push
stroke only. Sharp tools always work more efficiently.B. Storage of
Farm Tools
1. Store tools in a dry, sheltered environment.2. Place tools in
a rack for safety and easy access3. Place similar tools close
together so workers can easily see the available tools.
C. Care and Maintenance of Farm Equipment
1. One of the most important aspects of maintenance is cleaning.
Regular cleaning prevents damage.2. Inspect the implements for wear
and damage. 3. Take the time for maintenance and repairs if
necessary.4. Replace the parts as they wear out, and making sure
all fluids are topped up. 5. Keep everything in good condition
helps minimize the collateral damage from an otherwise minor
breakdown.SELF-CHECK 3.1Answer with True or False
____1. Farm tools should be stored anywhere in the farm.____2.
Regular cleaning prevents damage of farm tools and
implements.____3. Farm tools can be placed in a rack or in a tool
box.____4. Always inspect farm tools for defects and damage.____5.
You can keep different tools close together.
TASK SHEET 3.1
Trainees will be asked to perform the following:
1. Sharpening of tools2. Cleaning of tools3. Lubricating farm
tools
Information Sheet 3.2 Safety Precautions, Pre-Operation Check Up
and Safety Principles in Using Farm TractorA. Safety Precautions
When Using the Farm TractorBefore you decide to let anyone operate
the farm tractor, you need to ensure that the individual knows how
to operate the machine. Never let anyone operate the tractor
without proper training otherwise it might lead to accident. It is
vital to follow the safety rule to ensure that the operator is
physically fit, trained and qualified to operate the farm tractor.
In this way, the trained individual can assist other individuals in
operating the machine. Proper demonstration of the procedure is
necessary as well as explains how each of the machine operates. On
the other hand, after the demonstration, the trainer should allow
the new operator to operate the machine. Yet close supervision is
required and give instructions when needed. B. Pre-Operation
Check-Up for Farm TractorMaintenance InspectionBefore operating the
farm tractor see to it to check first if it works well. Keep in
mind that there are many factors that alter the safety and
reliability of the machine. That is why it is essential to perform
pre-operational check-up to ensure safe operation. Keeping the
tractor in good working condition can help prevent possible
accidents. Ensure always to keep at hand the operating manual. See
to it that each operator should read and understand the information
written in the manual. By following the operating precautions as
well as following the recommendations, accidents will be avoided.
Likewise, the operator should wear the appropriate clothing and
gears when operating the farm tractor.Safe RefuelingAnother
accident that is associated to farm tractor is fire and explosions.
Keep in mind that when refueling there is a great risk as you will
handle gasoline. As a safety measure, you should never refuel the
machine while the engine is running. Otherwise, static electricity
would generate a spark and worst lead to fire. To reduce the static
electricity, you should drop a mounted wire in the equipment to the
ground.C. Basic Tractor Safety Principles
Always wear your seatbelt. Most tractors are equipped with a
roll over protection device that is built to protect you if the
tractor rolls. A seat belt will save you from getting crushed.
Never stand near a spinning PTO. The PTO and connected drive shaft
spins with incredible force. Keep clothing and body parts away from
the spinning shaft, or risk dismemberment and death. Do not rest
arms or hands in the joints of any hydraulic part, or risk
dismemberment. Never put your hands inside or around active
implements when the tractor is running Turn off tractor if any
jamming or other obstructions occur when using PTO driven
implements Do not operate tractor on a dangerous slope. Be aware of
roll over dangers Always move very slowly when moving heavy loads
in the bucket. Driving with a heavy load greatly changes the
balance and stability of the tractor. Heavy loads encourage tipping
and rolling.
Program/Course: HORTICULTURE NCII
Unit of Competency: CONDUCT PRE-HORTICULTURAL OPERATIONS
Learning Outcome 3: Secure tools, farm implements/equipment and
facilities
Performance Criteria:
1. Simple repair and modifications of tools, farm implements,
equipment and facilities is conducted following standard
procedures
2. Preventive structures are installed during inclement
weather
3. Basic post-operative checks of tools, farm implements and
equipment is conducted in accordance with manufacturers manual
4. Tools, farm implements and equipment are stored according to
approved practices.
References :1.National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2004.
The 2001 Report on Adult Agricultural Related Injuries2.National
Safety Council, 2005. The Plain Facts About the Agricultural
Industry3.Better Health Channel
INFORMATION SHEET 3.3 Farm Safety, Risks and
HazardsIntroductionFarming is considered one of the most dangerous
occupation in the Philippines. You can reduce the risk of farm
injuries and illness at your farm by evaluating the risks and
minimizing them. Accidents can be prevented through better farmer
education, making sure equipment is well maintained and has
adequate safety features, having safety procedures in place, and
training every worker and family member about potential dangers.
Machinery such as tractors and power tools pose the greatest injury
risk in the farm. It caused deaths and disabling injuries in
agricultural operations. It is important to be safety conscious
when dealing with any job that requires the use of machinery.
Statistics show that the majority of machinery-related accidents
occur as a result of human negligence. Errors include taking short
cuts to save time, failure to read the operators manual, ignoring a
warning, improper lack of instruction and failure to follow safety
rules.Safety Practices in a Carpentry Shop1. Tools not being used
should be always kept at their proper places.2. Make sure that your
hands are not in front of sharp edged tools while you are using
them.3. Use only sharp tools. A dull tool requires excessive
pressure, causing the tool to slip.4. Wooden pieces with nails
should never be allowed to remain on the floor.5. Be careful when
you are using your thumb as a guide in cross-cutting and ripping.6.
Test the sharpness of the cutting edge of chisel on wood and paper
but not on your hand.7. Never chisel toward any part of the body.8.
Do not use chisels where nails are present.9. Does not use chisel
as a screw driver.10. Do not use a saw with a loose handle.11. Do
not use a saw on metallic substances12. Do not use mallet to strike
nails.13. Do not use plane at the places where a nail is driven in
the wood.Precautions to be Observed when Storing Machinery on the
Farm1. Buildings where machinery and tools are stored should be
located far enough away from structures that house livestock and
hay in case of fire2. Fire extinguisher should be located near all
fuel pumps and tanks3. Fuel storage tanks should be preferably
located below ground. Tanks should be properly vented. The area
around the tank should be free of litter, weeds and any fuel spills
that could aid in starting or accelerating the spread of a fire. 4.
Electrical lines coming into the building should be high enough to
allow equipment to pass underneath5. Electrical systems in machine
sheds should be sufficient for the power tools and equipment that
will require the use of electric current. 6. Electric outlets
should be on the three-prong grounded type.7. Machinery storage
buildings should not be used to store debris8. Doors on machine
sheds should be wide enough for machinery to safely pass through
without being caught. Doors also need to pull or slide open and
close freely in case of an emergency. 9. Exits should be clearly
marked.10. Doors should be lockable to keep out of children and
unwanted visitors.11. Floor surfaces should be level and smooth,
free of bumps and protruding rocks12. Equipment should be parked so
there is enough space for a person to walk completely around it.13.
Buildings should have adequate ventilation for starting or running
of an engine within the structure. Engines should not be left
running inside a building for a prolonged period of time unless the
exhaust is properly vented.14. All tools and accessory equipment
should be kept picked up and stored in their proper place.15. Keys
should always be removed from all equipment and machinery to
prevent children or unauthorized people from starting them.16. Do
not allow non employees inside the machine shed. Children should
never be allowed to plat around or inside the machine shed or on
farm machinery itself.
SAFETY TIPS IN OPERATING A MACHINERY
1. Remove watches and jewelry. Roll up sleeves or wear a
short-sleeved shirt. Wear a shop coat.2. Always wear safety goggles
when operating machines or using compressed air.3. Use machine
guards and safety devices.4. Keep machines clear of loose tools.5.
Never remove metal chips with your fingers.6. Do not talk while
operating a machine.7. Stop the machine if it makes strong noise.8.
Clean the machines and the shop after each use.GENERAL SHOP RULES1.
All tools must be put away before closing the laboratory at the end
of a working session2. Put away all tools upon completion of a task
3. Dont use the floor as a temporary or long-term work surface4.
Clean-up metal shavings and small scrap using the shop vacuum and
broom5. Always wear appropriate safety gear.SELF-CHECK
3.3Instructions: Answer the following questions1. Name at least 3
devices for your safety in using farm tools and machinery.2. Why is
there a need to train the workers before operating a machine?3.
What are some of the safety tips in operating a machinery?4. What
are some of the safety practices in handling farm tools?TASK SHEET
3.3 If the statement best described YES, put a check; and put a
check if the statement best described NO.
StatementYESNO
1. When operating a machine, the operator should not talk.
2. You should always wear an appropriate safety gear when using
a machine.
3. It the machine makes strong noise, never stop the
machine.
4. All tools should be kept at a proper place.
5. Use only sharp tools.
INFORMATION SHEET 3.4 EFFICIENT KNAPSACK SPRAYER
USEIntroductionBest maintenance, calibration and use of knapsack
sprayer are critical to the success of any application and will
ensure that you get maximum value, effect and safety from the
products used. Parts of a Knapsack Sprayer1. Nozzle2. Tank lid3.
Pump4. Hose Connections5. Trigger assemblyFour Steps to Good
Knapsack SprayingStep 1. Check sprayer with clean water1. Check for
damage and leaks2. Check spray pattern3. Check straps4. Clean
nozzles and filters5. Clean nozzles with brush6. Repair leaks
immediatelya. Fix all leaks before using the sprayerb. Know where
leaks are most likely to occurc. Keep spare parts to repair
leaksStep 2. Calibrate sprayer output1. Read product label2. Follow
calibration instructions3. Fit appropriate nozzle4. Measure swath
width5. Adjust water volumes within recommended limits to your
specific needs such as stage of crop growthStep 3. Ensure an even
and uniform application1. Wear appropriate protective clothing2.
Avoid water contamination3. Spray downwind and void drift4. Keep
constant heightStep 4.Cleaning of sprayer after use1. Clean sprayer
using best field practices2. Clean sprayer inside and out3. Triple
rinse4. Avoid contaminating waters sources5. Spray washings back
onto cropWays of improving farm spray safety: Use the least toxic
pesticide available for effective control of insect, fungus or
plant, as the case may be. Ensure only the recommended rate of
pesticide is used. Wear protective clothing and equipment as
described on the label and MSDS. Prepare only enough chemical for
immediate use. Keep a record of each use and the results. Ensure
equipment works properly and does not leak. Cover feed and water
containers near areas where livestock are grazing; Don't eat, drink
or smoke while pouring, mixing or spraying. Don't pour concentrated
pesticide into tanks above shoulder height. Avoid working alone if
you are using a highly toxic pesticide; or have some form of mobile
communication. Methods of Spraying Spray with minimal drift and
preferably in low wind conditions. Never spray in high wind
conditions. Use mechanical suction to transfer pesticides to spray
tank. A vortex system can be used to mix pesticide concentrate with
water before filling the spray tank. Prevent nozzles blocking by
using correct filters and pesticide formulation. Ensure water and
equipment is clean. Clear blocked nozzles by using a soft bristle
brush or compressed air. Never suck or blow nozzles to clear them.
Clean up Thoroughly clean all spraying and protective equipment,
where run-off will not create a hazard or contaminate the
environment. Wash work clothing separately from domestic clothing,
or use disposable clothing. Wash yourself well after a spray
operation. After handling pesticides, wash hands with soap and
water before eating, drinking, going to the toilet or smoking. Take
precautions Provide a first aid kit that includes a towel, clean
clothing, a resuscitation mask for expired air resuscitation,
disposable eye wash bottle and eye wash solution, soap, nailbrush,
and clear instructions on what to do with this equipment. Keep
fresh water close by for washing. Advise someone where you will be
working and how long you intend to be gone. Otherwise ensure you
have a two-way radio for emergency calls. Have a family member or
other person at the farm attend first aid classes. Check the
labels, MSDSs or other safe handling guides for your pesticides, to
ensure you have the correct antidotes, emergency equipment and
facilities required by labels and MSDSs. Stop work immediately and
seek medical attention if there is any sign of muscular spasm,
blurred vision, excessive saliva or difficulty breathing. Suspect
pesticide poisoning with any of these symptoms. If regularly using
pesticides, an annual medical examination is recommended before and
after the spraying season, and more frequently with some chemicals.
For skin contact, wash with soap and water, and rinse with clean
water. Remove any contaminated clothing, and seek medical advice.
For eye contact, hold eye open under running water for 15 minutes.
Seek medical advice.
SELF-CHECK 3.4Enumeration:1-5 Parts of a knapsack sprayer6-9
Four steps to good knapsack spraying10-18 Contents of First Aid
Kit19-25 Farm Spray Safety Practices
TASK SHEET 3.4Instructions:1.Demonstrate the calibration of
knapsack and determine the application volume2.Demonstrate best
spraying practices
Program/Course: HORTICULTURE NCII
Unit of Competency: CONDUCT PRE-HORTICULTURAL OPERATIONS
Learning Outcome 2: Prepare and maintain farm facilities
Performance Criteria:
1.Workplace hazards and environmental implications associated
with maintenance procedures are controlled in line with farm
requirements 2.Maintenance activities are performed to maximize
efficiency and effectiveness of facilities
3. Relevant information with regard to the maintenance
activities are identified are noted following standard
procedures
References:1.Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia12. Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS), United States Department of Labor. Occupational
Injuries and Illnesses and Fatal Injuries Profiles database queried
by industry for Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
(GP2AFH), Accessed June 2013.3.Kirkhorn, S.R., Earle-Richardson,
G., Banks, R.J., "Ergonomic Risks and Musculoskeletal Disorders in
Production Agriculture: Recommendations for Effective Research to
Practice."Journal of Agromedicine,15:281-299, 2010.Davis
KG,Kotowski SE, "Understanding the ergonomic risk for
musculoskeletal disorders in the United States agricultural
sector."American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 50(7):501-511,
2007. Douphrate, D.I., Nonnenmann, M.W., Rosecrance, J.C.,
"Ergonomics in Industrialized Dairy Operations."Journal of
Agromedicine,14:406-412, 2009.4.Nonnenmann, M.W., Anton, D.C.,
Gerr, F., Yack, H.J., "Dairy Farm Worker Exposure to Awkward Knee
Posture During Milking and Feeding Tasks."Journal of Occupational
and Environmental Hygiene,7:483-489, 2010.5.Cook, K.E., Field,
W.E., "Proceedings of the 'Arthritis, Agriculture, and Rural Life:
State of the Art Research Practices, and Applications' Conference",
West Lafayette, Indiana, May 11-13, 2011.Journal of Agromedicine,
16:311-318, 2011.6.Issa, S., Roberts, M., Field, B., 2012 Summary
of Grain Entrapments in the United States. Purdue University.
INFORMATION SHEET 2.1 FARM FACILITIESFarm facilities include
tool room, greenhouse, lecture room, pump station, storage room and
nursery shed. These facilities are described as follows:TOOL
ROOM
Atool roomis aroomwheretoolsare stored or, in a factory, a space
wheretoolsare made and repaired for use throughout the rest of the
factory. In engineering and manufacturing, tool roomactivity is
everything related totool-and-die facilities in contrast to
production line activity.
GREENHOUSE
Agreenhouseis a building or complex in whichplantsare grown.
These structures range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized
buildings. A miniature greenhouse is known as acold
frame.Commercial glass greenhouses are oftenhigh techproduction
facilities for vegetables or flowers. The glass greenhouses are
filled with equipment like screening installations, heating,
cooling, lighting and also may be automatically controlled by a
computer to maximize potential growth.A greenhouse is a structural
building with different types of covering materials, such as
aglassorplasticroof and frequently glass or plastic walls; it heats
up because incoming visible sunshine is absorbed inside the
structure. Air warmed by the heat from warmed interior surfaces is
retained in the building by the roof and wall; the air that is
warmed near the ground is prevented from rising indefinitely and
flowing away. This is not the same mechanism as the "greenhouse
effect".
LECTURE ROOM
Lecture room is a room where lessons take place. It is a
classroom where lectures are given.
PUMP STATION
Pump station is a house where pumps are installed and
operated.
STORAGE ROOM
Storage room is a room in the farm house where farm supplies,
farm products and other farm inputs are stored or kept for security
purposes.
NURSERY
A nursery is a place for raising and tending seedlings until
they are ready for planting or for sale to other farmers or
planters.
SELF CHECK 2.1
Direction: Answer the following question:
1. What do you think are the uses of farm facilities?a.
Nurseryb. Greenhousec. Tool Roomd. Lecture Roome. Pump station
TASK SHEET 2.1
Prepare a farm plan and lay-out and label the farm
facilities.
INFORMATION 2.2 HAZARDS AND CONTROLS
What Hazards are Agricultural Workers Exposed to?Farmworkers are
exposed to numerous safety, health, environmental, biological, and
respiratory hazards. These include vehicle rollovers, heat
exposure, falls, musculoskeletal injuries, hazardous equipment,
grain bins, unsanitary conditions, pesticides, andmany
others.VEHICLE HAZARDSInjuries from vehicular incidents are serious
and debilitating to farm activities. HEATHeat illness can be
deadly. Every year, thousands of workers become sick from exposure
to heat, and some even die.These illnesses and deaths are
preventable.Workers exposed to hot and humid conditions are at a
high risk of heat illness, especially if they are doing heavy work
tasks or using bulky protective clothing and equipment. New workers
may also be at greater risk than others if they have not built up a
tolerance to hot conditions. Employers must take steps to help
workers become acclimated.PreventionHeat-related illnesses, while
potentially deadly, are easily preventable. When working in hot
conditions, remember "WATER, REST, SHADE." Drink water every 15
minutes, even when not thirsty. Wear a hat and light-colored
clothing. Rest in the shade. Be sure to watch out for fellow
workers and know your location in case you need to call for
assistance. Get help right away if there are any signs of
illness.LADDERS & FALLSDeaths and injuries from falls remain a
major hazard for farmworkers.MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIESWorkers in
agricultural operations for both crop and animal production
typically use repetitive motions in awkward positions and which can
cause musculoskeletal injuries.Ergonomic risk factorsare found in
jobs requiring repetitive, forceful, or prolonged exertions of the
hands; frequent or heavy lifting, pushing, pulling, or carrying of
heavy objects; and prolonged awkward postures. Vibration and cold
may intensify these conditions.New technology may reduce some types
of ergonomic injuries but increase others. For instance, while
dairy farmers have traditionally been at a higher risk for
developing osteoarthritis of the knee, more recent research has
shown new technology used in milking has resulted in a shift in
musculoskeletal disorders to the shoulders, hands and
arms.Ergonomic protectionsProper tools, padding to reduce
vibration, and fewer activities with high repetition are some
methods for reducing musculoskeletal injuries.HAZARDOUS EQUIPMENT
AND MACHINERYFarmworkers routinely use knives, hoes, and other
cutting tools; work on ladders; or use machinery in their shops.
However, these simple tools can be hazardous and have the potential
for causing severe injuries when used or maintained improperly. All
tools should be maintained in good condition and used according to
the manufacturers' instructions. Power toolsmust be properly
grounded or double insulated and all guards or shields must be in
place.
Farmworkers should wear the proper personal protective equipment
(PPE) and make sure that clothing has no strings or loose ends that
could be caught by machinery. Long hair should be tied back to
prevent entanglement. In addition, shops should be well lit and
have clear walkways to eliminate slips, trips and falls.GRAIN BINS
AND SILOSWhile safety issues surrounding grain bins and silos are
sometimes overlooked on farms, they pose many dangers. Farmworkers
are exposed to suffocation or engulfment hazards when working with
grain bins and silos, as well as grain dust exposures and
explosions. Suffocation is a leading cause of death in grain
storage bins. Suffocation can occur when a worker becomes buried
(engulfed) by grain as they walk on moving grain or attempt to
clear grain built up on the inside of a bin. Moving grain acts like
"quicksand" and can bury a worker in seconds. "Bridged" grain and
vertical piles of stored grain can also collapse unexpectedly if a
worker stands on or near it. UNSANITARY CONDITIONSThe lack of
drinking water, sanitation facilities and/or handwashing facilities
can lead to many health effects. Farmworkers may suffer heat stroke
and heat exhaustion from an insufficient intake of potable water,
urinary tract infections due to urine retention from inadequate
availability of toilets, agrichemical poisoning resulting from lack
of handwashing facilities, and infectious and other communicable
diseases from microbial and parasitic exposures.PESTICIDES AND
OTHER CHEMICALSPesticide exposurePesticides pose risks of short-
and long- term illness to farmworkers and their families. Workers
who mix, load or apply pesticides (known as pesticide handlers) can
be exposed to toxic pesticides due to spills and splashes,
defective, missing or inadequate protective equipment, direct
spray, or drift. Workers who perform hand labor tasks in areas that
have been treated with pesticides face exposure from direct spray,
drift or contact with pesticide residues on the crop or
soil.Pesticides can present a hazard to applicators, to harvesters
reentering a sprayed field, to family members due to take-home
contamination, and to rural residents via air, ground water and
food. Workers may be exposed to pesticides in a variety of ways,
including: working in a field where pesticides have recently been
applied; breathing in pesticide "drift" from adjoining or nearby
fields; working in a pesticide-treated field without appropriate
PPE; eating with pesticide-contaminated hands; eating contaminated
fruits and vegetables; and eating in a pesticide-contaminated
field. Workers may also be exposed to pesticides if they drink
from, wash their hands, or bathe in irrigation canals or holding
ponds, where pesticides can accumulate.Two types of workers:
Pesticide handlers-- those who mix, load, or apply agricultural
pesticides; clean or repair pesticide application equipment; or
assist with the application of pesticides in any way. Agricultural
workers-- those who perform tasks related to the cultivation and
harvesting of plants on farms or in greenhouses, nurseries, or
forests. Workers include anyone employed for any type of
compensation (including self-employed) doing tasks -- such as
carrying nursery stock, repotting plants, or watering -- related to
the production of agricultural plants on an agricultural
establishment. Workers donotinclude office employees, truck
drivers, mechanics, and any others not engaged in handling,
cultivation, or harvesting activities.
Hazard CommunicationChemicals must be properly labeled so
farmworkers know the identity and hazards of the chemicals they may
be exposed to at work.RESPIRATORY DISTRESSRespiratory hazards
Respiratory hazards in barns, manure pits, machinery and silos
range from acute to chronic air contaminants. Farmworkers' most
common respiratory hazards are bioaerosols, such as organic dusts,
microorganisms, and endotoxins and chemical toxicants from the
breakdown of grain and animal waste. Inorganic dust, from silicates
in harvesting and tilling, is prevalent but less
significant.Changes to farming mechanisms have both improved
working conditions and increased exposure to respiratory
hazardsmainly due to the increased density in animal
confinement.Respiratory protectionControl of aerosols might include
the enclosure and ventilation of tractors, applying moisture to
friable material, and respirators.ZOONOTIC INFECTIONS & RELATED
HAZARDSZoonoses are infectious diseases common to animals and
humans. As new infections evolve, the numbers and types of zoonoses
change. The agricultural worker's risk of acquiring a zoonotic
infection varies with the type and species of animal and the
geographic location.Several Methods to Prevent Zoonotic Infection
Personal protective actions and equipment, such as, hand hygiene,
the use of appropriate gloves and outer protection, facial and
respiratory protection and the tracking of aggressive animals, so
that restraints are used when necessary. Environmental infection
control, such as cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and equipment,
vaccinating healthy animals, isolating diseased animals, disposing
of infected tissues or dead animals appropriately and controlling
the infestation of pests which can be a carrier of these
infections. Worker health, such as vaccinating workers and
providing proper training.Several Methods to Prevent Needle stick
and Related Injuries Having an approved sharp container, Never
removing the needle cap with one's mouth, Avoiding the recapping of
needles, Wearing the appropriate personal protection equipment,
such as gloves.NOISEThousands of workers every year suffer from
preventable hearing loss due to high workplace noise levels, and
research has shown that those who live and work on farms have had
significantly higher rates of hearing loss than the general
population.In fact, farming is among the occupations recognized as
having the highest risks for hearing loss.Tractors, forage
harvesters, silage blowers, chain saws, skid-steer loaders, grain
dryers, squealing pigs and guns are some of the most typical
sources of noise on the farm. Studies suggest that lengthy exposure
to these high sound levels have resulted in noise-induced
hearing loss to farmworkers of all ages, including teenagers.
Hearing loss is not as dramatic nor as sudden as an injury from a
tractor overturn or machine entanglement, but it is
permanent.Employers can achieve noise reduction in several ways -
usually related to the maintenance of the equipment: Worn, loose,
or unbalanced machine parts can increase decibel levels during
operation. Regular lubrication and parts replacement (bearings,
mufflers, silencers, etc.,) reduce friction and lower noise levels.
Larger engines that can be operated at lower speeds reduce noise
levels, and may even conserve fuel. Vibration isolation pads may be
installed under the legs of noisy equipment to reduce noise
generated by the equipment vibrating on a cement floor. Newer
chainsaws and leaf blowers have flexible mountings to reduce
vibration-induced noise as well. Tractor and skid-steers can be
purchased with sound reducing cabs and tightly fitted cab doors and
windows to reduce how much outside noise reaches the operator.
Acoustical materials may be installed on walls and ceilings to
enclose sound.In addition, employers may provide workers with
personal protective equipment (PPE) but must train them in using
the PPE correctly. OTHER HAZARDSFarmworkers may face a number of
other hazards due to being outside. Other Biological HazardsThese
include vector-borne diseases, venomous wildlife and insects, and
poisonous plants. Extreme Cold. Lightning. Ultraviolet
Radiation.Confined Space. Besides grain storage, farmworkers face
dangers in entering other confined spaces such as: Manure pits.
Flat storage buildings. Tanks.Skin Disorders Workers in the
agricultural sector are at risk of potentially harmful exposures of
the skin. Electrical HazardsElectrical hazards in agriculture range
from the dangers of hitting overhead wires when using large
equipment to the possibility of hitting underground wires when
digging.
SELF-CHECK 2.2
B. True of False
Direction: Write T if the statement is True, and write F if the
statement is False.
____ 1. Injuries from vehicular accidents are serious and
debilitating to farm activities.____ 2. Workers exposed to hot and
humid conditions are at high risk of heat illness.____ 3. All tools
should be maintained in good condition and used according to
manufacturers Instruction.____4. Shops should be well lit.____ 5.
Suffocation is not a cause of death in grain storage bin.____ 6.
Farm workers suffer stroke when water is sufficient.____ 7.
Zoonoses are infectious diseases common to humans and animals.____
8. Proper training is not an option to prevent hazards.____ 9.
Tractor is one of the sources of noise in the farm.____10. Use of
gloves is one of the method to prevent infection.
C. Enumeration
1 3 Biological hazards4 6 Examples of confined spaces7 14
Typical sources of noise in the farm15 18 Methods to prevent
zoonotic infection19 20 Respiratory hazards21 22 Preventive
practices against heat related illness23 25 Major hazards faced by
farm workers
TASK SHEET 2.2
1. Trainees will bring chemicals , read the label and discuss
hazards.2. First aid will be demonstrated to the class if the farm
worker suffered from heat stroke3. Trainees will demonstrate the
proper use of personal protective equipment or PPE.