A3 special issues in nutrition

Special Issues in NutritionOption A Human Nutrition amp Health

Stephen Taylor

Image rsquoI can drink by myselfrsquoCopyright Stephen Taylor

Assessment Statements Obj

A21 Distinguish between the components of human milk and artificial milk for bottlefeeding babies 2

A22 Discuss the benefits of breastfeeding 3

A23 Outline the causes and symptoms of type II diabetes 2

A24 Explain the dietary advice that should be given to a patient who has developed type II diabetes 3

A25 Discuss the ethical issues concerning the eating of animal products including honey eggs milk and meat 3

A26 Evaluate the benefits of reducing dietary cholesterol in lowering the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) 3

A27 Discuss the concept of food miles and the reasons for consumers choosing foods to minimize food miles 3

Assessment statements from Online IB Biology Subject GuideCommand terms httpi-biologynetibdpbiocommand-terms

Breast-milk Formula

Colostrum Present in first feeds Stimulates newborn digestion Not present

Antibodies Present in colostrum in high doses and subsequent milk Not present

Protein Lower but more easily digested and absorbed Human

Higher but harder to digest and absorb Bovine sources

Carbohydrates Higher in lactose linked to brain development

Lower in lactose May come from glucose

Fatty acids Human fatty acids Palm oil or alternatives

Vitamins and minerals May be lower but easier to absorb Higher but harder to absorb

Image bottle V httpwwwflickrcomphotos21524179N083668580431

Found on flickrccnet

Breast is BestHow does human milk compare to formula milk

Breast is BestWhat are the benefits of breastfeeding

Find out morehttpwwwwhointfeaturesfactfilesbreastfeedingenindexhtml

Benefit Effect

Immunity Colostrum and early breastmilk contain high concentrations of antibodies protecting the infant from infections

Digestive function Colostrum stimulates digestive tract function and eases defecation Easier to digest than formula milk

Cost Breastmilk is free and readily available as long as the mother remains healthy

Bonding Aids in mother-child bonding and communication

Nutrition More complete than formula and changes in composition to match the needs of the infant

Motherrsquos health Aids in weight-loss reduces risk of breast cancer type II diabetes and post-partum depression

Type II DiabetesWhat are the symptoms and causes

httpwwwplosoneorgarticleinfo3Adoi2F1013712Fjournalpone0057873

httpnotunlikeresearchtypepadcomsomething-not-unlike-rese201107new-cdc

-report-on-physical-inactivity-obesity-and-diabeteshtml

ldquoUsing econometric models of repeated cross-sectional data on diabetes and nutritional components of food from 175 countries we found that every 150 kcalpersonday increase in sugar availability (about one can of sodaday) was associated with increased diabetes prevalence by 11 (p lt0001)rdquo

Analyse the graphs and follow the links

What is the relationship between obesity and type II diabetes (insulin resistance)

What is the effect of increasing access to sugar on the prevalance of diabetes

Type II DiabetesWhat are the symptoms and causes

Causesbull Prolonged excessive intake of high-energy

foods particularly sugars and carbohydratesbull Insulin resistance develops as a result as insulin

receptors on the liver become less sensitivebull Strong link to obesity (excess energy is stored

as fat)bull Genetic factors (some are more susceptible to

developing type II diabetes)

Symptomsbull Glucose in the urine (too much glucose in the

blood not all can be re-uptaken by the kidney so some remains in urine)

bull Dehydration excessive urinationbull Damaged blood vesselsbull Weight loss as fat storage is affectedbull Sleep loss tirednessbull Blurred vision potential loss of sight

(retinopathy)

httpwwwdoctorozcomvp-videosdiabetes-animation

httpwwwmedmoviecommmdatabaseMediaPlayeraspxClientID=89

Type II DiabetesWhat dietary advice would a patient receive and why

Advice Scientific Reason

Eat low GI foods

Cut out sugars amp refined carbohydrates

Eat high fibre foods

Small regular meals

Choose lsquodiabetic alternativesrsquo

Read the food labels

Image Squirrel Heaven httpwwwflickrcomphotos12187063N023943984935

Found on flickrccnet

Type II DiabetesWhat dietary advice would a patient receive and why

Advice Scientific Reason

Eat low GI foods Some foods release energy more slowly - they have a lower glycemic index (GI) Eating these reduces lsquospikesrsquo in blood sugar

Cut out sugars amp refined carbohydrates

These are high GI foods ndash they are broken down into sugars and absorbed quickly causing blood sugar to rise quickly They include sugary snacks white bread and pasta

Eat high fibre foods High fibre makes one feel without providing too much energy High fibre diets can also help reduce the effects of diabetes

Small regular meals Smaller releases of energy more frequently result in less dramatic blood sugar changes than large infrequent meals

Choose lsquodiabetic alternativesrsquo

Some packaged foods may be labeled to show that they have reduced sugars or carbohydrates suitable for diabetics

Read the food labels Learn how to read and interpret food labels to avoid eating unsuitable foods

Yup getting more exercise would be useful too (but thatrsquos not dietary)

Image Squirrel Heaven httpwwwflickrcomphotos12187063N023943984935

Found on flickrccnet

Eating AnimalsWhat are the ethical issues associated with animal products

Image Matadero Iruya IV httpwwwflickrcomphotos54028939N001304768250Found on flickrccnet

Eating AnimalsWhat are the ethical issues associated with animal products

Image Matadero Iruya IV httpwwwflickrcomphotos54028939N001304768250Found on flickrccnet

Food Product Advantages Ethical Concerns

Meat Source of proteins some vitamins and minerals

bull Animal welfare issues in intensively-farmed cattle poultry Pain and suffering in slaughter

bull Growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and new strains of viruses as a result of overuse of medication Use of growth hormones may affect human health such as earlier onset of puberty

bull Huge demand for land and water to grow crops to feed animals is no longer sustainable and results in clearing of rainforests and habitat destruction Methane and other emissions from farming livestock contribute to global warming

Fish Source of proteins and helpful fatty acids

bull Many fish species are endangered due to overfishingbull Concerns of bio-magnification of toxins in the food chain and risks to human health

Milk Source of energy protein calcium

bull Animal welfare issues in intensively-farmed cattle poultry bull Growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and new strains of viruses as a result of

overuse of medication bull Huge demand for land and water to grow crops to feed animals is no longer

sustainable and results in clearing of rainforests and habitat destruction Methane and other emissions from farming livestock contribute to global warming

EggsSource of protein and fats a lsquomeatrsquo alternative in some

cultures

bull Cholesterol health risks associated with too much egg yolk consumption bull Battery-farmed chickens fed hormones in cramped conditions and can be treated

inhumanely Living spaces can be dirty and encourage spread of illness bull Male chicks are routinely culled as they cannot produce eggs

HoneyHoney is a natural sweetener

Bees pollinate many flower species

bull Farmed bees compete with local insect and bee populations for nectar Artificial selection of bees will result in a genetic shift in bee populations

Reducing CholesterolWhat are the health benefits and where is the evidence

Cholesterol is needed in small amounts in the body to produce hormones and plasma membranes In excess it is thought to contribute to atherosclerosis by forming deposits in the arteries Rupture of plaques can cause clots or CHD However this is a paradigm that is being challenged and it highlight the correlation-cause argument

In a review of studies it has been suggested that the link between dietary cholesterol intake and CHD is not logical and that the more likely cause of CHD is a diet high in saturated fats Diets high in saturated fats tend to be high in cholesterol so there is a correlation without necessarily causation

With moderate cholesterol intake the body is able to remove excess with no harmful effect ndash dietary cholesterol is not necessarily converted into plasma cholesterol Plasma cholesterol can be HDL (not harmful) or LDL (plaque-forming)

Extreme intakes may lead to a greater buildup of LDL in atherosclerosis Although there is a small risk of cholesterol leading to CHD the risks of smoking inactivity and heredity are much stronger and more closely related to CHD

Although a cholesterol-controlled diet may slow or reduce the risk of atherosclerosis it must be combined with a healthy diet and lifestyle if it is to have a significant effect on reducing the risk of CHD Image Cholesterol King

httpwwwflickrcomphotos89338458N003539966530Found on flickrccnet

Food MilesWhat is the footprint of your food

Image Pina Colada amp Pineapple - Boca del Drago Isla Colon - Bocas del+Toro+Panama httpwwwflickrcomphotos34325628N056671205461

Found on flickrccnet

Food miles are a measure of the distance a food product travels from rsquoplough to platersquo It is an indicator of the environmental impact of the foods we eat as this travel involves costs in fuel emissions packaging and time the further a product travels the less sustainable it is Some imported foods cost more in energy per gram for their transport than they provide for the consumer

Some consumers prefer to choose locally grown or farmed food products to reduce the costs use of packaging and preservatives use of oilfuel and emissions They may also hope to encourage outlets to use local providers of produce rather than imported goods

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IBiologyStephen

Image rsquoI can drink by myselfrsquoCopyright Stephen Taylor