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PROJECT REPORT

ON

A2Z RoBo (@2%)

SUBMITTED BY

ZATIN GUPTA

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INDEX

Acknowledgement

DTMF Signal Embedded System Microcontroller Introduction to Project Hardware used DTMF Decoder IC Microcontroller IC ULN IC Software used in Project Testing Hardware testing Software testing Application of project Further work Reference


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DTMF Signal

Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling is used

for telephone signaling over the line in the voice-frequency band to the call switching center. Theversion of DTMF used for telephone tone dialing isknown by the trademarked term Touch-Tone, and isstandardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. Adifferent version is used for signaling internal to thetelephone network.

DTMF is an example of a multi-frequency shift keying(MFSK) system. Today DTMF is used for most callsetup to the telephone exchange, at least indeveloped regions of the world, and trunk signalingis now done out of band using the SS7 signalingsystem. The in band trunk signaling tones weredifferent from the tones known as Touch-Tone with

a triangular matrix being used rather than a squarematrix.

History

DTMF was developed at Bell Labs in order to allowdialing signals to dial long-distance numbers,potentially over nonwire links such as microwavelinks or satellites. Encoder/decoders were added atthe end offices that would convert the standardpulse signals into DTMF tones and play them downthe line to the remote end office. At the remote siteanother encoder/decoder would decode the tonesand perform pulse dialing. It was as if you were


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connected directly to that end office, yet thesignaling would work over any sort of link. This ideaof using the existing network for signaling as well as

the message is known as in-band signaling. DTMFtones were also used by some cable televisionnetworks to signal the local cable company to inserta local advertisement. These tones were often heardduring a station ID preceding a local ad inserts.Terrestrial television stations also used DTMF tonesto shut off and turn on remote transmitters.

Keypad

When you press the buttons on the keypad, aconnection is made that generates two tones at thesame time. A "Row" tone and a "Column" tone. Thesetwo tones identify the key you pressed to anyequipment you are controlling. If the keypad is on

your phone, the telephone company's "CentralOffice" equipment knows what numbers you aredialing by these tones, and will switch your callaccordingly.

1 2 3 697 Hz

4 5 6 770 Hz

7 8 9 852 Hz

* 0 # 941 Hz

1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz


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When you press the digit 1 on the keypad, yougenerate the tones 1209 Hz and 697 Hz. pressing thedigit 2 will generate the tones 1336 Hz and 697 Hz.

Sure, the tone 697 is the same for both digits, but ittake two tones to make a digit and the telephonecompany's equipment knows the difference betweenthe 1209 Hz that would complete the digit 1, and a1336 Hz that completes a digit 2.

DTMF Event Frequencies

EventLow

frequencyHigh

frequencyBusy signal 480 Hz 620 HzDial tone 350 Hz 440 Hz

Ring back tone (US) 440 Hz 480 Hz

The tone frequencies, as defined by the PreciseTone Plan, are selected such that harmonics andinter-modulation products will not cause anunreliable signal. No frequency is a multiple ofanother, the difference between any twofrequencies does not equal any of the frequencies,and the sum of any two frequencies does not equalany of the frequencies. The frequencies wereinitially designed with a ratio of 21/19, which isslightly less than a whole tone. The frequencies maynot vary more than 1.5% from their nominalfrequency, or the switching center will ignore thesignal. The high frequencies may be the same


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Embedded system

A hardware system which is designed to performa specific task in a particular time period, e.g.

mobile phones

Objectives of embedded system:Embedded

system is a hardware system which is designed toperform a specific task in a particular time period.E.g. mobile phones

Component in an embedded system are as:

HardwareInput & Output

Software

Input devices are as: Sensors Keys Analog signals PulsesOutput devices are:

LED, Relays, 7 segments displays,LCD, motors, Serial data, Monitor, Opto-couplers.

To design an embedded system following H\W & S\Ware used:


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Softwares HardwaresMachine language Digital ICs (driver,decoder, MUX)

Assembly language linear ICs (op amp,ADC, DAC, comparator)High level language Passive components(L, C, Rs)C, C++, java PCB, Relays,Motors

Characteristics of embedded system:

Perform a single set of functions. It works in a time constraint environment. Most of the embedded system avoids mechanicalmoving parts because of friction & due to frictionlosses are their & hence probability of accuracydecreases.

Embedded systems have low cost due to marsproduction.

Why I study Embedded System:

Embedded systems are a rapidly growing fieldwhere growth opportunities are numerous.

Embedded system plays important roles in ourevery day lives even though they might notnecessarily be visible. Some of the embedded systems I use every day.


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Cell-phone a very common example of embeddedsystem

Basis components are: Keys LCD Memory Backup Some control unitApplications of Embedded Systems

Consumer electronics, e.g., cameras,camcorders,

Consumer products, e.g., washers, microwaveovens, ... Automobiles (anti-lock braking, engine control,...)


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Industrial process controllers &avionics/defense

Applications

Computer/Communication products, e.g.,printers, FAX Machines Emerging multimedia applications & consumerelectronics e.g. cell phones, personal digitalassistants

Difference between Embedded System & GeneralComputing Platform

An embedded system will have very fewresources compared to general purpose computingsystems like a desktop computer. The memory capacity and processing power inan embedded system is limited where as It is more challenging to develop an applicationin embedded system due to its constrictedenvironment as compared to developing the samefor a desktop system. Some embedded systems run a scaled downversion of operating system called an RTOS (realtime operating system).


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Microcontroller

Introduction to Microcontroller and its type

C 8051


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Micro-controller can be of following types

4 Bit microcontroller 8 Bit microcontroller 16 Bit microcontroller 32 Bit microcontroller4 BIT MICROCONTROLLERS

Most popular microcontroller made in terms ofproduction numbers Economical Application: appliances and toys8 BITMICROCONTROLLERS

Represent a transition zone between dedicated,high-volume, 4-bit micro-controllers and the highperformance 16 bit microcontroller 8 Bit word size adequate for many computingtasks and control or monitoring applications. Application: simple appliance control, high-speed machine control, data collection

16 BIT MICROCONTROLLERS

Provide faster response and more sophisticatedcalculations


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Applications: control of servomechanism likerobot arms

32 BIT MICROCONTROLLERS

Design emphasis is more on high speedcomputation features and not on chip features likeRAM, ROM, Timers, etc Applications: robotics, highly intelligentinstrumentation, avionics, image processing, telecommunications, automobiles,etc

Example: Intel 80960, ARM

Lets focus on 8051 family of

Introduced by Intel Corporation in 1981 asMCS 51 Intel allowed other manufacturers to make andmarket any version of 8051 depending upon thespeed and on chip ROM

All versions code compatibleOther members of the 8051 family: 8052, 8031

8052 MICROCONTROLLER Has all the features of 8051 along with extra128 bytes of RAM, a timer and an extra 4K bytes ofon chip ROM

8051 is upward compatible to 8052


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8031 MICROCONTROLLER

ROM-less 8051 i.e. contains 0 K bytes of on chipROM

An external ROM must be added to make itfunctional.

COMPARISON OF 8051 FAMILY MEMBERS

Feature 8051 8031 8052

ROM 4K 0K 8KRAM(bytes) 128 128 256Timers 2 2 3I/O Pins 32 32 32Serial Port 1 1 1Interrupt Sources 6 6 8

VERSIONS OF 8051 C

8751 microcontroller4K bytes of on chip UV-EPROM require PROM burner,as Ill as UV-EPROM to erase its contents and takes 20min erase cycle.

AT89C51 from Atmel Corporation

On chip ROM flash memory, erase cycle in seconds,furnish fast development.


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DS5000 from Dallas Semiconductor

On chip ROM in form of NV-RAM form. In NV-RAM has

ability to change the ROM contents one byte at atime.

OTP (one time programmable) version of the 8051For mass production, low cost.

8051 family from Philips One of the largestselections of 8051 microcontrollers, various features

like ADC, DAC, extended I/O, both OTP and flash.


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Introduction to Project

Title

A2Z RoBo

Hardware used

To design the specified project I require thefollowing main hardware components.

DTMF decoder IC

One Microcontroller

ULN IC

Four 12V Relays

9-0-9 V transformer for power supply

A PCB on which all the hardware is mounted

A car like structure in which 2 motor are used tofor to & from motion

A 9v battery to provide supply to relays

A 555 timer IC and an amplifier IC


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Brief overview of peripherals attached

DTMF Decoder is used to produce the BCD codefor each key tone.

ULN IC is used to operate relays. Relays are used to control motors.

Subroutine and their working

Delay:

Features

Keys for entering particular no. No. of corresponding key display on LCD


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Power supply

DTMF Decoder


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DTMF decoder IC


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Pin Description

1 IN+ Non-inverting input Connections to the

front-end differential amplifier.

2 IN- Inverting input

3 GS Gain select. Gives access to output of front-end amplifier for connection of feedback resistor.

4 VREF Reference voltage output (nominally

VDD/2). May be used to bias the inputs at mid-rail

5 INH* Inhibits detection of tones representingkeys A, B, C, and D

6 PD* Power down. Logic high powers down thedevice and inhibits the oscillator. Internal pull down.

7 OSC1 Clock input 3.579545 MHz crystalconnected between these pins completes theinternal oscillator.

8 OSC2 Clock output

9 VSS Negative power supply (normally connectedto 0 V).

10 OE Tri-statable outputs enable (input). Logic highenables the outputs Q1 - Q4. Internal pull-up


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11-14 Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 Tri-statable data outputs.When enabled by OE, provides the codecorresponding to the last valid tone pair Received.

15 StD Delayed steering output. Presents logichigh when a received tone pair has been registeredand the output latch is updated. Returns to logic lowwhen the voltage on St/GT falls below VTSt

16 ESt Early steering output. Presents logic highimmediately when the digital algorithm detects arecognizable tone pair (signal condition) any

momentary loss of signal condition will cause ESt toreturn to a logic low.

17 St/GT Steering input/guard time output(bidirectional). A voltage greater than VTSt detectedat St Causes the device to register theDetected tone pair and update the output latch. A

voltage less than VTSt free the device to accept anew tone pair. The GT output acts to reset theexternal steering time constant and its state is afunction of ESt and the voltage on St.

18 VDD Positive power supply. (Normallyconnected to +5V.)


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Microcontroller


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Pin Description

VCC

Supply voltage.

GNDGround

Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port.As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL

inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pinscan be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 canalso be configured to be the multiplexed low orderAddress/data bus during accesses to externalProgram and data memory in this mode, P0 hasinternal Pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytesduring Flash programming and outputs the code

bytes during program verification. External pullupsare required during program verification.

Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internalpullups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/sourcefour TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins,

they are pulled high by the internal pullups and canbe used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that areexternally being pulled low will source current (IIL)because of the internal pullups. In addition, P1.0and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the


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Timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX),respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1also receives the low-order address bytes during

Flash programming and verification.

Port Pin Alternate FunctionsP1.0 T2 (external count input toTimer/Counter 2), clock-outP1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2capture/reload trigger and direction

control)P1.5 MOSI (used for In-SystemProgramming)P1.6 MISO (used for In-SystemProgramming)P1.7 SCK (used for In-SystemProgramming)

Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internalpullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/sourcefour TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins,they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can

be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that areexternally being pulled low will sourceCurrent (IIL) because of the internal pullups Port 2emits the high-order address byte during fetchesfrom external program memory and during accessesto external data memory that use 16-bit addresses


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(MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 usesstrong internal pullups when emitting 1s. Duringaccesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit

addresses (MOVX @ RI); Port 2 emits the contents ofthe P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits andsome control signals during Flash programming andverification.

Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal

pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/sourcefour TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins,they are pulled high by the internal pullups and canbe used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that areexternally being pulled low will source current (IIL)because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves thefunctions of various special features of the AT89S52,

as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receivessome control signals for Flash programmingAnd verification

Port Pin Alternate FunctionsP3.0 RXD (serial input port)P3.1 TXD (serial output port)

P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)P3.6 WR (external data memorywrite strobe)


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P3.7 RD (external data memory readstrobe)

RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machinecycles while the oscillator is running resets thedevice. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periodsafter the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFRAUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable thisfeature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the

RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse forlatching the low byte of the address during accessesto external memory. This pin is also the programpulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In

normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rateof 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used forexternal timing or clocking purposes. Note, however,that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access toexternal data memory. If desired, ALE operation canbe disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH.With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or

MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weaklypulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has noEffect if the microcontroller is in external executionmode.

PSEN


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Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe toexternal program memory. When the AT89S52 isexecuting code from external program memory,

PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, exceptthat two PSEN activations are skipped during eachaccess to external data memory.

EA/VPPExternal Access Enable EA must be strapped to GNDin order to enable the device to fetch code fromexternal program memory locations starting at

0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1is programmed, EA will be internally latched onreset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internalprogram executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flashprogramming.

XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and inputto the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier


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ULN 2004A IC


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Logic Diagram


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Pin Description

The ULN2001A, ULN2002A, ULN2003A, ULN2004A,

ULQ2003A, and ULQ2004A are high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor arrays. Each consists ofseven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltageoutputs with common -cathode clamp diodes forswitching inductive loads. The collector-currentrating of a single Darlington pair is 500 mA. TheDarlington pairs can be paralleled for higher currentcapability. Applications include relay drivers,

hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers (LEDand gas discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers.For 100-V (otherwise inter changeable) versions ofthe ULN2003A and ULN2004A, see the SN75468 andSN75469, respectively.

The ULN2001A is a general-purpose array and can be used with TTL and CMOS

technologies. The ULN2002A is designed specificallyfor use with 14-V to 25-V PMOS devices. Each inputof this device has a Zener diode and resistor in seriesto control the input current to a safe limit. TheULN2003A and ULQ2003A have a 2.7-k series baseresistor for each Darlington pair for operationdirectly with TTL or 5-V CMOS devices. The

ULN2004A and ULQ2004A have a 10.5-k

series baseresistor to allow operation directly from CMOSdevices that use supply voltages of 6 V to 15 V. Therequired input current of the ULN/ULQ2004A isbelow that of the ULN/ULQ2003A, and the requiredvoltage is less than that required by the ULN2002A.


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SOFTWARE USED IN THE PROJECT

Software is the main part which performs all the

functions happening in the project i.e. when a key ispressed then what happens at the back hand iscontrolled by only the software & corresponding tothat what the action performed by controller itselfalso specified in the software & output taken by userby just operating it. There is no issue ofprogramming skills in user because it is only onetime burning process after that, it will continue with

its working.This project is working on the software

made in embedded C language which is compiledby the keil compiler student version.

Software of project is as defined below:

;***********************************************************; NAME OF THE PROGRAMMER: ZATIN GUPTA

; PROGRAM VERSION: 007

; STATUS: DEVELOPING

;******************HARDWARE DECALARATION*************

buzzer bit p2.4irr bit p2.5relay1 bit p2.3


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relay2 bit p2.2relay3 bit p2.1relay4 bit p2.0

signal equ p1

;*******************INTERRUPT VECTOR TABLE***********

org 000h ;RESET INTERRUPTsjmp poweronorg 0003h ;EXTERNAL INT0

retiorg 000bh ;TIMER0retiorg 0013h ;EXTERNAL INT1retiorg 001bh ;TIMER1reti

org 0023h ;SERIAL COMreti

;**********************POWER ON*****************************

org 0030h ;ORIGIN ADDRESSED BY0030H

poweron: mov sp,#70h ;MOV 70H datamov IE,#00h ;DISABLE INTERRUPTENABLE

mov IP,#00h ;DISABLE INTERRUPTPRIORITY


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mov P0,#0FFh ;PORT0 SHOULD BEINTIALLY HIGH

mov P1,#0ffh ;PORT1 SHOULD BE

INTIALLY HIGHmov P2,#0FFh ;PORT2 SHOULD BEINTIALLY HIGH

mov P3,#0ffh ;PORT3 SHOULD BEINTIALLY HIGH

;********************RAM_CLR ROUTINE********************

mov r0,#7fhram_clr: mov @R0,#00H

DJNZ R0,ram_clr

;*********************MAINPROGRAM***************************

acall delaymain:

mov a,signalanl a,#00011110bcjne a,#0001110b,check1mov p2,#11110001b

acall delaysjmp maincheck1:

acall delaymov a,signalanl a,#00011110b


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cjne a,#00000010b,check2mov p2,#11111000bacall delay

sjmp maincheck2:acall delaymov a,signalanl a,#00011110bcjne a,#00010010b,check3mov p2,#11110010bacall delay

sjmp maincheck3:

acall delaymov a,signalanl a,#00011110bcjne a,#00011010b,check4acall delay

sjmp maincheck4:

acall delaymov a,signalanl a,#00011110bcjne a,#00001010b,check5mov p2,#11110100b

acall delaysjmp maincheck5:

acall delaymov a,signalanl a,#00011110b


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cjne a,#00000110b,exitmov p2,#11110000bacall delay

sjmp main

exit:acall delaysjmp main

;**************************DELAY****************************

delay:mov r1,#100d

again: mov r2,#100dback: mov r3,#20dloop: djnz r3,loop

djnz r2,backdjnz r1,again

ret;*****************************END**************************


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HARDWARE TESTING

WITHOUT IC

Power off testing: in this testing module I havechecked continuity to all the peripherals mounted onthe PCB i.e. if there is any loose connection orbreakage in between connections then it must berepaired.

Continuity in between

Decoder with controller and LEDs Controller with ULN2004A ULN & Relays All the components connected to ICs Keys must be short on pressing When key pressed then it short withencoder pin Signal goes from encoder to decoder alsonon distorted Output of decoder in BCD form supplied toLEDs so, that connection also tight DTMF signal density does not attenuate bythe interference of supply voltage

Power on testing: in this module all the frequencies,voltages, ground, +ve, -ve points checked i.e. is allthe requirements are fulfilled or not i.e. voltages &frequencies supplied or generated by supply & CO isright or not. In this:


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Vcc=5vGnd=0v

Reset=0v initial & 5v pressedEA=5vWITH IC

With IC testing, power on testing type, in which ICalso mounted on its base & supply connected tomain. In this some parameters are observed whichare mentioned as below:

Vcc=5vGnd=0vReset= low-high-lowEA=5vCrystal Oscillator: in this there are 2 parameters asbelow

VoltageFrequency

Voltage at 18 & 19 pin

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SOFTWARE TESTING

This is that testing module in which the hardware

components are tested by running software on themto check only the connections and hardware. Thedifferent hardware tested in this module is given aswith their softwares:

RELAYS

Relays are used to control electrical appliances

connected with this project. The relays connectedare SPDT relays hence not control DC motor so tocontrol DC motor we require DPDT relays hencethese relays can control all appliances except DCmotor. To check this hardware the software is as:

For first relay

relay bit p2.3main:

mov relay,#0f7hacall delaymov relay,#0fbhacall delay

mov relay,#0fdhacall delaymov relay,#0fehacall delaysjmp main


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delay:MOV R5,#20d

lp2: MOV R6,#200d

lp1: MOV R7,#250dlp0: djnz R7,lp0djnz R6,lp1djnz R5,lp2Ret

For Second relay

relay bit p2.2main:

mov relay,#0f7hacall delaymov relay,#0fbhacall delaymov relay,#0fdh

acall delaymov relay,#0fehacall delaysjmp main

delay:MOV R5,#20d

lp2: MOV R6,#200dlp1: MOV R7,#250dlp0: djnz R7,lp0

djnz R6,lp1djnz R5,lp2Ret


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For Third relay

relay bit p2.1main:

mov relay,#0f7hacall delaymov relay,#0fbhacall delaymov relay,#0fdh


delay:MOV R5,#20d

lp2: MOV R6,#200dlp1: MOV R7,#250dlp0: djnz R7,lp0


For Fourth relay

relay bit p2.0main:

mov relay,#0f7hacall delay


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mov relay,#0fbhacall delaymov relay,#0fdh


delay:MOV R5,#20d

lp2: MOV R6,#200d

lp1: MOV R7,#250dlp0: djnz R7,lp0



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APPLICATION OF PROJECT

As the name suggest this project has many

applications in today life as mentioned below:

Main use of this project may either in anindustry or in home

Controlling home appliances for power savingoperations

It creates automatic controlling the power inthe field of switching the appliances

This is the idea which done the multiplexing oftelecomm with electrical field i.e. Using telecommcontrolling the electrical instruments


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FURTHER WORK

There is another 3 steps which are applicable overthis project they are as mentioned as below:

The next applicable step is: make it reliablehence no losses of signal takes place.

Next to next step is: mount the whole circuitover the car.

Last but not the least step is: arranging abattery for power supply so that the robot movesfreely.


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REFERENCE

To complete this project successfully I need to refer

with many websites and books some of them are asmentioned below:

Websites www.google.com www.emtech.in www.howstuffworks.com www.alldatasheet.com www.dogpile.com www.electroguys.com www.wikipedia.com www.efy.comBooks Mazidi Programming & customizing the PIC &microcontrollers ( e-book)
http://www.google.com/http://www.emtech.in/http://www.howstuffworks.com/http://www.alldatasheet.com/http://www.dogpile.com/http://www.electroguys.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.efy.com/http://www.efy.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.electroguys.com/http://www.dogpile.com/http://www.alldatasheet.com/http://www.howstuffworks.com/http://www.emtech.in/http://www.google.com/

A2Z_RoBo

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