1 Final Report UGANDA A YOUTH RAPID CARE ANALYSIS IN MPIGI DISTRICT UGANDA By: 2 August 2016 Agency for Capacity Building (ACB) P.O. Box 12773 Kampala, Email: [email protected]Consultants Joseph Rujumba- (PhD) Email: [email protected]Tel: +256- 772-493078 Allen Tushabe – Email: [email protected]Tel: +256-071 2837771
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Final Report
UGANDA
A YOUTH RAPID CARE ANALYSIS IN MPIGI DISTRICT UGANDA
2.1 Study Setting and Context in Mpigi District ............................................................................... 10
2.3 Study Participants and Procedure Adopted in conducting the Youth RCA .......................... 11
2.4 Research tool .................................................................................................................................... 12
2.5 Data management and report production ................................................................................... 13
3.1 Characteristics of study participants ............................................................................................. 15
3.2 How and why care work is distributed between genders and age groups .............................. 15
3.3 Consequences on young people of heavy and unequal unpaid care work.............................. 25
3.4 Perceptions and attitudes of young women and men towards care work and the associated gender norms ...................................................................................................................................... 30
3.5 To support young people to develop strategies to recognize, reduce and redistribute heavy and unequal care among youth and communities in Mpigi District ........................................... 34
3.6 Recommendations for Oxfam‟s future youth programming on the integration of unpaid care issues. ................................................................................................................................................... 37
Unpaid care work is domestic work and direct care of persons which facilitates and supports the well-being of
family and community members. It includes direct care of persons, such as child care or care of dependent
adults, as well as domestic work, such as cooking, digging, fetching water or collecting firewood. This Youth
Rapid Care Analysis (RCA) report has been prepared by the Agency for Capacity Building (ACB) for Oxfam
in Uganda. The RCA explored children and youths perspectives about care work in order to generate
strategies to recognize, reduce and redistribute unpaid care work and to increase representation of carers in
decision-making. The Youth Rapid Care Analysis (RCA) was conducted between 7th and 12th July 2016 Mpigi
District, central Uganda.
Approach
A qualitative participatory research design involving four age appropriate groups of 72 male and female
children and young people aged 9-25 years was conducted in two sub-counties of Mpigi District. Each Youth
Rapid Care Analysis (RCA) was done on a separate day and was made up of 7 exercises and group discussion
themes. The four RCA sessions were equally divided between in and out of school children and young
people in age groups of: 9-12 years in school, 13-17 years in-school, 13-17years out-of-school, and 18-25
years out of school. The Youth RCA explored relationships of care in the community, identified unpaid and
paid work activities performed by girls and boys; young women and men, identified gendered patterns in care
work, social norms underlying these patterns and „most problematic‟ care activities and options to reduce and
redistribute care work. The Youth RCA guidelines developed by Oxfam were used in conducting the exercise.
Key findings
Study findings revealed no major gender segregation in care work among young children but this changed as
children grew into teenagers, adolescents and adults where there were marked differences in care activities for
male and female.
Most care work in the study setting is done by girls and women. In all RCA sessions with exception of in
school children 9-12 years, females spent more hours on unpaid care work than their male counterparts. For
instance older youth in school in Kamengo Sub-county; girls spent 4 times more hours on care work than
boys. Out of school girls (18-25 years) in Kamengo spent 8.4 times more hours on care work than boys out
of school in the same age group. Similarly in Kiringente out of school girls spent 4.5 times more hours on
care work than boys out of school in the same age group. Thus girls out of school are „doubly disadvantaged‟
in terms of losing out on education and shouldering excessive care responsibilities.
However, these tasks were perceived by children and young people as 'light and simple', not paid for and less
important for household sustenance. This perception contributes to the continued invisibility and devaluing
of care work predominantly done by girls and women. The invisibility and devaluing of care work further
sustains its perception as non-work. There was a dominant perception that since women and girls are at home
most of the time, it is natural and logical that they should do care work. Likewise, men and boys do not do
care work in part because they are outside the home much of the time. There was „false praise‟ for instance
that women cook better food and are good at doing care work than men which can worsen and sustain the
heaviness of care work on the part of women and girls. These perceptions need to be targeted during
sensitization for change in social norms. The study revealed that women and girls often do tasks largely meant
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for men and boys when boys and men are a way, further increasing the heaviness of care work on girls and
women.
The dominant wishes for male and female youth out of school if they had more time was to engage in skills
training and income generating activities. Boys and girls in school mentioned studying and engaging in sports
as key activities they would do if they had more time.
There are strong and deep-rooted traditional norms and beliefs with regard to what men and women;
adolescent boys and girls should do or not do in relation to care work. These norms, beliefs and perceptions
form very early in life through informal observations and socialization processes at family and community
levels. Most domestic activities like cooking and serving food, washing clothes and utensils and caring for
children were strongly perceived across all study groups as a preserve for girls and women and difficult to
redistribute to men. The fear for men to be devalued, ridiculed, stigmatized, lose status and respect at family
and community levels emerged as key risks to the likely redistribution of such care activities to men and old
boys. The fear that men would be taken for granted by women and their children if they engaged in care work
was another potential risk but also the likelihood of leading to gender based violence. Redistributing such care
was perceived to taint women‟s image in society as well. Activities perceived to require a lot of 'energy' such
as fetching water and collecting fire wood were seen as potential for redistribution to men. Men engaged in
some care activities when women and girls were away or unwell indicating that it is possible for men to do
tasks perceived to be for women. This presents an opportunity to expose „false logic‟ and foster change in
attitudes and social norms about what men and women should or should not do.
Fetching water, collecting firewood, digging, washing clothes and caring for children were the key difficult
care activities mentioned in most RCA groups. Difficulties related to fetching water and firewood collection
were linked to distant and hilly places and being heavy. The reduction in forests/trees compounded firewood
collection challenges. Extending clean and safer water, tree planting and energy saving techniques to
communities was apriority.
Conclusion and recommendations
It is important that Oxfam and partners initiate and support community sensitization and dialogue to change
negative societal norms and perceptions about recognition, reduction and re-distribution of care work and to
increase representation of carers in decision-making; integrate advocacy and awareness creation in youth and
development work; advocate and support initiatives geared at improving access to community services such
clean and safe water, tree planting and use of energy saving technologies and alternatives to firewood so as to
reduce the burden of difficult care tasks; promote interventions to empower girls and women through skills
training and income generation; and engage in policy influencing and knowledge generation to better
understand and address care work. For such initiatives for bear fruit, it is important that boys and girls are
targeted early in life for change of attitudes and perceptions towards care work. Focusing on early change in
attitude of young people is important to enhance youth rights now and in future as women and men. Heavy
and unequal care work affects children‟s education, health, safety and time thus government, NGOs, schools
and other actors must do something about it to ensure that children‟s rights to health, safety and education
are promotion and protected.
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1.0 Background and Objectives of the Youth Rapid Care Analysis (RCA)
1.1 Introduction
This Youth Rapid Care Analysis (RCA) report has been prepared by the Agency for Capacity
Building (ACB) for Oxfam in Uganda. The RCA explored children and youths perspectives about
care work in order to generate strategies to recognize, reduce and redistribute unpaid care work. The
Youth Rapid Care Analysis (RCA) was conducted in Mpigi District, central Uganda.
1.2 Overview of Agency for Capacity Building (ACB)
Since inception in 2005, ACB has continued to provide high quality services to clients in the areas of
training and research including conducting baseline studies and project evaluations for organizations
like Concern Worldwide, the former Christian Children Fund (CCF) and now Child Fund Uganda,
Build Africa Uganda, AMREF Uganda, Oxfam GB, Oxfam Novib, Integrated Community Efforts
Against AIDS (ICEA), Swisscontact Uganda, UNHCR and Lutheran World Federation (LWF)
among others. Our community development and public health professionals have combined their
skills and experience to design and deliver client-customized capacity building and research
interventions geared at strengthening the response to poverty, limited access to water, sanitation and
hygiene, HIV and AIDS, gender based violence (GBV), Violence against women and girls
(VAW&G), Gender inequality, food insecurity and lack of marketable skills, among other
development concerns.
1.3 Understanding Care Work
„Care work‟ – also sometimes called reproductive work, domestic work or unpaid work – refers to
the provision of services for family and community members outside of the market. Unpaid care
work is domestic work and direct care of persons which facilitates and supports the well-being of
family and community members1. It includes direct care of persons, such as child care or care of
dependent adults, as well as domestic work, such as cooking, cleaning, and digging, fetching water or
collecting firewood. While these caring activities are essential to maintaining our societies, across the
world they are primarily done by women and girls making the distribution unequal. The fact that
care work is not paid for; it is not reflected in national statistics or economic analyses, despite its
centrality to our day-to-day wellbeing. It is perceived to be less valuable than paid work, ignored and
not considered to be “work” even by the women and men who engage in it and benefit directly
from these activities. In part, the invisibility of care work in national statistics and being less valued,
leads to persistent neglect by local and national authorities who fail to design social and economic
1 Oxfam We Care Project Definition of Care Work.
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policies that can reduce women‟s primary responsibility for care work. It is important to note that,
women living in poverty are more affected by care work as they shoulder care work but also struggle
to fend for their families though earning an income such as through subsistence farming makes it
heavy and with negative social, psychological, economic and health implications. Care Work also
affects women‟s mobility, participation in training events, employment, community and
development activities thus perpetrating women‟s unequal status in society.
Initiatives to address care work as an issue of violation of women‟s rights and economic
empowerment exist on a limited scale including in Uganda. One such initiative is the Women‟s
Economic Empowerment and Care (WE-Care) programme by Oxfam in Uganda.
1.4 Background of Oxfam and Care Work in Uganda
OXFAM started work in Uganda in the 1960s with humanitarian programmes to help refugees and
destitute children fleeing from Rwanda. It has continued working in Uganda supporting practical,
innovative ways for people to lift themselves out of poverty and thrive. Today, Oxfam partners with
over 40 Ugandan organizations from national civil society and the private sector.
Together with Ugandan partners, Oxfam focuses on improving the lives of people who are most in
need and disempowered. The organization concentrates on the conflict-affected and marginalized
areas of the greater north of Uganda: West Nile, Acholi and, Lango, Teso, and Karamoja. Oxfam
also has a nationwide reach through, Research, Policy advocacy campaigns and emergency response
with partners.
Oxfam through her humanitarian and development programs envisions that; all women, men and
children in Uganda realize their rights and an improved quality of life, empowered by an
environment where vibrant civil society, a responsible private sector and a responsive and
accountable government ensures equitable access to resources. Related to this call, Oxfam is
currently implementing a Women‟s Economic empowerment and Care project (WE- Care) with
Uganda Women‟s Network (UWONET) and Women and Rural Development Network
(WORUDET). As part of the WE- Care project, Oxfam and partners conducted a Rapid Care and
House Hold Care analysis in Lamwo District2. The Youth Rapid Care analysis conducted in two
sub-counties of Mpigi District is a second piece of research by Oxfam in Uganda.
The Women‟s Economic Empowerment and Care (WE-Care) programme by Oxfam in Uganda is a
three-year, cross-affiliate initiative (2014–17) across Oxfam‟s research, development and advocacy
programme addressing women‟s heavy and unequal care work. The initiative aims to influence
development policy and practice by developing research methodologies and innovative
interventions, as well as leveraging evidence into advocacy so that communities recognize care work,
and reduce and redistribute responsibility for care, in order to achieve women‟s empowerment. The
2 WORUDET, Oxfam and UWONET (2015) Rapid Care Analysis (RCA) and Household Care Survey in Lamwo
District, Acholi Sub-Region, Northern Uganda
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programme seeks to rebalance the provision of care from poor families/communities towards the
public and private sector, as well as changing gender norms and practices for more gender equality.
Initial findings from the WE-Care programme show that the unequal division of care work between
women and men may be more acute in young people and adolescents; however the programme has
not looked specifically at young people’s relationship with care work. Perceptions on care work and the
gendered division of care responsibilities are formed at a young age, and research is needed into how
these are developed and what interventions can address them. Is care work perceived as work, and
as valuable and skilled work? Which gender is seen as responsible for, and more capable of which
family responsibilities? Who influences these attitudes and how flexible are they? At what age do
gender norms relating to care work solidify? What are the best avenues to begin questioning and
addressing social norms around care work? As heavy and unequal care responsibilities affect the
ability of girls and young women to enjoy their rights as well as to participate in development
activities, it is important for programmes working on both gender justice and youth active
citizenship to recognize and address these issues.
The My Rights, My Voice (MRMV) programme has supported children and youth to claim their
rights to health, education and SRH in eight countries in Africa and Asia over the past four years
(2012-2016). Together with the WE-Care programme, the My Rights, My Voice Programme
supported this research project into youth perceptions on care work as a basis to strengthen
Oxfam‟s future work on youth and on unpaid care. The project is expected to inform youth-led and
youth-centered strategies, including awareness-raising and advocacy initiatives, to recognise, reduce
and redistribute care responsibilities.
1.5 Overview about Mpigi District
Mpigi district is located in Central Uganda, approximately 35 kilometers from Kampala, Uganda‟s
Capital City. The district boarders with the districts of Wakiso in the North East and East, Mityana
in the North, Butambala in the West and North West, Kalangala in the South and Kalungu is to the
south West. The District lies on the shores of Lake Victoria, the largest fresh water lake on the
Africa Continent. Mpigi District covers an area of 1,541.13 square kms. Administratively, Mpigi
District is made up of one county divided into two constituencies Mawokota North and Mawokota
South. The district has six Sub-counties, one town council (Mpigi town council) and one town
board3.
According to the National Population and Housing Census 2014 Report, Mpigi District has a
Population of 251,512 comprising of 125,314 males and 126,198 females, the household size in 4.1
and the annual population growth rate stands at 2.44%. Children account for 57% of the
population4.
3 Mpigi District Local Government (2015) Mpigi District Development Plan II, 2015/16-2019/20 4 Uganda Bureau of Statistics 2016, The National Population and Housing Census 2014 – Main Report, Kampala, Uganda
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Agriculture is the dominant economic activity in Mpigi District with 79% of the households deriving
their livelihood from it. Other economic activities in the district are cottage factories, trade and
leisure activities.
The main inhabitants of Mpigi District are the Baganda and engage in small holder farming dealing
in various agricultural enterprises which include but not limited to, coffee, maize, beans, cassava,
bananas, sweet potatoes, vegetables, fish farming, horticulture, poultry and livestock farming. The
majority of farmers in Mpigi use traditional tools of farming such as pangas and hoes. They rely on
rain fed agriculture. The most common domestic animals are chicken, goats and cattle.
Men have traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for energy intensive tasks as
bush clearing, planting, harvesting and constructing granaries. Women‟s roles have traditionally
included digging, planting, weeding and harvesting. Boys and girls are typically socialized into
distinct gender roles. There are differences in what men and women own as well as how they access
and control production resources. Traditionally, land, cattle and other large assets are owned and
controlled by men. Thus most women access land for production through their male counterparts as
daughters, sisters or wives. In traditional society, care work including cooking, washing clothes,
caring for children and the sick, fetching water, grinding millet were largely a preserve of women.
Thus, home was largely the operating area for most women. Currently, the context is gradually
changing with some women getting involved in paid work outside the home and owning some of
the resources that were traditionally seen as a preserve of men though at a slow pace.
1.6 Objectives of RCA
1. To explore how and why care work is distributed between genders and age groups.
2. To understand the consequences on young people of heavy and unequal unpaid care work.
3. To explore the perceptions and attitudes of young women and men towards care work and
the associated gender norms.
4. To support young people to develop strategies (including awareness-raising and advocacy
initiatives) to recognize, reduce and redistribute heavy and unequal care among youth and
communities in Mpigi District, Central region, and to represent their voice in decision-
making processes.
5. To develop recommendations for Oxfam‟s future youth programming on the integration of
unpaid care issues.
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2.0 Approach to the Youth Rapid Care Work Analysis
2.1 Design
Overall, a qualitative participatory research design involving four age appropriate groups of male and
female children and young people aged 9-25 years was conducted in Mpigi District between 7th – 12th
July 2016.
2.1 Study Setting and Context in Mpigi District
The Youth Rapid Care Analysis was conducted in Kiringente and Kamengo rural and comparable
Sub-counties. Kamengo has a total population of 38,290 of whom 19,456 are male and 18,834 are
female. The total population of Kiringete is 22,687 of whom 11,309 are male and 11,378 are female5.
Agriculture is the dominant basis of livelihood in both sub-counties. The two sub-counties were
selected in a joint meeting involving members of the research team and Mpigi District officials from
departments of administration, planning, community development and child protection.
Figure 1: Study areas
Source: Mpigi District Development Plan 2015
5 Mpigi District Local Government (2015) Mpigi District Development Plan II, 2015/16-2019/20
Study sub-counties
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2.3 Study Participants and Procedure Adopted in conducting the Youth RCA
The 4 RCA sessions were held with a total of 72 participants (male 34 and female 38). The number
of participants in each RCA session ranged between 14 and 21. Overall, most RCA sessions had 2-3
more females compared to males with exception of one group for in-school children in Kiringente
Sub-county where the number of boys in upper primary classes at the selected public primary school
was consistently higher than that of girls. Having slightly more female participants was aimed at
ensuring that female participants were not dominated by their male counterparts during the
discussions. Throughout the conduct of the sessions there was no dominancy of participants based
on gender.
Each RCA was done on a separate day and was made up of 7 exercises and group discussion
themes. The four RCA sessions were equally divided between in and out of school children and
young people as follows: (1) 9-12 age group in school (2) 13-17 age group in-school (3) 13-17age
group – out-of-school, including some who were married, breastfeeding, have children and do/don‟t
live with parents.; and (4) 18-25 age group out of school. The Youth RCA 1) explored relationships
of care in the community, 2) identified unpaid and paid work activities performed by girls and
boys; young women and men, 3) identified gendered patterns in care work, social norms underlying
these patterns and „most problematic‟ care activities and 4) discussed available services and
infrastructure and options to reduce and redistribute care work. In addition, the discussions
explored how young people‟s involvement in care work may impact on their lives and participation
in development projects.
The study team visited the district and met key officials from departments of administration,
planning, community development and child protection to introduce the study, purpose and
approach. In a joint session, the two sub-counties of Kiringente and Kamengo both rural and
comparable were selected for the Youth Rapid Care Analysis.
The study team introduced the study to the administration of the two sub-counties, identified
officials to work with (mainly from the department of community development) in scheduling field
activities, mobilizing study participants and identifying appropriate venues for the discussions.
The Rapid Care Analysis (RCA) Toolbox6 and Guidance document already developed by Oxfam7
were reviewed, adapted and provided a basis for conducting the research. The Youth RCA
guidelines were developed and used to conduct one-day workshops with children and youth to
understand patterns of care work, identify consequences of heavy and unequal care, and to develop
6 Thalia Kidder and Carine Pionetti (2013) Participatory Methodology: Rapid Care Analysis; Toolbox of Exercises Oxfam. 7 Thalia Kidder and Carine Pionetti (2013) Participatory Methodology: Rapid Care Analysis; Guidance for Managers and Facilitators, Oxfam.
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context-specific strategies to recognize, reduce and redistribute care work and recognize youth needs
in decision-making.
To harmonize understanding of the tool and process as well as to agree on adaptations, the study
team reviewed the Youth Rapid Care Analysis (RCA) Toolbox and the Child protection and
Safeguarding policy documents by Oxfam, attended 2 day training sessions by staff of Oxfam in
Uganda and Oxford and met Oxfam officials in Uganda to clarify any outstanding issues before
commencement of the Youth RCA.
Figure 1: Training of Research Team by Oxfam Official
The sessions were conducted by two facilitators (male and female) and two research associates (male
and female) as rapporteurs. All members of the research team well versed with conducting group
discussions and working with children and young people. They were fluent in Luganda the dominant
language spoken in the study setting. For in school children, Luganda and English were used.
2.4 Research tool
A Youth Rapid Care Analysis (RCA) guide was used to explore children and youth perspectives on
unpaid care. The Youth RCA is a one-day workshop with a set of exercises with children and youth
community members that provides them with a space to explore the area of care together, to look at
factors that shape youth norms and perceptions about gender roles, age and care work, and to
collaboratively develop practical solutions and strategies to address the issues identified.
In conducting the RCA exercises, visual tools, such as matrixes and photographs as well as open
discussions were used. The RCA is intended to be quick to use and easy to integrate into existing
exercises for programme design or monitoring. It can help assess how young women‟s and girls‟
involvement in care work may impact on their lives and participation in development projects.
Each RCA session commenced with the introduction and clarification of what unpaid care work is
guided by the facilitators. Each session lasted for 4-5 hours. At selected moments study participants
were divided into separate groups for male and female to deliberate on specific issues such as tasks
done by boys or girls and the time allocation for boys and girls to different tasks. The two groups
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came together to share proceedings and implications. Bringing male and female sub-groups together
enabled male and female participants to appraise submissions for each of the sub-groups and reach
consensus. This also helped to save time.
2.5 Data management and report production
Some data analysis was done as part of data collection. Further data analysis by the research team
was done after completion of data collection on the basis of the pertinent themes and concerns of
the Rapid Care Analysis. Selected direct quotations from the discussions and practical exercises have
been adopted in the report.
2.6 Ethical Considerations
The research team introduced the study and sought clearance from the Mpigi District and Sub-
county administration. Consent was obtained from adult caregivers in the case of children and assent
from children before commencement of the RCA sessions. Young people above 18 years provided
individual consent. In all cases, the purpose of the study was explained to study participants and
their rights to participate or not to participate in the study was explained as well. Participants were
also assured of confidentiality. Throughout the process, community mobilizers known in the study
areas mainly community development assistants and youth leaders assisted in mobilizing the target
groups and gaining community entry in the study setting. Study team members assisted study
participants with difficulty in reading and writing especially during the individual 24-hour recall
exercise.
2.6 Limitations
The RCA activities were time demanding given other competing community demands. Adaptation
of some activities and keeping groups together for some activities helped to save time.
Obtaining consent from some parents and caregivers was challenging. Some participants especially
with no or low education levels found the some tasks requiring writing challenging. Study team
members provided the needed assistance.
Some children especially those aged 9-12 years portrayed difficulties in understanding some of the
RCA tasks such as the 24 hour recall and the seasonal changes in care exercises. The facilitators
drew on their expertise and facilitation skills to enable children understand the tasks. For instance
some children were asked as volunteers to briefly tell stories about how their previous day was as an
entry point in identifying activities for the previous day. For the seasonal changes in care, children
were asked to describe the moments when care work had increased or reduced.
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The study is based on a non-randomly selected sample thus findings may not be generalized to other
settings. However, the findings from this RCA are consistent with those of the RCA and
quantitative survey conducted among adults in Lamwo District Northern Uganda which is
reassuring.
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3.0 Results
3.1 Characteristics of study participants
Study participants consisted of in and out of school children and youth aged 9-25 years selected
from the two sub-counties of Kamengo and Kiringente in Mpigi District as shown in table 1.
Table 1: Distribution of study participants by study area, age group and gender
Study area Participant
category
Male Female Total
Kamengo Sub-county
13-17 years in-
school
6 8 14
18-25 years out–
of school
9 11 20
Kiringente Sub-county 13-17years out-
of-school
7 10 17
9-12 years
in-school*
12 9 21
Total 4 groups 34 38 72
* At the study school, in Kiringente Sub-county, the number of girls in upper primary classes was lower than that of boys thus
boys in this RCA were slightly more than girls.
As indicated in table1, across most groups more female participants took part in the discussions.
The exception was with one in school group in Kiringente Sub-county, where boys were more than
girls by three. It should be noted that a review of class lists at the selected primary school and
discussion with school management indicated that the number of girls in upper primary classes was
in general lower than that of boys. Based on consultations with school administration we deemed it
necessary to hold the discussion with pupils from the same upper primary class as a way of
standardization. However, there was no indication of boys dominating girls in the discussion.
3.2 How and why care work is distributed between genders and age groups
Understanding unpaid care work
The Youth Rapid Care Analysis participants were asked to brainstorm on what they thought unpaid
care work was. Across all the groups, RCA participants described unpaid care work as activities done
by boys or girls, men or women or both for the wellbeing of family and community members.
This is work that we do at home and in our communities without being paid (Female participant, RCA 13-
17 years in-school, Kamengo, Sub-county).
The help given to a person in your family or community without any payment in return (Female participant,
RCA 13-17 years in-school, Kamengo, Sub-county).
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Most participants described care work through the activities involved such as cooking, sweeping