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Front page
Wednesday, February 01, 2006
A World of Difference: Richard Lynn Maps World
Intelligence posted by Jason Malloy @ 2/01/2006 07:12:00 PM
A review of Richard Lynn's Race Differences in Intelligence:An
Evolutionary Analysis(Click here for summary chart. Warning: 20
page review.)
The generally listed "peak" age for scientific creativity
andproductivity is around the surprisingly young age range of
30-40,but the same exact age doesn't apply to all scientific
disciplines.The peak in fields that demand greater doses of pure
reasoning,such as mathematics, theoretical physics, and
molecularbiology, appears to be somewhere in the twenties. So,
forinstance, James Watson discovered the double helix at 25 andthen
dropped off the radar as anything but a nerd celebrity. Incontrast
are fields such as evolutionary biology, where years ofcollecting
and assimilating large amounts of data can be requiredfor original
analysis. So, for example, Charles Darwin was 50years old when he
published his landmark The Origin of Species,not to mention 62 for
The Descent of Man and 63 for TheExpression of the Emotions in Man
and Animals. What's true forevo-bio may also be true for the often
belittled field ofpsychometrics, or the measurement and analysis of
humanintelligence, and for much the same reasons. So, to take
somemore obvious examples, we find that John B. Carroll
publishedhis seminal work, Human Cognitive Abilities, at the age of
77,while Arthur Jensen was similarly 75 when he published The
gFactor in 1998 (This spring, in fact, Jensen releases his
treatiseon mental chronometry, Clock ing the Mind, at 83).
Richard Lynn, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at theUniversity
of Ulster, is surely another example. Now 76, Lynn hasreleased a
large number of papers and 5 books since his"retirement", 4 of them
since 2001, starting with 1996'sDysgenics, 2001's follow-up
Eugenics, 2001's The Science ofHuman Diversity, 2002's IQ & the
Wealth of Nations, and nowRace Differences in Intelligence. Richard
Lynn appears to be asurprising exception as a modern hereditarian
researcher whohas not had to fight an exasperating battle with his
institution, buthis reputation in the media has been characterized
by much thesame turbulence as his colleagues' - most prominently
during theBell Curve backlash of the mid 1990s. Thus Leon Kamin's
reviewof the book in Scientific American included:
I will not mince words. Lynn's distortions and
misrepresentations of the data constitute a truly venomous
racism, combined with scandalous disregard for scientific
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03/10/12 Gene Expression: A World of Dif f erence: Richard Ly nn
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objectivity. But to anybody familiar with Lynn's work and
background this comes as no surprise . . . It is a matter of
shame and disgrace that two eminent social scientists . . .
[would cite the work of] Richard Lynn . . .
Similarly, New Republic senior editor Charles Lane used
RichardLynn as his launching pad for two jeremiads against The
BellCurve in the invidiously titled (and argued) Neo-Nazis!
publishedin The New Republic , and an expanded version of this
articlewhich appeared in The New York Review of Books, titled
TheTainted Sources of The Bell Curve, featuring Lynn as
theeponymous "tainted source". While these and similar articles
inthe popular press may have helped solidify Lynn's reputation as
a"fringe" researcher among certain segments of the literate
public,his reputation as a scientist in differential psychology
remainssecure and respectable. Little known, for instance, is the
bookreview of Richard Lynn's Dysgenics (about the genotypic
declineof socially valued traits) by the late scientific legend
WilliamHamilton in the Annals of Human Genetics. This review is
stillavailable free at the journal's website as a tribute, because
it wasactually Hamilton's last published piece, submitted just
twoweeks before his tragically premature death in 2000.
Incomparison to Kamin's recriminations, Hamilton had nothing
butgood words for Lynn's character and work, calling Dysgenics
a"brave and fertile book", and Lynn himself "brave, thick-skinned,
and very persistent to swim against. . . popularantirealistic
currents." and that "Lynn. . . does an excellentjob with the
facts". The contrast between interchangeabletalking heads rebuking
Lynn as a crank in popular magazineswith Hamilton, possibly the
most eminent evolutionary theorist ofthe 20th century, praising him
in a prestigious journal at aboutthe same time, could hardly be
more ironic. (Meanwhile it isactually Kamin himself who can most
convincingly be chargedwith data distortion and heavily compromised
objectivity, seeMackintosh 1998 pp 78-79, 98-102)
Lynn's follow-up book Eugenics (about remedying the
genotypicdecline of socially valued traits) received similar praise
in theAmerican Psychological Association Review of Books
(Lykken2004) as "[an] excellent, scholarly book . . .one
cannotreasonably disagree with him on any point unless one canfind
an argument he has not already refuted.", as well as bythe journal
Nature (Martin 2001) as a "comprehensive histor[y]"and a welcome
one, "given the importance of the topic" ofdysgenic trends. Lynn's
third recent book, The Science ofHuman Diversity, a hagiography of
the Pioneer Fund, alsoreceived supporting words in the APARoB from
the psychologistUlric Neisser (2004), who was also chairman of the
APA'sTaskforce on Intelligence (that was convened largely to
counterthe proliferation of scientific misinformation against IQ in
the BellCurve aftermath). Despite Neisser's repeated ostentatious
andinappropriate insults against his hereditarian colleagues (such
assaying that Lynn and Rushton's work on race "turns
[his]stomach"), he ultimately couldn't avoid agreeing with Lynn's
mainargument: "Lynn's claim is exaggerated but not entirelywithout
merit: "Over those 60 years, the research funded byPioneer has
helped change the face of social science"".Neisser tellingly
concludes in agreement with Lynn (and againstWilliam Tucker's
Pioneer book, also reviewed) that the world wasactually better off
having the Pioneer Fund: ". . . Lynn reminds
Dragon Bone Hill
Endless Forms Most Beautiful
The Self ish Gene
Adaptation and Natural Selection
Nature via Nurture
The Symbolic Species
The Imitation Factor
The Red Queen
Out of Thin Air
Mutants
Evolutionary Dynamics
The Origin of Species
The Descent of Man
Age of Abundance
The Darw in Wars
The Evolutionists
The Creationists
Of Moths and Men
The Language Instinct
How We Decide
Predictably Irrational
The Black Sw an
Fooled By Randomness
Descartes' Baby
Religion Explained
In Gods We Trust
Darw in's Cathedral
A Theory of Religion
The Meme Machine
Synaptic Self
The Mating Mind
A Separate Creation
The Number Sense
The 10,000 Year Explosion
The Math Gene
Explaining Culture
Origin and Evolution of Cultures
Daw n of Human Culture
The Origins of Virtue
Prehistory of the Mind
The Nurture Assumption
The Moral Animal
Born That Way
No Tw o Alike
Sociobiology
Survival of the Prettiest
The Blank Slate
The g Factor
The Origin Of The Mind
Unto Others
Defenders of the Truth
The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition
Before the Daw n
Behavioral Genetics in the Postgenomic Era
The Essential Difference
Geography of Thought
The Classical World
The Fall of the Roman Empire
The Fall of Rome
History of Rome
How Rome Fell
The Making of a Christian Aristoracy
The Rise of Western Christendom
Keepers of the Keys of Heaven
A History of the Byzantine State and Society
Europe After Rome
The Germanization of Early Medieval Christianity
The Barbarian Conversion
A History of Christianity
God's War
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us that Pioneer has sometimes sponsored useful research
-research that otherwise might not have been done at all. Bythat
reckoning, I would give it a weak plus" (These wordscoming from the
APARoB should come as some news to certain'watchdog' outfits which
are still attempting to anathemize thissame position. Pehaps all
these journals and scientistsmentioned above should now be added to
the list of 'hategroups'?).
Lynn's fourth recent book, along with Tatu Vanhanen, IQ &
theWealth of Nations, received more mixed reviews in
academicjournals, but this should be taken as a sign of its
controversialimportance. Heredity, for instance, hedged its bets
and printed ahostile review back to back with a sympathetic one
(Richardson,Palareit 2004), as is sometimes done with controversial
books(APARoB did the same thing for The Bell Curve, The
NurtureAsumption, etc.). Unfortunately, much of the criticism in
thejournals, as is common in the popular press, centered around
anobsessive focus with and antipathy towards the book's
hereditaryposition on racial differences, far outstripping its
relevance to thebook's thesis that national IQ is a major cause of
differences innational wealth. Worse still, many negative reviewers
were deeplyignorant of the subjects that made them most angry.
Someeconomists were outraged in stereotypical form, over use of
the"discredited" IQ measure. Almost nobody was qualified
tounderstand the race research, which Lynn specializes in, thoughit
deeply unsettled almost all of them. So, for example, mostreviewers
took offense at the reference to race and brain size butnone had
informed or adequate scientific ways to critique it. Todate though,
the book is already generating a surprising amountof original
commentary and research given this radioactivity,(Barber 2005;
Dickerson, in press; Hunt & Williams, in press;Jones &
Schneider, in press; Jones 2005; McDaniel & Whetzel,in press;
Voracek 2004), and it is clearly Lynn's most importantcontribution
to date. Also, while not referenced directly it is alsoinfluencing
international policy. So, for instance, 2004'sinternational panel
of economists in league with Britain'sEconomist magazine, known as
the "Copenhagen Consensus",ranked improving micronutrient levels as
the second mostimportant action to help the developing world. The
impact ofnutrition on intelligence was a prominent part of their
argument,with 54 references to the word "cognitive" and 10
references to"IQ" (Jones 2005). These issues and recommendations
are quiteclearly taken from IQ & the Wealth of Nations.
While Lynn has made valuable and original contributions to
anumber of psychometric issues, IQ&tWoN, and his recent
workwith sex differences, confirms that group differences
inintelligence are clearly his forte, and since so few
otherresearchers dare to touch the issue, the field is mostly wide
openfor discovery. Which brings me to Lynn's fifth recent and
latestbook, Race Differences in Intelligence, which Lynn
himselfdescribes as ". . . the first fully comprehensive review
thathas ever been made of the evidence on race differences
inintelligence worldwide". (p. 2) In contrast to IQ&tWoN,
RDiIdoes not contain a newly created thesis. This is not to say it
isunoriginal, many of its ideas (and much of its copious
data)certainly originates with Lynn himself, but the theory, its
basicoutline and many of the key references of this book were
almostall first presented 15 years ago in Lynn's Mankind
Quarterlyarticle 'Race Differences in Intelligence: A Global
Perspective'
Inf idels
Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople
The Sacred Chain
Divided by the Faith
Europe
The Reformation
Pursuit of Glory
Albion's Seed
1848
Postw ar
From Plato to Nato
China: A New History
China in World History
Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern
World
Children of the Revolution
When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World
The Great Arab Conquests
After Tamerlane
A History of Iran
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
A World History
Guns, Germs, and Steel
The Human Web
Plagues and Peoples
1491
A Concise Economic History of the World
Pow er and Plenty
A Splendid Exchange
Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD
Know ledge and the Wealth of Nations
A Farew ell to Alms
The Ascent of Money
The Great Divergence
Clash of Extremes
War and Peace and War
Historical Dynamics
The Age of Lincoln
The Great Upheaval
What Hath God Wrought
Freedom Just Around the Corner
Throes of Democracy
Grand New Party
A Beautiful Math
When Genius Failed
Catholicism and Freedom
American Judaism
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03/10/12 Gene Expression: A World of Dif f erence: Richard Ly nn
Maps World Intelligence
4/26www.gnxp.com/blog/2006/02/world-of -dif f erence-richard-ly
nn-maps.php/
and its companion piece 'The Evolution of Racial Differences
inIntelligence', while an even more basic version appeared in
his1978 chapter 'Ethnic and Racial Differences in
Intelligence,International Comparisons' in the book Human
Variation.
The main strength of RDiI is just how much data Lynn
hascollected, totaling 620 different IQ studies from around
theworld and 813,778 tested individuals. While
IQ&tWoN,published only a few years ago, presented data from
81countries, RDil has boosted that number up to 100
differentcountries (additions include Cameroon, Central African
Republic,Estonia, Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Laos, Lithuania,
Madagascar,Malta, Mozambique, Pakistan, Samoa, Serbia, Sri Lanka,
Syria,Yemen, and a few others), amounting to 137 newly referenced
IQstudies. RDiI is seventeen chapters; the first 2 are on
theconcepts of race and intelligence. The next 10 chapters cover
thepsychometric data on 10 different racial groups:
Europeans,Africans, Bushman and Pygmies, South Asians and
NorthAfricans, Southeast Asians, Australian Aborigines,
PacificIslanders, East Asians, Arctic Peoples, and Native
Americans.The next chapter discusses the psychometric
justifications forthese results, while the last four chapters
discuss theenvironmental and evolutionary nature of these
differencesaccording to Lynn's assessment.
Chapter 1 & 2: Intelligence and Race
These chapters are small and polemical. IQ&tWoN had
asimilarly abbreviated, but fully adequate chapter on IQ and
Irecommend that one instead. Lynn's chapter on race benefitsless by
squaring old scores with Ashley Montagu than it wouldby focusing
more on the rapid advances in genetics. Lynn, forinstance sourly
demonstrates that Ashley Montagu and L.L.Cavalli-Sforza have
continuously contradicted themselves tryingto strategically deny
that populations exist and are geneticallydifferentiated even while
ultimately admitting that they do. Butthese conceits ridicule
themselves; Tan (2005) and Rosenberg(2002) , which both go sadly
unreferenced, help illustrate andjustify the use and meaning of
Lynn's clusters far more thanyears-old absurd quotes from
race-deniers, which are alreadywell on their way to becoming little
but historical oddities. On theother hand, Lynn can't be blamed
that his book was publishedtoo late to catch the latest paper by
Rosenberg in the December05 issue of PLoS Genetics which again
concludes, in the face ofrecent challenges stating otherwise,
that:
. . . if enough markers are used with a sufficiently large
worldwide sample, individuals can be partitioned into
genetic clusters that match major geographic subdivisions
of the globe. . .
Finally, as a tertiary complaint, Lynn also states:
In the 1830s, Samuel Morton (1849) in the United States
assembled a collection of skulls, measured their volume,
and calculated that Europeans had the largest brains
followed by Chinese, Malays, and Native American
Behnam
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03/10/12 Gene Expression: A World of Dif f erence: Richard Ly nn
Maps World Intelligence
5/26www.gnxp.com/blog/2006/02/world-of -dif f erence-richard-ly
nn-maps.php/
Indians, while Africans and finally Australian Aborigines
had the smallest brains. He concluded that these
differences in brain size accounted for the race differences
in intelligence.
This of course was also Stephen J. Gould's argument inMismeasure
of Man. Both mens' assertions should be read inlight of science
historian, William Stanton's more qualifiedjudgment that: "Morton
himself never equated cranialcapacity with intelligence" (Stanton
1960, p. 30), and thatMorton's collection was ethnographic in its
aim.
Chapter 3: Europeans
Lynn first looked at European IQ in his 1978 chapter - it listed
14studies from 13 different countries including the
Europeanrepopulated territories of America, Australia, and New
Zealand.Lynn found that they mostly scored extremely similar, with
anaverage IQ of about 100. He also noted that results from Spainand
Greece in Southern Europe were lower, although Italy wasnot. By
1991 the number of European countries covered was 23with 35
studies. In comparison RDiI now lists data for 36majority European
countries, as well as data for Europeanpeoples in 6 mostly nonwhite
nations, for a total of 112 differentstudies and a combined sample
of 175,950 people. SinceIQ&tWoN, much valuable new data from
Europe especiallycomes from the recent book Culture and Children's
Intelligence.The median IQ of European peoples is now listed as 99,
and thismostly holds for rich countries in the North and poor
ex-Communist ones in the East, as well as white
Americans,Australians, etc., and whites in six different Latin
Americannations. But there also appear to be some differences too
-Ireland, Portugal and Lithuania all have IQs, unlike
theirneighbors, in the low 90s. Multiple studies give similar
resultsshowing the scores are 'reliable' if not 'valid' (Ireland
for instancehas three studies with large standardization samples
showingvery similar results). Secondly, while Southern Europe does
notscore poorly as a block (Spain and Italy score
"normally"),Southeast Europe does reflect a regional trend of lower
scoresthat extends from the Balkans into Turkey and the Near East
(sofor instance Romania 94, Bulgaria 93, Croatia 90, Serbia
89,Greece 93 [5 studies], and Turkey 90). Lynn also compares
4different regions of Europeans (including North America) on IQand
brain size, finding that North American whites have thelargest
brains and highest IQs (perhaps because of selectivemigration?) and
Southeast Europeans the lowest test scores andbrain size. Of course
if there is a decline in the Balkans, Lynn'sFlynn reduced estimate
of 99 for Europe is incorrect, and needsto be dropped probably even
a few more points.
While Lynn looks at adoption studies for evidence of heredity
forother races, he unfortunately does not consider it for this
majordifference within Europe, even though it would seem like an
evenmore suitable test, since these adoptees are not visibly
raciallydistinct, controlling for the possible social effects of
e.g., racismor stereotypes. Also, I know that there are, in fact, a
number ofIQ studies of Romanian children adopted into American
andBritish homes. It was unfortunate that they were not reviewed.
Mysuperficial impression is that they indeed show a lower IQ
thanother adoptees.
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I don't expect any of this to go uncontested, and Lynn's
accuracyand care with the data is a fitful concern. Lynn and
colleagues goback and forth over differences of up to 5 points in
the technicalliterature all the time, and these debates are
resolved slowly asmore literature accumulates on the
controversial/disputeddifference, but no one has 'exposed' Lynn
fraudulentlymanufacturing a conclusion, as is sometimes hinted. As
withAfrica, Asia, and sex differences, Lynn seems adept at
buildingup the case for his controversial estimates with more data
overtime. But getting overly concerned with values of several
points insingle European countries is probably unwarranted, as
Lynnhimself notes, it's more helpful to concentrate on the
generalpatterns.
Chapter 4: Africans
Lynn first looked at Sub-Saharan African IQ in his 1978 chapter
-it listed 7 studies from 4 different countries including 1
Diasporaterritory: Jamaica. By 1991 the number of African
countriescovered was 6 with 11 studies. In comparison RDiI now
lists datafor 23 majority black countries in and outside of Africa,
as wellas data for Diaspora blacks in 5 mostly nonblack nations,
for atotal of 155 different studies and a combined sample of387,286
people.
References to the subject from the 60s and 70s typically
gaveAfricans an IQ much like African Americans, thus Jensen
(1973)wrote: "We do know that studies of the intelligence of
Negroes inAfrica have found them to average at least one sigma
belowEuropeans on a variety of tests" (p. 66). Lynn (1978) is
noexception. It wasn't until 1991, that Lynn had revised
thisestimate dramatically to minus 2 standard deviations, which
hasbeen the source of much anger and controversy ever since.
Well,the current volume drops it a little bit lower even, to an IQ
of 67as the median score from 57 studies collected from 18
differentAfrican countries. Similarly, the average IQ of black
populationsfrom 6 locations in Latin America and the Caribbean is
71. This isvirtually the same as the score for Ethiopians in
Israel. Indeveloped, predominately white countries, a second
cluster ofscores emerge for black Africans. African-Americans, of
course,score about 85, while the median IQ from 20 studies of
blacks inBritain is 86. Similarly, West Africans from the Dutch
Antillesliving in the Netherlands were found to have an IQ of 85.
Althoughan older reference, Lynn also leaves out an IQ study of
anestablished black population in Canada, descended from USmigrants
(Tanser 1939, 1941) - the measured IQ was about 87.Given that the
scores have not changed a bit in America for 100years, the age
should not matter, and the educational gap ofblacks in Canada is
still discussed as a problem and mystery tothis day.
More than Asia, Europe, and other areas of the world,
theaccuracy of such a low IQ for Africa is popularly questioned,
butmore with reflexive incredulity than adequate methodology.
Atypical comment is that it is hard to believe that half of Africa
ismentally retarded. It is also hard to believe that 16% of
African-Americans are "mentally retarded", but 16% of
African-Americans do have IQs below 70, and the APA recognizes
thisas an accurate and factual reflection of ability - IQ tests are
not
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biased against African-Americans (the criticism is fairly
ignorantto begin with since diagnosing mental retardation is
mostlyorthogonal to the intelligence test, See Mackintosh 1998,
p.177). While this is not controversial now, among scientists,
itcertainly was as shocking to believe for many back in the 1970sas
the 2 SD difference is to many today. While the logic of testbias
has been around since at least the 1960s, a turning point inthe
scientific consensus on African-American IQ certainly camewith
Arthur Jensen's Bias in Mental Testing (1981) whichexhaustively
laid out the tools and methods for accuratelydiscerning bias in IQ
test results. In principle these samemethods can be used to answer
if 70 is or is not a spuriousestimate for Africa.
Lynn unfortunately is less than thorough and
ratherunconscientious on this topic, and since the estimate was his
tobegin with he should be the most careful and aggressive
onedefending it. Lynn skips the issue of internal test validity
entirely,even though there are some key references from Africa that
standrepeating, and speak directly to commonly raised issues
suchas, e.g. language bias. Key references for external validity
arealso omitted, though Lynn's chapter 13 shows that IQ
certainlydoesn't underpredict African academic performance
wherecountries are included for International comparisons. So
forinstance, while African countries like Nigeria and South
Africamay score 2 SD below European nations on IQ tests, Lynnshows
that international indices of math and scienceperformance between
the 1960s and 1990s reveal an even moredramatic gap of about 2 and
a half SD. (It was noted in the WallStreet Journal, for example,
that in South Africa: " . . . barely 1%of black high school
students pass higher grade math"). SinceEast Asian nations score
even higher than Europe, the gapapproaches three standard
deviations between Africa and Asia,consistent with earlier reports
showing that there was almost nooverlap between the highest and
lowest scoring countries, e.g.TIMSS 2003 (PDF):
"Singaporean students had the highest average achievement atboth
grades, with their average eighth-grade performanceexceeding
performance at the 95th percentile in the lower-performing
countries such as Botswana, Ghana, and SouthAfrica."
Lynn also reviews data of so-called Elementary Cognitive
Tasksfrom Africa, such as reaction time tests (how quick you
processand react to a lit button on a console), and EEGs, which
monitorhow quickly the brain responds to a stimulus, confirming
thegeneral picture of African IQ. Jensen's upcoming book shouldhave
interesting things to say on this topic; a combined battery ofECTs
correlate with IQ tests just as well as standard IQ testscorrelate
with each other (Detterman 1999), indicating that thepen and paper
IQ test, as well as most attendant concerns aboutculturally biased
tests, might very well become soon obsolete.
The issue of brain size is similar to that of test bias; I would
thinkLynn would want to up the arms race against his critics
sincethis issue received so much attention in reviews of
IQ&tWoN,despite being such a small and irrelevant part of that
book. Andyet brain size is prominently used to defend
controversialhereditarian arguments in many chapters of this book,
so it wasunwise that key references are similarly omitted like with
test
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03/10/12 Gene Expression: A World of Dif f erence: Richard Ly nn
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bias. So, for instance, there is no discussion of the
importanceof, or tests for, a functional relationship between IQ
and brainsize, even though this is critical to the argument. And
suchresearch exists and would have made his argument muchstronger
and more immune to glib dismissal. Lynn does attemptto resolve one
"contradiction" - that women have smaller brainsbut do just as well
as men on IQ tests - by presenting data forhis own theory that
women actually average 5 IQ points belowmen. But since the
difference between races is larger than thesex difference in IQ,
and the brain size differences smaller, I don'tsee what has been
resolved, even if we accept the stillcontroversial sex difference
in IQ.
Particularly interesting (not only for Africans, but for other
racialgroups reviewed as well) isn't just that racial groups
scoresimilarly on intelligence tests across an improbable number
ofdifferent countries, but also have the same profiles (or
"multipleintelligences" if you will) on these tests across nations
as well. Inthe US, for instance, if we take poor and rich whites
and look attheir relative strengths and weaknesses on various test
sectionswe will find the same pattern of strengths and
weaknesses.Same for poor and rich US blacks, who have distinct
strengthsand weaknesses. African blacks show the same test profile
asUS and Jamaican blacks, for example with strengths onperceptual
and short term memory tasks and weakness on testsof abstract
reasoning (this is for matched total IQ, remember).The visuospatial
profile that also distinguishes women and menand European and
Asian/Amerindian populations has also longbeen noted by research of
blacks in Africa and the United States,but this difference is not
analyzed by Lynn.
For the first time I've seen, Lynn also reviews tests of "MQ"
ormusical intelligence for black and white Americans. While
blacksscore lower on almost all the items, commensurate with the
factthat IQ correlates with musical ability, they also do much
better,on average, than whites on rhythm items - Lynn calculates
arhythm IQ for Af-Ams of 106, though no cross-cultural results
arepresented, this has been recognized in a number of
societiesthrough time. Since Sub-Saharan Africans have been
musicalinnovators across a number of different countries, this
topicshould have more attention.
Based on the IQs of transracially adopted black children,
Lynndecides that the 1 SD IQ difference of American blacks (same
asin Britain and the Netherlands) is 100% genetic, given the lack
ofany convincing environmental theory or data for the gap. Basedon
this he decides that poor nutrition primarily is depressing
theAfrican (and mostly identical black Latin-American/Caribbean)
IQabout 13 points. Indeed, incredulity that African IQ could be
anylower than African-American IQ is belied by known
drasticcomparative disadvantages of Africans on variables known
toaffect IQ. These include things such as higher lead
exposure(which can lead to IQ reductions of 4-7 points) and
micronutrientdeprivation, such as iodine deficiency (reductions of
10 points).Indeed, critics are incredulous over the wrong gap! -
after all, it isthe 15 points between American blacks and whites
that is hardto account for, not the 15 points between American
blacks andAfricans. 5 additional IQ points between
African-Americans andAfrican-Africans, Lynn attributes to the white
admixture ofAmerican blacks. Lynn puts the level of white admixture
inAfrican-Americans at 25% based on references from 1971 and
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03/10/12 Gene Expression: A World of Dif f erence: Richard Ly nn
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1992, and northern black admixture at 50% (based on
pureconjecture) and concludes from IQ studies that
African-Americans gain 1 IQ point for every 5% of white
admixture.Lynn's estimate is compromised because his
admixturereferences are outdated and his estimate of northern
admixture iscontradicted by the data. Parra et al. (1998) put the
latestestimate of average admixture at 17%, not 25%, and don't
evenfind admixture higher than 23% in any sampled US region.
It'sdifficult to guess why he is using the obsolete reference, when
hehimself has previously cited the Parra paper and the 17%estimate
(Lynn 2002).
On a final note, I will say that Lynn is especially talented
atbringing new references to the table, so that while his 1991
reportfeatured only three references of black IQ in Britain, this
bookdelivers 20 - all in support of a black IQ in Britain typically
muchlower than all other ethnic groups, and much like that of
blacks inthe US. This is no small ability since critics are
terrible atknowing or caring about the literature. But more
important is this- Lynn should expand his research ability to cover
a broaderrange of data points. An over-reliance on IQ tends to
minimizejust how strong these international racial patterns are
because itlimits the argument to just one kind of data. A book like
Lynn's,in my opinion, would be much more effective if it started
with therace and worked up to the IQ data, where available, instead
ofvice versa. So for instance, a more thorough picture would
beavailable of racial patterns if, instead of cataloguing nations
wherewe have black IQ, we first catalogue nations that have
blacks,and chart what we know about their comparative situation in
eachcountry up from that fact, given whatever data is available, be
itIQ or educational or economic data - or even
anecdotal(journalism/anthropology) reports or local viewpoints, if
that is allthat's available. The point is that IQ data is limited
and workingup to the data from the people would make the patterns
evenmore unavoidable. I have in mind the structure of
ThomasSowell's Migrations and Cultures or Amy Chua's World on
Firewhich didn't even use IQ data, but demonstrated ethnic
patternsthrough economic, political, and educational data. A merge
ofstyle and data between these books and Lynn's would paint aneven
more persuasive picture of the differences that do, more orless,
rather reliably follow race, and perhaps uncover which onesdon't as
well.
Chapter 5: Bushmen and Pygmies
In Frank Miele and Vincent Sarich's Race, an account is given
byHenry Harpending of a resourceful young Bushman who repairedhis
Jeep by jumpstarting it with a rope, like a lawnmower.Harpending
and his colleagues concluded that Bushmen weresmarter than other
Africans: "All of us have the impression thatBushmen are really
quick and clever and are quite different thantheir neighbors . . .
I expect there will soon be real data availablefrom the Namibia
school system" (p. 227). On the other hand,Lynn lists the average
IQ of Bushmen, estimated from 3 studies,as 54! Lynn decides that
this is a reasonable score byconsidering that it is equivalent to
the average score of anAmerican third-grader: " An IQ of 54
represents the mental ageof the average European 8-year-old child,
and the averageEuropean 8-year-old can read, write, and do
arithmetic and wouldhave no difficulty in learning and performing
the activities ofgathering foods and hunting carried out by the San
Bushmen" (p
The Essential Difference
Geography of Thought
The Classical World
The Fall of the Roman Empire
The Fall of Rome
History of Rome
How Rome Fell
The Making of a Christian Aristoracy
The Rise of Western Christendom
Keepers of the Keys of Heaven
A History of the Byzantine State and Society
Europe After Rome
The Germanization of Early Medieval Christianity
The Barbarian Conversion
A History of Christianity
God's War
Infidels
Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople
The Sacred Chain
Divided by the Faith
Europe
The Reformation
Pursuit of Glory
Albion's Seed
1848
Postw ar
From Plato to Nato
China: A New History
China in World History
Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern
World
Children of the Revolution
When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World
The Great Arab Conquests
After Tamerlane
A History of Iran
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
A World History
Guns, Germs, and Steel
The Human Web
Plagues and Peoples
1491
A Concise Economic History of the World
Pow er and Plenty
A Splendid Exchange
Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD
Know ledge and the Wealth of Nations
A Farew ell to Alms
The Ascent of Money
The Great Divergence
Clash of Extremes
War and Peace and War
Historical Dynamics
The Age of Lincoln
The Great Upheaval
What Hath God Wrought
Freedom Just Around the Corner
Throes of Democracy
Grand New Party
A Beautiful Math
When Genius Failed
Catholicism and Freedom
American Judaism
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03/10/12 Gene Expression: A World of Dif f erence: Richard Ly nn
Maps World Intelligence
10/26www.gnxp.com/blog/2006/02/world-of -dif f erence-richard-ly
nn-maps.php/
76). Lynn's estimate is not new, the same studies and
sameaverage IQ were listed in the 1978 chapter, the only thing
thathas changed is Lynn's opinion, who then wrote: ". . . it
strainsone's credulity that a population could long survive the
rigors ofthe Kalahari with a true mean IQ around 55". This should
notserve as a "gotcha", because I agree that the 'age' comparison
ismore appropriate than the 'mentally retarded' comparison
forthinking about lower IQ population (such as the 16% of Af-Amswho
score below 70). At the same time this also demonstrates
atheoretical deficit in intelligence research of
distinguishingexactly how an average child with an age unadjusted
IQ of 63, abelow-average non-retarded adult with an IQ of 63 and a
mentallyretarded adult with an IQ of 63 all differ in what are
fairlyconsidered intellectual abilities (real world indicators
ofindependent self care and adjustment). Suggestions that theseare
just "personality' differences are rather specious, especiallywhen
Lynn gets to the point of comparing young children andapes as well
as humans and extinct hominids on the same linearIQ dimensions.
Although I agree that test bias literature alsoconfirms important
aspects of intelligence are being capturedacross diverse
groups.
Lynn notes there was a Pygmy intelligence study, but says thatit
does not permit an average IQ, though he does suggest it islower
than other Africans. Since no new data has been collectedfor
Pygmies and Bushmen in over thirty years, theseassessments are dead
ends. As one caveat, I have to object toLynn's statement that "
Pygmy children up to the age of pubertyhave normal height, but when
they become adolescents they donot have the growth spurt of other
peoples because of their lowoutput of the insulin-like growth
factor 1" (p. 77). This fact isoutdated, a mixed longitudinal study
from 1991 found thatPygmies were much smaller than other
populations at birth andup until age 5, indicating a suite of
adaptations for smaller size.
Chapter 6: Near East and South Asia
Lynn first looked at the Middle-East/South Asia region in
his1978 chapter - it listed 5 studies from Iraq, Iran and India and
anaverage of 86 was given. Except for one study for India,
thisregion was not addressed in the 1991 review. RDiI is pretty
muchthe only survey of Middle Eastern IQ to date, now listing
datafrom 15 predominately West/South Asian countries as wellas data
on these populations living in European countries for atotal of 98
studies and a combined sample of 65,855. Themedian IQ is 84. 40
studies are also given for South Asians livingin a variety of
African, Asian and European countries - themedian IQ for Indians in
India is listed as 82, in South Africa as86, and in Britain as 89.
South Asian Americans have not beentested to my knowledge, but data
from income and educationindicate they probably have IQs
significantly higher than average -this is likely due to selective
top-tier migration. Unfortunately, nodata for IQ diversity within
India is discussed, even though somedata probably exists right now
and probably contains somefascinating information on caste and
ethnic differences. In myopinion South Asia (the Indian
subcontinent) should have been achapter apart from West Asia (the
Middle east), highlighted moreby the fact that Lynn also lists a
score of 89 for the Near Eastand 82 for South Asia, suggesting the
84 score is misleading.
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03/10/12 Gene Expression: A World of Dif f erence: Richard Ly nn
Maps World Intelligence
11/26www.gnxp.com/blog/2006/02/world-of -dif f erence-richard-ly
nn-maps.php/
Lynn argues for a partially environmental explanation for
lowerWest/South Asian IQ with reference to nutrition as he does
withother regions, but argues that since these populations
performmuch lower even in Western nations and have a lower brain
size,that there are genetic causes too, which in his
evolutionaryframework is said due to their more limited exposure to
two littleIce ages than Europeans and East Asians. Lynn leaves out
animportant genetic issue as well, one mediated by cultural
events.While the prevalence of cousin marriage is less than 1%
inEurope and its Diaspora nations, and low in much of EasternAsia
as well, the Middle East has the highest rates of inbreedingin the
world, running to 20-50% of all marriages (see the work ofAlan
Bittles for more). Jensen (1998, p. 194) lists 14 studies
ofinbreeding depression on IQ, many of them done directly withinthe
Middle East, and finds the typical cost of cousin marriage is7-8 IQ
points. It is doubtful that this is a major source of theaverage IQ
difference between Europe and the Middle-East,though, since all, or
even a majority of, the people of this regiondo not engage in
cousin marriage, making the real effect, atmaximum, only a few IQ
points. Also most of South Asia, whichhas much less inbreeding,
does not appear any higher.
While Lynn's book lists the IQs of blacks, Asians, Indians,
andother groups living as internationally dispersed minorities,
this isnot done for Ashkenazi Jews, who are largely - sadly
-neglected,though a few examples are given to indicate they score
highly inAmerica and Britain. Earlier discussions of Israel's IQ,
when itwas listed as 94 in IQ&tWoN treated it as a suspect
score,because Ashkenazi Jews are thought to score 1 SD higher
thanother Europeans. Of course even if this were true (and
Lynnhimself (2004) estimates the IQ as only about 107),
AshkenaziJews represent only about 40% of Israel's population,
andOriental Jews and Arabs, who make up the majority, are thoughtto
score nearly as far (if not more) below Europeans asAshkenazi Jews
score above them, so the estimate actuallywasn't unreasonable at
all (although '95' in a country with adistinct, high scoring
population is qualitati