A Visual Tour of the Effect of per Capita Income

A Visual Tour of the Effect of per Capita Income

-around the world in 30 minutes-

Bhutan

• Per capita income: $174

• Population doubling time: 30 years

• Male life expectancy: 47 years

• Female life expectancy: 49 years

• Fertility rate: 5.9 children/woman

• Population density: 94/sq mile

Mali

• Per capita income: $251

• Population doubling time: 20 years

• Male life expectancy: 47 years

• Female life expectancy: 50 years

• Fertility rate: 7.1 children/woman

• Population density: 22.6/ sq mile

Haiti

• Per capita income: $374

• Population doubling time: 35 years

• Male life expectancy: 53 years

• Female life expectancy: 56 years

• Fertility rate: 4.8 children/woman

• Population density: 666/sq mile

China

• Per capita income: $364

• Population doubling time: 49 years

• Male life expectancy: 67 years

• Female life expectancy: 71 years

• Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman

• Population density: 335/ sq mile

Guatemala

• Per capita income: $944

• Population doubling time: 24 years

• Male life expectancy: 61 years

• Female life expectancy: 66 years

• Fertility rate: 5.4 children/woman

• Population density: 252/ sq mile

Uzbekistan

• Per capita income: $978

• Population doubling time: 33.4 years

• Male life expectancy: 66 years

• Female life expectancy: 73 years

• Fertility rate: 4.4 children/woman

• Population density: 132/sq mile

Thailand

• Per capita income: $1697

• Population doubling time: 55 years

• Male life expectancy: 66 years

• Female life expectancy: 72 years

• Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman

• Population density: 294/sq mile

Mongolia

• Per capita income: $1820

• Population doubling time: 27 years

• Male life expectancy: 61 years

• Female life expectancy: 64 years

• Fertility rate: 4.6 children/woman

• Population density: 4/ sq mile

Cuba

• Per capita income: $2,000

• Population doubling time: 78 years

• Male life expectancy: 74 years

• Female life expectancy: 79

• Fertility rate: 1.9 children/woman

• Population density: 259/sq mile

Israel

• Per capita income: $12,293

• Population doubling time: 15 years

• Male life expectancy: 74 years

• Female life expectancy: 78 years

• Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman

• Population density: 751/ sq mile

Japan

• Per capita income: $26,824

• Population doubling time: 183 years

• Male life expectancy: 76 years

• Female life expectancy: 82 years

• Fertility rate: 1.7 children/woman

• Population density: 862/ sq mile

Kuwait

• Per capita income: $16,380

• Population doubling time: -- years

• Male life expectancy: 72 years

• Female life expectancy: 76 years

• Fertility rate: 3.7 children/woman

• Population density: 174/ sq mile

United States

• Per capita income: $26,000

• Population doubling time: 88 years

• Male life expectancy: 74 years

• Female life expectancy: 78 years

• Fertility rate: 2.1 children/woman

• Population density: 77/ sq mile

Relation of Values to Development

• What are the results of increasing GNP?– Life Expectancy vs GNP– Well Being vs GNP (actual)– Well Being vs GNP (theoretical)

GNP vs Life Expectancy

GNP versus Well Being

Generalized GNP vs Well-being Curve

Environmental Problems in Survival Phase

• Disease• Injury• Starvation

• Environment is viewed as another external controlling force to be overcome; impacts result in a new environmental form that is neither better or worst

Environmental Problems in Pre-modern Phase

• Plagues, famines• Wars• Drinking water contamination

• Environment is viewed as nurturing and resistant to human impacts; however, big impacts can bring disaster to family

Environmental Problems in Modern Phase

• Accidents• Water, wastewater and air pollution• Industrial, toxic, and hazardous wastes

• Environment is viewed as a source of raw materials and as resistant to human impacts; big impacts can bring disaster to corporations and bureaucracies

Environmental Problems in Post-modern Phase

• Crowding• Solid wastes• Non-point chemicals• Old age• Resource depletion• Large-scale accidents• Global disruption of natural cycles• Epidemics

Environmental Problems in Post-modern Phase

• For individualist, impacts to the environmental are often seen as incremental and inconsequential. Environment is often seen as another consumptive good.

• For egalitarian, any impact to the environment may be disastrous. Impacts are seen as additive. The environment is seen as a place to create the “good society.”

Important Environmental Values

• Value of non-human life?

• Preservation of richness and diversity of life forms?

• No, minimal, or tolerable human impacts?

• Sustainability?

• Conservation of areas with no human impact?

Old Interaction of Technologies with Society

Perceived Need

Design It

Build It

Deal with ImpactsAttempt sustainability

New Interactionof Technologies with Society

Survival Needs

HierarchicalNeeds

IndividualNeeds

EgalitarianNeeds

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Design,build, minimizeimpacts