A VIRTUAL TOUR OF AN ACADEMIC HOSPITAL: FOCUS ON INFECTION PREVENTION ISSUES David J. Weber, M.D., M.P.H. Emily E. Sickbert-Bennett, PhD, MS, CIC Department of Infection Prevention University of North Carolina, Medical Center Thanks to Ms. Melissa Englund for taking the pictures. Thanks to the following for slide or review of presentation: Mark Buchanan, Jessica Clark, Lisa Teal
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A VIRTUAL TOUR OF AN ACADEMIC HOSPITAL:
FOCUS ON INFECTION PREVENTION ISSUES
David J. Weber, M.D., M.P.H.
Emily E. Sickbert-Bennett, PhD, MS, CIC
Department of Infection Prevention
University of North Carolina, Medical Center
Thanks to Ms. Melissa Englund for taking the pictures. Thanks to the following for slide or review of presentation: Mark Buchanan,
Jessica Clark, Lisa Teal
WELCOME
TO A VIRTUAL TOUR OF UNC MEDICAL CENTER
UNC Medical Center is an academic medical center;
it is part of the Medical School, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill; part of UNC Health (11 hospitals, 13 hospital
campuses, 33,0000 employees, 3.5 million clinic visits, 100,000
surgeries, 5,400 medical staff)
• Established 1952, public hospital
• Includes NC Memorial Hospital, NC Children’s Hospital, NC
Neurosciences Hospital, and NC Women’s Hospital
• ~950 beds
KEY INFECTION CONTROL PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS
Appropriate hand hygiene (WHO 5 moments)
Appropriate surface disinfection
Proper disinfection or sterilization of shared equipment and medical devices
◼ Separate clean and dirty utility rooms on clinical floors
Early identification and isolation of patients with known or suspected communicable diseases
Special infection prevention policies in operating rooms, pharmacy preparation rooms, procedure rooms,
and intensive care units
Use of standard precautions with ALL patients to prevent contact with potentially contaminated body fluids
(i.e., use of personal protective equipment; gloves, gowns, mask, and/or eye protection)
Healthcare personnel
◼ Pre-exposure prophylaxis of healthcare personnel (MMR, varicella, influenza, hepatitis B)
◼ Post-exposure evaluation for post-exposure prophylaxis
INFECTION PREVENTION:
CRITICAL AREAS OF THE HOSPITAL
Hospital rooms: Hand antisepsis, patient isolation, surface disinfection
Clean and dirty utility rooms
Airborne isolation rooms
COVID-19 high-risk containment area
Central sterile processing (sterilization, high level disinfection)
Operating rooms
Water damage remediation
Construction and renovation
Pharmacy
TYPICAL MEDICAL FLOOR
TYPICAL FLOOR ROOMS
Floor room, isolation sign on door, isolation cart containing PPE outside
the door, alcohol waterless product readily available
Sickbert-Bennett EE, et al. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:1628-1630
Transmission-Based Precautions SignsFollow the instructions on the door signs, and if you are unsure of what to do, please ask the patient’s nurse
ROLE OF CONTAMINATED ROOM SURFACES IN
HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
Surfaces are frequently contaminated-~25%
Key HAI pathogens can persist for days to weeks (for C.
difficile for months): MRSA, VRE, P. aeruginosa,
Acinetobacter
Contact with surfaces results in hand/glove contamination
See also: https://healthcarearchitecture.in/central-sterile-supply-department-planning-considerations/
CSS is divided into 3 zones to accomplish the
functions of decontamination, assembly and
sterile processing, and sterile storage and
distribution
◼ Decontamination zone
◼ Assembly/sterilization zone
◼ Storage and distribution zone
A distinct separation must be maintained between
the soiled and sterile areas. The technical staff
works on either the soiled side or the sterile side
and cannot cross from one side to the other
CENTRAL STERILE PROCESSING AREA:
MANUAL CLEANING & WASHER DISINFECTOR
Washer-disinfector superior to manual cleaning. Eliminates
>7-log10 of bacteria and 4.8-log10 of spores
Rutala WA, Gergen MF, Weber DJ. ICHE 2014;35: 883-5
Sink for instrument cleaning
CENTRAL STERILE PROCESSING AREA:
STEAM AND LOW TEMPERATURE STERILIZERS
Steam sterilization is the most robust method (i.e., fewest failures). Low temperature methods
may fail in presence of salt and serum: One study demonstrated that steam sterilization is the
most effective and had the largest margin of safety, followed by ethylene oxide and hydrogen
peroxide gas plasma, but vaporized hydrogen peroxide showed much less efficacy.
Rutala WA, Gergen M, Sickbert-Bennett EE, Weber DJ. ICHE 2020;41:391-395Low Temp Sterilizers
Steam sterilizers
CENTRAL STERILE PROCESSING AREA:
INSTRUMENT ASSEMBY AND STORAGE
Equipment assembly Packaging of surgical trays
CENTRAL STERILE PROCESSING AREA:
STORAGE OF SURVERY TRAYS AND TRANSPORT
Storage of surgical trays (wire mesh shelves to prevent accumulation of dust,
off the floor to allow dust to settle down, and allow cleaning of the floor Transport of surgical trays to OR (close cabinet)
SATELLITE PHARMACY, UNC CANCER CENTER
Clean zone for donning/doffing, view into medication preparation area Sterile zone, pharmaceutical preparation area divided
into hazardous and non-hazardous drugs
OPERATING ROOMS
SURGICAL AREA:RESTRICTED ENTRY: CORRIDORS ARE SEMI-RESTRICTED AREA
PPE required to enter semi-restricted zone {Clean scrubs (or “bunny suit”), shoe covers, and hair covered}
Additional PPE (mask) required to enter restricted area (i.e., OR) if sterile trays open or procedure in progress
SURGICAL AREA:
HAND HYGIENE SINKS FOR SURGICAL PERSONNEL AND OR
The OR is a “sterile” area: PPE (within the surgical field) includes pre-surgical scrub, sterile gloves and gown, all facial hair covered,
shoe covers, eye protection
OR: Should be easy to clean and disinfect; all equipment in closed cabinets; “sterile” items opened just before surgery
SURGICAL AREA:
POST-ACUTE CARE RECOVERY AREA AND ISOLATION ROOMS
PACU should have isolation rooms for patients requiring contact or
droplet/airborne isolation
PACU bays
WATER DAMAGE AND REMEDIATION
CONSTRUCTION AND RENOVATION MANAGEMENT
WATER DAMAGE WITH MOLD:
BEFORE AND DURING REMEDIATION
Mold on drywall (under wallboard) Bathroom tile and drywall removed. Leaking water pipe replaced
Pictures curtesy of Mark Buchanan, RN
WATER DAMAGE WITH MOLD:
AFTER REMEDIATION
Final remediation
REMEDIATION AFTER SEWAGE INTRUSION, FLOODING,
OR OTHER WATER-RELATED EMERGENCIES
Close off affected areas during cleanup procedures. Category II
Ensure that the sewage system is fully functional before beginning remediation so contaminated solids and standing
water can be removed. Category II
If hard-surface equipment, floors, and walls remain in good repair, ensure that these are dry within 72 hours; clean with
detergent according to standard cleaning procedures. Category II
Clean wood furniture and materials (if still in good repair); allow them to dry thoroughly before restoring varnish or other
surface coatings. Category II
Contain dust and debris during remediation and repair as outlined in air recommendations (Air: II G 4, 5). Category II
Regardless of the original source of water damage (e.g., flooding versus water leaks from point-of-use fixtures or roofs), remove wet, absorbent structural items (e.g., carpeting, wallboard, and wallpaper) and cloth furnishings if they cannot
be easily and thoroughly cleaned and dried within 72 hours (e.g., moisture content ≤20% as determined by moisture
meter readings); replace with new materials as soon as the underlying structure is declared by the facility engineer to