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77
A VALIDATION
OF THE PROACTIVE PERSONALITY SCALE
ELENA TRIFILETTI
DORA CAPOZZA
ANNA PASIN
ROSSELLA FALVO UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA
In a study, we carried out a validation of the Proactive Personality Scale (PPS; Seibert, Crant, & Kraimer, 1999), that measures the inclination to take action and change the environment to realize one’s goals. Participants were 139 employees, working in two companies. The majority of participants were blue-collar workers. The instrument used was a questionnaire. A 7-item version of the scale was constructed. Moreover, by applying confirmatory factor analysis, we demonstrated the distinction be-tween proactivity and other individual difference variables: work-related self-efficacy, self-empowerment, locomotion. Also the predictive validity of the scale was shown. As expected, proactiv-ity influenced organizational citizenship behaviors; it was not correlated instead with organizational commitment and turnover intentions. We discussed this lack of correlation in terms of the category of employees examined (mostly blue-collar workers).
Less important, but all the same interesting, our results concerning the positive effects of
POS on affective commitment, and its negative effects on turnover intentions, replicated findings
of previous research (see, e.g., Hichy et al., 2003; Meyer, Stanley, Herscovitch, & Topolnytsky,
2002; Rhoades & Eisenberger, 2002). Results also confirmed the mediation role played by affec-
tive commitment in the relationship between satisfaction with one’s pay and turnover (see, e.g.,
Vanderberghe & Tremblay, 2008). Also the negative effect of commitment on intentions of turn-
over replicated previous research (Meyer et al., 2002). As regards the relationship between affec-
tive commitment and OCBs, research in the organizational field has widely shown that the emo-
tional attachment to organization is positively correlated with citizenship behaviors (see, e.g.,
Meyer et al., 2002; Organ & Ryan, 1995; Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000). The
lack of influence of affective commitment on OCBs may be due to the specific organizations ex-
amined.
In sum, our findings support the validity of the proactive personality scale. Future studies
should consider different occupational roles and organizations to reveal what is general and spe-
cific in our results.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to thank Ismael Merlo for his help in collecting and coding data for this survey.
NOTES
1. We proposed a new measure for normative commitment because, in the Italian context, the 6-item
scales for the affective and normative components have been found to be highly correlated (Chemello, 2008). In some studies the correlation between these components was even not different from 1 (Trifi-letti, Mari, Capozza, & Falvo, in press). The complete list of items is available from authors upon re-quest.
2. The chi-square difference test was performed also for the correlation between locomotion and work-related self efficacy: χ
2d(3) = 79.74, p ≅ .00, showing that the two factors were distinct.
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1. Sono costantemente alla ricerca di modi nuovi per migliorare la mia vita [I am constantly on the loo-
kout for new ways to improve my life] 2. In qualsiasi contesto, sono stato/a una forza potente di cambiamento costruttivo [Wherever I have be-
en, I have been a powerful force for constructive change] 3. Niente è più eccitante di vedere le mie idee trasformarsi in realtà [1othing is more exciting than seeing
my ideas turn into reality] 4. Se qualcosa non mi piace, l’affronto [If I see something I don’t like, I fix it] 5. Non importa quanto una cosa sia possibile, se ci credo la faccio succedere [1o matter what the odds, if
I believe in something I will make it happen] 6. Mi piace essere un/a paladino/a delle mie idee, anche andando contro la posizione degli altri [love
being a champion for my ideas, even against others’ opposition] 7. Primeggio nel trovare nuove occasioni [I excel at identifying opportunities] 8. Sono sempre alla ricerca di modi migliori di fare le cose [I am always looking for better ways to do
things] 9. Se credo in un progetto, niente mi può ostacolare nella sua realizzazione [If I believe in an idea, no ob-
stacle will prevent me from making it happen] 10. Riesco a riconoscere una buona opportunità molto prima che gli altri ci riescano [I can spot a good