A UNIT SHIFT ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH INDONESIAN …repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/16715/1/SITI... · i ABSTRACT Siti Munawaroh, A Unit Shift Analysis of English Indonesian

A UNIT SHIFT ANALYSIS OF ENGLISHINDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF ‘BRISINGR’ BY

CHRISTOPHER PAOILINI

Siti Munawaroh

1111026000004

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

JAKARTA

2017

A UNIT SHIFT ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH INDONESIANTRANSLATION OF ‘BRISINGR’ BY CHRISTOPHER

PAOILINI

A Thesis

Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of

The Requirements for the Strata One (S1) Degree

Siti Munawaroh

1111026000004

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

JAKARTA

2017

i

ABSTRACT

Siti Munawaroh, A Unit Shift Analysis of English Indonesian Translation of“Brisingr” By Christopher Paolini. A Thesis: English Letters Department,Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University of Syarif HidayatullahJakarta, 2017.

The objective of this research is to find out how the unit shift occurs in the

translation. The theory that used in this research is based on translation shift by

J.C Catford. This research is conducted upon unit analysis, a novel by Christopher

Paolini, Brisingr and its Indonesian Translation by Poppy D. Chusfany. The writer

used the descriptive qualitative method to get the objective of the research, by

reading and comparing both English as the source language and Indonesian as the

target language, then marking and classifying where the unit shift occurs in

translation and explain the occurrence of unit shift in the data analysis. The types

of unit shifts found in the translation of Brisingr are shift from phrase into word,

shift from morpheme into phrase, shift from word into phrase, and shift from

morpheme into word. The writer also explained how a unit shift occurs in the

translation.

Keyword: Translation, Translation Shift, Unit Shift.

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this thesis which entitled A Unit Shift Analysis of English

Indoneasian Translation of “Brisingr”By Christopher Paolini is completely my

own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief. It contains no

material, previously published or written by another person nor material which to

substantial extent has been accepted for the award or any other degree or diploma

of the university or other institute of higher learning except where due

acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, January 2017

Siti Munawaroh

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful

All praises be to Allah SWT, the lord of universe, who has blessed the

writer in completing this thesis. Peace and salutation be upon to the honorable

Prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions and adherents, who has

brought the world from the darkness into the lightness.

On this occasion, the writer wants to say many thanks to her beloved

parrents (Syamsuri and Mu’minah) her brothers and sisters (Fathurrahmat, Layla,

Mulyadi, Siti Syamsiah, Sri Sofyanti, Dede Rohmanudin and M. Rosiman), and

her three cutest cousins (Barly Yudhistira, Bara Yudhistira, and M. Nijam

Pratama) who have kept , taught, advised and prayed for her success. The writer

also wants to give her gratitude to Mr. M.Agus Suriadi, M.Hum as the writer

advisors for his time, guidance, patience, kindness, contribution in correcting and

helping her in finishing her thesis.

The writer would like to express her appreciation to the following people,

namely:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag, the Dean of the Faculty of Adab and

Humanities, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta;

2. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the assistant of Dean of the Faculty of

Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah,

Jakarta;

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3. Drs. H. Saefudin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department and Mrs.

Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department;

4. All lecturers and the staffs of Faculty of Adab and Humanities;

5. The writer’s beloved besties: Nurul P.A, Uswatun H, Mufida, Rida, Putri

and her roommate thanks for supporting and helping on the process of her

thesis;

6. All the writer’s classmates, senior, and junior in English letters

department, who support the writer during her study.

7. To all people and friends that are not mentioned, also her favorite Korean

Boy Group “EXO”, “Thank you very much”.

May Allah, always bless, protect and gives them more than they given to

the writer. Hopefully this thesis will be advantageous for all people who read it.

Jakarta, January 2017

The Writer

vii

THE LIST OF PICTURES

Picture1. Translation Process by Nida and Taber ............................................ 8

Picture2. Translation Process by Larson.......................................................... 8

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT.................................................................................................... i

APPROVEMENT .......................................................................................... ii

LEGALIZATION .......................................................................................... iii

DECLARATION............................................................................................ iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................... v

THE LIST OF PICTURES .......................................................................... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................... viii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION........................................................ 1

A. Background of Research ........................................ 1B. Focus of Research .................................................. 2C. Research Question.................................................. 2D. Objective of Research ............................................ 2E. Significance of Research........................................ 3F. Research Methodology........................................... 3

1. The Method of Research .................................. 32. Instrument of Research .................................... 33. Unit analysis..................................................... 44. Technique of Data Analysis ............................. 4

CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................ 5

A. Previous Research .................................................. 5B. Definition of Translation........................................ 6C. Translation Process ................................................ 7D. Translation Shift .................................................... 9

D.1 Level Shift ....................................................... 9D.2 Category Shift ................................................ 10

E. Grammatical Hierarchy.......................................... 13

CHAPTER III. ANALYSIS OF BRISINGR TRANSLATION .......... 18

A. Data Description..................................................... 18B. Data Analysis ........................................................ 19

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CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ........................ 30

A. Conclusion ............................................................. 30B. Suggestion .............................................................. 30

BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 31

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Research

Translation is an effective phenomenon in everyday life. The role of the

translator in this activity is importance. In transferring meaning from source

language to target language, the translator faces many problems and to make

amends for these problems the translator uses different strategies. Some of

them do one of the translation procedures between shift and modulation. They

may take into account the cultural aspects of the source language and target

language or a linguistic-based approach proposed as translation shifts by

Catford.

One of the unavoidable phenomena in translation is translation shift. Shifts

are changes that occur during the process of translation from SL to TL. In

contrasting texts in different languages translation shifts are observable

everywhere. Newmark defined shifts (Catford’s term) or transposition (Vinay

and Darbelnet) as “a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar

from SL to TL”.1

Shifts are first introduced by Catford (1965) as 'departures from formal

correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL'.2 He presented

two main types of translation shifts: Level shifts and category shifts. Category

1 Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation (London: Prentice Hall, 1987), p. 852 J.C Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation (London: Oxford University Press,1965), p. 73

2

shifts are divided into four subgroups: structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts

and intra system shift. However, to avoid the excessive discussion of category

shift, the shift becoming the main focus in this research is unit shift. Unit shift

simply defined as change of rank. It is about departure from formal

correspondence wherein the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the

source language (SL) is a unit at a dissimilar rank in the target language (TL).

For instance, adjective in the SL is translated into a clause in the TL.

The source data in this research is the novel of Brisingr. The source

language (SL) of the novel is English and the target language (TL) is Bahasa

Indonesian.

B. Focus of Research

Based on the background, this research will be focused on the unit shift in

English Indonesian translation. The analysis of the unit shift in this research is

focused on a novel by Christopher Paolini Brisingr.

C. Research Question

From the background of study above, the problem of the analysis of this

research can be stated below

1. What types of unit shifts applied in the novel Brisingr?

2. How the unit shifts occur in the novel Brisingr?

D. Objective of Research

Based on the research question above, the objectives of this research are:

a) To find out the types of unit shifts that applied in the novel Brisingr.

b) To explain how the unit shifts occurred in the novel Brisingr.

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E. Significance of Research

The writer hopes this research can be a reference for the readers, especially

for students of translation who will do the research about translation shift

especially the unit shift. And, adding knowledge about translation criticism in

literature translation or novel.

F. Research Methodology

The writer analyzes the data using qualitative descriptive method. First, the

writer reads the original novel and compared it to the translation. Then the

writer marks the data where a unit in SL text is different unit in TL text, and

the last the writer collects and classifies the data. The writer also intends to

explain the occurrence of unit shift in the data analysis using related theories

and approaches.

1. Method of Research

The method in this research is qualitative descriptive research,

where the writer tries to explain the data found in the unit analysis base on

Catford’s theory.

2. Instrument of Research

The instrument of this qualitative research is the writer herself by

analyzing the patterns of unit shift in the novel. The research is

accomplished through the steps as follows:

a) Reading the SL and TL text which would be analyzed.

b) Comparing the source language text and the target language

text.

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c) Seeking/searching for the data where the unit shifts occurs.

d) Collecting and classifying the data.

e) Classifying the factors that cause each unit shift to occur.

3. Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis in this research is a novel written by

Christopher Paolini, under the title Brisingr and was published on 2008.

The Brisingr was the third book in the novel collection by Christopher

Paolini.

4. Technique of Data Analysis

The writer analyzes the data by using descriptive analysis

technique. The writer collects the data from English version and

Indonesian version and then compared to find out the types of unit shift

used and the occurrence of unit shift the translation.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research

To conduct this research, the writer considers three previous researches to

support this research. The first research comes from Akbari, entitled structural

shifts in translation of children’s literature. The researcher’s intention is to

focus upon the types of structural shifts in literary translation from English into

Persian and their significant role in compensation and explication of meaning.

This research concludes that the occurrence of structural shifts affect the

translator’s awareness of structural discrepancies between the SL and TL. In

this case, structural shifts which result from re-arrangement, addition,

omission, change of sentence tense can be defined as problem-solving

strategies adopted consciously by translators of literary texts, may minimize

the inevitable loss of meaning, through explication and compensation when

replacing a text from English into Persian.1

The second research from Suhaila, entitled ‘A Unit Shift Analysis of

English Indonesian Translation of “the Tale of Three Brothers” by J. K.

Rowling’. The writer focused the research to find out the unit shift in English-

Indonesian Translation and the factors that caused or affected each unit shift.

The theory used by the research is J. C. Catford Theory. The method of the

research is qualitative descriptive method. The patterns of unit shift found in

1 Monireh Akbari, “Structural Shifts in Translation of Children’s Literature,” MacrothinkInstitute International Journal of Linguistics, II (June, 2012)

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the translation are shifts from morpheme to word, shift from word to phrase,

shift from phrase to word, shift from phrase to clause, shift from clause to

word, shift from clause to phrase, and shift from clause to sentence. The writer

also classified the factors that caused or affected each unit shift in the unit

analysis, whether because of lexical aspects or grammatical aspects.2

The last research is entitled The Equivalence and Shift in the Persian

Translation of English Complex Sentence with wh-Subordinate Clauses. The

purpose of this research is to find the types of equivalence and shifts in the

Persian translation of English complex sentences with wh-subordinate clauses.

The research found that the Persian translation involves structure shifts, unit

shifts, rank shifts and intra- system shifts. The results of this research indicated

that in Persian translation, the shifts occur more than the equivalence, with the

percentage of 86.25% and the equivalence with the percentage of 13.75%

based on 160 data.3

B. Definition of Translation

There are some definitions of translation, according to Newmark, he said

that translation is a craft in the attempt to replace a written message and /or

statement in one language by the same message and /or statement in another

language.4 Sayogie said that translation is the attempt of transferring the

2 Suhaila, A Unit Shift Analysis of English Indonesian Translation of “the Tale of ThreeBrothers” by J. K. Rowling. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2010.3 Parissa Farrokh, “The Equivalence And Shift in the Persian Translation of EnglishComplex Sentence with wh-Subordinate Clauses,” English Language And LiteratureStudies, II (December, 2011)4 Peter Newmark, op. cit. p.7

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message in one language into other language, and not changing a text of one

language into other.5 Larson stated that translation is basically a change of

form. When we speak of the form of a language, we are referring to the words,

phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc. which are spoken or written.6

These forms are referred to as the surface structure of a language. Another

opinion said that translation is an operation performed on languages: a process

of substituting a text in one language for a text in other.7 The translation also

can be defined of the replacement textual material in one language by the

equivalent textual material in other language.8

According to those definitions, it could be said that translation is the

activity of transferring one language into other language without losing the

message of the Source Language (SL).

C. Translation Process

Larson say when translating a text, the aim of the translator is an idiomatic

translation making each effort to communicate their meaning of the source

language (SL) text into the natural form of the receptor language. In addition,

he says that translation is concerned with a lexicon study, grammatical

structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the SL text, which

is analyzed to determine its meaning. The discovered meaning is then re-

5 Frans Sayogie, Teori Dan Praktik Penerjemahan Inggris- Indonesia (TangerangSelatan: Trans Pustaka, 2014) p. 66 Mildred Larson, Meaning Based Translation (Lanham, Maryland: University Press ofAmerica, 1984) p. 47 J.C Catford, op. cit. p 18 Ibid., p 20

8

expressed using grammatical structure and the lexicon that are appropriate in

the Target language and its cultural context.9 Take a look the picture below:

SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE

Picture 1: Translation process stated by Mildred Larson

Another explanation about translation process is from Nida and Taber.

Take a look the picture below:

Picture 2: Translation Process stated by Nida and Taber.

The picture showed that there are three steps in translation process:

analysis, transfer, and restructuring. In the analysis, in which the surface

structure is analyzed in terms of grammatical relationships also the meanings

of the word and combinations of the word. Transfer in which the analyzed

material is transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to

9 Mildred Larson, op. cit. p. 3

Text to betranslated

MEANING

Discover the meaning

Translationnnn

Re-express the meaning

9

language B, and the last restructuring in which the transferred material is

retructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor

language.10

D. Translation Shift

Translation shift is one of the translation procedures that proposed by

Catford. According to him shifts are departure from formal correspondence in

the process of going from the SL to the TL.11 Besides that, Newmark said that

transposition or translation shift (Catford’s term) is a translation procedure

involving a change in grammar from SL to TL.12

From those definitions, could be said that translation shift is a change of

form or grammar from source language to target language. There are two types

of translation shifts, are level shift and category shift.

D.1 Level shifts

Level shift means that SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation

equivalent at a different level.13

Level shift intended here is the shift from the level of grammar to lexis or vice

versa. The shift from Grammar to Lexis is the example of shift in the linguistic

level. For example:

SL: John had eaten.

TL: John telah makan.

10 Kardimin, Pintar Menerjemah-Wawasan Teoritik dan Praktek, (Yogyakarta: PustakaBelajar, 2013) p.1711 J.C Catford, op. cit p. 7312 Peter Newmark, op. cit p. 8513 J.C Catford, loc. cit.

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The form of ‘had eaten (had + past participle)’ is grammatical form in

English, which indicates a period that continues until now or to indicates a

recent happening, while its translation in Indonesian is using ‘telah’, which is a

lexical form.

D.2 Category Shift

Category shift are departures from formal correspondence that involve

structure shift, class shift, unit shift, intra- system shift.

Category shifts refer to unbounded and rank-bound translation. The firstbeing approximately ‘normal’ or ‘free’ translation in which SL-TLequivalences is set up at whatever rank is appropriate. Usually, but not always,there is a sentence- sentence equivalent, but in the course of a text,equivalences may shift up and down the rank scale, often being established atrank lower than the sentence.14

From the explanation above, can be concluded that category shift is refer

to unbounded and rank- bound translation. That means the rank between the SL

and TL was setting up at any rank that appropriate. Could be said on this kind

of shift the freedom in translating a text highly preferred.

According to Catford, there are four fundamental categories of linguistic

theory, unit, structure, class, and system, and these categories can be shifted in

the translation process.

D.2.1 Unit-shift

Unit shift means change of rank that is departure from formal

correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank

14 Ibid., p. 75

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in the Source Language (SL) is a unit at a different rank in the Target

Language (TL).15

Example of unit shift is as follows:

SL: Clever girl

TL: Dia gadis yang pandai

Clever girl in source language is a phrase and translated into dia

gadis yang pandai as clause, since it has a subject (dia) and a predicate

(yang). The change of group in the Source Language (SL) to sentence

in the Target Language (TL) is called Unit Shift.

D.2.2 Structure Shift

The most frequent category shift that occurs in translation is

structure shift. It occurs at all rank in translation. Structure shift is shift

that occurs in the structure or arrangement of a sentence or a clause,

sometimes also found in group.16 Structure shifts is indicated by a

situation when there are two languages which have different element of

structure. Besides, the source language and target language should have

formal correspondence.

Examples:

SL: I wash myself.

S V O

TL: Saya mandi

S P

15 Ibid., p. 7916 Ibid., p. 6

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In the example above, it can be found that the source language has

different structure of sentence level and phrase level with the target

language. In the example, the source language has sentence structure I

(S), wash (V) and myself (O). Its translation has different sentence

structure in the target language, that is saya (S) and mandi (P). From its

translation, it can be seen that one element that is object myself in the

source language is not translated in target language.

D.2.3 Class-Shifts

Class means a grouping of members of unit in terms of the way in

which they operate in the structure of the unit next above in the rank

scale. Class shift occur when the translation equivalent of a source

language item is a member of a different class from the original item.

For example:

SL: medical student (adj+ noun)

TL: mahasiswa kedokteran (noun+ noun)

In the example above, the word medical in the Source Language

(SL) is an adjective, while it’s translated (kedokteran) is a noun. Here,

the translation equivalent has different class from the original item.

D.2.4 Intra-System Shift

Intra- system shift occurs internally, within a system; that is for

those cases where Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL)

process system which approximately correspond formally as to their

13

constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-

corresponding term in the Target Language system.17

Example

SL: a pair of scissors

N (plural)

TL: sebuah gunting

N (singular)

It is obviously seen from the example above that though we have a

corresponding plural form of “scissors” (e.g. through repetition of the

word “gunting” in Bahasa Indonesia), system in Bahasa Indonesia

needs the use of the singular form of “a pair”.

E. Grammatical Hierarchy

In the point of translation above, the writer has explained about unit shift,

as the part of category shift. Unit itself means a stretch of language which is the

carrier of a pattern of a particular kind.

In English grammar, we have five units, sentence, clause, group, word, and

morpheme. The largest or highest on the rank is the sentence. The smallest or

the lowest on the rank scale is morpheme. Between these, in descending order,

are the clause, the group and the word. By placing these in this order on the

rank scale, we mean that every sentence consists of one or more than one

17 Ibid., p. 80

14

clause, every clause of one or more than one group, every group of one or more

than one word, and every word of one or more than one morpheme.18

Indonesian language has also five units of grammar, morfem (morpheme),

kata (word), frasa (phrase/group), klausa (clause), and kalimat (sentence). The

study of grammatical hierarchy started to be applied in Indonesian linguistics

study about years 1960-1970s.19

1) Morpheme

Morpheme is the smallest meaning unit of a language which cannot

be subdivided into smaller meaningful unit.20 There are two kinds of

morpheme, bound and free. A free morpheme is on that can be uttered

alone with meaning. A bound morpheme, unlike the free, cannot be uttered

alone with meaning.21 In Indonesian language, free morpheme is called

‘morfem bebas’, and bound morpheme is called ‘morfem terikat’.22

Morpheme like dis-, trans-, and un-, are never words but always

part of words. Such morphemes, as also pre (as in preheat, predetermine)

and bi (bipolar, bivalve), occurs only before other morphemes and called

prefix.23

18 Ibid., p.819 Harimurti Kridalaksana, Struktur, Kategori, dan Fungsi Sintaksis(Jakarta: universitaskatolik Indonesia atmajaya, 2002), p.2120 W. Nelson Francis, The English Language An Introduction (New York: W. W. Norton& Company, Inc., 1965), p. 11321 Norman C. Stageberg, An Introductory English Grammar (New York: Holt, Rinehartand Winston,), p. 95-9722 Lamuddin Finoza, Komposisi Bahasa Indonesia (Jakarta: Diksi Insan Mulia, 2009),p.8023 Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman, An Introduction to Language (New York:Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998), p. 71

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In Indonesian language there are prefix as men- (as in menabung,

menulis), be- (as in belajar, berlari), and so on.

Other morphemes occur only as suffixes following other

morphemes. In English, there are some suffix morphemes: -er (as in

singer, writer, reader, and performer), -ist (as in pianist, novelist), and –ly

(as in manly, friendly), to mention only few.

2) Word

In English Language, words can be considered as the smallest

elements that have distinctive meanings. Base on their use and functions,

words are categorized into several types or parts of speech.

3) Phrase

Group (phrase) means a group of words which do not have a finite

verb. Phrase forms a part of a sentence. In some cases, phrase is a group of

words containing a certain meaning if they are used together. There are

five kinds of phrase, namely noun phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase,

verb phrase.

3.1) Noun phrase

A noun phrase consists of a noun and all the words and word

groups that belong with the noun and cluster around. The noun itself is

called the head and the other words and word groups are modifiers of the

noun.24 A simple example is the word house in: the white house.

24 Norman C. Stageberg, op.cit. p.185

16

Commonly, a noun phrase has at least one modifier of the head, a

determiner, as in: a dog barks and the dogs are barking. Determiners like a

and the are the most common first element in noun phrases.

3.2) Adjective phrase

Adjective phrase is any phrase which modifies a noun or pronoun.

For example, adjective phrase in English language: he carried a sword

stained with blood. Stained with blood here explains the noun ‘sword’.

Example of adjective phrase in Indonesian language: Amalia memetik

manga yang bellum matang (yang belum matang explains the noun

‘mangga’).

3.3) Adverb phrase

Adverb phrase is a group of words which gives an additional detail

about the meaning of a verb or an adjective or another adverb. Example of

adverb phrase in English: Lisa said goodbye to her mother before stepping

into the class, ‘before stepping into the class’ explains the verb ‘said

goodbye’.

3.4 Verb Phrase

Verb phrase is a special kind of construction made up of a main

verb and certain other elements from a list of auxiliaries. For example, in

the sentence: the dog should not have chased the wheels of my car, should

not have chased is a verb phrase.

17

4) Clause

Clause is a part of a sentence with its own subject and verb. There

are two main types: independent clause (main clause), dependent clause

(subordinate clause). The first is an independent clause is a clause that can

stand alone. It contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete

thought in both context and meaning. In simple sentence there is a subject,

verb and complete thought. The second is a dependent clause (subordinate

clause) is a clause that cannot stand alone. It depends on another clause to

make it a complete sentence. A dependent clause starts with a subordinate

conjunction. A subordinate conjunction is a word that joins ideas together

and shows the relation shift between ideas.

5) Sentence

A group of word that expresses a complete idea or thought is called

a sentence. There are four sentence types namely: declarative sentence,

imperative sentence, exclamatory sentence, and interrogative sentence.

18

CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS OF BRISINGR NOVEL TRANSLATION

A. Data Description

In the previous chapter, the writer has explained the theory of translation

shift, especially unit shifts and also the unit itself. In this chapter, the writer is

going to clarify more on the research findings about how the unit shifts occur

in the unit analysis.

The unit analysis in this research is a novel written by Chistopher Paolini

under the title brisingr and its Indonesian translation. It was translated into the

same title by Poppy D. Chusfany. Brisingr is the third novel in the novel

collections by Christopher Paolini. This novel was published by Random

House Publishing in 2008 and the translation was published by Gramedia in

2009.

After comparing and examining both Source Language (SL) and the

Target language (TL), the writer collected and classified the data where some

of unit in SL are shifted to different unit in TL.

The writer found 3 shifts from phrase into word, 1 data from morpheme

into word, 1 data from morpheme into phrase, and 9 data from word into

phrase.

The details of the data found are as follows:

a. Phrase into word

Stretched out ;; tengkurap

Swathed in ;; berpakaian

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Scooped up ;; mengumpulkan

b. Morpheme into word

Smartest ;; paling cerdik

Toughest ;; paling tangguh

Meanest ;; paling kejam

c. Morpheme into phrase

Unspoken ;; tak diucapkan

d. Word into phrase

Unreachable ;; tidak teraih

Invisible ;; tak kasatmata

Cheer up ;; jangan murung begitu

Gutted ;; membuang isi perut

Landscape ;; daerah sekitar mereka

Squatting;; sambil berjongkok

Rang ;; mengguncang lonceng

Cover ;; tempat persembunyian

Comforted ;; merasa lebih tenang

B. Data Analysis

The writer is going to analyze how the unit shifts occurred in the

translation. In this research, the writer found 16 data that will be analyzed.

20

Data 1

SL: To his left, Eragon heard the steady breathing of his cousin, Roran,

who was stretched out beside him. (P. 16)

TL: di sebelah kirinya, Eragon mendengar suara nafas teratur sepupunya,

Roran, yang tengkurap di sebelahnya. (p.19)

The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as phrase into

word. As we can see that the word stretched out is a verb phrase and translated

into tengkurap is a verb. This shift happens because the phrase stretched out in

the Source Language can be represented using a single word tengkurap in the

Target Language. It is also done to keep the meaning constant, so that the

messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively.

Data 2

SL: Behind the priests trudged a line of young men swathed in gold cloth.

(P.16)

TL: Dibelakang para pendeta, dalam dua barisan, melangkah beberapa

pemuda berpakaian emas. (p. 20)

The shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as phrase into word.

The verb phrase swathed in in the Source Language is translated into

berpakaian as a verb in the Target Language. The verb phrase “swathed in”

from Advance English Dictionary means “wrap in swaddling clothes” while it

is translated into “berpakaian” according to KBBI which means “mengenakan

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pakaian (wearing a clothes or dress up).” Even the unit shift occurs in this

translation, but they refer to related concept and have equal meaning.

Data 3

SL: by unspoken consent, Eragon and Roran crawled backward down

from the crest of the low hill they were hiding behind. (p. 21)

TL: dengan kesepakatan yang tak diucapkan, Eragon dan Roran

merangkak turun kembali dari puncak bukit rendah yang mereka

jadikan tempat persembunyian. (p. 28)

From the data above, the unit shift that occurs is categorized as morpheme

into phrase. The morpheme of un-spoken in source language is translated into

tak diucapkan as an adjective phrase in target language. This shift happens to

keep the meaning constant, so that the message can be conveyed naturally and

communicatively.

Data 4

SL: He snapped his fingers twice to wake Roran and then scooped up his

blankets and knotted them into a tight bundle. (P. 41)

TL: Ia menjentikkan jemari dua kali untuk membangunkan Roran

kemudian mengumpulkan selimut dan mengikat semua jadi

buntalan erat. (p. 58)

The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as phrase into

word. The word scooped up in the Source Language as a phrase and it’s

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translated into mengumpulkan as a verb in the Target Language. It is done to

keep the meaning constant, so that the message can be conveyed naturally and

communicatively.

Data 5

SL: ‘The smartest, the toughest, and the meanest,’ you said. (p. 133)

TL: ‘paling cerdik, paling tangguh, dan paling kejam,’ Katamu. (p.

204)

The data above is categorized into unit shift. The indicator could be seen

as morpheme into word. The words smartest, toughest, and meanest are the

superlatives forms of the words smart, tough, and mean. The superlative are

formed by adding suffix –est to the words (smart +est), (tough +est), and

(mean +est). Since this suffix makes superlative forms, then the third of these

words have meaning ‘the most’; the most smart, the most tough, and the most

mean.

In Indonesian structure, there is no suffix that has the same function as the

suffix –est in English, but there is prefix ‘ter-’ which is in the same unit with

suffix –est: morpheme (bound). Prefix ter- is also used and added to a word to

make superlative form or meaning. For example, the words: highest/tertinggi

(ter + tinggi), biggest/ terbesar (ter + besar), etc.

However, not all words that cannot be combined with prefix ter-. For

example, benar (true): ter+ benar, bahagia (happy): ter + bahagia, etc (hasan,

1988: 188). Thus, instead of using a bound morpheme which is inappropriate

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for some words, the word paling is used to show the superlative form and

meaning. This word also means the most just like suffix –est and can be

combined with any word to show superlative meaning. For example: paling +

benar (truest), paling + bahagia (happiest), etc.

In this case, the words smartest, toughest, and meanest in the data are

uncommon to be translated into “terpintar (ter + pintar)”, “tertangguh (ter +

tangguh)”, and “terkejam (ter + kejam). So that’s why those words are

translated into paling pintar, paling tangguh, and paling kejam. Rather than

using prefix ter-, it is more equivalent for using suffix –est which is still at the

same unit.

Data 6

SL: The gigantic mountains pressed close on either side, oppressive with

their bulk, and the sky was a distant, unreachable strip of sea blue,

the highest sky Eragon had ever seen. (p. 239)

TL: Gunung-gunung raksasa mengimpit di kedua sisinya, ukurannya yang

besar terasa menekan, dan langit tampak jauh sekali, goresan biru

tidak teraih, langit tertinggi yang pernah dilihat Eragon. (p. 456)

The shift that occurs in the data above is unit shift categorized as word into

phrase. The word unreachable in the source language has a different rank with

its translation in the target language. It is target language. So, the departure

happens from a word to a phrase. This shift happens because the word

unreachable in the source language cannot be represented by a single word in

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the target language. So, the nearest meaning of that word is the adjective

phrase tidak teraih. The translator also attempts to keep the meaning constant

so that the message can be conveyed naturally and communicatively.

Data 7

SL: He moved slightly, and the werelight mimicked his motion, as if

connected to him by an invisible pole. (p.26)

TL: Eragon bergerak sedikit, dan lingkaran cahaya itu mengikuti

gerakannya, seolah tersambung dengan tubuhnya oleh tongkat tak

kasatmata. (p. 36)

The unit shift occurs in the data above is categorized as word into phrase.

The word invisible in the Source Language as a noun and it is translated into

tak kasatmata as an adjective phrase in the Target Language. It is done to keep

the meaning constant, so that messages can be conveyed naturally.

Data 8

SL: “cheer up!” said Roran. (p. 35)

TL: “jangan murung begitu!” kata Roran. (p.49)

The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as word to

phrase. The word cheer up as an interjection in Source Language is translated

into jangan murung begitu as a phrase in Target Language. The unit shift

occurs here is to keep the meaning constant, so that the message can be

conveyed naturally.

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Data 9

SL: He gutted, skinned, and otherwise cleaned the lizards and rodent,

burying the offal deep enough to hide it from scavengers. (p. 69)

TL: Dia membuang isi perut, menguliti, dan membersihkan kedua kadal

serta hewan pengerat, mengubur bagian tubuh yang tidak bisa

dimakan itu dalam-dalam agar tidak mengundang pemakan bangkai.

(p. 100)

The unit shift in the data above is categorized as word to phrase. The word

gutted is the verb in Source Language and it translated into membuang isi perut

as a verb phrase in Target Language. It is done to keep the meaning constant,

so that the message can be conveyed naturally and communicatively.

Data 10

SL: Roran covered himself with his shield and squinted at his saddle as a

pure white light, bright as the noonday sun, illuminated the

landscape. (p. 257)

TL: Roran menutupi tubuh dengan perisai dan menyipitkan mata sambil

menatap pelananya ketika cahaya putih bersih, seterang matahari pada

tengah hari, menerangi daerah sekitar mereka. (p. 492)

The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as word into

phrase. The word landscape as a noun in Source Language is translated into

daerah sekitar mereka as a noun phrase in Target Language. This shift happens

because the translator tries to make a translation understandable by the readers,

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and also to keep the meaning constant, so that the message can be conveyed

naturally and communicatively.

Data 11

SL: Squatting, they placed the drums between their knees and struck up a

furious beat, their hands were sooty smudges in the air. (P. 88)

TL: Sambil berjongkok, mereka meletakan gendang- gendang itu di antar

lutut mereka lalu menggebuk keras-keras, begitu cepat sehingga

tangan mereka tampak bagaikan benda hitam buram di udara. (P. 132)

The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as word to

phrase. The word squatting as a verb in Source Language is translated into

sambil berjongkok as a Verb phrase in Target Language. This is happens

because the translator tries to keep the meaning constant, so that the message

can be conveyed naturally and communicatively.

Data 12

SL: …rang for Farica and ordered her to bring a meal. (p. 129)

TL: …mengguncang lonceng untuk memanggil Farica dan

memerintahkannya untuk membawakan makanan. (p. 199)

The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as word to

phrase. The word rang in Source Language is a verb, and it is translated into

mengguncang lonceng as a verb phrase in Target Language. This shift happens

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because the translator attempts to keep the meaning constant, so that the

message from the source language can be conveyed naturally.

Data 13

SL: the only cover close to Eragon was a small thicket of junifer trees. (p.

105)

TL: satu- satunya tempat persembunyian di dekat Eragon adalah

sekelompok kecil pohon cemara Junifer. (p. 160)

The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as word to

phrase. The word cover as a noun in Source Language is translated into tempat

persembunyian as a noun phrase in Target Language. This shift happens

because the translator attempts to keep the meaning constant, so that the

message of source language can be conveyed naturally and communicatively.

If only the translator not shifting that word, the translation will not be

understandable by the readers.

Data 14

SL: Comforted, Eragon gazed into the void between the stars and slowed

his breathing as he drifted into the trance that had replaced sleep for

him. (p. 40)

TL: Merasa lebih tenang, Eragon menatap kegelapan di antara bintang-

bintang dan melemahkan napas samoai ia mengalir menuju trance

yang menggantikan tidur baginya. (p. 57)

28

The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as word to

phrase. The word comforted as an adjective in source language is translated

into merasa lebih tenang as an adjective phrase in target language. This is

happen because the word comforted in the source language is cannot be

translated into a word in the target language. That’s why the translator

translated it into phrase because she tries to make the translation readable by

the readers and also is done to keep the meaning so that the message can be

conveyed naturally and communicatively.

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CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

From this research, the writer concludes that the translator does the

translation shift in translating the text. After analyzing the unit analysis, all the

kind of translation shifts is occurred but the most frequent shift in the unit

analysis is unit shift. The result of the data analysis found are the unit shift that

categorized as morpheme into word, morpheme into phrase, word into phrase,

and phrase into word.

In translating a text, the translator uses the communicative translation,

because the unit analysis is a fantasy novel which the target reader is all age,

she tries to keep the meaning constant, so that the message can be conveyed

naturally and communicatively.

B. Suggestions

The writer would like to suggest that in doing any translation, the most

important thing is to keep the meaning of the message of the source language

remains the same when it is translated into target language, because the

divergence in cultural background of the two languages, a translator may not

find the best equivalent with similar form or unit in the target language, then

shift of form must be conducted.

Sometimes, change of shift of form or the structure need to be managed in

order to convey the message in a way that is acceptable in the target language.

This shift may also be conducted to keep the aesthetic value of a text,

30

especially in literary text. Nevertheless, as long as this shift does not change

the meaning of the text, even make it more acceptable, then this can be used in

the translation process.

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Journals

Akbari, Monireh. “Structural Shifts in Translation of Children’s Literature.”Macrothink Institute International Journal of Linguistics, vol. 4. No. 2.June. 2012: 576-594

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Farokh, Parisa. “The Equivalence and Shift in the Persian Translation of EnglishComplex Sentence with wh-Subordinate Clauses. “English Languageand Literature Studies” vol. I. no. 2. Dec. 2011: 74-81