A treatise on concrete, plain and reinforced : materials, construction, and design of concrete and reinforced concrete

A treatise on concrete, plain and reinforced : materials, construction, and design of concrete and reinforced concrete; 2nd ed.Tables of Quantities of Materials for Concrete and Mortar . 228-235
Tables of Quantities of Materials for Rubble Concrete . . .236-237
Tables for Beam Design 509-511
Tables for Slab Design 512-515
Table for Flat Slab Design 518
Tables for Beams with Steel in Top and Bottom 516, 517
Tables of Constants for Beam Design 519-521
Bending Moment Diagrams 436, 437, 522-524
Diagram for T-Beam Design 525
Column Design •. 488
Working Stresses in Reinforced Concrete 527
Common Formulas 530
Table of Compressive Strength of Concrete 360
Feret's Tests of Strength of Mortars 136
Specifications for Cement and Concrete 28
Standard Methods of Testing Cement 63
Sand Tests 159
Surface Finish 288
Note.—The attention of those who are not especially familiar with concrete con-
struction Is called to Chapter T, page i, in which many of the essentials of concrete
construction are pointed out and the reader is warned against the serious erroisthat
have frequently been made in this field. Chapter II gives elemental^' directions for
concreting.
'r-^
CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE
WITH CHAPTERS BY
R. FERET, WILLIAM B. FULLER, FRANK P. McKIBBEN AND SPENCER B. NEWBERRY
BY
AND
Consulting Engineer
NEW YORK
This treatise is designed for practicing engineers and contractors, and
also for a text and reference book on concrete for engineering students.
To broaden the scope of the work and avoid personal inaccuracies, each
chapter has been submitted for critcism to at least one, and, in some cases,
to three or four specialists in the particular line treated. We have aimed
to refer by name to all authorities quoted, and where the data is taken from
books or periodicals, to give the original publication, so that each subject
may be investigated further. Proof chppings have also been submitted for
approval to those whose names are mentioned. Numerous cross refer-
ences will be found as well as many repetitions, inserted for the purpose of
emphasizing important facts.
The chapters are arranged for convenience in reference, and therefore
are not always in logical order.
The Concrete Data in Chapter I presents a list of definitions of words
and terms relating distinctively to cement and concrete; a summarv' of the
most important facts and conclusions, with references to the pages discuss-
ing them; data on concrete labor, and conversion ratios.
The Elementary Outline of the Process of Concreting, Chapter II, is de-
signed, not for the civil engineer, but for those .seeking simple directions as
to the exact procedure in laying a small quantity of concrete. Most of the
subjects there treated are discussed at length in subsequent chapters.
The Specifications for Cement in Chapter III include the latest recom-
mendations of committees of our national societies, with incidental changes
to adapt them for direct use in purchase specifications. The Concrete
Specifications have been prepared by the authors to represent standard
practice. Specifications for First-class or High Steel, drawn up bv Mr.
Taylor, are, we believe, the first recommendations which have been made to safely adapt this important material to reinforced concrete construction.
In Chapter IV the Choice of Cement is considered in an elementary
fashion, which will serve as a guide to the constructor. Classification oi
Cements, Chapter V, distinguishes the various cements and limes manu-
fa<tured in the United States ind Europe.
ni
Mr. Spencer B. Newberry, an international authority on the subject
treated, has very kindly written for us Chapter VI on the Chemistry of
HydrauUc Cement, discussing this complex subject in such a clear and prac-
tical manner that it will be of interest not only to the scientist, but also to
the general reader and to the cement manufacturer. Mr. Newberry has
also criticised Chapter V.
Chapters VII and VIII give the latest information on the testing of ce-
ment. Chapter IX presents practical rules for selecting sand for mortar,
and the effect of different sands and of foreign ingredients upon its quality.
Characteristics of the Aggregate are further treated, and practical data in
regard to it are given in Chapter X.
The subject of Proportioning Concrete has been treated, at our request,
by Mr. William B. Fuller, the concrete expert, and his practical use of
mechanical analysis is fully discussed.
The tables of Quantities of Materials for Concrete and Mortar, in Chapter
XII, and the diagram of curves, will be found useful in estimating materials.
The Strength of Concrete, Chapter XX, is taken up from a practical
standpoint so that the data may be directly employed in design.
The theory and design of reinforced concrete are as yet in an elementary
stage, but the rules and tables in Chapter XXI represent the most ad-
vanced knowledge on the subject.
Practical methods of Mixing and Laying Concrete are treated in Cha])-
ters XIII, XIV and XV.
Mr. Rene Feret, of Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, whose extended researches
enable him to speak with authority, has kindly written for us Chapter
XVI, entitled The Effect of Sea Water.
Chapters XVII, XVIII and XIX, on Freezing, Fire and Rust Protection,
and Water-Tightness are of practical interest to the contracting engineer.
Plain and Reinforced Concrete Structures are treated in as much detail
as space permits in Chapters XXIII to XXVIII inclusive. The designs
are taken mostly from original drawings redrawn by the authors. They
have been selected, not as extraordinary productions, but because the data
in regard to them may be of use in designing similar structures.
Methods oi Cement Manufacture in its modern types are described in
detail in Chapter XXX. The References in Chapter XXXI ^vill be found especially valuable to
one pursuing more extended investigations than can be presented in a
volume of this size.
They have been selected from the large number contained in the authors'
index, as those which it may be to the advantage of the reader to consult.
NoiF,: Tlip chapter numhprs have been changed to agree with the Second Edition.
PREFACE V
The articles are usually described by their subject-matter rather than by
their titles verbatim.
Appendix I gives the method of chemically analyzing cement and cement
materals according to the recommendations of the American Chemical
Socip'y
Acditional formulas for reinforced concrete beams, too complicated for
insertion .n the body of the book, are given in Appendix II, these having
been kindly compiled by Prof. Frank P. McKibbeu for this treatise.
Ttie authors desire to express their sincere appreciation of the various
kindnesses extended to them while compiling the work. It has been neces-
sary, because of the lack of authoritative information on many fundamental
questions, not only to conduct numerous original investigations, but also to
correspond with the most prominient engineers in this country, and with
experts in England, France, and Austria.
Mr. Feret, besides writing the chapter on The Effect of Sea Water, has
kindly criticised Chapter IX, and made numerous suggestions which have
been incorporated.
Mr. Fuller has examined and criticised all the chapters on practical con-
struction, and P'-'^f. McKibben has rendered material assistance in the line
of investigations and criticisms relating to the theories of reinforced con-
crete.
The authors are indebted to many gentlemen for careful criticism of
chapters or portions of chapters, for drawings, or for repUes to questions,
and take this opportunity to express their sincere appreciation of all such
assistance. Among those to whom especial acknowledgment is due are
the following
:
Messrs. Earle C. Bacon, David B. Butler (England), Harry T. Buttolph,
Howard A. Carson, Edwin C. Eckel, William E. Foss, George B. Francis,
John R. Freeman, Charles S. Gowen, Allen Hazen, Rudolph Hering,
James E. Howard, Richard L. Humphrey, A. L. Johnson, George A. Kim- ball, Robert W. Lesley, Alfred Noble, William Barclay Parsons, Henry
H. Quimby, George W. Rafter, Ernest L. Ransome, Clifford Richard-
son, Thomas F. Richardson, A. E. Schutte, W. Purves Taylor, Edwin
Thacher, Leonard C. Wason, George S. Webster, Robert Spurr Weston,
Joseph R. Worcester; and Professors Ira O. Baker, Lewis J. Johnson,
Edgar B. Kay, Gaetano Lanza, Charles L. Norton, Charles M. Spofford,
George F. Swain, Arthur N. Talbot.
Cuts have kindly been furnished by AlHs-Chalmers Co., Austin Manu- facturing Co., Automatic Weighing •:Machine Co., Bonnot Co., Bradley
Pulverizer Co., Clyde Iron Works, Contractors Plant Co., Drake Standard
vi PREFACE I
Machine Works, Fairbanks Co., Falkenau-Sinclair Machine Co., Farre)
Foundry and Machine Co., Iroquois Iron Works, Kent Mill Co., Link-Belt
Engineering Co., McKelvey Concrete Machinery Co., W. F. Mosher & Son,
Tinius Olsen and Co., Philadelphia Pneumatic Tool Co , Thos. Prosser and
Son, Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Riehle Bros. Testing Machine
Co., Robins Conveying Belt Co., Sherburne and Co., T. L. Smith, Henry
Troemner, Tucker and Vinton.
February, 1905.
The writer wishes to state that the investigation and study necessary for
the writing of this book were done by his colleague, Mr. Thompson, and
desires that full credit for this should be given to him.
Frederick W. Taylor.
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
The second edition aims to cover the developments in the design and con-
struction of reinforced concrete since the issue of the first edition. To accomplish this, more than 200 pages of entirely new and original text and
tables have been added, giving to the constructing engineer, the architect,
and the contractor data for design and for building, and to the student a
comprehensive and practical text and reference book.
One of the principal objects also in writing and in revising the book has
been to make it useful to those men who are practically engaged in this class
of work and yet who are unable to devote enough of their time to make
either a profound or an original study of it. Attention is directed to the
new Chapter I, in which many of the essentials of concrete construction are
pointed out and the reader is warned against the serious errors that have
frequently been made in this field.
The chapter on Reinforced Concrete Design, which is increased from 5
1
to 131 pages, includes a comprehensive statement of the details of design.
;
the discussion of shear and diagonal tension; the design of the supports of
beams and girders; the treatment of bending moments; the design of flat
plates; the most recent tests on hooked bars; the analysis of shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement; and careful notes relating to many smaller
though not less important details. Tables and diagrams for design cover-
ing over 20 pages are prepared for office use. A complete example of
floor design gives the mathematical computations in detail for all the parts
of the several members.
In subsequent chapters are treated the designs of retaining walls, footings,
culverts, and chimneys.
Prof. Frank P. McKibben has kindly prepared the chapter on Arches,
which presents the design of the arch by the elastic theory and gives a com-
])lete example with all the steps to be followed.
In Chapter XXIX brief reference is made to a variety of structures in
which concrete is employed as the building material.
Prominent among the changes in the first part of the book, which is
devoted to plain toncrete, are the revised Specifications for Cement and Con-
viii PREFACE
Crete in Chapter III; Chapter IX on Proportioning; the enlargement of
Chapters XIV and XV on Mixing and Depositing; the addition on pages
236 and 237 of tables for quantities of materials for rubble concrete; and
the insertion of the most recent tests and conclusions on the strength and
permeability of concrete. The list of references in Chapter XXXI has been
increased over tifty per cent, new references ha^dng been carefully selected
from the immense quantity of current literature published since the first
issue of our book.
The large increase in the quantity of material has necessitated a rearrange-
ment of the matter and beyond page 235 the pages have been renumbered.
To simplify the formulas, the demonstrations have been placed as far as
possible in footnotes or appendices. By the use of a thinner but higher
quality of paper the book is increased but slightly in size.
The authors desire to express their appreciation of assistance rendered in
the work of revision. Special acknowledgment is due to ^Messrs. E. D.
Boyer, R. D. Bradbury, William B. Fuller, Frank P. McKibben, Spencer
B. Newberr}', George F. Swain, Arthur N. Talbot, and Joseph R. Worces-
ter; also to Mr. Edward Smulski for his original studies for the matter
on Reinforced Concrete Design.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER la
Concrete Data
Weights and Volumes. 2d Cement Testing for the Small Purchaser.
^ Summary of Important Facts and Conclusions
5
Conversion of Foreign to American Measures o
CHAPTER II
Selection of Materials 12
Construction of Forms ig
Approximate Cost of Concrete Materials and Labor 24
The Strength of Concrete 26
CHAPTER III
Specifications
Brief Specifications for Purchase of Cement. 29 Full Specifications for Purchase of Portland Cement 29
Full Specifications for Purchase of Natural Cement 31
Contract and Specifications for Portland Cement Concrete ^2
^^Specifications for First-Class Steel for Reinforced Concrete 38
CHAPTER IV
The Selection of the Brand 45
ix ^
Puzzolan Cement . 50
CHAPTER VI
, Introduction 54 Materials 55
[ Proportion of Ingredients 57
CHAPTER VII
Standard Methods of Cement Testing 63
Elementary Directions for Testing Soundness yq Apparatus for a Cement Testing Laboratory 80
Specific Gravity of Different Cements 81
Advantages of Fine Grinding 82
American vs. European Sieves 84
Separating Material passing Xo. 200 Mesh Sieve. 85
Quantity of Water for Xeat Paste and Mortar 85
Arbitrary Periods of Setting 88
European Methods for Determining Set 89
Rate of Setting 90 American and European Standard Sands Compared 90
Form of Briquette for Tensile Tests 92
Conversion of Metric Units of Strength to English Units 93
Machines for Testing Tensile Strength 93 Effect of Eccentricity in placing Briquettes 93 Rate of Applying Strain. 94
Tensile Tests of Neat Cement and Mortar 97
Soundness or Constancy of Volume loi
CHAPTER VIII
Color of Cement . 113
Weight of Cement 114
Compressive Tests of Cement 116
Transverse Tests of Cement 120
Adhesion Tests of Cement 121
COiXTENTS
PAGE
Abrasion and Porosity Tests 125
Permeability or Percolation Tests 128
Yield Tests of Paste and Mortar. . 129
Tests of Rise in Temperature while Setting 130
Tests of Sand for Mortar 131
CHAPTER IX
Strength and Composition of Cement Mortars
^fLaws of Strength 133 Strength of Similar Mortars Subjected to Different Tests 134 Relation of Density to Strength 1 34 Granulometric Composition of Sand—Feret's Three-Screen Method of
Analysis 142
Effect of Size of Sand upon the Strength of Mortar 147
Tests of Density and Strength of Mortars of Coarse vs. Fine Sand 149
Practical Applications of the Laws of Density. . 149
Conversion of Mechanical Analysis to Granuloinetric Composition. ..... 151
Effect of Quantity of Water upon Strength of Mortars 152
Sand vs. Broken Stone Screenings 153 Sharpness of Sand 1 54a.
Effect of Natural Impurities in Sand upon Strength of Mortar 154a Effect of Mica in Sand upon Strength of Mortar 154c
Effect of Lime upon Strength of Mortar 1 54d Ground Terra-Cotta or Brick as a Substitute for Sand 156
Effect of Regaging Mortar and Concrete. 157 Tests of Sand for Mortar and Concrete 159 Effect of Gaging with Sea Water 1 59b
CHAPTER X Voids and Other Characteristics of Concrete Aggregates
Laws of Volumes and Voids 160
Classification of Broken Stone. 161
Average Specific Gravity of Sand and Stone 163
Method of Determining Specific Gravity. 164 Method of Determining Voids. 165
Voids and Density of Mixtures of Different Sized Materials 168
Photographs of Sand 175 Effect of Moisture on Sand and Screenings ; . 176 Compacting of Broken Stone, Gravel, and Sand 179 Defining Coarseness of Sand by its Uniformity Coefficient 181
CHAPTER XI
Proportioning Concrete,—By William B. Fuller Importance of Proper Proportioning 183 Methods of Proportioning 184
3di CONTENTS
Determination of the Proportion of Cement 100
Proportioning by Arbitrary Selection of Volumes 18/
Screened vs. Unscreened Gravel or Brokeji Stone 186
Proportioning by Void Determination. 189
Rafter's Method of Proportioning 192
French Method of Proportioning 192
Mechanical Analysis 193
Relation of Density to Strength. . 10c,
Laws of Proportioning 2.04
Application of Mechanical Analysis Diagrams to Proportioning 206
Curve of Mix to Best Fit the Maximum Density Curve 208
Volumetric Synthesis or Proportioning by Trial Mixtures 210
Proportions of Concrete in Practice 213
CHAPTER XII
Expressing the Proportions 217
Formulas for Quantities of Materials and Volumes. 221
Tables and Curves of Quantities of Materials and Volumes. 225
Tables of Rubble Concrete. 238
CHAPTER XIII
Preparations of Materials for Concrete
Storing Cement 2 39 Screening Sand and Gravel. Methods and Costs 239 Stone Crushing. Methods and Costs 241
Washing Sand and Stone. 250
CHAPTER XIV
Mixing Concrete
Mixing by Machinery 255 Concrete Plants 266
CHAPTER XV Depositing Concrete
Handling and Transporting Concrete. 276 Depositing Concrete on Land 277 Consistency of Concrete 279 Ramming or Puddling 281
Bonding Old and Xew Concrete 284 Contraction Joints. 285
CONTENTS xm
Rubble Concrete 296
CHAPTER XVI
Effect of Sea Water upon Concrete and Mortar.—By R. Feret
External Phenomena 309
Action of Sulphate Waters 310
Chemical Processes of Decomposition 311
Search for Binding Materials Capable of Resisting the Action of Sea Water 3 1 2
Methods of Determining the Ability to Resist Action of Sulphate Waters 314
Mechanical Processes of Disintegration 315
Proportions for Mortars and Concretes 3 r6
Mi.xtures of Puzzolan and Slag with Cements 317
Various Plasters and Coatings. 318
CHAPTER XVII
Laying Concrete and Mortar in Freezing Weather
Effect of Freezing 319 Methods of Construction in Freezing Weather. 323
CHAPTER XVIII
Fire and Rust Protection
Protection of Steel by Concrete 327 Chemical Union of Steel and Cement. 330 Fire Protection 331 Concrete vs. Terra-Cotta; Cinder vs. Stone Concrete 333 Thickness of Concrete required to Protect Metal from Fire. ;^23
Theory of Fire Protection 334 Tests of Fire Resistance: Conductivity of Concrete and Imbedded Steel. 335 Influence of Cracks in Reinforced Concrete upon the Corrosion of Steel. . 336 Protecting Structural Steel 337
CHAPTER XIX
Water-Tightness
Laying Concrete for Water-Tight Work 338 Proportioning Water-Tight Concrete 339 Thickness of Concrete for Water-Tight Work. 340 Special Treatment of Surface 341 Introduction of Foreign Ingredients 342 Layers of Waterproof Material 344 Construction without Waterpror)fing 347 Methods of Testing Permeability 347 Results of Tests of Permeabihty 351
xiv CONTENTS
PAGE
Compressive Strength of Concrete 355 Table of Compressive Strength 359 Weight of Concrete of Different Proportions 362
Compressive Tests of Plain Concrete 362
Effect of Concentrated Loading 367
Strength of Short Prism_s 369
Plain Concrete Columns 371
Strength of Machine vs. Hand ^Mixed Concrete 372 Eccentric Loading 372
Concrete vs. Brick Columns. 73
Safe Strength of Concrete '
373 Growth in Strength of Concrete 374 Transverse Strength of Concrete 378 Formula for Transverse or Bending Stress in Plain Concrete 379 The Fatigue of Cement 381
Strength of Concrete in Shear. 382
Effect of Consistency upon the Strength 383 Gravel vs. Broken Stone Concrete 385 Effect of Size and Quality of Stone or Gravel upon Strength of Concrete . . 389 Effect of Percentage of Cement upon the Strength of Concrete 392 Destructive Agencies 392 Strength and Elasticity of Cinder Concrete 394 Making Concrete Specimens for Testing 395
CHAPTER XXI
Reinforced Concrete Design
General Principles of Reinforced Beams 400 Modulus of Elasticity of Steel. 402 Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete. 403 Value to Use for the Ratio of Elasticity in Compression 408 Elongation or Stretch in Concrete 408
S Quality of Reinforcing Steel 413 Straight Line Theory 415 Location of Neutral Axis 416 Design of a Rectangular Beam 416 Depths and Loads for Different Bending Moments. 419 Formulas to Review a Beam already…