A THESIS ON EFFECTIVENESS OF PEDESTRIAN OVERPASSES IN METROPOLITAN DHAKA SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY. DHAKA. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF POST-GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN GEOTECHNICAL AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING UNDER AIT - BUET JOINT PROGRAMME BY MD. GULZAR HOSSAIN FEBRUARY. 1991
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A THESIS ONEFFECTIVENESS OF PEDESTRIAN OVERPASSES
IN METROPOLITAN DHAKA
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY.
DHAKA. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF
POST-GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN GEOTECHNICAL ANDTRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
UNDER
AIT - BUET JOINT PROGRAMME
BYMD. GULZAR HOSSAIN
FEBRUARY. 1991
."
625.71991GUL
EFFECTIVENESS OF PEDESTRIAN OVERPASSESIN METROPOLITAN DHAKA
MD. GULZAR HOSSAIN
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGBANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DHAKA
1111111111111111111111111111111111#80308#
(
EFFECTIVENESS OF PEDESTRIAN OVERPASSESIN METROPOLITAN DHAKA
A THESISBY
MD. GULZAR HOSSAIN
APPROVED AS TO STYLE AND CONTENT BY
W.f1I1~~DR MD MAZHARUL HOQUEASSOCIATE PROFESSORDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGBUET, DHAKA
~~MR A F M A RAUFASSOCIATE PROFESSORDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGBUET, DHAKA
MR S ED NOOR-UD-DEEN AHMEDASSOCIATE PROFESSORDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGBUET, DHAKA
CHAIRMAN(SUPERVISOR)
MEMBER
MEMBER
i
~r
This work was carried out under the direct supervision
andguidance of Dr. Md. Mazharul Hoque, Associate Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh university of
Engineering and Technology, Dhaka.
The author is greatly indebted to Dr. Mazharul Hoque
for his valuable advice, proper guidance and encouragement.
It would have been impossible to carryout this study without
his dynamic direction under a number of constraints and time
limitations in particular.
The author also extend thanks to Dr. Alamgir Mujibul
Hoque, Professor and Head, Department of Civil engineering
and to Dr. Md. Shahjahan, Co-ordinator, AIT-BUET Post Graduate
Diploma Programme, for their constructive suggestions and
co-operations.
The author wishes to express his gratitude to the
U.N.D.P. for the award of Scholarship which made this study
possible.
ii
A B S T RAe T
A study has been made on the effectiveness of pedestrian
Overpasses in the Dhaka Metropolitan area. On this aspect,
the pedestrian overpasses at Farmgate and at Zia-International
Airport were investigated. This research includes both the
field investigations and data analyses. The field investigation
includes site surveys, pedestrian volume counts, pedestrian
interviews at each of the overpasses.
Based on the collected data, the selected pedestrian
overpasses are analysed to evaluate the effectiveness in terms
of their usage. The percentage of pedestrian using overpass,
zebra crossing and violators were determined. At Farmgate,
it was found that about 50 percent are using the overpass,
37 percent using the zebra crossing and the remaining 13 p~rcent
are crossing illegally. At Zia-International Airport, about
53 percent are using overpass and the remaining 47 percent
are crossing illegally. The pedestr ian interview data were
collected and analysed to find out the causes of not-using
the existing overpasses. Some of the reasons for not-using
the overpasses were difficult to climb-up (23%), overpass
were too high (22%), and too far from the pedestrian travel
route (17%). These data were also analysed to see the pedestrian
distribution for different causes like pedestrian preference,
occupation, age group etc.
iii
The actual peak hour volume was compared with the designcapacity for the present and the future conditions. It wasfound that at Farmgate, the facility would experience sporadicand unstable condition after 20 years.
Due to limitations of time, it is not possible to focuson all aspects of pedestrian travel in detail. In order toget a more detailed and comprehensive results, a long termpedestrian research programme may be contemplated in the future.
CON TEN T S
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
Page No.
i
ii
1.1
1.21.31.4
GeneralThe Need for ResearchThe Study SitesStudy Outline
Data Collection for Overpassat Zia International Airport
Pedestrian Walking Speed
Pedestrian Speed DensityRelationships
Flow-Density RelationshipsSpeed-flow RelationshipsSpeed-space RelationshipsLevel of Service in WalkwaysWalkway Level of ServiceCriteriaPedestrian Openion Survey
Overview
-ii-
2121
21
24
24
24
25
28
30
303235
35
3942
43
5. DATA ANALYSIS
5.15.25.35.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.7.1
5.7.1.1
5.7.1.2
5.7.2
5.5.2.15.7.2.2
5.8
IntroductionPedestrian AttitudesPedestrian CompliancePedestrian Distributionby Age Group
Pedestrian Distributionby their preference
Pedestrian Distributionby their occupation
Level of Service Standardand Capacity of Overpasses
Level of Service Standardand Capacity of Overpassesat Farmgate
Present Situation
Future Situation
Level of Service Standardand Capacity of Overpassat Zia International Airport
Present SituationFuture situation
Overview
444449
51
52
53
54
54
55
56
56
5757
58
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.16.2
CONCLUSIONRECOMMENDATION
5961
APPENDIX - A
PHOTOGRAPHS
REFERENCES
-iii-
63
73
80
1.1 Pedestrian Accidents in DhakaMetropolitan Area
Table No.
1.2
2.1
LIST OF TABLES
Description
Types of Pedestrian Collisions
Growth of Population in Metro-politan Dhaka
Page No.
4
5
9
4.1 Pedestrian Level of Service onWalkways 40
5.1
5.2
Pedestrian Volume on overpass andviolation at Farmgate
Pedestrian volume through ZebraCrossing at Farmgate
45
46
5.3 Total flow characteristics atFarmgate overpass, Zebra crossingand violation
5.4 Pedestrian volume on overpass andviolation at Zia InternationalAirport
5.5 Total flow characteristics at Zia
International Airport overpass andviolation
5.6 Causes of not using the overpassby pedestrian
-i-
46
48
48
50
Table No. Description
5.7 Pedestrian preference to differentfacilities
5.8 Pedestrian distribution by age group
5.9 Pedestrian distribution by theirpreference
5.10 Pedestrian distribution by theiroccupation
Page No.
50
51
52
53
5.1I
5.12
5.13
5.14
Capacity of overpass at differentlevel of service standard(at Farmgate)
Actual peak hour volume at Farmgateoverpass
Capacity of overpass at differentlevel of service standard (at ZiaInternational Airport)
Actual peak hour volume at ZiaInternational Airport
-ii-
54
55
56
57
Figure No.
3.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
LIST OF FIGURES
Description
Map of Metropolitan Dhaka showingmajor inter sections
Survey map of Farmgate Overpassand its adjacent area
Enlarged view of Farmgate overpass
Survey map of Overpass at ZiaInternational Airport and itsadjacent area
Enlarged view of overpass at ZiaInternational Airport
Page No.
18
22
23
26
27
4.5 Relations between Pedestrianspeed and density 31
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
Relationships between pedestrianflow and space
Relationships between pedestrianspeed and flow
Relationships between pedestrianspeed and space
Cross-flow traffic probability ofconflict
Illustration of Walkway levelsof service
33
34
36
38
41
CHAPI'ER - I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
ManyAsian Cities have ITI3deavailable only 5 to 10%of their urban
area for transportation facilities, as against 20 to 30% of the urban land
space in the western Cities (Abraham, 1974). Under this situation, there
is inadequate transportation facilities for both vehicular traffic and pedestrian
traffic. As a result, the vehicular traffic have had to force their waythrough
narrcw, unpaved streets, crOM:ledwith bi-cycles, horse drawn carts etc. As
such the pedestrian traffic have to face different types of difficulties
during their movement.
In context of Bangladesh, pedestrians form the largest single road
user group. This is prilTl3rily because of lack of sufficient transportation
facilities and poor economic condition of the people. The increasing trend
of population due- to population grcwth and urbanization tend to generate
additional pedestrian volume and hence the pedestrian problems associated
with their movement.
In an uncontrolled traffic area, as observed, pedestrians try to cross
the roadway across the pavement surface hapazardly. This sort of movement
can be reduced to some extent with the provision of pedestrian facilities
such as Zebra crossing, pedestrian overpass, pedestrian subways etc. The
regulation and control of pedestrian is
considered in the context of overall urban
mentprocess.
an important factdr that must be
transportation Plannlng and manage-
2
Out of these different pedestrian facilities that are available in
our country, pedestrian overpasses are important devices because they provide
clear separation of pedestrians confrontation with vehicular traffic. The
primary aims of an overpass are :
(i) to separate pedestrian movement
(ii) to minimizeconflicts and hence has the potential toreduce accidents.
(iii) to reduce any delay and hazards to both the vehicular andpedestrian traffic.
As such properly planned, designed and operation of pedestrian overpasses
may contribute to.vards better operation of traffic and thereby enhance road
safety.
1 •2 THE NEED FOR RESEARCH
Being physically unprotected, pedestrians are very vulnerable group.
A large portion of the pedestrian communityis either young or elderly each
of whichhave specific problemsassociated with their respective age group.
These problems involve either the lack of fully developed faculties
or a reduction in optimumfaculties due to the ageing process (Moses, 1988).
Accident type analysis of 4514 road accidents over three and half years
(January, 1977 to June, 1980) has been made in the DhakaMetropolitan area,
it was found that the pedestrian involved accidents constitute the largest
category of accidents type accounting for about 17 percent (747 accidents)
of the total. The second highest category was rear-end accidents at mid-
3
blocks accoW1tedfor approximately 14 percent (647 accidents) (Hoque, 1981).
The areawise pedestrian accidents distribution disclosed that higher percentage
occured where pedestrian facilities are seriously lacking as shown in Table
1.1. (HCXjue,1981).
FrcmTable 1.2, it is evident that the pedestrian accident while crossing
the roads is the greatest prcblem. This had clearly indicated that the problem
is associated with ignorance of rights of pedestrians as well as the lack
of road sense of the road users. It was also observed that pedestrian crosswalks
are lacking at locations where these are urgently needed (near Kawranbazar
for instance) because of extensive pedestrain movements.This had necessitated
to study the behavious of drivers and pedestrians to assess their attitudes
tcwards development of effective measures for the safe movementswith least
interference (HCXjue,1981). This also shows that about 59% of pedestrian
accidents occur while crossing the roads.
Examination of all pedestrian accidents by hour of day disclosed two
district peaks during 8 A.M. to 10 A.M.with a later peak during 4 P.M. to
8 P.M. The result is shownin Fig. 1.1. This showeda little early peak hour
to pedestrian accidents in morning compared to that of all accidents. This
is primarily due to the reason of greater pedestrian activities at these
hours particularly for the generation of trips to schools, markets as well
as to work (HCXjue,1981).
The above findings and statements indicate that pedestrians accident
problems are the greatest problem in DhakaMetropolitan area. Particularly
in urban areas, the pedestrians present an element of sharp conflict with
vehicular traffic resulting in high accident rates and traffic delay.
4
The pedestrian rrovement and characteristic therefore, need to be ~ll
studieJ. This task is not so simple and need considerable research investiga-
tions to.vards development of effective devices for the rrobility and safety
of pedestrians. To this end study of the specific devices will provide knowledgeabout the status of their usage.
~ Table - 1.1 Pedestrian Accidents (Police stationwise) in DhakaMetropolitan area.(Source : Hoque, Traffic Accidents in Dhaka, 1981)
Police Total Accidents Pedestrian PercentageStation (all types) Accidents
In the Dhaka Metrcpolitan area the pedestrian ITDvementis seen hazardous.
This hazard to some extent aggravates due to inadequate and improper management
of the existing facilities that have been provided. Lack of willingness
of the pedestrian to use these facilities may be one of the major factors.
There are four overpasses in Metrcpolitan Dhaka. these are :-
(i)(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
on Nawabpur road, near Dhaka Zilla Parishad
on Mirpur road, near NewMarket
on Airport road, near Farmgate and
on Airport road, near Zia International Airport.
In this study, out of the above four overpasses, two overpass have
been selected for detailed investigations. There are
(i) on Airport road, near Farmgate and
(ii) on Airport road, near Zia International Airport.
The location of these overpasses are shown in Figure - 3.1. Their
si te survey maps are also shown in Fig. 4.1 and Fig. 4.3 respectively.
1.4 STUDYOUTLINE
Field investigations and analysis of relevant data are the major task
of this research. The overall task of the study involves the following importantphases :
A. Survey phase. This includes the follO\lin" 3tep.3
(i) Preliminary survey of the area where the overpassesare located.
(ii) Measurements of the geometric characteristics suchas length, width and height of the overpasses.
(iii)
7
Preliminary observation of the area before datacollection phase.
B. Data collection phase. This includes the following steps
(i) Pedestrian volume counts on each of the overpasses,in the adjacent Zebra Crossings and their adjacentareas at different periods.
(ii) Pedestrian interview data regarding their charactis-tics openions at each of the locations.
C. Analysis phase. This includes :
(i) Analysis of the collected data for different purposes.
(ii) Comparing the capacity of the existing overpasses withthe present pedestrian flow.
D. Evaluation phase
To determine the effectiveness of these overpasses in terms oftheir usage.
,,i•
CHAPTER - 2
THE PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the general understanding of
the pedestrian traffic. Different sources of pedestrain trafficand their increasing trend are reviewed.
2.2 DEFINITION OF PEDESTRAIN
Pedes train may be defined as those human traffic who
are supposed to walk as a part of their movement and to usethose facilities such as overpass, zebra crossing, subways,footpath etc. at any stage of their travel in order to accomplish
their activities with which they are engaged in. They are singleroad user and physically unprotected.
2.3 PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC GENERATION
The population especially inthe urban sector is exploding
at an unprecented scale in the Asia Region. While the population
growth in the developed countries is in the range 0 to 1 percent
per annum, the corresponding figures in the developing countriesare 2 to 3 percent.
Table 2.1 shows population data for Bangladesh and Dhaka.
It is found that the average population growth rate of the nation
is approximately 2.5 percent. The corresponding average population
growth rate in metropolitan Dhaka is about 7.8 percent(Ahsan,1990).
-9-
From this data it can be considered that with this high rate
of urban population growth, pedestrian traffic will continueto increase possibly in the same rate.
Urban migration is another cause of such higher rate
of pedestrian traffic generation. In urban areas, since there
are increasing opportunities for people, better employment and
education opportunities, better health programme, higher income
etc., people migrate from rural areas to urban areas to satisfytheir needs.
Table 2.1 GROWTH OF POPULATION IN METROPOLITAN DHAKA
YEARYEAR
1951
1961
1965
1974
1978
1981
1986
1988
2000
2025
POPULATIONOF
BANGLADESH(MILLIONS)
44.166
55.223
76.398
89.912
102.860
107.756
139.690
URBANPOPULATION
(% )
4.34
5. 19
8.78
15.67
18.40
20.00
27.00
POPULATIONOF METROPO-LITAN DHAKA(% OF U.POP)
14.03
15.56
20.04
19.50
18.92
22.23
20.10
POPULATION OFMETROPOLITANDHAKA(MILLIONS)
0.269
0.446
0.561
1.344
2.163
2.747
3.580
4.790
7.580
15.000
Average
ANNUALGROWTHRATE (%)
5.18
5.88
10.20
12.60
8.30
5.44
15.67
3.90
2.77
7.77
Source Hasib M. Ahsan (1990) "A Study of Masstransit in Metropolitan Dhaka.
10
2.4 PEDESTRIAN TRAVEL CHARACTERISTICS
The movement of people and goods are linked with distri-
bution and intensity of land use. People do not of course move
about the roads for nothing. People move because of acti vities
with which they are engaged in. As such pedestrian is, therefore,
a function of activities. They are concentrated in town because
activities are concentrated there. The more ,the pedestrians,
the more they travel, the more is the pedestrian trips that
constitute a significant portion of total trips.
It is desirable to study the pedestrian travel patterns
and attitudes, and recognise them in the design of pedestrian
facilities. Some of the features of pedestrian travel are asbelow: (Victor, 1979).
(a) Transit stop to \vork place/shop building or parking
space to building trips are more important than
trips between buildings.
(b) Pedestrian travel is localised and is highlyconcentrated in industrial and commercial areas.
(c) Pedestrian trip purposes vary by location and time
of day.
(d) Pedestrains tend to keep walking distance as short
as possible.
11
(e) The number of people walking for recreation or pleasure
in major activity centres is less than those for other
purposes.
(f) Pedestrian speeds on level ground varies considerably
from 0.8m to 2.5m/sec. in cross walks and to about 1.3
m/sec. on side walks.
(g) Pedestrian speeds decrease as grade rise,from about 1.4
m/sec. on level ground to about 1.0m/sec. at 10 percent
grade and to about 0.8m/sec. at 15 percent grade.
(h) Pedestrian capacities and space requirements depend on
the acceptable degree of crowding.
An understanding of the various purposes of the trips
can facilitate the effective design of the pedestrian facilities.
2.5 PEDESTRIAN ACCESSIBILITY
Accessibility Le., the case (in terms of time, comfort,
safety and cost) of getting to the activities desired, is
what transport planning is about. Yet, few studies have been
made often. Pedestrian accessibility is only a part of it.
Most of the major transportation studies have ignored trips
on foot or by pedal cycle; they saw no importance in them,
nor their relevance to the big transport issues. (Victor,
1979) •
12
Nevertheless, it is obvious that the proportion of trips
made on foot or bicycle is much higher in Dhaka Metropol i tan
area than others. people often walk, not because: they want
to but because they can ill afford the fares on buses or trams
which are too crowded and slow. Even in European and American
Ci ties, there are people who walk in order to save the fare
or because public transport is inadequate. Therefore, in all
cities, it is difficult to interpret the significance of pedes-
trian volumes.
2.6 PEDESTRIANSAFETY
The road safety problem seems to be a growing national
problem in Bangladesh. In developing countries in 1974, it
was estimated that there were over 1,00,000 peoples killed and 15,00,000
injured in road accidents. This appeared to be worsening situation
compared to that in Western Europe and North America. The
annual figure of road accident fatalities in Bangladesh exceeds
744 in 1979, while that for Dhaka Metropolitan area was 136
in 1980. Recent study of road accidents in Dhaka has indicated
that the total accidents rose by 19 percent per annum while
the fatalities and injures increased by 31 percent and 32
percent respectively every. year. The pedestrians account for
56 percent of the traJ:tic fatalities (Hoque, 1981). By way
of comparison the corresponding figure in India was 50-55
percent. It is therefore, important in our context' to examine
the pedestrian accident situation and the road user behaviour
for their safety.
13
2.7 AN OVERVIEW
The above articles in this chapter pinpoint the variousaspects regarding pedestrian traffic, the pedestrian sourcesand movement. These also showed that the population growthand urbanization are the primary sources-of pedestrian trafficgeneration. These problems are analysed in the following chapter.
CHAPTER - 3
THE PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the general types of pedestrian
facilities as described below. Also discusses those facilities
available in Dhaka City. To identify the different existing facili-
ties in Dhaka city a survey was carried out throughout the area
and facilities such as major intersection, signals for exclusive
pedestrian crossing and overpasses are located in the map as
shown in Figure 3.1.
3.2 GENERAL FACILITIES
The various types of pedestrian facilities that have already
been practiced throughout the world is basically to ensure safety
and comfort for the pedestrians. These facilities may be classified
into three major groups, depending on whether or not pedestrian
and vehic les are separated. (Victor, 1979). These are discussed
below
3.2.1 Integrated System
These are current ly adopted system with side walk provided
parallel with the carriageway and cross walks provided at intervals.
network and accommodate pedestrian movement along pathways
that are independent of vehicular paths. these include :_
(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)
Widened sidewalksFull MallsAuto free Zones andDisplaced Grids.
3.2.3 Vertical Separation Systems
Vertical separation system is perhaps the mostefficient in pedestrian systems. The three primary elementsof vertical separation are :-
(i)(ii)(iii)
UndergroundElevated andAt-grade systems.
In this system, conflicts with other road usersare eliminated.
In the underground systems the vehicular movement
is above and the pedestrain movement is below in tunnels
or underground concourses. Pedestrian subways can be constru-cted by cut-and-cover method, by tunnelling, which isprohibitively expensive and not often required for pedestrian
subways. The advantages of underground systems include :
complete elimination of conflicts with vehicles; built-in
protection from sun and inclement weather; least disturbanceto normal city-scape; and provision of direct linkage
16
to existing underground systems and major activity centres.
The disadvantage are high cost of construction; need
for changes in grade and numerous entry points; loss of
visual contact with the city surroundings; and potential
securi ty problems. It is seen that the subways have been
vary successful, attracting nearly 99 percent of the pedes-
trains wishing to cross the road (Victor, 1979).
In the elevated systems the pedes train movement
is above and the vehicular movement is below, at grade
level. There are a wide variety of pedestrain overpass,
which require segregated right-of-way for pedestrians
and may be supported independently or attahced to or made
integral with buildings abutting the roadway. The advantages
of pedestrain overpass include; elimination of conflicts
wi th vehic les direct and convenient connect ions to act ivi ty
centres, elevated visual vantage point for the pedestrian
and improved vehicular circulation by avoiding pedestrians
at the vehicle level. The dis':'advantages are high cost
of construction; need for many changes in grade and entry
points; need for co-ordination with property owners, possible
security problems; and difficult emergency operation (Victor,
1979) .
3.3 TYPES OF PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES IN DHAKA CITY
In developing country like Bangladesh, where the overall
economic condition of the nation is poor, the allocation of resources
17
for pedestrian facilities has been far short of the desirable
level. Fortunately, there is now a growing awareness of the need
for adequate pedestrian facilities. this can be seen from the
increasing number of Zebra crossing, signalized zebra crossing,
and overpass in Dhaka Metropolitan City.
Figure 3.1 represents some of the different types of facili-
ties available in Dhaka City. these are discussed in the following
sections.
3 •3 •1 Controlled Intersection for Pedestrians and Vehicles
There are 69 major inter-sections, till now, in
Dhaka City. Out of these, 40 intersections are signal
controlled, 14 are controlled by round about and remaining
are controlled by traffic police (Alam, 1989). These contro-
lled systems are installed to provide facilities for vehicular
traffic and as well as for pedestrian traffic.
3 • 3 • 2 Signals for Exclusive Pedestrian Crossing
There are only 5-traffic signals which are mainly
installed to function exclusively for the pedestrian
traffic. These signals are generally located away from the
intersections and at places where pedestrian volume are consi-
derable. These signals are more safe than major intersections.
This is because when pedestrian traffic used to cross the
roadway across the road, all vehicular traffic remain stand-
ing till the cycle is completed.
N
I
(~..:"'.•.r
"
'./) \V'
.iC,-
Major Intersections.
eras sino.
Showing
Pedestrian
",.......«"
Metropo Iitan Dhaka
Intersection, .for Excl usive
Area.
"<::....... ::.
......
\.\.
Mop of
MojorSignolSlu d y
\.....
•I
f)
3. I
'.-'.' .~'.~",
..~';
(.:"\':i:::':"
' . ..1
Fig.
3.3.3
19
School Crossing
There are some Zebra-crossings found in Metropolitan
Dhaka City adjacent to the schools. These are primary
installed mainly for the safety of School childrens,
e.g. Farmgate Zebra crossing adjacent to Holicross School
and Poly technique Girls High School; Zebra crossing adjacent
to Dhanmondi High School etc. etc. Pedestrain movement
in such crossings are highest during the begining andend of School and Colleges.
3.3.4 Pedestrain Overpasses
These are the vertical separation system forpedestrian movement. This provides less conflicts with
other road users. There are only 4-number of pedestrianoverpasses in Dhaka City. These are
(i) Overpass at Farmgate(ii) Overpass at New Market(iii) Overpass at Nawabpur Road(iv) Overpass at Zia-International Airport.
Out of these four-overpasses, overpass at Farmgate
and overpass at Zia-International Airport have been take
into consideration for our study. Their location,orientation
and detailed description are included in the followingchapter.
20
3.4 OVERVIEI'i
This chapter reviewed the general types of pedestrian facilities avail-able in general and those available in the Dhaka Metropolitan area. In parti-cular is described the different facilities with their location in the map ofDhaka City. It is observed that all types of pedestrain facilities,as availa-ble in other countries are not available in Dhaka City. Those which are avail-able are inadequate in number and not well operated and well maintained.
CHAPTER - 4
SITE SURVEY AND PEDESTRIAN DATA COLLECTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the site survey and collection of
pedestrian data necessary for the study. The site survey shows
the location of overpass including its adjacent area. The pedestrian
data is necessary to find out thp. pedestrian volume at differenthours. These data are then used for analysis.
4.2 SITE SURVEY
Site survey is an important component of planning process
in order to understand the existing conditions. It reflects the
existing areas around the overpass under study and help to know
the different sources of pedestrian e.g. the aresidential area,
Schools, Colleges, Shopping areas, Hospital, the roadway system
etc. etc. Two different survey was carried out for this purposes.
4.2.1 Site Survey for Farmgate Overpass
Figure 4.1 shows the location and configuration
of overpass at Farmgate with its dimensions, the roadway
system around it, the location of Hospital, School,College,
Cinema Hall, Shoping areas, parks, and other permanent structu-
res, and existing Zebra crossing. The main activity areas
are the Nakhalpara residential area, Holicross College and
At walkway LOS A, pedestrians basically move in desired paths without alteringtheir movements in response 10 other pedestrians. Walking speeds are freelyselected, and conflicts between pedestrians are unlikely.
At LOS B. sufficient area is provided to allow pedestrians to freely selectwalking speeds, to bypass other pedestrians, and to avoid crossing conflicts withothers. At this level, pedestrians begin to be aware of other pedestrians. and torespond to their presence in the selection of walking path ..
At LOS C, sufficient space is available to select normal walking speeds. and tobypass other pedestrians in primarily unidirectional streams. Where reverse~direction or crossing movements exist, minor conflicts will occur, and speedsand- volume will be somewhat lower.
At LOS D. freedom to select individual walking speed and to bypass other
pedestrians is restricted. Where crossing or reverse-flow movements exist, theprobability of conflict is high, and its avoidance requires frequent changes inspeed and position. The LOS provides reasonably fluid flow; however.considerable friction and interaction between pedestrians is likely to occur.
At LOS E. virtually all pedestrians would have their normal walking speedrestricted, requiring frequent adjustment of gait. At the lower range of this LOS,forward movement is possible only by "shuffling." Insufficient space is providedfor passing of slower pedestrians. Cross. or reverse.flow movements arepossible only with extreme difficulties. Design volumes approach the limit ofwalkway capacity, with resulting stoppages and interruptions to flow.
At LOS F, all walking speeds are severely restricted, and forward progress is
m.ade only by "shuffling." There is frequent, unavoidable contact with otherpedestrians. Cross- and reverse-flow movements are virtually impossible. Flow issporadic and unstable. Space is more characteristic of queued pedestrians thanof moving pedestrian streams. '
Figure 4. 10 {//USlralion of walkway levels of !.ervice.(Source : II.C.H., 1985)
42
Graphic illustrations and descriptions of walkway levels
of service are shown in Figure 4.10.
It should be noted that the pedestrian LOS, according to
the criteria of Table 4.1, is quite good in most areas. Design
of walkways is based on the minimum widths required for voluntary
pedestrian groups to pass each other and similar factors, rather
than on the flow rate.
The LOS criteria apply to pedestrian flow and the space
provided for that flow. Pedestrian facilities may also include
extensive space intended to enhance the general environment
that is not used or intended to handle basic pedestrian movements.
When analyzing pedestrian flow rates per unit width of walkway,
such space should not be included. Thus, pedestrian space intended
to provide for window shopping, browsing, or simply sitting
or standing in informal groups should not be considered to be
part of the effective walkway width.
4.11 PEDESTRIAN OPINION SURVEY
The pedestrian opinion survey is an important component
of this research. The purpose of this is to findout the causes
of not using the existing overpasses and also to evaluate their
choice on either of the two alternati ves, the overpass and the
subways. For this purpose about 200 pedes~rian "Jere interviewed.
The method used was random sampling. We have selected that person
who was infront of us just at the moment of completion of one's
43
interview A prepared questionnaire was used. We stared the
colomn (s) just after their openion on particular question. Since
the sampling was random, different age group of pedestrian are
found in this collection. These are shown in Appendix-A.
4. 12 OVERVIEW
This chapter discussed in detail the site survey and
pedestrian data collection for two different overpasses in our
study. Pedestrian volume count and their interviewing were the
basic objectives which will be very helpful for analysis. A
group of persons worked for this purposes. Peak hour traffic
volume, choiser group etc. are found. Field investigation was
the only source of data collection.
CHAPTER - 5
DATA ANALYSIS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the pedestrian movement and their
behaviour. The field observation data, the pedestrian volume
count data and pedestrian interview data will now be analysed
and discussed in detail.
5.2 PEDESTRIAN ATTITUDE
Tables 5.1 to 5.5 show the hourly pedestrian volume on
two overpasses and on Zebra crossing .. Also shows the pedestrian
who do not use any of these facilities. This groups of pedestrians
are designated as violators.
Tables 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 are the data and results for overpass
at Farmgate. Table 5.1 shows that the pedestrian volume is maximum
in between 5 p.m. to 6 p.m. The same time is true for the violators.
By age groups, pedestrian volume is minimum for chi Idrens having
age less than 5 years which is equal to 2.80%. Volume is maximum
for age groups 19-20 years and 31-50 years which are equal to
23.60% and 38.93% respectively.
45
PEDESTRIANDATA
Table 5.1 Pedestrian Volume on OVerpass am Violators at Farmgate
TimePedestrain Volume on OVerpass and Violators at Farmgate
Table 5.5 Total flow characteristics at Zia International AirportOverpass and violation
Movement Pedestrian onOverpass Violation Gross Total
4325
53.40
IndividualTotal
% of GrossTotal(Source Table 5.4)
3775
46.60
8100
100
49
Table 5.4. Shews the pedestrian volumedata and results for overpass
at Zia International Airport. 5-6 p.m. is the peak hour volume period.
Age group 31-50 contributes the maximumflow volume. Table 5.5 represents
the total flew characteristics through the overpass and the violation.
It shews that 53.48%of total pedestrians use the existing overpass and
46.60%are the violators. Theviolation is maximumhere.
A continuous median barrier over a long distance can reduce violation
as observed in the field. Unless compelled, a significant portion of the
crossing pedestrians will violate the overpass compliance rule. Situational
constraints strongly influence pedestrian behaviours at overpass, as evidenced
by the locations. The median barrier is continuous and sufficiently long
to intercept the pedestrian short-cut desire lines.
5.3 PEDESTRIANCOMPLIANCE
Pedestrian overpasses in urban areas are often associated with such
~akness of the longer travel time, physical ~akness of the pedestrians,
climbing up etc. Weobtained these attitudes from the pedestrain interview
data. As listed in Appendix-A, 200 pedestrians ~re interviewed and the
respondant ~re asked to give the predominant reason (s) for not using
the overpass.
The causes for not using the existing overpass by the pedestrians
and the pedestrians preference to different facilities are shown in Tables
5.6 and 5.7 respectively.
50
Table 5.6 Causes of not using the overpass by pedestrians
Causes
Difficult to climb-up the overpassTravel through overpass take longer tirreOverpass is toe highPhysical weaknessOverpass is far away from their routeOther factorsWho response nothing
(Reference : Appendix - A)
Percentage
22.9713.5220.2710.8116.674.0511. 71
Table 5.7
User Type
Pedestrian preference to different facilities
Percentage
Pedestrians prefering overpassPedestrians prefering subwaysPedestrians not toe sure
(Reference : Appendix - A)
15.049.535.5
From Table 5.6, it is observed that the highest (22.97%) number of
pedestrians felt difficulty to climb-up the overpass. The next group (20.27%)
of pedestrians said that the overpass is too high. These two groups thus
resul ted in that a large part of pedestrians do not like to face this sort
of addi tiona 1 effort to climb-up the overpass and to spent' their energy.
From Table 5.7, the result shows that only 15% of people prefer using
overpass. 49.5% of pedestrians prefer use of subway. This indicates that
pedestrians are not afraid of climb-up last.
51
In other =rds they prefer downward rrovement in the begining and do not
ac=unt for climb-up at the end. That is why they prefer subways. The
result also shows that 35.50% of peq>le do not knew about the subways,
: 16. 38 MirDur Airport personal * * *:------------~------------------~-~-------------------------------------------------------------------, ,"
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c---------------__1___~_______2______________~__________2______~______Z_____~_____2___19___11___1~__ _12____1~__1~__17. 14 Nald'1aJ.para sup. marltet Tour * *n. 49 K?labagan M.e! A. service * * *19. 13 Na!chalpara Model school student * *20. 55 Mirpur Green Rd. service * .* <-
21. 21 Mohak..'lali Tej.college student <- <-
22. 19 Mohd.pur Newmarket Shoping * <-
23. 15 Tejgaon Kalabagan student * ••?L~. 51 Mirpur Green Rd. service •• ••'25. 30 Kethalbagan M.e.A. " 'k .*
26. 12 Mirpur Green Rd. personal •• ••27. 21 Tejgaon Tej.college student * ••28. 40 Green Rd. Hospital personal "x- l<-
29. 19 Tcjgaon Tej.college student •. •.30. 38 Nalc.'lalpara Mirpur service •• *31. 22 Green Rd. BUS stop Driver •. •.32. 3; s~ahjahanpur Indira Rd. Tutor * ••33. 46 B2.nani Green Rd. Service •• ••34. 35 Mohakhali Mord.pur personal •• ••35. 58 Khilgaon Tejgaon " :+ •.36. 27 Gulistan Food office Labour •• *37. 37 Kathalbagan poly. school Service 'L ••
PEDESTRIl\N FLOW THROUGH OVERPl\SSl\T ZIl\ INTERNl\TIONAL AIRPORT
(SIDE VIEW)
;'
PEDESTRIAN FLOW THROUGH OVERPASSAT ZIA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
(TOP VIEW)
PEDESTRIAN FLOW THROUGH OVERPASS AT FARHGi'I.'l'E
(SIDE VIEW)
SHOPS l,ND SIIOPI" u ON Fl\RHGi\TE OVERPASS
PEDESTRIAN FLOI~ THROUGH OVERPASS AT FARl1GATE
(TOP VIEW)
PEDESTRIANS NOT USING OVERPASSAT ZIA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
(THE VIOLATORS)
PEDESTRIAN NOT USING OVERPASSAND ZEBRA CROSSING AT FARMGATE
(THE VIOLATORS)
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