127 ASHES White Ash Fraxinus americana Green Ash* Fraxinus pennsylvanica Black Ash Fraxinus nigra LEAVES LEAFLETS 5–9, usually 7 7–9 7–11 DESCRIPTION Leaflets are mostly entire, borne on stalks, without hairs below. Turn purple in autumn Leaflets borne on stalks. Hairy below and on rachis. Turn yellow or bronze in autumn. Toothed leaflets which are without stalks except the one at the end. Hairs lacking below except for buff-colored hairs at the junction of the leaflets and the rachis. Turn yellow in autumn. BUDS SIZE 1 /8 inch 1 /8 inch Less than 1 /4 inch SHAPE Blunt-pointed Cone-shaped Sharply-pointed COLOR Brown Brown with rusty or dull red hairs Black or very dark FRUIT WINGS Wing terminal Seed body grading gradually into wing Flat, completely surrounds seed body SEED BODY Cigar-shaped Funnel-shaped Slightly twisted, less than half the length of the fruit TWIGS TEXTURE Smooth and shiny, often with slight bloom, very brittle Somewhat covered with downy hairs Smooth, not shiny COLOR Gray or greenish-brown, inner bark bright brick red Greenish-gray, inner bark cinnamon-colored Pale gray, inner bark dirty white ASH A The Important Distinctions *Specimens of green ash which lack hairs on the twigs or leaflets, but otherwise fit the above description, were formally designated as var. lanceolata. They are now designated under the species due to the many gradations of the hairiness character.
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127A S H E S
White AshFraxinus americana
Green Ash*Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Black AshFraxinus nigra
L E A V E S
LEAFLETS 5–9, usually 7 7–9 7–11
DESCRIPTIONLeaflets are mostly entire, borneon stalks, without hairs below.
Turn purple in autumn
Leaflets borne on stalks. Hairy below and on rachis. Turn
yellow or bronze in autumn.
Toothed leaflets which are without stalks except the one at theend. Hairs lacking below except forbuff-colored hairs at the junction of
the leaflets and the rachis. Turn yellow in autumn.
B U D S
SIZE 1⁄8 inch 1⁄8 inch Less than 1⁄4 inch
SHAPE Blunt-pointed Cone-shaped Sharply-pointed
COLOR Brown Brown with rusty or dull red hairs Black or very dark
F R U I T
WINGS Wing terminalSeed body grading gradually
into wingFlat, completely surrounds
seed body
SEED BODY Cigar-shaped Funnel-shapedSlightly twisted, less than half
the length of the fruit
T W I G S
TEXTURESmooth and shiny, often with
slight bloom, very brittleSomewhat covered with
downy hairsSmooth, not shiny
COLORGray or greenish-brown,
inner bark bright brick redGreenish-gray, inner bark
cinnamon-coloredPale gray,
inner bark dirty white
AS
H
A The Important Distinctions
*Specimens of green ash which lack hairs on the twigs or leaflets, but otherwise fit the above description, were formally designated as var. lanceolata. They are now designated under the species due to the many gradations of the hairiness character.
White ash isone of Maine’svaluable timber trees and isfound commonlythroughout the state.
128 W H I T E A S H
W A Fraxinus americana L.
White ash is one of Maine’svaluable timber trees and is
found commonly throughout the state.Best growth occurs on rich, rathermoist soil of low hills. It grows to aheight of 60–70 feet and a diameter of15–30 inches. The branches areupright or spreading, forming a narrowtop in the forest.
The bark pattern resembles awoven basket; it is broken into broad,parallel ridges by deep furrows, and isdark brown or deep gray.
The leaves are opposite, 8–12inches long and consist of 5–9 (usually7) leaflets. The leaflets are 3–5 incheslong, oval to lance-shape, borne onshort stalks, edges remotely toothedtowards the tip, dark green and oftenshiny on the upper surface. In fall, theyturn to a soft, velvety purple.
The fruit is a single samara occur-ring in clusters. The seed body is cigar-shaped and has a terminal wing.
M A I N E R E G I S T E R O FB I G T R E E S 2 0 0 8
White AshCircumference: 244'’
Height: 95'Crown Spread: 70'
Location: South Waterford
129W H I T E A S H
The twigs have a smooth, shinybark which is grayish, greenish ormaroon on the surface. The inner layerof the bark is brick red. The terminalbuds are rounded or dome-shaped.
The wood is hard, strong andtough. It is used for agricultural imple-ments, tool handles, oars, furniture, inte-rior finish, dowels, pulp and firewood,and sporting goods including baseballbats, hockey sticks and snowshoe frames.
White ash twigs arehairless and have deeplynotched leaf scars.
AS
H
A R E A O FO C C U R R E N C E
130 G R E E N A S H
G A Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.
Green or red ash occurs overmuch of the state, particularly
along the major rivers. It is not asabundant as the white and black ash,but is fairly common in central Maine.Sometimes mistaken for black ash, itgrows near the banks of streams andlakes on rich, moist soil. It has stoutbranches that bend downward on oldertrees and form an irregular, compacthead in the forest. It seldom exceeds aheight of 50–60 feet and a diameter of16–20 inches.
The quality of green ash woodis not as good as white ash.
131G R E E N A S H
The bark on the trunk of old treesis dark gray or brown, and firm andfurrowed like that of the white ash.
The leaves are 10–12 inches long,opposite, with 7–9 leaflets borne perstalk. Leaflets are 4–6 inches long,entire or wavy, or sometimes toothed,particularly on the upper-half of theleaflets, yellow-green on the upper sur-face, hairy below and on the rachis, andoval to elliptical.
The fruit has a funnel-shaped seedbody gradually blending into the ter-minal wing.
M A I N E R E G I S T E R O FB I G T R E E S 2 0 0 8
Green AshCircumference: 115''
Height: 63'Crown Spread: 65'
Location: Mechanic Falls
The current year twigs are green-ish-gray and covered with numeroushairs, although sometimes there are nohairs. Inner bark is cinnamon red.
The wood is hard, heavy, fairlystrong, coarse-grained and brittle. It isused in the same ways as white ash.
Green ash twigs are oftenhairy and do not havedeeply notched leaf scars.
AS
H
A R E A O FO C C U R R E N C E
132 B L A C K A S H
Black ash wood is used for interior finishing, cabinet work, basketsand, to a limited extent, pulp.
B A Fraxinus nigra Marsh.
Black or brown ash occurs statewide.It grows almost entirely on rich,
moist ground or in cold, wet swampsand along the banks of streams.
It is a tall, slender tree with ashort, narrow head. It grows to aheight of 50–60 feet and a diameter of10–20 inches. The trunk is often with-out branches for a considerable dis-tance from the ground.
The bark is gray to dark gray,corky and spongy, with more or lessparallel ridges. It rubs off freely withthe hand.
133B L A C K A S H
The leaves are 12–15 inches long,opposite, and have 7–11 leaflets thatare 4–5 inches long, and without stalksexcept the one at the tip. Leaflets arelance-shape and have remotely-toothedmargins. The upper surface is darkgreen. There are buff-colored hairs atthe junction of the leaflets and rachis.
The fruit is a single samara occur-ring in clusters. The seed is flattenedand completely surrounded by the wing.
The twigs are smooth, gray toolive-green. The buds are black orbrown and pointed at the tip. Theinner layer of the bark is dirty white.
The wood is coarse-grained,heavy, tough, durable and pliable. It isused for interior finishing, cabinetwork, baskets and, to a limited extent,pulp. It the past it was used to makebarrel hoops.
M A I N E R E G I S T E R O FB I G T R E E S 2 0 0 8
Black AshCircumference: 139''
Height: 82'Crown Spread: 56'Location: Waterboro
The wing of black ash fruit completelysurrounds the seed body.
AS
H
A R E A O FO C C U R R E N C E
134 A M E R I C A N B A S S W O O D
A B Tilia americana L.
American basswood or lindenoccurs as scattered specimens
throughout the state. It grows to aheight of 50–70 feet and a diameter of2–3 feet. The branches are slender,somewhat pendulous, comparativelysmall and numerous, forming a broadand rounded head.
The bark on the trunk of old treesis deeply and irregularly furrowed. Onyoung trees, it is smooth or slightly fis-sured and has a grayish appearance.
The leaves are alternate, 5–6 inch-es long with uneven bases. They arebroadly egg-shaped to heart-shaped inoutline, and toothed; the upper surface
Light, soft, easily worked and carved, American basswood is used formolding, yardsticks, veneer, dowels, furniture, carvings and pulp.
135A M E R I C A N B A S S W O O D
is dark green, while the lower is yellow-green and shiny.
The flowers are greenish-yellow,borne on a slender stalk that is attachedto a rather long, yellowish, leaf-likebract. They are fragrant, contain anabundance of nectar and open in July.
The fruit is clustered, spherical,covered with short buff-colored hairs,woody and about as large as a pea. Itremains attached to the leaf-like bractwhen it falls.
The twigs have a zigzag patternand bright red buds.
The wood is light, soft, easilyworked and carved. It is used for mold-ing, yardsticks, veneer, dowels, furni-ture, pattern stock, carvings and pulp.Traditionally it was used to make but-ter box molds, dough bowls and otherkitchen items that touched food.
In Germany, basswood is calledthe bee tree. Bees make an excellentgrade of honey from the flowers. Theyoung fruit and flowers ground into apaste make an excellent substitute forchocolate.
The European linden (Tiliaeuropaea L.) and Little-leaf linden(Tilia cordata Mill.) are commonlyplanted as shade trees. They are small-er in height than our native species andwith smaller leaves. Baxter Boulevardin Portland is lined with both of thesespecies.
M A I N E R E G I S T E R O F B I G T R E E S 2 0 0 8American Basswood Circumference: 224'' Height: 85' Crown Spread: 63' Location: Strong
The fruit ofAmerican basswood
is attached to a distinctive
leaf-like bract.
BA
SS
WO
OD
A R E A O FO C C U R R E N C E
136 A M E R I C A N E L M
A E Ulmus americana L.
American elm is one of our largestand most graceful trees; it occurs
throughout the state, although itsnumbers have been severely reduced byDutch elm disease. It is found mostoften on rich bottomland and moistsoil along streams, but sometimesgrows on higher ground. It growsquickly, attaining a height of 60–70feet and a diameter of 2–4 feet.
The trunk often divides intonumerous limbs, which form a vase-shaped or spreading, round-toppedhead with graceful, drooping branches.
The number of American elms in Maine hasbeen severely reduced by Dutch elm disease.
137A M E R I C A N E L M
The bark on the trunk is separat-ed into broad ridges by deep fissuresand is ashy-gray on the surface. Itshows alternate layers of chocolatebrown and buff coloration beneath.
The leaves are alternate, 3–6 inch-es long, with coarsely doubly-toothedmargins and uneven bases. The uppersurface is dark green and sandpaper-like.
The flowers appear in April beforethe leaves.
The fruit consists of a small,winged seed which ripens about theend of May, before the leaves have fullydeveloped. It has a wide, open notch atthe apex and a hairy margin.
The wood is spiral and coarse-grained, hard, heavy, strong, tough andhard to split. It is used for flooring, rail-road ties and pulp. In the past it was usedto make barrel hoops, barn stall flooring,door thresholds and wheel hubs.
M A I N E R E G I S T E R O F B I G T R E E S 2 0 0 8American Elm Circumference: 244'' Height: 110' Crown Spread: 120' Location: Yarmouth
American elm twigs have a zigzag pattern and slightly flattened buds.
EL
M
Slippery elm, Ulmus rubra Muhl,has been recorded in Franklin and Yorkcounties, but these records are histori-cal. A few specimens have been foundin association with cultural settings,but it is not known if these populationsare native or escaped. If it still occursnaturally in the state, it is undoubtedlyquite rare. Slippery elm is most easilydistinguished from American elm bythe winter buds which are covered withrusty hairs. In the past, the inner barkof the slippery elm was chewed torelieve sore throats.
A R E A O FO C C U R R E N C E
Loads of logs were“snubbed” when goingdownhill to preventthe horses from beingovertaken by the load.
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