A survey on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) Ciro Sirignano
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A survey on Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSNs)
Ciro Sirignano
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
A SURVEY ON WSNs :
STEP 1 - IMPORTANT WSN ISSUE STEP 2 - ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNIQUESSTEP 3 - CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY
AWARE MAC PROTOCOL
MOBILITY MODEL :
STEP 1: ENTITY – GROUP STEP 2: BEST CHOICE IN EACH SCENARIO
STEP 1
A SURVEY ON WSNs
IMPORTANT WSN ISSUE PLANNING KEY
APPLICATION FIELDPERSONAL (HOME)COMMUNUTY (AGRICOLTURE, POLLUTION, HEALTH)INDUSTRIAL (MILITARY, FOOD PROCESSING)
ENVIRONMET
SERVICE FEATURES:NETWORK LIFETIMEENERGY EFFICIENCYCONNECTIVITY AND COVERAGELINK QUALITY COMMUNICATIONRELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY
STEP 1
THESE FACTORS ARE IMPORTANT, THEY SERVE AS A GUIDELINE TO DESIGN A PROTOCOL OR AN
ALGORITHM FOR SENSOR NETWORKS.
A SURVEY ON WSNs
APPLICATION FIELDS
ENVIRONMENTSERVICE FEATURES
WSN DESIGN
WE TAKE ACCOUNT THE FACTORS:
FAULT TOLLERANCESCALABILITYPRODUCTION COSTS OPERATING ENVIRONMENT SENSOR NETWORK TOPOLOGYHARDWARE CONSTRAINTS TRANSMISSION MEDIAPOWER CONSUMPTION
STEP 1
A SURVEY ON WSNs
EXAMPLE : ZigBeeBUILDS UPON IEEE 802.15.4 STANDARDHIERARCHICAL ORGANISATIONCLUSTER TREE TOPOLOGY/MESH TOPOLOGYMULTI-HOP TRANSMISSION
STEP 1
A SURVEY ON WSNs
ENERGY EFFICIENCYPROBABLY MOST IMPORTANT WSN ISSUE
SOURCES OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION ARE:WIRELESS INTERFACE CPU PROCESSING
SOURCE ENERGY WASTE:IDLE LISTENINGCOLLISIONSOVERHEARINGPROTOCOL OVERHEADTRAFFIC FLUCTUATION
STEP 2
A SURVEY ON WSNs
APPROACHES TO ENERGY SAVING: TAXONOMY OF APPROACHES TO ENERGY SAVING
STEP 2
A SURVEY ON WSNs
THREE MAIN TECHNIQUES:DUTY-CYCLINGDATA-DRIVENMOBILITY-BASED
LEAVING OUT DATA-DRIVEN AND MOBILITY SCHEMES DETAILS
APPROACHES TO ENERGY SAVING:
STEP 2
A SURVEY ON WSNs
DETAILED TAXONOMY OF DUTY CYCLING SCHEMES
STEP 2
A SURVEY ON WSNs
ENERGY CONSERVATION SCHEMES
TOPOLOGY CONTROLLOCATION-DRIVE
GAF (Geographical Adaptive Fidelity)GERAF (Geographic Random Forwarding)
CONNECTIVITY-DRIVEN SPANASCENT
TOPOLOGY CONTROL SHOULD BE COUPLED WITH OTHER KINDS OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES.
STEP 2
A SURVEY ON WSNs
ENERGY CONSERVATION SCHEMES
POWER MANAGEMENTSLEEP/WAKEUP PROTOCOLS
ON-DEMAND SCHEMES STEM (Sparse Topology and Energy MGMT)
PTW (Pipelined Tone Wakeup)SCHEDULED RENDEZVOUS SCHEMESASYNCHRONOUS SCHEMES
TRADE-OFF: THE APPROACH ON DEMAND PROTOCOLSIS THE IDEAL ONE BUT ALWAYS IMPRACTICALANOTHER (RENDEZVOUS AND ASYNC. SCHEMES)SOLUTION INCREASED LATENCY OR REQUIRE NODE SYNCHRONIZED
STEP 3
A SURVEY ON WSNs
MAC PROTOCOL WITH LOW DUTY-CYLETDMA-BASED
TRAMAFRAMALMAC
CONTENTION-BASED MAC PROTOCOLB-MAC AND LPLS-MACT-MAC
HYBRID MAC PROTOCOLSPROBABILISTIC TDMAZMAC
CLASSIFICATION ENERGY AWARE MACPROTOCOL
STEP 3
A SURVEY ON WSNs
CLASSIFICATION ENERGY AWARE MACPROTOCOL
2002
2003
2004
2005
2001
2000
TDMA-BASEDCONTENTIONHYBRID
TRAMA
LMAC
FRAMA
SMAC
TMAC
DMAC B-MAC
PTDMA ZMAC
STEP 3
A SURVEY ON WSNs
CLASSIFICATION ENERGY AWARE MACPROTOCOL
TDMA-BASED ADVANTGES: COLLISION-FREE PROTOCOL NO IDLE LISTENING OR OVERHEARING WEAKNESSES: LOW SCALABILITYCOMPLEX TO MANAGE IN VERY POPULATED NETWORKBECAUSE TIME SYNCHRONIZATION IS NEEDED
CONTENTION-BASEDADVANTAGES: SCALABLE, NO COMPLEX SETUPNO SYNCHRONIZATION NEEDEDWEAKNESSES: COLLISION PROBABILITY, ENERGY WASTAGE COLLISIONS, IDLE LISTENING
HYBRIDADVANTAGES: ADAPT TO TRAFFIC FLUCTUATIONWEAKNESSES: THE USE OF SLOTTING CONCETRATE MOST OF CONNECTION ATTEMPTS TO THE BEGINNINGOF SLOTS
STEP 3
A SURVEY ON WSNs
COMPARISON BETWEEN ENERGY AWARE MAC PROTOCOL
COMPARISON: LOW POWER LISTENINGS-MACT-MACLMAC
EXPERIMENTS TIPOLOGY :NODES ISOLATION (EMPTY WORKLOAD)ALL NODES IN NETWORK
STEP 3
A SURVEY ON WSNs
COMPARISON BETWEEN ENERGY AWARE MAC PROTOCOL
NODES ISOLATION EXPERIMENT:ORGANIZATIONAL ENERGY CONSUMPTIONMULTI-HOP LATENCY (EMPTY NETWORK)
STEP 3
A SURVEY ON WSNs
COMPARISON BETWEEN ENERGY AWARE MAC PROTOCOL
NODES ISOLATION EXPERIMENT:MAX THROUGHPUT THAT SINGLE NODE CAN HANDLE
STEP 3
A SURVEY ON WSNs
COMPARISON BETWEEN ENERGY AWARE MAC PROTOCOL
NETWORK PERFORMANCE UNDER:HOMOGENEOUS UNICAST TRAFFICHOMOGENEOUS BROADCAST TRAFFICLOCAL GOSSIPCONVERGECAST
INTENSITY WAS CONTROLLED BY ADJUSTING THE SENDIG RATE OF THE NODES (PAYLOAD)
THE GRAPHES SHOW DELIVERY RATIO / PAYLOADENERGY CONSUMPTION / PAYLOADENERGY PER BIT / PAYLOAD
STEP 3
A SURVEY ON WSNs
COMPARISON BETWEEN ENERGY AWARE MAC PROTOCOL
COMPARISON REVEALED THAT THERE IS NO SINGLE BEST MAC PROTOCOL THAT OUTPERFORMS ALL OTHERS.
ADAPTIVITY IS MANDATORY TO HANDLE THE LOCAL GOSSIP AND CONVERGECAST COMMUNUCATION PATTERNS :
T-MAC AND LPL ARE NOT THE FINAL ANSWER, THEY SUFFER FROM CONTENTION COLLAPSE
COLLISION AVOIDANCE CONSIDERED PROHIBITIVE:THE RTS/CTS REDUCE THE EFFECTIVE CHANNEL CAPACITY WITH COMMUNICATION GROUPING
COMMUNICATION GROUPING CONSIDERED HARMFULLMAC IS RATHER ROBUST AND PERFORMANCE DEGRADES GRAFULLY UNDER HIGHER LOADS
MOBILITY MODEL
TYPE OF MOBILITY MODEL:
Traces modelSynthetic model
SYNTHETIC MODEL:Random Walk Random Waypoint Random Direction A Boundless Simulation Area Gauss- Markov A Probabilistic Version of the Random Walk
MOBILITY MODEL
IMPORTANCE OF CHOOSING AN APPROPRIATE M.M.
PERFORMANCE RESULTS SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGE WHEN THE M.M. IS CHANGED
MOBILITY MODEL
RANDOM WALK
MN Moves from-to
Choose a direction [0, 2π] and speed [speedmin,speedmax]. Each step with costant interval t or in costant distance d.
Memoryless mobility pattern ~ Unrealistic movements
Sudden stops and sharp turns
MOBILITY MODEL
RANDOM WAYPOINT
Is similar to the Random Walk M.M. But there is the time-break interval between two MN travels.
The initial distribuited randomly around the simulation area is not rappresentative of the manner in which nodes distribuite themselves when moving
A multicast protocol in ad hoc network
MOBILITY MODEL
RANDOM DIRECTION
Is similar to Random Walk Mobility Model
MN choose a random direction in which to travel similar to the Random Walk M.M.
When the border is reached a MN pauses for a specified time, choose another angular direction and continues the process
MOBILITY MODEL
A BOUNDLESS SIMULATION AREA
In this model Exists a relationship between previous and current direction.A velocity vector v=.(v,θ)
The MN that reach one side of simulation area reappear on the opposite side of simulation area.
MOBILITY MODEL
GUASS-MARKOV
Initially each MS is assigned a current speed and direction. The value of speed and direction at the n_th is calculate based upon the value of spedd and direction at the (n-1)_th,
Where s and d are velocity and direction. The parameter with upperscrore are the mean value.
Alfa[0,1]is the parameter used to vary the randomness.
MOBILITY MODEL
A PROBABILISTIC VERSION OF RANDOM WALK
Utilizes a probability matrix to determine the position of a particular MN in the next time step.
Choosing a appropiate values of P(a,b) may prove diffult.
GROUP MOBILITY MODEL
GROUP MOBILITY MODEL:
It necessary to model the behavior of Mns as they move togheter
EXPONENTIAL CORRELATED RANDOM M.M.COLUMN M.M.NOMADIC COMMUNITY M.M.PURSUE M.M.REFERENCE POINT GROUP M.M-
GROUP MOBILITY MODEL
- COLUMN
- NOMADIC COMMUNITY
GROUP MOBILITY MODEL
- PURSUE
- REFERENCE POINT GROUP
REFERENCES
[1] G. Anastasi, M. Conti, M. Di Francesco and A. Passarella, “Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Network,” Elsevier, Ad Hoc Netoworks, Vol 7, Issue 6, May 2009, pp. 537-568.
[2] I. Demirkol, C.Ersoy and F.Alagöz, “MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 44, Issue 4, April 2006, pp. 115-121.
[3] I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam and E. Cayirci, “Wireless sensor networks: a survey”, Elsevier, Computer Network, Vol 38, Number 4, 15 March 2002, pp. 393-422.
[4] T Camp, J Boleng, V Davies – “A Survey of Mobility Models for Ad Hoc Network Research”, Wiley Interscience, Wireless Communication & Mobile Computing (WCMC): Special issue on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking: Research, Trends and Applications, . 2, Issue 5, August 2002, pp. 483-502.
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