WORLD BANK TECHNCAL PAPER NUMBER 248 ASA TECHNiCAL DEPARTMENT SERIES A Survey of Asia's Energy Prices Anil K. Malhotra, Olivier Koenig, and Prasert Sinsukprasert EED L Nff EiU'ITIF" ENT 'N AND TI OMEENE A - ------ NVIRONMI G N m.-EVALA 8 PRICE RMENT ! OL -RESOUR rAXATIO OYAG rELEC E sPOR 3EVELO PLY ANDS OEN ,upl EXCO-IIN ESOU VATE EO ORPRI kGRIC , ENI iGRI AkYT OYM lU D CC NIEED L UNIM, IU ,ETM EXTE AT *IOI AGRIl LIC IH RWLOP IRIPIR 'IN FORL LONC^ FORES HDUSI DN A Am-iR ^INNTTU miOMND ÉNTENURE LNG STJ Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
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WORLD BANK TECHNCAL PAPER NUMBER 248
ASA TECHNiCAL DEPARTMENT SERIES
A Survey of Asia's Energy Prices
Anil K. Malhotra, Olivier Koenig, and Prasert Sinsukprasert
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WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 248
ASIA TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT SERIES
A Survey of Asia's Energy Prices
Anil K. Malihotra, Olivier Koenig, and Prasert Sinsukprasert
The World BankWashington, D.C.
Copyright @ 1994The International Bank for Reconstructionand Development/THE WORLD BANK1818 H Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.
All rights reservedManufactured in the United States of AmericaFirst printing November 1994
Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the developmentcommunity with the least possible delay The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared inaccordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts noresponsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readilyavailable.
The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s)and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or tomembers of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does notguarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoeverfor any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shownon any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legalstatus of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
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The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publications,which contains an alphabetical title list (with full ordering information) and indexes of subjects, authors,and countries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Distribution Unit, Officeof the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or fromPublications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'Ina, 75116 Paris, France.
ISSN: 0253-7494
All of the authors are with the World Bank. Anil K. Malhotra is an energy adviser to the AsiaTechnical Department. Olivier Koenig is senior economist in the South Asia, Country Department I.Prasert Sinsukprasert is an energy economist summer intern.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Malhotra, Anil K., 1939-A survey of Asia's energy prices / Anil K. Malhotra, Olivier
Koenig, and Prasert Sinsukprasert.p. cm. - (World Bank technical paper, ISSN 0253-7494
248. Asia Technical Department series)ISBN 0-8213-2860-31. Electric utilities-Asia-Rates-Statistics. 2. Petroleum
products-Prices-Asia-Statistics. 3. Fuel-Prices-Asia-Statistics. I. Koenig, Olivier, 1946- . II. Sinsukprasert,Prasert, 1966- . Ill. Title. 1. Series: World Bank technicalpaper ; no. 248. V. Series: World Bank technical paper. AsiaTechnical Department weries.HD9685.A762M35 1994333.79-dc2O 94-16612
SUM M ARY OF FI................................Electrici....... y... .................................P etro leu m Prodt. .. ...... .. .. .. ..... ............... . ...........
1.E L T R IC IT Y ... .......... ........... ..................... ..................... ........... .......... ........... .... 19
Electricity Tariffs for Typical Customers( o n Jan uy 1, 1993, i.......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 2
Average Power Tariffs by Consumer Category( Fiscal Year 1992, in Nominal US .Currency .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 22
Electricity Tariffs for Typical Customers( for 1984 - 1993, in Constant 1990 US Currenre )... ........... .......... ........... .... 24
Average Power Tariffs by Consumer Category( for 1984 - 1992, in Constant US Currency) ... ........... .......... ........... .... 32
General Characteristics of Electric Uittiess.C onditions of S . .... .. ........ 1 9........ ........... .......... ........... .... 4Fuel and Other Cost Adjustmeuts4 sme . . . . .Average Consumption of Residential Cnsume... r... ........... .......... ........... .... 3Power Tariffs in Nl eLo c Ur e .... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 44OECD Average i o m n us Currenc...... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 65Power Tariffs in Constant 1990 Local Crucr ........ .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 66Power Tariffs in Constant 1990 US Currency ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 86N otes Specific to Each Country ....... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 108
Petroleum Product and Gas Prices( on January 1, 1993, in U S Currency).......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 115
Petroleum Product and Gas Prices(for 1984 - 1993, in Constant 1990 US Currency).... ........... .......... ........... .... 119
Petroleum Product and Gas Prices in Nominal Local Currency......... .......... ........... .... 123Petroleum Product and Gas Prices in Nominal US Currency. ........... .......... ........... .... 137Petroleum Product and Gas Prices in Constant 1990 Local Currency .......... ........... .... 139Petroleum Product and Gas Prices in Constant 1990 US Currency ... .......... ........... .... 153
3 . A N N E X E S .......... ........... .......... ........... ...................... ........... .......... ........... .......... 169
E xchange R ates ..................... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 170C onsum er Price Indices.......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 171Price Survey Questionnaires and Sample Cover Letter ......... ........... .......... ........... .... 172
List of Electricity Utilities and Organizations Providing Energy Price Data........ .... 180Pow er Pricing in C hina .. ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 181
The Asia Energy Price Survey Report has been prepared by Anil Malhotra (Energy Adviser), Olivier Koenig (Senior Energy Economist), and Prasert
Sinsukprasert (Summer Intern). The report was reviewed by Peter Eglington (Consultant) and P.T. Venugopal (Consultant).
-iii-
Measures
kWh=Kilowatt-hours (1000 watt-hours)
MW= Megawatt ( 1000 kilowatts)
GW= Gigawatt ( 1 million kilowatts)
Litre= 0.264 gallons
Bbl= Barrel (42 gallons)
Barrel= 158.99 litres
kcal= kilocalories (3.97 BTU)
BTU= British Thennal Unit
TOE= Tonnes of Oil Equivalent
= 10.2 million kilocalories
= 40.5 million BTU
-iv- *
FOREWORD
The World Bank over the past four decades has been deeply involved in the energysector of the developing countries. One of the major policy objectives in the reform of theenergy sector has been the need to set tariffs for electricity and petroleum products suchthat they reflect economic efficiency. But the pace of tariff reform has been different inthese countries and there has been little data available in regard to comparative energyprices. A detailed survey to obtain these data was carried out in collaboration with theagencies in the various countries. This report provides the first cross country comparisonof energy pricing in Asia.
The report provides information on the status of recent electricity and petroleumproduct prices as well as time trends in a number of countries. The individual countriesand utilities may find it useful to analyse the varied tariff reform structures in differentparts of Asia, including changes over time since this may be helpful in the design ofappropriate pricing policies and sector reform.
The cooperation extended by the countries in providing this data for this firstsurvey is deeply appreciated. Future survdys are also planned which would extend thecoverage to more cities and could also focus on some specific themes. We would welcomecomments from the readers.
Harold W. MessengerDirector
Asia Technical Department
--
냘
IN,Ile Asia Energy Price Survey Report pmsents the results of a survey carried out in July 1993 for16 countries in Asia. It is intended to provide a ready reference for Bank staff and outsideorganizations in monitoring energy activity in developing countries of Asia and in maldng cross-country comparisons.
INTRODUCTION the one prevailing in the capital, unlessotherwise indicated.
There has been little data available in regardto cmpaatie enrgypries ad tri~ in The report covers average electricity rates byto comparative energy prices and tariffis in csoe aeoyadi h grgt o
thedevloingcontresin Asia, in particular customer category and in the aggregate forthe developing countries ithe various fiscal years. It also gives pricesinternational comparisons of energy prices.
In rspose o fequnt rquets romour paid by typical customers on January first ofmnebse otres, t es rom or each year since this gives a better idea of themember countries, the Asia Region of the trf tutr n loprisbtetariff structure and also permits betterWorld Bank decided to conduct a detailed intercountry comparisons. The basis of theseenergy price survey to obtain a time series of data are the published tariff of each utility,cross country data at the same point of time and since, sometimes, different taxes (such asto permit consistency in analysis and municipal taxes or VAT) are collected withcomnparison. Unlike the IEA and other the electricity bill, an additional questionnairesurveys, the present survey focused primarily on taxes was also included. An additionalon the developing countries in Asia. questionnaire on terms and conditions of
The Asia Energy Price Survey report is service was also included, which covers,based on data collected in cooperation with notably, connection charges as the latterthe developing countries though a direct sometimes contribute to finance a significant
survey in July- August 1993. The response portion of investments.to this first survey has been very Fto tis irstsurey as ben ery For petroleum products and natural gas,encouraging, particularly in the case of petreprt a d naur gaselectricity, for which time series covering the pies in the port ae te cue pc
lastnin yers hve eenobtanedfro 16 (i.e. "at the pump"), all taxes included, onlast nine years have been obtained from' 16 Jauran Jlyfstoech er.Ncounrie an coerin 21cites. For January and July first of each year. Nopeutrlem ps and navering itul gs Fattempt was made at this stage to analyze thepetroleum products and natural gasresponses were obtained from 10 countries. price build-up and the weight of taxes which
can constitute an important share of theThe report also provides a few benchmarkcomparators, like OECD averages as price.
available from IEA statistics, and FOB The data provided by the countries were inSingapore prices of petroleum products. nominal local currency and local units. The
local consumer price indices (CPI), US
The survey focuses on electricity tariffs, dollar exchange rates, indices ofpetroleum product prices, and when manufactured exports (MUV-G5), and unit
conversion ratios were applied to produceapplicable, natural gas. Coal, for which tbe o rs onr oprsnoquality is an important factor in the price tent bi A f ai onvon
leel ndwos seislmie t .e consistent basis. All financial conversionleve, an whse ue i limtedto afewrates employed in this report were taken
countries, was not included in this first rom plM e in ai a Stasisurvy. Sncein ech ounty picesmay from IMF International Financial Statisticssurvey. Since in each country prices may
vary according to location, the survey limited Yearbook (1993) and UN sources.itself to prices in capital cities of each While care has been taken in selecting thecountry, and a few other major cities in the information and verifying its accuracy,case of China and India. Whenever reference readers are urged to exercise care inis made to a country, the price is implicitly intepreting and in making comparisons
-1-
across countries since often statistical This report is organized in three parts. Part Imethods, coverage and definitions may vary. provides a summary of the main findings ofFor example, petroleum product prices in a the survey. Part II provides detailed data onfew countries are "off-depot" rather than "at electricity tariffs, notably time series in localthe pump". Also, electricity prices in China currencies (current and constant) and USmay not fully reflect the introduction over dollar (constant), while Part III providesrecent years of additional charges for new similar data for petroleum products andplants and Power Development Funds. natural gas.Possible discrepancies should be corrected toobtain prices based strictly on the same We plan to update the survey every year.definition for all countries. As may be seen These future updates, which should befrom the report, the coverage for all simpler in that they will only cover data forcountries is not complete and additional data the current year, should give the opportunityas well as any corrections sent in by the of strengthening homogeneity in datacountries or by staff will be incorporated in definition, and to widen the geographicalfuture edition of this report. scope of the survey, particularly in the case
of petroleum products and gas.
-2-
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS (Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, Thailand andVietnam); (ii) Pacific Islands (Fiji, Kiribati
The detailed results from the electricity tariff and PNG); (iii) China; (iv) South Asia- India;and petroleum product price survey are and (v) South Asia- other countries.exhibited in the tables and graphs followingthis summary. For electricity, the detailed Average Tariffstables show tariffs for each category during TABLE 1: AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS in 1992the period 1984 to 1992 in (i) local currency in US cents per kWh (1992 US$)(nominal), (ii) in local currency deflated bylocal consumer price indices (real), and (iii) City Resid, Comm, indus. Totalin constant US dollar terms adjusted by the EAST ASIAunit value index of manufactured exports Bangkok 7.47 6.77 6.77 6.89from the five major industrial market Hanoi 4.26 7.10 - 4.50Jakarta 6.35 11.55 5.98 6.75economies to developing countries on a CIF Kuala 8.37 8.96 5.69 7.09basis (MUV G-5). These background tables unir 10.38 10.30 9.54 10.02and the accompanying graphs provide Seoul 10.40 10.86 5.89 7.44information for inter-city comparisons of SACIFDsome 21 cities in 16 countries. Port Moresby 16.59 18.97 14.31 17.93
Suva 14.98 15.78 10.15Tarawa 23.50 28.64 28.64 -
Without pretense to an exhaustive analysis of CHINABeijing" 3.32 2.91 - 2.43the statistics, the endeavor below is to Guangzhou- 3.51 1.52 2.61
present some of the salient conclusions from Jinan" 3.35 2.92 2.58Shanghar* 4.14 2.78 - 3.18the data, and to indicate the direction for INDIA
improvements in the survey, for further Bangalore 3.32 8.03 5.36 3.20Bombay 4.09 8.85 7.75 6.39research and perhaps for policy reevaluations Calcutta 3.87 6.91 7.15 6.10
in the participating countries. SOUTH ASIA-OTH.Dhaka 4.24 9.50 6.29 5.13
Overview of Tariffs Colombo 4.63 9.22 6.98 6.78OECD
Japan* 20.9 - 14.6 -An overview of the tariffs for 1992 in the 16 Average* 13.1 - 7.77 -
countries is shown in Table 1. Average The total also comprised 'agriculture' and other' not shown separatelypower tariff ( as distinct from average typical intable.
tarif) s cmpued he rtioof ota anual * from Energy Prices and Taxes, International Energy Agencytariff) is computed as the ratio of total annual These prices are the average state "based" prices, applicable torevenues to annual sales volume, either in the only central government financed plants. For a detailed note onaggregate or for particular customer groups, electricity pricing in China, see Annex 1.for a utility or a group of utilities in a As a group , East Asian tariffs are at thecountry. Since the average power tariffs for a higher end of the range of tariffs in the 16particular subsector ( e.g. industry) may countries. Hanoi is one notable exceptiondepend on the structure of the sector, with an average of US cents 5.40 /kWh.average rates for typical customer groups are Manila, with an average tariff of US centspresented in Table 2. 10.02 /kWh is at the top end. The Pacific
islands, yeflecting the small scale of mainlyFonsereed of c opars, te ata Ara diesel based operations, average around aconsidered in 5 groups: (i) East Asia hihU cet18kh. Cna as n
high US cents 18 /kWh. China has an
-3-
apparent low average tariff, between US As a matter of interest, Table 1 also includescents 2.43 and 3.18 /kWh. But these tariffs data on average tariffs for the residential andrelate to 'state base prices' which are the base industrial sectors of OECD countries as aprices charged for electricity generated by whole, and Japan. Residential and industrialplants financed by the Central Government consumers in Japan pay extremely highand managed by provincial power tariffs even in comparison to the OECDcompanies. Where power supply is financed countries- US cents 14.6/kWh for industrialby noncentral government sources- and a and 20.09/kWh for residential customers. Asubstantial proportion is so financed- a word of caution is necessary here. Inter-'guidance price differential' is charged in country comparisons should be made takingaddition. This is of the order of US cents 1.5 all relevant factors into consideration. The/kWh at present. An annex explains the World Bank has consistently stressed thattypical electricity pricing mechanism in the determination of electricity tariffs shouldChina. Turning to India, Bombay and be based on two major principles. The firstCalcutta with average tariffs of around US is that tariffs should reflect economic costscents 6.25 /kWh, are not far behind those of of supply, in terms of the structure andthe East Asian cities in general. But in levels. In practice, this principle has beenBangalore, low agricultural tariffs bring taken to mean that consumers should paydown the average to US cents 3.20 /kWh. long run marginal costs of meeting theirOf the other South Asian cities, Colombo demand. The second major consideration isand Dhaka have average tariffs also not far that tariff levels should be set so as to makebehind those of the East Asian cities in power utilities financially viable. With thisgeneral. But Islamabad's low residential and caveat in mind, the analysis of the tariffindustrial tariffs depress its overall average differences among these countries becomesto US cents 3.48 /kWh. interesting so as to identify 'best practices'
and help in the formulation of rationalpricing policies.
-4-
Structure of Tariffs
TABLE 2: ELECTRICITY TARIFFS for TYPICAL CUSTOMERS, on Jan 11993 in US cents per kWh
Small Large Small Large Small Medium Large SrnallCity Country. Resid Rsid Comm Comm Industry industry Industry IrrigEAST ASIABangkok Thailand 4.13 6.75 7.14 6.99 8.77 6.99 5.92Hanoi Vietnam 4.26 4.26 7.10 7.10 4.26 4.26 4.26 4.54Jakarta Indonesia 5.09 111.96 10.11 9.91 6.12 6.05 5.07 -Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 7.66 8.42 9.19 9.19 7.24 7.24 5.59 7.24Manila Philippines 5.98 110.72 11.60 10.53 10.28 9.97 9.71 10.87Seoul Korea 3.89 113.51 6.61 6.49 4.58 4.72 4.69 2.32PACIFIC ISLsPort Moresby PNG 12.96 16.71 18.63 18.63 18.63 18.63 11.75 18.63Suva Fiji - - - - - - -Tarawa Kiribati 22.04 22.04 26.86 26.86 26.86 26.86 26.86 -CHINABeijing China * 3.25 3.25 2.85 2.85 2.85 2.41 2.41 2.22Guangzhou China * 3.44 3.44 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.38 1.38 1.06Jinan China * 3.29 3.29 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.64 2.64 2.29Shanghai China * 4.16 4.16 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.49 2.49 2.19Shangal China 4.25 4.25 7.09 7.09 5.01 5.01 4.79 1.85INDIA
* These prces are the average state 1based' prices in Jan 1. 1992. Refer detailed note in Annex 1.* These are actual consumer prices based on field surveys.
As shown in Table 1, in all the East Asian customers pay an average of 8.85 c/kWh.countries, average industrial tariffs are lower Agricultural tariffs in most Asian countriesthan the residential ones, and in some are considerably lower than those paid bycountries substantially so. Thus, in Korea, residential customers. The pattern of cross-the average industrial tariff of 5.89 c/kWh is subsidizing residential consumers is alsoalmost half that charged to residential (10.4 found in many of the lowest incomec/kWh) or commercial customers (10.86 countries in Asia and in the World.c/kWh). This pattern is similar to thatobserved in OECD countries: average rates Table 2 indicates the average tariffs paid byin OECD countries are about 7 c/kWh for typical customers. ( The precise definition ofindustrial and just over US cents 10 c/kWh their demand characteristics are given in thefor residential. However, in practically all survey forms in the annexure). Mostthe countries of South Asia (except Bhutan), countries seem to use some form of lifelineindustrial tariffs are significantly higher than rates as revealed by the lower level of pricesresidential, while commercial tariffs are paid by the small ( 50 Kwh/ month)usually the highest. In Bombay ( India), for residential customers. Seoul and Kathmanduexample, the average industrial tariff of 7.75 are typical examples. The difference in pricesc/kWh is almost twice that paid by residential paid by small, low voltage industry and large,customers (4.09 c/kWh) while commercial three- shift industries, supplied at high
-5-
voltage, is quite variable. In some countries, Kuala Lumpur and Seoul, current tariffs incontinued flat rates, low demand charges or US cents per kWh in these cities compareabsence of differentiation according to well with the OECD average. Bangkok hasvoltage, yield similar prices. In Bangkok and significantly reduced nominal tariffs for allBombay, on the other hand, the ratio consumer categories over the years. In Kualabetween small and large industry are 1.48 Lumpur the tariffs for industries and miningand 1.47 respectively were reduced in 1986/1987 while residential
and commercial tariffs were maintained moreTariff Changes during 1984 - 1992 or less at the earlier levels. In Seoul the
commercial tariff was reduced by more thanAs can be seen in Table 3 and in charts half between 1986 and 1990, and similarlyfollowing this section, average tariffs in all the industrial tariffs dropped by about 25%.cities, except Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and In Jakarta and Manila, on the other hand,Seoul have increased during the period tariffs were raised almost in tune with1984-1992 in local-currency nominal terms. domestic inflation. The case of Indonesia,These increases have been substantial in China and India reveal a trend where themany cases: on average over 10% per exchange rates have not kept up with theannum in Shanghai, Beijing, Jinan, Calcutta, differences in inflation (domestic vis a vis theBombay and Bangalore. But except for 7 western exporting countries). In the case ofcities, the tariffs increased less than the local China, tariffs in local real terms have aboutinflation. kept pace with domestic inflation, but a
significant decline in real US dollar terms hasoccurred due to an approximate 140%
TABLE 3: AVERAGE ANNUAL CHANGES IN depreciation of the local currency unit overAVERAGE POWER TARIFFS DURING 1984-92 the period. India has registered goodIN PERCENT (06) increases in tariffs in local real currency; butclties Local oal S the depreciation of the rupee by over 125%EAST ASIA in the period 1984-1992 has resulted in a
agkaa 4.31 -27 95noticeable decline in the tariffs in real USKuala Lumpur -2.53 -4.72 -8.81 dollar terms. Colombo, Dhaka andManila 8.7 2.08 -2.47 Islamabad reveal a picture similar to that of
PACIFIC ISLANDs India's, with tariff increases in nominal localPort Moresby 2.87 -2.14 -3.61curny ni at bot nehl teChinacurny ui ataotoehl teBeijing 10.62 0.59 -7.31 percentages of India and a depreciation of
Jinan . 10.24 024--7.6
Guazhou 6.8 -2.8 -0.4 the local currency unit by about 75% in theShanghai 11.47 1.37 -6.59 period 1984-1992. The average tariffs in all
Bangalore 11.80 3.43 -4.68 the countries in Asia have declined in US realBombay 10.77 2.94 -5.53 terms, at rates varying from 2.47 % to 10.45Calcutta 10.19 2.40 -6.03 .er m. Asiem fom currenSOUTH ASIA % pranm sd rm creccolombo 6.46 -3.96 -5.98 devaluation effects, this trend suggests thatDhaka 5.63 -2.88 -5.37
islamabad 6.39 2.3 -6.48 the beneficial effects of the decline ofinternational fuel prices and possibleproductivity improvements have been passed
Table 1 and 3 indicate that even if tariffs on to customers in these countries.
have declined significantly in Bangkok,
-6-
Changes in Average Power TariffsAverage Annual Rate during 1984-1992
10
-5 0 Y.U.
-15
LOCAL NOMNAL LOCAL REAL US REAL
In contrast to the developing countries in Further AnalysisAsia, electricity tariffs in OECD countrieshave dropped only slightly in real terms Electricity pricing is one of the mostbetween 1984 and 1987 but have remained powerful policy tools to achieve marketbasically stable thereafter. The electricity efficiency, better supply performances and totariffs for residential and industrial customers provide financing for the rapidly growinghave decreased in real terms at an average power sector of many Asian countries.annula rate of 0.8 % and 1.0 % between Further analysis needs to focus on:1984 and 1991.
* relationship between electricity rates andfinancial performance of electric utilities,
* costs of supply versus prices,* quantitative impacts of tariffs on demand
in each consumer category.
-7-
AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORY............FISCAL YEAR 1992, IN NOMINAL US CURRENCY
Average Rate for Residential Consumersin fiscal year 3992. i US east per kWH. NOMINAL
0 5 10 lis 24
BaskakKsa Ls par
MannaSeoul
Jakarta
DhakaTbimpha
KathmassBombayCa tna
Banz Otorehalshaad
ColomboOECD Average
Average Rate for Commercial Consumersis fiscalyear 1992. i. US coatpr kWH. NOMINAL
0 5 IO is 20
BagkokKmala Lampar
MassSeont
Shanai aIHilgmlGeando
DmasJakarta
S%aDhaka
ThimphoKathmandu
BombayCalcutta
l383'laaoColombo
OBCD Average
Average Rate for Industrial Consumersin fiscal year 1992. in US coat per kWH. NOMINAL
5 10 is 20
BaagkokKeal Lamp r
ManilaSeoul
SOanghaiGuaesou
JakartaSava
DhakaThimph:
Karhm as.diBombaCaI.ut,y
Islam abadColombo
OBCD Avarage
Average Power Tariffin fiscal year 1992. in US coat per kWH. NOMINAL
0 5 10 1s 20
BasgkokEsala LamperMa ila
Seosat
JakartaSva
DbakaT% i,pbiThLimpam.Eath maadsBombayCalcatta
ColomboOBCD Average
-8-
AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORY
FOR 1984 - 1992, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY
Avemge Power Tafs for Resddential Consunem Average Power Tarffs for Residental ConsumraEast Asia , In consant US currency Sou Auial , in consa US curncy
A~eg Power Tariffs for ReuIdential Consumom Av. PoeTarIft' for ResidentIal ConsurnersEat Asiai in cntant US curency Asiali (India), in consant US crrency
Average Power Tariffs for Residential Consumers Average Power Tarifts for Residential ConsumersEast Asia ill, in ænta US currncy South Asiall1, In constant US curncy
Average P--er Tariff for Residartial ConsOCED MeAw~, In coan,« US5 cw~any
15 »
OECD aeg
19om 190u 186 1957 190 19uo 199 199 1991
AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORYCOMMERCIAL CONSUMERSpFOR 1984 - 1992, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY
Average Powr Tariffs for Commercial Consumers Avemge Power Tariffs for Commercial ConsumersEast Asial, in constant US currency South Asa , in constant US currency
Average PowerTariffs for Comnercial Consumem Aver ower Tariffs for Commerial ConsumermEast Asia li, in cnstant US curency 2Asia 1 (India), in constant US currency
Average Power Tariffs for Comr~ial Consumers Average Pover Tariffs for Commercal ConsumersEast Asia il, in constant US currency South Asia Ill, in constant US curency
Arage Power Tarlffs for Inlustrial Consuners Average Power Tariffs for Industrial ConsurerstA5iali, 2 cntat lS cunn South Asa II (ndia), In constant US currency
20 -20-
15 15
1010
5 gal5
1984 1985 198 1987 198 1197 198 9 1990 1991 12
Avage Pcwe Tadwfsfor ~ndustdalCcnsumesmEst Asiall, in coa US cuwrcy Average Power Tariffs for Industrial Consumers
25 South AsiallI, in constant US cunency
20 -0
5 10 clomb
0
1964 1965 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
Average Power Taris for Industrial ConsunersCICED Averag, in cons~n US currency
15
15
-11-
PETROLEUM PRODUCTSOf all the petroleum products, kerosene
Overview of Prices prices in 1993 probably exhibit the widestrange of variation, from country to country:
Findings are more difficult to summarize for from as high as US cents 35.2/litre inpetroleum product prices than for electricity Bangkok to US cents 9.4/litre in Bombay.tariffs because the exact terms and Kerosene prices in South Asian cities are lessconditions for sales are not always than half those in East Asia. In Indian cities,comparable between countries. For example for example, kerosene is priced at about 10some prices are wholesale whereas others cents per litre which is only about half theare retail. However, some conclusions are already low price for diesel. In contrast,clear. kerosene was priced higher than diesel in
Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Seoul.TABLE 4: PETROLEUM PRODUCT PRICESon January 1, 1993, in US cents per litre, LPG is much cheaper in most South Asia
city Gasoline Diese Kerosene :F cities than East Asia (about half). In 1993,EAST... AI .(Ls) the LPG price in Seoul is reported as US
STASI 77.37 2664 32.22 12.94 cents 57/kg but it is less than 20 cents/kg inKuala 40.58 24.92 25.31 8.42 all Indian cities.LumpurManila 41.84 27.89 27.89Bangkok 33.93 31.19 35.23 13.40 Natural gas prices for power generationJakarta 26.67 13.82 10.67 -SOUTH ASIA range from US$ 2.32/MMBTU in Islamabad,Dhaka 34.21 34.38 34.38 18.23 where domestic natural gas supplies areIslamabad 42.22 19.65 19.26 8.69Colombo 71.74 25.33 19.13 14.13 available, to as high as US$ 5.27/MMBTU in
INDIA Seoul where LNG is imported.Delhi 56.47 19.51 9.73 -Madras 66.32 22.09 10.81 -Bombay 64.54 21.94 9.42 - Change in Petroleum Product PricesCalcutta 59.79 20.51 10.43 -Kanpur 58.67 20.93 10.74 -OECD* On average, automotive fuel prices in AsianJapan 110.9 66.4 - 21.31Average 527 50.0 - 13.33 developing countries in real terms haveFOB 16.9 - - 8.54 remained relatively constant after 1986-87Singapore following the initial reduction reflecting the
* OECD prices shown am average in the second quarter of 1993, drop in international prices. This is mainlytaken from Energy Prices and Taxes, International Energy Agency. due to the consistently low international oil
prices since then and government price
The most obvious observation from the controls to prevent immediate marketsummary table of petroleum product prices, fluctuation and maintain economic growth.summary For industrial fuels, most prices have beenin Table 4, is that as of January 1993 all.countries except for Bangladesh set diesel constantly decreasing in all countries,prices substantially less than gasoline. The especially in Kcrea and Thailand. Over the
period 1984-87, the prices of light and heavyprices of diesel in India are particularly low prioi hav e rop e shrly,hthtalrelative to gasoline, and India uses over 5 reucio betwe 18and 1993 oftimes as much diesel as gasoline. The prices ron 60 1 and 70 ofor regular gasoline are notably high in Seoul and 40 % and 45 %, respectively inand Colombo: in Seoul almost 3 times the an' k. Meanw FO Si asore iprice of diesel , and in Colombo over 2 1/2 g gapr ptimes. of heavy fuel oil declined by 65 % between
1985 and 1993 in current US dollars.
-12-
and typically about 15% less than premiumComparison with OECD countries gasoline. For Industrial fuels, the prices ofand International Market heavy fuel oil in most Asian countries are
matching to OECD averages, except inThe diesel prices in all Asian developing Philippines and Pakistan.countries are significantly lower (about half)than those in OECD countries while thegasoline prices are relatively more Further Analysiscomparable. In all countries of South Asia,except Pakistan, regular gasoline is even It would be useful to expand the survey tomore expensive than OECD, while in East cover a larger number of cities and toAsia, they are lower than OECD, except compare petroleum product prices, beforeKorea. In marked contrast to these taxes and duties, with the landed cost ofdeveloping Asian countries, the consumption products from Singapore or the middle east.of gasoline is greater than diesel in almost all The pattern of taxation of petroleumOECD countries. In international markets, products over the region presents anotherfor example at Singapore, the price of diesel promising area for further study and analysis.is often slightly higher than regular gasoline
-13-
PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICESON JANUARY 1,1993, IN US CURRENCY
Regular GasolinePrices on Jan 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre
0 20 40 60 80 100 120Manila
BangkokKuala Lumpur
SeoulJakarta
ColomboD haka ---------
IslamabadKathmandu
BombayCalcutta
DelhiMadrasKenpur
OECD AverageFOS Singapore
Automotive DieselPrices on Jan 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre
0 20 40 60 80 100 120Manila
BangkokKuala Lumpur
SeoulJakarta
ColomboDhaka
IslamabadKathmandu
BombayCalcutta
DelhiMadrasKenpur
OECD AverageFOB Singapore
KerosenePrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre
0 20 40 60 80 100 120Manila
Bang kokKuala Lumpur
SeoulJakarta
ColomboDhaka
IslamabadKathmandu
BombayCalcuttaI
DelhiMadrastillliKenpur EIIIl
OECD AverageFOB Singapore
Liquified Petroleum GasPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per Kg
0 20 40 60 60 100M anila
Kuala LumpurSeoul
JakartaColombo
DhakaIsla mabad
KathmanduBombayCalcutta
Delhi mmamMadrasKenpur
OECD AverageFOB Singapore
Note: Dhaka -- Off Depot Price
-14-
PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICES
Light Fuel Oil for IndustryPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre
Electricity Tariffs for Typical Customers(on January 1, 1993, in US Currency)
Average Power Tariffs by Consumer Category(Fiscal Year 1992, in Nominal US Currency)
Electricity Tariffs for Typical Customers(for 1984 - 1993, in Constant 1990 US Currency)
Average Power Tariffs by Consumer Category(for 1984 - 1992, in Constant 1990 US Currency)
General Characteristics of Electric UtilitiesCondition of ServicesFuel and Other Cost AdjustmentsAverage Consumption of Residential ConsumersPower Tariffs in Nominal Local CurrencyOECD Average in Nominal US CurrencyPower Tariffs in Constant 1990 Local CurrencyPower Tariffs in Constant 1990 US CurrencyNotes Specific to Each Country
ELECTRICITY TARIFFS FOR TYPICAL CUSTOMERSf.f.i.........................
Electricity Rates for Small ResidentialJaacary 1. 1993 ja U ccet per kWII. NOMINAL
10 15
SeoelKsala Lmp r
ShasgkaiOsaRko9
jkaa*oJakartaDbaka
ThimphKathma&4*
BasgaloreColombo
Electricity Rates for Large ResidentialJazzary 1, 1993 å US ccat per kWH, NOMINAL
8 5 10 15Seoual
Kala Lam apr
BeasBangfkok
ShaagiGusasbos
Baia
JakartaDbaka
ThimphsKathmazda
DaagaloreColombo
Electricity R ates for Small CommercialJa.asry 1. 1993 å US c..t per kWII. NOMINAL
10 15
Kuia Lampr
Bsagkok
kanoi
Osaahoo
DkakaThimpha
Katamande iiicBkobayalcetaod
BagaloreColombo
Electricity Rates for Large CommercialJaaaary 1, 1993 i US comt per kWI, NOM INAL
0 5 10 15
Kn ala L:rP.r
Baago
- OtaaZkox
JakartaDbaka
ThimpkrKathmasda
BagCoom by
Small Residental Large Residentlal Small Commercial Large CommercialPort Moresby 12.96 16.71 18.63 18.63Tarawa 22.04 22.04 26.86 26.86
-20-
ELECTRICITY TARIFFS FDR TYPICAL CUSTOMERSON JANUARY 1, 1993, IN US CURRNCY
Electricity Rates for Small IndustryJaseary 1, 1993 is US cost per kWH. NOMINAL
0 5 10 I
SeoulIKuala Lumper
Masila
JakartaDbaka
ThimphaKathmands
BombayCaluatta
Electricity Rates for Medium IndustryJatary I, 1993 in US coat per kWH. NOMINAL
SeoulKeasa Lumpur
MasiBasgkok
Hauseia
Beijing 85iJmas
JakartaDhaka
Tkimphg glathmands
BombayCalcutta
BangaloreColombo
Electricity Rates for Large IndustryJasuary 1. 1993 in US coat per kWH, NOMINAL
0 5 10 isSood
SeoulKuala Lampar
Masl
Be t2k
JosaJakartaDbaka
ThimphasKathmands
Bombay
BangaloreColombo
Electricity Rates for IrrigationJausary 1. 1993 is US cost per kWH. NOMINAL
0 5 10 1
BooslKusla Lumpur
Mazila
auBa as
JakartaDhaka
Thim phZathmanda
BombayCalcuttaougaloreCol.ombe
Small Industry Medium Large Induety IrigaionIndustry
Port Moresby 18.63 18.63 11.75 18.63Tarawa 26.86 23.86 26.86
-21-
AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORYFISCAL YEAR 19923 IN NOMINAL UTS CURRENCY
Average Rate for Residential Consumersis fiscal year 1992. is US com per kWH. NOMINAL
0 5 10 Is 20
Bangkoksmak Lamper
MasailaSeoul
Shaso
Boijag
B uaslr
Jakarta
Solo
Dhaka
inficl er 92si U asperk H,N MIA
Bomb,yCX .atta.
,as galore
la. abad
ColomboOBCD Average
Average Rate for industrial Consumersis fiscal year 1992. is US coal per kWH, NOMINAL
0 5 10 is4 20
Lagkokah Lm per
Xumila
Seoul
sb..gh.i
Beijag
Jes
JakartaSova
DbakaThmrple
KathsmndeBombayCalcta
Colome beOBCD Average
-22-
AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORYFIS1.CAL YEAR 1992, IN NOMINAL US CURRENCY
Average Rate for Agricultura( Consumersim fiscal you 1992. in US cest per kWH, NOMINAL
S S1 0 is 20
KasgkKeL. upu
Calceat
AveagePow r T rif
Oseasslon
JakartaSave
Dbaka
Tm pha
Kathmuads
Bambay
Calcatta
ColomboOBCD Average
Average Power TariffRe dsca yn 199en t US cot pr WH5 NOMINAL
lectricity TarisforSmall Residential Conmwr EIcIricity TariIfsforSmall Residential ConsumenEs Asiai, in cnstant US crency Souh Asian, constant US currency
25 25
20 20
15 15
to 1lo .,Thimpu
Eectricity TarUlsfor Smal Reslntial Consunsf Electricity Tarils for Smalt Residential ConsumersEst AsianI, i constant US currency South Asia l (ndia), in constant US currency
15 15
5 ,,".~"""'* ,,,,ha 5....,
Guanzhou Ccuo1 0*
eim~ aM *ljo m a e wmm em~ ~Gfi m m *m m tAw #NM m ~ *vnow m AVW$ ovmaw
EI.ctricity Tarilfsfor Small Rosienial Consumers EIecticly TadLfsfor Small Residential ConsumsEast Asiaril, in constant US crency Asia nii, n c~nstant US currncy
25 - ~.-.. 25
15 15
-24 10
150 0*
-24-
ELECTRICITY TARIFFS FOR TYPICAL CUSTOMERS
FOR 1984 - 1993, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY
Electicity Tarifs for Large Residential Consumers Electricity Tarffsfor Large Residential ConsumersEast Asal, in constant US currency South Asal in constant US currency
25 25
20 .. eu20-
1515
1.... ....n0d
-Thimph.
0* 0*
Eectuicity Tariffsfor Large Residentia Consumers Electicity Tarifs for Large Residential ConsunersEast Asii, in constant US curency South AsiaI (India), in constant US crrency
Electricity Tariffsfor Large Residential Consumers Electri Tartfs for Large Residential ConsumersEast Asiali, in constant UiS currency Suth Asia lil, in conostant UiS currency
ELECTRICITY TARIFFS FOR TYPICAL CUSTOMERSLARGE COMMERCAL,FOR 1984 - 1993, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY.*..**.*...*..... ~ ::...
Ectricity TariffsforLarge Commercial Consumers Eiecticity TarifsforLarge Commercial ConsumersEast Asia I, in constant US currency South Asia I, in constant US currency
25 25
20 Seoul 20
15
10
10
-.- .... J imph8 1
1 o lm is0a1 >0fi7 otot s 0 5Imo otætM 011@ 0141l 0 10t otmlM 01omif fim 0101* afat1e 0110101 eimmi 01e1m
Electricity Tarifis for Large Commercial Consumers Electricty Tarifis for Large Commercial ConsumersEast Asia lI, in constant US currency South Asia ) i , in constant US currency
25 25
20 •20
15 5
10 •10
5 -Saga, uazea5.-.. .Jinan
bim 10f01*m0 eWmf0 o = oimWom 011M111 011Al biffi øimiml 01m1m0tmif m , simm ao s 8 mi0 G a01 1M 1M
E~tRty,Tariffsfor Le C MciCon El Tariffsf rg* C ConsumørsEast Asilil,V incnsatScurrncy SuhAialiMncosatUScrec
Electrici TariffsforSmall IndusryConsumers EecItri2 TariffsforSmall Industrial Consumersat Asiafi, in cnslaon US currency So Asia i (India), in constant US currency
Electric Tarisfor Smeill Indus~ial Consumors ElectricityTarifsfor Small Industrial Consumersst Asia il, in constant US curncy South Asia Il, in constant US currency
Electicity Tarifsfor Medium IndustlyConsumers EIecticity Tarif for Medium Industral ConsumersAsial, in constant US currmncy SoulhAia 1. in consta US currecy
20 - 20•
15 H15n
10 1u
. ......5 - -
0 0
Electicity TarYs for Medium industy Consumers E ticty Tarfsfor Medium Industilal ConsumersEast Asiali, in constant US cu~ency Soulh Asia India), in constant US cuency
25 25
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5 CluShangbal Oiut
Electricty Taisfor Medium Indusrlal Consumers Ee rTa for Medium Industial ConsumersEAsmia I, in constant US currency äAsa cim constantUS crency
25 25
§j20 fsbl," 120
15 15
110 1io
-29-
ELECTRICITY TARIFFS FOR TYPICAL CUSTOMERS
LEkWw .Ttff lo!LfxgTRYr~ ~ »
El cTriiarifs for Large Industry Consumers EIeobiTrilsforLarge Industrial ConsumersAsial, in contart US currmncy As,In constat i UScurrncy
Man~ila 2
15 A15.j( Lupur /\ac
10 - 10
61111 OM1M amt#£ DW~1 o1m1~ OMMW om14 om OUBM M OMM OIM MM olm~% GWW IMM OMM15 om~W OmGiffi oi4mi WM
E tar%sfør Larg Indusr Consumer Electrcn Triffsf or Lage "dutra C4nsumerst Asa, in costnt US currnc - mAil ni) ncntn SCurrnc
Ectric' TariffsforLargeIndustral Consumers ElectricityTariffsforLargxindustral ConsumerstatAsiaIin contant US currency South Asia <i n consant US currency
ELECTRICITY TARIFFS FOR TYPICAL CUSTOMERSSMALL IRRIGATION,FOR 1984 - 1993w, IN CONST~ANT 1990 US CUREC
Eectric Taris for Small rrigation Consumers Eletricity Tariffs for Small inigation Consumersat Asia1, in constant US currency South Asia I, in constant US currency
EIlt Tariffs for Smail I tion Consumers Electrcity Tariffs for SnalI Irrition Consumers25st Asia Ilil, in constant Scurrency South Asia Ilil, in constart currency
20 8
15 -
101
5 -10 J 0
0 01^N 0101~0 0olm w 1 01 1 M 0/019 0/017
-31-
AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORY
FOR 1984 - 1992, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY
Averge Power Tariffs for Residental Consumers Average Power Tariffs for Residerntial ConsumersEast Asia , in cotat US cur South Asia I, in constant US currency
Average Power Tariffs for Residential Consumers Average Power Tariffs for Residential ConsumersEas Asa I, in constant US curency South Asia li (India), in constant US curency
Average Power Tarif^s for Reuidential Consumers Average Power Tariffs for Residential ConsumersEast Asialil, in constant US curncy South Asia il, in constant US currency
Average Power Tariffs for Residential ConsumersOZED Average, in corstart US currency
25
80
15
1"CD aDrage
5-
01984 1985 1988 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
-32-
AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORYCOMMERCIAL CONSUMERS,.............................FOR 1984 - 1992, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRE.NCY
Average Power Tariffs for Commercial Consumer Average Power Tariffs for Commercial ConsumersEast Asia 1, in constant US currency South Asia , in constant US currency
Average Power Tarifs for Commercial Consumers Avera we Tariffs for Commecial ConumetsEast Asia li, in constant US currency 2Asi(pndia), in constant UScurrncy
Avemge Power Tarifs for Commerclal Consumers Average Pwe Taifts for Commercial ConsumersEast Asia Ill, in constant US currency South Asia lil, in constant US cu~rncy
AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORYMüsUThY CONSUMRRs.~.'.~....FOR 1984 - 1992, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY
Avemge Pomer Tariffs for Industrial Consumers Average Power Tarifs for Indusrial ConsumersEast Asia , in constant US currency Soulh Asia1, in constant US currency
Average Power Tariffs for Industrial Consumers Avemge Power Tarifs for Industial ConsumersEast Asia li, in conrst US currecy South As il (India), in constant US currency
152-200
15 11
,-10
85 ngalore
0'1984 19 19186 1987 1988 19189 19190 191 1992 0
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
Average Power Tarifs for Industrial ConsumersEast Asia Ilil, in constant US currency Average Power Tarifs for Industrial Consumers
5 2South Asia fil, in constant US currency
20
15 ,..~ Port MWresbyi- 15-
10 -10-
5 10
~ Zia 5 -...... .... ..........O slanabad
0*1984 1985 1988 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 0
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
Average Power Tariffs for Industrial ConsumersOCED Average, in onstar US currercy
15
10 OCD awrage
5
01984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
-34-
AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORY
Average PowerkTaums for Agricultural Consumer Avemage PowrTadfs forAgricuture CnsunmsEas Asia, i.n constant US currency South Asia , In constant US currmncy
Average PowerkTarfs forAriculture Conisumes Avera Power TarifsforAgricultur ConsumersEast AsialiI, in constar US currency So~Asial IIndia), in constant US currency
Average Power Tariffs forAgricuure Consumers Average PowerTaiffs forAgriculture ConsumersSast Asia IllI, in ~t US currency Sauth Asia ill, in constant US currency
Averag Power Tariff for Each Conuinr Category Average Po~r Tariff for Each Corsnsrnr CategoyPLN, Indonesia Bangladesh Power Development Boad, Bangladesh
Average Po r Tariff for Each Constner Category Averago Power Tariff for Each ConstinerCategoryPublic Utlities Board, Iiribali BSES Limited, Bombay, India
C.8~.::::::::::::Iibty iliy wnership Function Additional Taxes Utility subject to income1 tax
Seoul KEPCO PUBLIC G&D VAT YesKuala Lumpur Tenga Naslonal Berhad (TNB) PUBLIC G&D -YesManila Manila Electric Company (ME RALCO) PRIVATE G&D Franchise Tax, Energy Tax YesBangkok Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA) PUBLIC D VATHano . Power Company No. 1 PUBLIC G&D -Ye
. .. ..* .. . .. ... . ....
Beijing Beijing DistributIon Bureua PUBLIC D Product tax 10%, YesGuaagzhou Guanzhou Distribution Bureua PUBLIC D Municipal Constructlon YesJinan Jinan Distribution Bureua PUBLIC D & Education 10.9% YesShanghal Shanghai Electric Power Bureua PUBIUC G&D Yes
Jakarta Perusahaan Umum Ustrik Negara PUBLIC G&D Street Ughtlng Tax 3% YesSuva Fijl Electricity Authority PUBLIC G&D VAT YesTarawa Kiribati Public Utilities Board PUBLIC G&D YesPort Moresby PNG EeCtricn Commission PUBLIC G&D Yes
Dhaka Bangladesh Power Development Board PUBLIC G&D Electricity duty NoDhaka Dhaka Eleroic Supply Authority PUBLIC D Electricity duty NoKathmandu Nepal Eleitriity Authority PUBLIC G&D - YesThmphu Department of Power, Bhutan PUBLIC G&D Yes
aBo m b a y B S E S i Um ite d P R IV A T E D .etreitii d u ty Y e sBangalore Karnataka Electrioty Board PUBLIC G&D Electricity duty YesCaicutta CESC Umited PRIVATE G&D Electricity duty.Yes
Colombo Ceylon Eletricity Board (CEB) PUBLIC G&D YesIslamabad Water and Power Development Authority PUBLIC G&D Electricity duty Yes
Notes: G&D = Generation and DIstributionD - Distribution Only
CONDITIONS OF SERVICE
CnetoConnection Charc Prwoson for~ Consumers with sole use tranformers (primary supply) ~Chrg fr a esman ho-wrn W a for i inMaintain
CityUility I residentialI user by6ility their transformers Connection charge theirtransformers
Seoul KEPCO Yes - Yes No No NoKuala Lumpur Tenga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Yes - Yes Yes* No YesManila Mania Electrio Company (MERALCO) No - No Yes No YesBangkok Metropolitan Electricity Authoity (MEA) Yes 2,080 bath Yes Yes No YesHanoi Power Company No..o.1N- No Yes Yes YesBeijing Beijing Distribution Bureua Yes - Yes Yes Yes YesGuangzhou Guanzhou Distribution Bureua Yes - Yes Yes Yes YesJinan Jinan Distribution Bureua Yes - Yes Yes Yes YesShanghai Shanghai Electric Power Bureua Yes - Yes Yes Yes YesJakarta Perusahaan Um um Usrik NegaaYYe Rp. 150 No Yes.No Y esSuva FIjI Electricity Authority Yes $F 2.2 No No No NoTarawa Kiribati Public Utlilles Board Yes $K 30 No No No No
.,e PNG Ee,c Commisson Yes K...Dhaka Bangladesh Power Development Board Yes Tk-700 No Yes No Yes
S Kathmandu Nepal Electricity Authority Yes Rs 1,500 - Yes No YesThlmphu Department of Power, Bhutan Yes Nu 73 No Yes Yes YesBombay BSES Limited Yes ct.icoÉ+R.r.. No Yes No YesBangalore Karnataka Electricity Board Yes Rs. 1,500 No Yes No YesCalcutta CESC Umited Yes seamasoa+r«h No Yes** Yes Yes**Colombo Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) Yes Rs 2,050 No No Yes NoIslamabad Water and Power Development Authority Yes Rs. 1600-2500 No Yes Yes Yes
Seoul KEPCO No No NoKuala Lumpur Tenga Nasional Berhad (TNB) No No NoManila Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) No Yes YesBangkok Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA) Yes No NoHanoi Power Company No. 1 No No NoBeijing Beijing Distribution Bureua Yes Yes NoGuangzhou Guanzhou Distribution Bureua Yes Yes NoJinan Jinan Distribution Bureua Yes Yes No
Shngai ShngaiE.lectric Power Bureu.a Yes YsNJakarta Perusahaan Umum Lstrik Negara No No NoSuva Fiji Electricity Authority No No NoTarawa Kiribati Public Utilities Board No No NoPort Moresby PNG Electricity Commission No No NoDhaka Bangladesh Power Development Board Yes* No NoKathmandu Nepal Electricity Authority No No NoThimphu Department of Power, Bhutan No No NoBombay BSES Limited Yes No NoBangalore Karnataka Electricity Board Yes No NoCalcutta CESC Limited Yes No No
Coobo CylnElcriiy oar CE)Yes No NoIslamabad Water and Power Development Authority No No
Provision exists but has not been applied.
Average Consumption of Residential Consumers
CUNT RYWohTY.1984 1985 19861 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
COUNTRY: ThailandCITY: BangkokUTILITY: Metropolitan Electricity AuthorityFY: October 1 - September 30NOTES:
COUNTRY: MalaysiaCITY: Kuala LumpurUTILITY: Tenaga Nasional BerhadFY: September 1 - August 31NOTES: Same rates apply throughout Peninsular Malaysia. Hence average is for
Peninsular Malaysia.
COUNTRY: PhilippinesCITY: ManilaUTILITY: Manila Electric CompanyFY:NOTES:
Taxes1. The franchise tax, equivalent to 2% of gross revenues, is a component ofthe Meralco rates.2. The energy tax is collected from residential customers consuming over650 kWh per month under the following schedule:
under 650 kWh - No charge651 - 1000 kWh - 0.10 peso/kWh
The aim of Batas Pambansa Blg. 36, the law authorizing the collection ofthe tax approved on September 7, 1979, was to discourage the wastefuluse of electricity.3. The income tax is based on a historical net income (excluding the effectof appraisal).4. The utility also pays real estate taxes on its properties.5.
Condition of servicesPrimary metered customers shoulder the cost of the transformers and otherequipment in the substation. They are given a primary discount of 14.5%of their basic distribution charge rate in return for having and maintainingtheir own facilities. If in case, additional facilities are necessary to connectthem to the primary lines, they are required to purchase Meralco PreferredShares with par value of 10 peso per share, the total per value of which
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shall be equal to the total cost of the extension. These shares areredeemable after 5 years.
Currency Exchange Rate AdjustmentCERA is to cover increases in the exchange rate of the peso to the USdollar in excess of the base rate of P22.777 in the operation andmaintenance expenses (CERA I) and principal payments on foreign-denominated loans (CERA II).
Adjustments:January 1993 August 1993
Generation Charge / kWhSubsidized P 0.8500 P 0.9600Subsidizing P 2.1357 P 2.3760
CERA - % of basicdistribution charge 4.67% 8.36%
This represents the computed CERA rate applicable for the month. Theactual CERA rate reflected in customers' bill was only -0.80% due to areduction of 5.437% from the computed value. The 5.437% reductionrepresents the refund of forex losses on interest and other charges portionof the Company's debt service which had been collected from customersunder CERA II on the basis of a provisional authority granted by theEnergy Regulatory Board in 1985. In a final decision rendered by the ERBin 1989, recovery of foreign exchange losses on the interest and othercharges portion was disallowed, a decision which was subsequently upheldby the Supreme Court. The total amount of the refund was P311 millionand the refunding period was from February 1992 to January 1993.
COUNTRY: VietnamCITY: HanoiUTILITY: Power Company No. 1FY: January 1 - December 31NOTES: Since January 1, 1992, the average rates for industry and irrigation are
subject to charge in accordance with voltage levels (6 kV is the boundary).
COUNTRY: Korea, Republic ofCITY: SeoulUTILITY: KEPCOFY: January 1 - December 31NOTES:
COUNTRY: ChinaCITY: ShanghaiUTILITY: Shanghai Electric Power BureauFY:NOTES: All of surcharges and fuel adjustment are tax-free.
-109-
COUNTRY: ChinaCITY: GuanzhouUTILITY: Guanzhou Distribution BureauFY:NOTES: All of surcharges and fuel adjustment are tax-free.
Value of fuel adjustment on January 1, 1993 is 12.5 fen per kWhValue of purchase adjustment on January 1, 1993 is 10.5 fen per kWhSurcharges - National Power Development Fund: 4.5 fen per kWh
Local Power Development Fund: 4.5 fen per kWh
COUNTRY: ChinaCITY: BeijingUTILITY: Beijing Distribution BureauFY:NOTES: All of surcharges and fuel adjustment are tax-free.
Value of fuel adjustment on January 1, 1993 is 2.0 fen per kWhValue of purchase adjustment on January 1, 1993 is 12.7 fen per kWhSurcharges - National Power Development Fund: 2.0 fen per kWh
Local Power Development Fund: 2.0 fen per kWh
COUNTRY: ChinaCITY: JinanUTILITY: Jinan Distribution BureauFY:NOTES: All of surcharges and fuel adjustment are tax-free.
Value of fuel adjustment on January 1, 1993 is 4.0 fen per kWhValue of purchase adjustment on January 1, 1993 is 6.79 fen per kWhSurcharges - National Power Development Fund: 2.0 fen per kWh
Local Power Development Fund: 3.0 fen per kWh
COUNTRY: IndonesiaCITY: JakartaUTILITY: Perusahaan Umum Listrik NegaraFY:NOTES: PLN is planning to implement an electricity tariff adjustment mechanism
subject to the approval of the Government.
COUNTRY: Papua New GuineaCITY: Port MoresbyUTILITY: PNG Electricity CommissionFY: January 1 - December 1993NOTES: For village housing (traditional) a time payment arrangement over 2 years
are applied to assist customers purchase minimum.
COUNTRY: Kiribati
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CITY: TarawaUTILITY: Public Utilities BoardFY:NOTES:
COUNTRY: FijiCITY: SuvaUTILITY: Fiji Electricity AuthorityFY: January 1 - December 31NOTES: VAT payment is remitted to the Commissioner of Inland Revenue after
deducting the cost to the Authority of VAT inputs.4% discount is given to large industries. Special tariff of 14 cents per kWhis given to one customer whose consumption alone is 10% of total sales.
COUNTRY: NepalCITY: KathmanduUTILITY: Nepal Electricity AuthorityFY: Mid July - Mid JulyNOTES: 1. An estimate for small residential connection charge of Rs. 1500 is
prepared for materials and service charge to provide connection. Rs. 50 isdeducted from the estimate and remaining amount is paid by the customer.2. Years indicated are fiscal years which end in the mid July of the years.Shown e.g. 1984 means FY 1983/1984 (mid July)
COUNTRY: BangladeshCITY: DhakaUTILITY: Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB)FY: July 1 - June 30NOTES: 1. The total average rate is the weighted average across all categories of
BPDB's consumers. Although the approved average tariff remainedunchanged between FY91 & 92, the total average rate for BPDB fell inFY92 due to creation of a separate organization, Dhaka Electric SupplyAuthority (DESA) with effect from October 91 to handle distribution inDhaka area. Bulk sales to DESA account for about a third of BPDB'ssales. The share of electricity consumption by DEAS's large retailconsumers is larger than by BPDB's consumers.2. Connection charge includes a security deposit of Tk 375 per kW forsmall residential user. The security is refundable when connection iswithdrawn by the user.3. Definition of Present Consumer Type of BPDB:Small Residential : 400 volts, upto 50 kW sanctioned load,
COUNTRY: BhutanCITY: ThimphuUTILITY: Department of PowerFY: July 1 - June 30NOTES: Export tariffs are Nu 0.27 / kWh for 1991-1992 and Nu. 0.37/ kWh for
1993.
COUNTRY: IndiaCITY: CalcuttaUTILITY: CESC LimitedFY: April 1 - March 31NOTES: Value of fuel adjustment on January 1, 1993 is 93.5 paise/ kWh
(provisional)
COUNTRY: IndiaCITY: BombayUTILITY: BSES LimitedFY: April 1 - March 31NOTES: 1. Electricity Duty on sale:
Residential First 30 kWh 9 paise / kWhnext 120 kWh 12 paise /kWhbalance units 18 paise / kWh
next 45,000 kWh 7 paise / kWhbalance units 9 paise / kWh
2. Value of the fuel adjustment on January 1, 1993 is 0.06 paise / kWh3. Financial principles of Licensees (other than local bodies) are embodiedin the Sixth Schedule of the Electricity Supply Act 1948. The clear profitearned is circumscribed by Reasonable Return as defined, which interalia isdetermined by Capital Base and prescribed rates.
COUNTRY: PakistanCITY: IslamabadUTILITY: WAPDAFY: July 1 - June 30NOTES:
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COUNTRY: Sri LankaCITY: ColomboUTILITY: Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB)FY: Jan 1 - Dec 31NOTES: 1. The Board did not have taxable income during the year 1992 after
reducing allowances provided on account of Capital Expenditure.2. Connection charges varies from the distance of the power line to theconnecting point also on the maximum requested demand.3. Tariff assumes total Hydro Generation.4. Fuel Cost Adjustment recovered in full as a surcharge has been 25%from January to June and 20% from July 93 onwards.
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PETROLEUM PRODUCT PRICES
Petroleum Product and Gas Prices(on January 1, 1993, in US Currency)
Petroleum Product and Gas Prices(for 1984 - 1993, in Constant 1990 US Currency)
Petroleum Product and Gas Prices in Nominal Local CurrencyPetroleum Product and Gas Prices in Nominal US CurrencyPetroleum Product and Gas Prices in Constant 1990 Local CurrencyPetroleum Product and Gas Prices in Constant 1990 US Currency
PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICES
Regular GasolinePrices on Jan 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
M anil ......Ban
Kuala LumpurSeo41
JakartaColombo
DhakaIsta mab adKahmandu
BombayCaicutta
DejlhiMadrasKenpur
0OECD jAVerageFOB Singapore
Premium GasolinePrices on Jan 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
ManilaBangkok
Kuala LumpurSeoul
JakartaColombo
DhakaIslamabad
KathmanduBombayCalcutta
DåelhiMadrasKenpur
OECD AverageFOB Singapore _
Automotive DieselPrices on Jan 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre
0 20 40 60 80 100 120Manila
Bangkok E..Kuala Lumpur
SeoulJakarta
ColomboDhaka
IslamabadKathmandu
BombayCaloutta
DelhiMadrasKenpur
OECD AverageFOB Singapore
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PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICESHOUSEHOLD FUELSON JANUARY 1, 1993, IN US CURRENCY
KerosenePrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
ManilaBangkok
Kuala LumpurSeoul
JakartaColombo
DhakaIslamabad
KathmanduBombayCalcutta
DelhiMadrasKenpur
OECD AverageFOB Singapore
Liquified Petroleum GasPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per Kg
0 20 40 60 80 100Manila
BangkokKuala Lumpur
SeoulJakarta
ColomboDhaka
Islam abadKathma nd u
BombayCalcutta
DelhiMadrasKe np ur
OECD AverageFOB Singapore
Natural Gas for HouseholdPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US$ per MMBTU
0 2 4 6 8 10Manila ....
BangkokKuala Lumpur
SeoulJakarta
ColomboDhaka
IslamabadKathmandu
Bom bayCalcutta
DelhiMadrasKenpur
OECD AverageFOB Singapore
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PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICESINDUSTRIAL FUELS: FUEL OILON JANUARY 1,1993, IN US CURRENCY
Light Fuel Oil for IndustryPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
M anila..........Bangkok
Kuala LumpurSeoul
JakartaColombo
DhakaIslamabad
Kathmandu lllBombayCal8u
DelhMadrasKenpur
OECD AverageFOB Singapore
HFO low sulphur for IndustryPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
M anila .. . .........Bangkok........
Kuala LumpurSeoul
JakartaColombo
DhakaIslamabad
KathmanduBombayCalcutta
DelhiMadrasKenpur
OECD AverageFOB Singapore
HFO low sulphur for PowerPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
ManilaBangkok
Kuala LumpurSeoul
JakartaColombo
Dhakaislamabad
KathmanduBombayCalcutta
DelhiMadrasKenpur
OECD AverageFOB Singapore IIIIIII
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PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICESINDUSTRIAL FUELS: NATURAL GASON4 ANUARY 1,1993, IN US CURRENCY
Natural Gas for IndustryPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US$ per MMBTU
0 2 4 6 8 10Manila .,-- -
BangkokKuala Lumpur
SeoulJakarta
ColomboDhaka
IslamabadKathmandu
BombayCalcutta
DejlhiMarasKenpur
OECD AverageFOB Singapore
Natural Gas for PowerPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US$ per MMBTU
0 2 4 6 8 10Manila
BangkokKuala Lumpur
SeoulJakarta
ColomboDhaka
islamabadKathmandu
BombayCalcutta
MadrasKenpur
OECD AverageFOB Singapore
Natural Gas for Fertilizer PlantsPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal USS per MMBTU
0 2 4 6 8 10Manila
BangkokKuala Lumpur
SeoulJakarta
ColomboDhaka
IslamabadKathmandu
BombayCalcutta
DelhiMadrasKenpur
ECD AverageF05 Singapore
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PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICESA UTOMOTIVE FUELS ~ *.......*****
FOR 1984 - 93 IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY.
Regular Gasoline Diesel (Automotive)Est Asia1984 - 1993 East Asia 1984 - 1993
120 120
1100 -100 -
80 Soi80
OECD OECD40r 40 . .
Jakart ........
8 20 Bankk20 u wjakaft.
0~
Regular Gasoline Diesel (Automotive)South Asia 1984 - 1993 South Asia, 1984 -1993
120 1201!
100 1008 ~-8
80 80- b Kathrnandu ....-..... O Kathmandu
0 0
Regular Gasoline Diesel (Automotive)South Asia Ondia), 1984 - 1993 South Asia ondia), 1984 - 1993
HFO low sulphur for Industry HFO low sulphur for IndustryEat Asa1984-1993 SouthAsi, 1984 1993
s! - OB ng!r g -ndu
HFO w suphu fo oe HF lo supu o oe25 25
10 ~ 0 ..... ......
25 2Sng~ 1 F Singa
-12
HFO 1ow sulphur for Power HFO low sulphur for Power30EastAsa1984 -1993 30South Asia, 1984- 1993
20 20
120 &2 sam0a
j 1 5 !5 5 OB~napæeK~a L~Tlur 5
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THE WORLD BANK
AsMe Energy Prce Surwy
Country : PhilippinesCity: Manila
Pries on January First Prices on January and Ju01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89| 07/01/89 01/01/901 07/01/90| 01/01/91 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93
* Prices are Metro Manila pump prices which are basically 'whole sale price plus haulting cost and dealers margin- Prices are Metro Manila whole sale prices.
THE WORLD BANKPtithletim product med was Prices in NdnaltLocal CurrencyAsle Ener Price SWvey
Industrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil Fuel oil 600HFO for Industry Fuel oil 1500HFO for Power Fuel oil 2000
Prices are retail consumer prices including all taxes and distribution margin.
a Averageb March 1993
THE WORLD BANKPetroleurn Product and Gat Prices i Nominal Local CurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey
Country : MalaysiaCity: Kuala Lumpur
Prices on January First Prices on January and July First01/01/84 01/011 01 01/01/86 01/01/871 01/01/88 01101/891 07/01/891 01/01/90 0701/90 F01/01/91 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07101/93
Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene Rs/Iitre 0.661 0.661 0,661 0.661LPG 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18Natural / City Gas
Indusatial FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO high sulphur, (power) Rs/Iitre 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22Natural Gas (large ind.)
(-n: Natural Gas (power)I Natural Gas (fertilizer)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS
Product CharacteristicsAutomotive Fuels
Regular Gasoline Distillation range between 30C to 2500Premium Gasoline Distillation range between 30C to 250CDiesel Distillation range between 200C to 340C
Household FuelsKerosene Derived from a straight-run fraction from crude oil with boiling range from 150C to 2500LPG A mixture of propane and butane gases which are held in the liquid state by pressure or refrigeration
Industrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil Consist of heavy distillates, residues and those obtained from blending of these items.
* The above petroleum products are classified under controlled items where the retail pricesare determined by the Govemment except for fuel oil and natural gas.
THE WORLD BANKPetroleur Productiand Gas rlcea in omNinalLocal CurrencyAsie Enegy Price Svey
Country: KoreaCity: Seoul
Prices onJanuary Fitrst Prices on January and July First01/01/841 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87| 01/01/88 01/01/89 07/01/891 01/01/90| 07/01/901 01/01/91| 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/921 01/01/93 07/01/93
Regular Gasoline Calorific value 8300Premium Gasoline Caloriflo value 8300Diesel Calorific value 9200
Household FuelsKerosene Calorific value 8700, specific gravity below 0.82%, 0.015% sulfurLPG Calorific value 12,000, specific gravity 1.86 cu.m per Kg @60FNatural Gas Calorific value 10,500
Industrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil Calorific value 9400, 1.6% sulfurHeavy Fuel Oil Calorific value 9900, 4.0% sulfurNatural Gas Calorific value 10,500
THE WORLD BANKPttt AProuc and GasPies ittn ht Local Currency
Asli Energy Price Survey
Country : IndonesiaCity: Jakarta
Prices on January First Prtees on Januy and July First01101184 01/01/85 0110116 01/01/87 I 01/01188 I 001/69 07/01/89 j_01/q01/90 07/1O90 I 01101/911 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93
Regular Gasoline 88 RON, TEL content of 1.5 mIlUS gallonPremium Gasoline 94 RON, TEL content of 0.45 gm/litreDiesel SG 0.84-0.92, Getane number 45, Flash point 150F, and Pour point 60F
Household FuelsLight Fuel Oil SG o.99 max, Pour point 90F max, Viscosity Redwood 400 sec min, Flash point 15OF mnKerosene SG 0.835 max, Color Lovibond 2.50 maxLPG 97.5% of C3 and C, 2.0% of C5Natural Gas
Industrial FuelsLight Fuel OilHeavy Fuel OilNatural Gas
THE WORLD BANKPetrlear Produst awd Gai Prices in Nominaltocal CurrencyAsia Energy Psce Survey
* Prices of LPG, HOBC, MS, SKO & HSD are uniform at depots level throughout the country andFOBS at the level of millgate.
THE WORLD BANKPetrMatm ProductatGd Gas Pdle i No a oal Cr InAsia Energy PrIce SUvey
Country : Sri LankaCity: Colombo
Prics on January First Prices on January and July First01/01/841 01/01/85 01/01/86| 01/01/87 01/01/88| 01/01/89 07/01/89 01/01/90| 07/01/90 01/01/91 07/01/91| 01/01/92| 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93
Industrial FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas ( large ind.)Natural Gas ( power)
Natural Gas (fertilizer)
NOTES AND DEFINITION
Product CharacteristicsAutomotive Fuels
Regular GasolinePremium GasolineDiesel
Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKeroseneLPGNatural Gas
Industrial FuelsLight Fuel OilHeavy Fuel OilNatural Gas
* 14.2 Kg per bottle
THE WORLD BANKPetroleum ProdteAnd as Prices in iontenalLocal urrenAsia Energy Pifce Survey
Country: IndiaCity: Delhi
Prices on January First Prkcs on January and July FirstA 01/01/841 01/01/85| 01/01/86| 01/01/87| 01/01/88 01/01/89| 07/01/89 01/01/90 07/01/90| 01/01/91| 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92| 01/01/93 07/01/93
In~a 4 FuelsLight Fuel 05iHFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO lowsulphur, (power)Natural Gas (lage ind.)Natural Gas ( poer)Natural Gas (ferilizer)
NOTES AND DEFiNiTION
Product CharacteristicsAutomotIve Fuels
Regular Gasoline -Premium GasolineDiesel
Household FuelsLight Fuel 04iKeroseneLPGNatural Gas -
Industrial FuelsLight Fuel 01Heavy Fuel 0hi -Natural Gas -
* 14.2 Kg per bottle
THE WORLD BANKPetoleurn Product and Gas Prices In Nominal Local CurirencyAsia Energy Pce Survey
Country: IndiaCity: Kanpur
Prices on January first Prices on January and July Firt01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89| 07/01/89| 01/01/90| 07/01/90 01/01/91 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93
Industrial FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas ( large ind.)
I Natural Gas ( power)H Natural Gas (fertilizer)ILn
NOTES AND DEFINITION
Product CharacteristicsAutomotive Fuels
Regular GasolinePremium GasolineDiesel
Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKeroseneLPGNatural Gas
Industrial FuelsLight Fuel OilHeavy Fuel OilNatural Gas
THE WORLD BANKPetroleum Product and Gas Prices In Nominal Local CurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey
Country: NepalCity: Kathmandu
Prices on January First Prices on January anti July First01/01/84| 01/01/85 01/01/86| 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01/89 07/ 01/0 01/01/90 07/01/90 01/01/91| 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93| 07/01/93
* Prices are Metro Manila punip prices which are bascally 'whole salé pdce' plus haulting cost and dealers margin* Præs are Metro Manila whole sale prices.
THE WORLD BANKPetroleum Product landdwr,ies inuConstnt 199 Local herncAsts EMrgyP rIc Survy
THE WORLD BANKPetroleum Product and Gas Prices in Consatant 1990 Local CurrencyrAsia Energy Price Survey
Country : MalaysiaCity: Kuala Lumpur
Prices on January First Prios on January anid JulyFisA 01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 07/01/89 01/01/90 07/01/90 01/01/91 07/01/91 01/1/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93
SPrices on Januaory First Prices on~ January an July F~irstA 01/01/841 01/01/851 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/881 01/01/891 07/011891 01/01/901 07/01/90 01/01/91 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93
Prices are Metro Manila pump prices which are basically 'whole sale price' plus haulting cost and dealers marginPrices are Metro Manila whole sale prices.
THE WORLD BANKPetofun Prdc an Qa rcsfin onstant 1990 UsCrec
The caloriflc value of natural gas is 10,500 kilo calories per cubic meter.
THE WORLD BANKPetroreum Produt nd Gas? PcesaConstnt1990 US CurrecyAsia Enorgy Price Survey
Country : IndonesiaCity: Jakarta
Prices on January irstPrce on January and July Frst01/01184 01/01/85 01/01/86.01/01/871 01/011881 01/01/891 01/071891 01/01/901 01/07/90 01101/911 01/07/91 01/01/921 01/071921 01/01/93 01/07/93
THE WORLD BANKPettoteumn Product and as Prkcs Inostant 1990 US CurrencyMia EnrgyPrc. Survfy
Country : IndiaCity: Bombay
Pc January First Prices on JanuaryardJulyFirst01/01/841 01/01/851 1/0/186 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/07/89 01/01/901 01/07/90( 01/01/911 01/07/91 01/01/92 01/07/92 01/01/93 01/07/93
Exchange RatesConsumer Price IndicesPrice Survey Questionnaires and Sample Cover LetterList of Electricity Utilities and Organizations Providing Energy Price DataPower Pricing in China
-169-
E x ch an g e R atp~s......................................Local Currency per US dollar
The World Bank 1818 H Street N.W. (20 477.1234INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Washington. D.C. 20433 Cable Address: INTBAFRADINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION U.S.A. Cable Address: INDEVAS
July 9, 1993
Mr.Ministry of EnergyStreet AddressCity, CountryFax
Subject: World Bank Energy Price Survey
Dear Mr.
In response to frequent requests from several of our borrowers regardinginternational comparisons of energy prices and electricity tariffs, we at theWorld Bank would like to launch a Survey of Energy Prices in Asia. We wouldappreciate your assistance in developing the necessary data.
As you may know, the IEA publishes quarterly surveys of energy prices inOECD countries, with occasional information on some developing countries, butno systematic survey exists for developing countries.
The proposed survey covers major petroleum products, natural gas whenapplicable, and electricity tariffs. Given that, in many countries, pricesmay vary across regions, this survey covers only prices in the capital ormajor cities of each country.
Two separate survey sheets are attached, one for petroleum products andnatural gas, the other for electricity tariffs. We would appreciate yourcompleting these forms with the assistance of relevant entities.
As regards petroleum products, the definition of the price is quiteclear (retail price, all taxes included). As regards electricity tariffs,international comparisons of mere average rates should be made with caution,and should take into account differences in consumer mix, different practiceswith regard to cost recovery through connection charges vs. the tariff. Forthis typical customers, as well as average rates by customer category and inthe aggregate; it also includes a supplementary questionnaire on connectioncharges to the completed survey forms, you could send us a copy of the tariffschedule as of January 1, 1993.
We intend to update this survey every summer, to cover prices at thebeginning of the year and at midyear. The survey forms include space to coverthe last ten years; for those data items for which figures would not bereadily available, please indicate the 1993 figures and most recent figuresavailable, although we would appreciate if historical series could becompleted at a later stage.
Upon receipt of responses from the various countries surveyed, we shallprepare and send to all respondents a report "World Bank Asia Energy Price
-172-RCA 248423 * WUI 64145 * FAX ( 477-3091
January 14, 1994
Survey 1993", which will include a compilation of the survey, in table andgraphic forms.
To ensure timely production of this report, we would appreciatereceiving your answer by August 15, 1993.
Please send completed surveys to:
Asia Energy Price SurveyThe World BankAttn. Mr. Olivier Koenig, Rm. E 9-1081818 U Street, N-.Washington, D.C. 20433 USAFAX: (202) 477-5520, TEL.: (202) 458-2868
A fax answer will be appreciated.
Please indicate in your response if you would see objection to thepublication of the report as a Bank Technical Paper.
We thank you in advance for your cooperation, and for making this firstsurvey a success, hoping that it will provide a useful new service to you andto our other borrowers.
Sincerely yours,
Anil MalhotraEnergy Adviser
Director's OfficeAsia Technical Department
-173-
January 14, 1994
Cleared with and cc: Hessrs./Maes. (ew/cc)
cc: Messrs./Maes. (cc)
Asia Information Center
(author:typist's initials)
-174-
THE WORLD BANKASIA ENERGY PRICE SURVEY: Electricity Tariffs
Country:_i. Name of utility:
City- Private Public
Fiscal Year: ___atn & ndat. Distribution Only Generatiorn & Distribution
Table 1 Average Rates for Typical Customers (local currency per kWh)
THE WORLD BANKASIA ENERGY PRICE SURVEY: Electricity Tariffs
ADDMTONAL CIUESTIONS
1. Taxes:.
,.1 please specify taxes coilected by the utility fi addition to the publishedtariff (municipal =xes, VAT, etc.) as of 1/1/93.
T AX TYPE AMO0UNT
YES NO1 2Is the utiity subject to income tax77
1 .3 Other comments an~ taxes (free form)
2.. Conditlons of Services.-YES NO
* 2.1 Does your utility use connection charges/ cutomef Contributions. .
2.2 Do customers with sole use transformers (primrrty suiPPlyl* 2.2.1 Own their transformers E I~
2.2.2 Pay for it in connection charge [ I~2.2.3 Maintain -their transformers 7-7
2.3 Does your utility provide housewiring services E:-71 r-7
3. Connection Charges
* 3.1 what is the amount of the connection charge for a small residential users ________
3.2 Total revenue from customer contributions as %Of total ________
revenue from electricity saies
3.3 H-ousewiring charges for small residential ________
-176-
THE WORLD BANKASIA ENERGY PRICE SURVEY: Electricity Tariffs
ADOMONAL QUESTIONS (continua)
3.4 Other comments on conditions of services and connec:ion charges
4. Fuel and Other Cost Adjustments YES NO
4.1 Do you use automatic fuel cost adjustment
4.2 Do you use automatic bulk purchase cost adjustment
4.3 Do you use automatic foreign exchange adjustment
If yes in any of the above:
Value of the fuellpurchase adjustment on 1/1/93
Value of the foreign exchange adjustment on 1/1/93
.)EFINMONS FOR TABLE 1 AND 2
1. Prices in local currency per kWh based on the published tariff, excludingVAT, local or other taxes.
2. Customer.Types (table 1)Small Residential 50 kWh/monthLarge Residential 300 kWhlmonthSmall Commercial 400 kWh/monthLarge Commercial 100 kW, 25000 kWh/month, Medium voltage supplySmall Industry 10kW, 1700 kWh/month, Low voltage supplyMedium Industry 100 kW, 25000 kWh/month, Medium voltage supplyLarge Industry .53000 kW, 2.5 GWh,/manth, High voltage supplySmall Irrigation 10 kW, 1700 kWh/month, Low voltage supply
3. In table 2, total average rate should exclude bulk sales to other distributions; pleasespecify otherwise.
ADDIONAL INFORMATION USEFUL TO THE SURVEY
Please include in this space any information you may deem useful to the survey,or comments on the survey itself.
-177-
THE WORLD BANKASIA ENERGY PRICE SURVEY: Petroleum Products and Gas
Country :
City:
Prices on January First Prices on January and July First
Prices are retail consumer prices including all taxes and distribullon margins,expressed in local currency per volume for liquid products and natural gas.Prices of household LPG are in local currency per weight unit (k. lb.1 for 20-25 kg bottle.
Please see the questionaire on units and product characteristics attached
THE WORLD BANK.SIA ENERGY PRICE SURVEY: Petroleum Products
Pletse specify units used and product characterisics below (including heat energycortentsi.
ProductUNT Characteristics
AutomotFve Fuels
Regular gasoline
Premium gasoline
Diesel
Household Fuels
Ught Fuel Oil
Kerosene .
LPG .
Natural / City Gas
Industrial Fuels
Ught Fuel Oil
Heavy Fuel Oil
Natural Gas .
Are prices uniform throughout the country? YES NO=
Notes & Comments:
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LIST OF ELECTRIC UTILITIES AND ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDING ENERGY PRICEDATA
SC TY ELECTRICITY PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Seoul KEPCO Korea Energy Economics InstitutesKuala Lumpur Tenga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Ministry of Energy, Telecommunications and
postsManila Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) Energy Regulatory BoardBangkok Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA) National Energy Policy OfficeHanoi Power CopnyX.Nq.1I
Beijing Beijing Distribution BureuaGuangzhou Guanzhou Distribution BureuaJinan Jinan Distribution BureuaShanghai Shanghai Electric Power Bureua -Jakarta Perusahaan Umum Ustrik Negara Direktorai Jenderal Minyak Dan Gas BurniSuva Fiji Electricity AuthorityTarawa Kiribati Public Utilities BoardPort Moresby PNG Electricity CommissionDhaka Bangladesh Power Development Board Resident Mission Bangladesh, The World BankKathmandu Nepal Electricity Authority His Majesty's Government of Nepal
Bombay BSES Limited Ministry of Petroleum and Natural GasBangalore Kamataka Electricity BoardCalcutta CESC Limited Ministry of Petroleum and Natural GasDelhi Ministry of Petroleum and Natural GasKanpur Ministry of Petroleum and Natural GasMadras Ministry of Petroleum and Natural GasColombo Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) Ministry of Power and EnergyIslamabad Water and Power Development Energy Wing, Government of Pakistan
Authority
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9OWER PRICING IN CHINA
As of late 1993, the power pricing system in China consists of threecomponents: (a) the state base prices, (b) a guidance price differential, and(c) a schedule of additional fees and surcharges. These components are thenadded to form the "administered" (in-plan) consumer price tariff or the"guidance" (out-of-plan) consumer price tariff. Although explanations and thenames for different components vary from region to region, as do the level andnature of specific fees, this basic systemis employed in most parts of China.
(a) State Base Prices
The state base prices are the base prices charged for electricitygenerated by capacity financed by the Central Government and managed byprovincial power companies such as JPEPC. This capacity includes (a)virtually all power plants constructed before 1985, with grant funding, and(b) plants, or shares of plants, constructed with loan funds allocated by theCentral Government since 1985.
The state base prices provide the basis for the revenue of theprovincial power companies and in 1993 averaged about 26.0 f/kWh in Jiangsu.These state base prices, together with various price markups from the scheduleof fees and surcharges, form the administered price tariff for certainqualified consumers as given in Table 1 below for a typical utility.
Table 1: STATE BASE PRICES IN JIANGSU PROVINCE. SEPTEMBER 1993
Energy Charge ( ffkWh) Demand charge
Maximum SubstationLow 35 kVA load capacity
Consumer Category voltage 1-10 kVA & above (Y/kW/mo (Y/kVA/mo)
Agriculture 25.0 24.2 22.9Agriculture irrigationin poor areas 6.0 5.8 5.5
Source: JPEPC.Exchange rate: 100 fen- US $ 0.17
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(b) The Guidance Prices Differential
The guidance price differential ( or increased cost of out-of-plansupply) factors the cost of other, noncentral government financed sources of
power supply into the power pricing system. These can be significant- in 1993noncentral government-affiliated sources of power supply accounted for about
one half of the total in Jiangsu. The main supply sources could include:
(a) Power from capacity financed by provincial and local governments,using the provincial and local government Power ConstructionFunds, usually as part of "joint-investment" plants.
(b) Power from other, independent plants.
(c) Power provided by various power plants above and beyond theircontracted production quotas, at negotiated prices.
(d) Electricity provided to the grid from captive industrial plant, atnegotiated prices.
The higher costs of these sources of power supply are added together andaveraged into a price markup, which is then added to the state base price,with various price markups from the schedule of fees and surcharges, to formthe "guidance price tariff" applicable to many consumers.
In September 1993, the guidance price differential was 12.5 f/Wh inNanjing Prefecture, and 9.0 f/kWh in Changzhou Prefecture and Changzhou City.
(c) Schedule of Fees and Surcharges
A variety of additional fees are further added to the prices paid byconsumers. This includes a 0.3 f/Wh levy on all consumers throughout thecountry to help finance the Three Gorges Hydroelectric Project. In a numberof provinces levies are added for provincial and local construction funds topartially cover local distribution costs or street lighting. Although the bulkof revenues collected by these additional fees is invested in the powersector, some may be used by local governments for other purposes.
(d) Consumer Tariffs
Table 2 shows price buildup and final consumer prices charged inChangzhou City, a typical city in Jiangsu, in September 1993. Theadministered price tariff includes the state base prices and various fees andsurcharges, whereas the guidance price tariff includes these two plus theguidance price differential. The average state base price was about 26 f/kWh(4.5c/kWh); while the average administered price is estimated at about 33f/kWh (5.7cf/kWh). The average guidance price is estimated at about 42 f/kWh(7.2c/kWh). The overall average consumer price is estimated at about 37 f/kWh(6.4c/kWh). (In Nanjing, power bureau officials estimate that the averageconsumer price is about 36 f/kWh).
As the table above shows, prices are highest for commercial consumers
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and regular industries and the lowest for urban residences and agricultureconsumers. Within industry, however, certain consumers receive preferentialprices. Chemicals fertilizer producers receive particularly low rates as amatter of national policy. Enterprises with foreign investment (includingjoint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises) also receive preferentialtreatment as a matter of provincial government policy.
The tariff structure in China is undergoing rapid change. State baseprices were fully revised throughout China during the summer of 1993, both instructure and level, for the first time since 1976. The new system providesfor an increase in the overall price levels and for automatic annual priceadjustments to fully reflect changes in fuel prices. It also allows for powerfrom all capacity financed through loans to be priced at "debt repaymentprices," calculated for each individual plant, to fully cover financing costs.In terms of structure, the new base prices include an increase in the demandcharges for large industries, and separate prices for a new commercial sectorconsumer category.
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Table 2: CONSUMER ELECTRICITY PRICES IN CHANGZHOU CITY,JIANGSU PROVINCE, SEPTEMBER 1993 /a
(fen/kWh)
Residential and Commercial /a
Urban Urban Urban Urbanresidences government commercial commercial
AgricultureILVI LV) CLV) (1-10 MV _ 1-10 k
State base price 26.0 37.9 37.9 36.9 25.0 24.2Prov. power investment
7! Actual prices also include an additional temporary 3.6 fen/kWh charge for all consumers, except forresidential users, to cover the cost of the state base price increase during July and August 1992,which had not yet been reflected on consumer bills for those months. As this fee is temporary, it hasbeen omitted here.
/k Only the main consumer categories are listed here.I Township governments may Levy additional charges not Included here.14 Large industries pay both a demand (capacity) charge and an energy charge./1 Includes selected chemical industries.
If Provincial and local power investment charges are waived for a few types of consumers.
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