A Study on the Production of Biodiesel from Rubber Seed Oil (Hevea Brasiliensis) The demand for energy around the world is continuously increasing, specifically the demand for petroleum-based energy. Petroleum is the largest single source of energy which has been consuming by the world’s population, exceeding the other energy resources such as natural gas, coal, nuclear and renewable. 90% of energy consumption of the world is from petroleum fuels. The demand and the price of these fuels are increasing at an alarming rate. The world consumption for petroleum and other liquid fuel will grow from 83 million barrels/day in 2004 to 97 million barrels/day in 2015 and just over 118 million barrels/day in 2025 [1]. Under these growth assumptions, approximately half of the world’s total resources would be exhausted by 2025. Also, many studies estimating that the world oil production would peak sometime between 2007 and 2025. Therefore the future energy availability is a serious problem for us. A country like Bangladesh is heavily dependent on import of fossil fuel and coal. Such dependency makes economy of Bangladesh more vulnerable to external price shocks in the international energy market. Price of fuel in the international market has been showing rising trend since last few years. Bangladesh annually imports about 3.5 million tons of different fuel oils. Of them, some 1.3 million tons are crude oil, 1.45 million tons diesel, 380 tons kerosene, 215
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A Study on the Production of Biodiesel from Rubber Seed Oil (Hevea Brasiliensis)
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A Study on the Production of Biodiesel from Rubber Seed Oil (Hevea Brasiliensis)
The demand for energy around the world is continuously increasing, specifically the demand
for petroleum-based energy. Petroleum is the largest single source of energy which has been
consuming by the world’s population, exceeding the other energy resources such as natural
gas, coal, nuclear and renewable. 90% of energy consumption of the world is from petroleum
fuels. The demand and the price of these fuels are increasing at an alarming rate. The world
consumption for petroleum and other liquid fuel will grow from 83 million barrels/day in
2004 to 97 million barrels/day in 2015 and just over 118 million barrels/day in 2025 [1].
Under these growth assumptions, approximately half of the world’s total resources would be
exhausted by 2025. Also, many studies estimating that the world oil production would peak
sometime between 2007 and 2025. Therefore the future energy availability is a serious
problem for us.
A country like Bangladesh is heavily dependent on import of fossil fuel and coal. Such
dependency makes economy of Bangladesh more vulnerable to external price shocks in the
international energy market. Price of fuel in the international market has been showing rising
trend since last few years. Bangladesh annually imports about 3.5 million tons of different
fuel oils. Of them, some 1.3 million tons are crude oil, 1.45 million tons diesel, 380 tons
kerosene, 215 tons jet fuel and 155,000 tons petrol and octane [2]. The search for alternatives
of fossil fuels is a major environmental and political challenge also.
Another major global concern is environmental concern or climate change such as global
warming. Global warming is related with the greenhouse gases which are mostly emitted
from the combustion of petroleum fuels. In order to control the emissions of greenhouse
gases, Kyoto Protocol negotiated in Kyoto City, Japan in 1997 and came to effect since
February, 2005. Now, Kyoto Protocol covers more than 160 countries globally and targeting
to reduce the greenhouse gas emission by a collective average of 5% below 1990 level of
respective countries. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes in
the Climate Change 2007 that, because of global warming effect the global surface
temperatures are likely to increase 1.1C to 6.4C between 1990 and 2100 [3]. Recent
environmental and economic concerns have prompted resurgence in the use of biodiesel
throughout the world. In 1991, the European Community, proposed a 90% tax reduction for
the use of biofuels, including biodiesel
To solve both the energy concern and environmental concern, the renewable energies with
lower environmental pollution impact should be necessary. Nowadays several new and
renewable energies have been emphasized and biomass energy is one of the renewable
energies among them. Biomass energy includes liquid biofuels and which are promising as
alternative fuels with low environmental pollution impact, to replace petroleum based fuels.
Some of the well known liquid biofuels are ethanol for gasoline engines and biodiesel for
compression ignition engines or diesel engines.
In recent years, systematic efforts were under taken by many researchers to determine the
suitability of vegetable oil and its derivatives as fuel or additives to the diesel [4-6]. Biodiesel
is a renewable and environmental friendly alternative diesel fuel for diesel engine. It can be
produced from food grade vegetable oils or edible oils, nonfood grade vegetable oils or
inedible oil, animal fats and waste or used vegetable oils, by the transesterification process.
Transesterification is a chemical reaction in which vegetable oils and animal fats are reacted
with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The products of reaction are fatty acid alkyl ester
and glycerin, and where the fatty acid alkyl ester is known as biodiesel.
Fig:1.1 Biodiesel as a source of renewable energy.
Biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel and which containing 10% to 15% oxygen by weight. Also it
can be said a sulfur-free fuel. These facts lead biodiesel to more complete combustion and
less most of the exhaust emissions from diesel engine. But, comparing the fuel properties of
biodiesel and diesel fuel, it has higher viscosity, density, pour point, flash point and cetane
number than diesel fuel. Also the energy content or net calorific value of biodiesel is about
12% less than that of diesel fuel on a mass basis.
Using biodiesel can help to reduce the world’s dependence on fossil fuels and which also has
significant environmental benefits. The reasons for these environmental benefits are: using
biodiesel instead of the conventional diesel fuel reduces exhaust emissions such as the overall
life circle of carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur
oxides (SOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and unburned hydrocarbons (HC)
significantly.
Methyl esters of vegetable oils or biodiesel have several advantages and optimum blend can
be used in any diesel engine without modification. The use of vegetable oil based fuels is not
a recent development. Rudolf diesel, the inventor of diesel engine, used peanut oil as a fuel
for his diesel engine at the world exhibition at Paris in 1900. But the interest in vegetable oils
decreases due to cheap and abundant supply of petroleum based fuels. But the shortage of
petroleum based fuels their rising prices and harmful emissions have accelerated the research
in biodiesel.
The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is a perennial plantation crop, indigenous to South
America and cultivated as an industrial crop since its introduction to Southeast Asia around
1876. Rubber plantations yield from 100 to 150 Kg/ha rubber seeds. Rubber seeds are
composed of about 43% oil [7-8]. Rubber seed oil (RSO) is a semi-drying type oil [9-10] that
does not contain any unusual fatty acids, but is a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids
C18:2 and C18:3 that make up 52% of its total fatty acid composition [11]. RSO has already
been shown to have many applications for industrial purposes, including possible uses for the
manufacture of fatty acids, paint, alkyd resin, soap making, surface coatings, and water-
reducible alkyds, as well as in the production of biodiesel and for use in fuel compression
ignition engines.
To date, no studies have been conducted on the properties of Bangladeshi rubber seed oil
(BRSO), particularly those properties relevant to RSO’s industrial uses, such as the types of
triacylglycerols (TAG) present, its thermal profile and its solid fat content.
This paper is aimed to study the optimized condition of methanol, catalyst molar ratio of
alkali catalysed transesterification reaction of crude rubber seed oil (CRSO) from Hevea
brasiliensis sp. on the biodiesel quality and study the CRSO-biodiesel on the diesel machine
performances. The effects of reaction temperature and time on the conversion, yield of
FAME and composition of the reaction product also investigated. In this study required
physicochemical properties of crude oil, produced methyl esters, functional groups of TAG,
thermal properties of BRSO were also evaluated.
2.1 Background
Over 100 years ago Rudolf Diesel invented the cycle of diesel engine using the compression-
ignition method. The diesel engine was originally made to run on peanut oil, and only later
03 Development board of Chittagong Hill Tract 12 000
04 Duncun Brothers 7 500
05 James Finley 5 000
06 Messrs. Ragib Ali 2 500
07 Ispahani Neptune 800
Total 92 985
2.6.2 Exploitation of rubber plant:
2.6.2.1 Plant profile of rubber plant:
Scientific classification
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Order : Malpighiales
Family : Euphorbiaceae
Subfamily : Crotonoideae
Tribe : Micrandreae
Subtribe : Heveinae
Genus : Hevea
Species : H. brasiliensis
Binomial name : Hevea brasiliensis.
Rubber plantations mainly consist of only one species, Hevea brasiliens, a variety of plants of the genus Hevea (Euphorbiaceae family), and native to Brazil. Commonly known as the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis is a tall erect tree with a straight trunk and bark which is usually fairly smooth and grey in colour. The plant, grows up to over 40 meters (m) in the wild. The rubber tree is a perennial (lasting for over 100 years) plant.The rubber tree flourishes in the tropics with annual rainfall of 2,000-4,000 mm evenly spread throughout the year, and temperatures ranging between 24-28°C. Rubber (hevea brasiliensis) tree starts to bear fruits at four years of age. Each fruit contain three or four seeds, which fall to the ground when the fruit ripens and splits. Each tree yields about 800 seeds (1.3 kg) twice a year. A rubber plantation is estimated to be able produce about 800-1200 kg rubber seed per ha per year [18], and these are normally regarded as waste.
** Average reduction across all compounds measured
*** 2-nitroflourine results were within test method variability
Sulfur: Sulfur emissions are essentially eliminated with pure biodiesel. The exhaust
emissions of sulfur oxides and sulfates (major components of acid rain) from
biodiesel were essentially eliminated compared to sulfur oxides and sulphates from
diesel.
Criteria pollutants are reduced with biodiesel use. The use of biodiesel in an
unmodified Cummins N14 diesel engine resulted in substantial reductions of
unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter. Emissions of
nitrogen oxides were slightly increased.
Carbon Monoxide: The exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide (a poisonous gas)
from biodiesel were 50 percent lower than carbon monoxide emissions from diesel.
Particulate Matter: Breathing particulate has been shown to be a human health
hazard. The exhaust emissions of particulate matter from biodiesel were 30 percent
lower than overall particulate matter emissions from diesel.
Hydrocarbons: The exhaust emissions of total hydrocarbons (a contributing factor in
the localized formation of smog and ozone) were 93 percent lower for biodiesel than
diesel fuel.
Nitrogen Oxides: NOx emissions from biodiesel increase or decrease depending on
the engine family and testing procedures. NOx emissions (a contributing factor in the
localized formation of smog and ozone) from pure
(100%) biodiesel increased in this test by 13 percent. However, biodiesel’s lack of
sulfur allows the use of NOx control technologies that cannot be used with
conventional diesel. So, biodiesel NOx emissions can be effectively managed and
efficiently eliminated as a concern of the fuel’s use.
Biodiesel reduces the health risks associated with petroleum diesel. Biodiesel
emissions showed decreased levels of PAH and nitrited PAH compounds which have
been identified as potential cancer causing compounds. In the recent testing, PAH
compounds were reduced by 75 to 85 percent, with the exception of
benzo(a)anthracene, which was reduced by roughly 50 percent. Targeted nPAH
compounds were also reduced dramatically with biodiesel fuel, with 2-nitrofluorene
and 1-nitropyrene reduced by 90 percent, and the rest of the nPAH compounds
reduced to only trace levels[1]
2.16 Performance of biodiesel in diesel engine
Conventional Internal Combustion Engines can be operated with biodiesel without
major modification [61]. In comparison to diesel, the higher cetane number of biodiesel
results in shorter ignition delay and longer combustion duration and hence results in
low particulate emissions and minimum carbon deposits on injector nozzles. It is
reported that if an engine is operated on biodiesel for a long time, the injection timing
may be required to be readjusted for achieving better thermal efficiency [62]. Various
blends of biodiesel with diesel have been tried, but B-20 (20% biodiesel + 80%
diesel) has been found to be the most approximate blend. Further studies have
revealed that biodiesel blends lead to a reduction in smoke opacity, and emissions of
particulates, unburnt HCS, CO2 and CO, but cause slightly increase in nitrogen oxides
emission [63]. All the blends have a higher thermal efficiency than diesel and so give
improved performance. A concentration of 20% biodiesel gave maximum
improvement in peak thermal efficiency, minimum break specific energy
consumption and minimum smoke opacity. Hence, B-20 was recommended as the
optimum blend for long-term engine operation [64].
2.17 The global market for biodiesel
The global market for biodiesel is poised for explosive growth in the next ten years
(Figure 4.2). Although Europe currently represents 90% of global biodiesel
consumption and production, the U.S. is now ramping up production at a faster rate
than Europe, and Brazil is expected to surpass U.S. and European biodiesel
production by the year 2015. It is possible that biodiesel could represent as much as
20% of all on-road diesel used in Brazil, Europe, China and India by the year 2020.
In the USA, the market for biodiesel is growing at an alarming rate. Biodiesel
consumption in the U.S. grew from 25 million gallons per year in 2004 to 78 million
gallons in 2005. Biodiesel production in the U.S. is expected to reach 300 million
gallons by the end of 2006, and to reach approximately 750 million gallons per year in
2007 (Figure 4).
Fig: 2.9 World biodiesel production and capacity.
Increasing environmental concerns and the need for energy independence have led to
the biodiesel market. Despite the economic recession, global biodiesel production
totaled 5.1 billion gallons in 2009, representing a 17.9% increase over 2008 levels.
The biodiesel market is expected to grow from $8.6 billion in 2009 to $12.6 billion in
2014. Market growth is primarily dependent on the availability, quality, and yield of
feedstock, as it accounts for 65% to 70% of the cost of biodiesel production.
Biodiesel derived from rapeseed oil forms the largest segment of the overall market.
Germany is the single largest producer of biodiesel with 2.8 million tons produced in
2008.
Transportation forms the main application market for biodiesel, with automotives
accounting for 70% of the global biodiesel production. As the use of conventional fuel
for transport purposes is increasing greenhouse gas emissions at an alarming rate,
governments across the globe have begun providing incentives for green energy.
Europe is currently the world's largest biodiesel market; and is expected to be worth
$7.0 billion by 2014 with a CAGR of 8.4% from 2009 to 2014. The growth of the
European biodiesel market is driven mainly by governmental initiatives.
2.18. Cost of biodiesel:
Fig: 2.10 Cost estimation of biodiesel production.
2.19 The aim of current research work
1. Biodiesel presents a suitable renewable substitute for petroleum based diesel.
With the exception of hydroelectricity and nuclear energy, the majority of the
worlds energy needs are supplied through petrochemical sources, coal and
natural gas. All of these sources are finite and at current usage rates will be
consumed by the mid of this century. The depletion of world petroleum
reserves and increased environmental concerns has stimulated recent interest in
alternative sources for petroleum-based fuels. Biodiesel has arisen as a
potential candidate for a diesel substitute due to the similarities it has with
petroleum-based diesel.
2. As the production of biodiesel from edible oils is currently much more
expensive than diesel fuels due to relatively high cost of edible oils. There is
excessive demand of it for edible purpose and need to explore non-edible oil
sources as alternative feed stock for the production of biodiesel. Rubber seed
oil is easily available in many parts of the world including Bangladesh and are
very cheap compared to other sources.
3. Rubber seed oil is waste product of rubber plantation and available in
abundance in Bangladesh. This is even a problem for the rubber plantation, as
its contained oil hampers the fertility of the garden soil.
4. Literature review shows that the yield of Rubber seed oil percentage (38.9%)
extracted is competitive to other non-edible seeds like Jatropha (32.4%),
Karanja (31.8%), and others. [20]
5. In our country, there is no reserve / source of petroleum base diesel. So, we
can find out alternative sources.
6. Europe is using biodiesel for more than 20 years. Developed countries
searching for new resources of renewable energy have emphasized on
increasing the production and consumption of renewable fuels like biodiesel.
Whilst, biodiesel consumption in Bangladesh is 0.
7. No other source of non edible vegetable oil is more dependable for biodiesel
production than rubber seed oil. For any other source we have to go for
plantation first, i.e. a huge task. But there is the existing source, quite unused
and unnoticed, rubber seeds from huge plantation areas of rubber garden.
8. Rubber production is a profitable sector for Bangladesh. If we can turn these
seed into some substance of value it will add an extra profit.
9. Co-ignition of Rubber seed oil biodiesel with commercial diesel will reduce
the demand of fossil diesel and thus we can save a lot of foreign exchange.
So, the ultimate purposes of this study are,
a) Extraction of rubber seed oil from collected rubber seed.
b) Optimization of biodiesel Production process from Rubber seed oil.
c) Determinations and comparisons of properties of produced biodiesel with
commercial diesel.
d) To evaluate the co-ignition characteristics of Rubber seed oil biodiesel
with commercial diesel
3.1 Extraction of rubber seed oil
Rubber seed oil was extracted in two process;
1. The solvent extraction process, using petroleum spirit of boiling range 44 to
80 oc with the means of a soxhlet set-up.
2. The mechanical expeller was used, from a local region normally used for
edible oil extraction.
Materials:
1. Rubber seed
2. Solvent; Petroleum ether
(boiling range 45~80 OC)
3. Soxhlet set-up with
electric heater.
4. Mechanical expeller.Fig: 3.1 Rubber seed
Fig: 3.2 Oil extraction set up (left: Soxhlet; right: Mechanical expeller)
A schematic diagram for the extraction of crude rubber seed oil (CRSO) from
rubber seed:
Fig: 3.3 Flow chart for extraction of oil from Rubber seeds.
Rubber seed collection
Crushing by Expeller
Crude RS oil
Crude RS oil
Solvent extraction
Roasting for 10 minutes
Shell removal
Sun drying and sorting
Distillation to solvent recovery
3.2 Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil
3.2.1 Raw materials:
a. Rubber seed oil
b. Methanol
c. Catalyst-H2SO4, NaOH
d. Chemicals & reagent
a. Crude rubber seed oil:
Crude rubber seed oil (Hevea brasiliensis) oil was used as a raw material to produce bio diesel. Rubber seed was collected from Ispahani Neptune Ltd, Chittagong. Oil was extracted by a mechanical expeller used locally for edible oil extraction. Bulk oil was collected from Sontoshpur Rubber Estate, Madhupur, Tangail. It was almost one year old. Although the oil was stored in tightly closed plastic container, a certain percentages of degradation is expected. It was well settled and filtered before biodiesel production.
b. Methanol:
Methanol (CH3OH) was used as a raw material in the trans-esterification reaction
which was 99.8% pure, HPLC grade, 0.2 um membrane filtered. Refractive index
1.326-1.33. maximum water content 0.05 %.
c. Catalyst:
NaOH was used as catalyst which was of Merck, Germany grade. Assay
(acidimetric) 98-100.5 %.
d. Reagents & Chemicals used for the production and analysis of biodiesel
i) Iso-propanol
Fig: 3.4 Crude rubber seed oil
ii) NaOH solution
iii) Titration solvent (Toluene+Iso-propanol)
iv) Indicator (p-Naphtholbenzoin)
v) Bromine water
vi) Barium Chloride
vii)HCl
3.2.2 Apparatus:
Chemicals used for the production and analysis of biodiesel
i) Magnetic stirrer
ii) Two neck round bottom flux
iii) Small tube with magnetic Stirrer
iv) Viscometer
v) Picnometer
vi) Diesel Analyzer
vii)Flash point apparatus
viii) Pour point appartus
ix) Bomb calorimeter
x) Diesel Engine
3.2.3 Experimental setup for biodiesel production
Fig: 3.5 Set up for biodiesel production.( left: Lab Scale, right: large sclale)
A schematic diagram for the production of Biodiesel from Rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) oil:
Fig: 3.6 Schematic diagram of Biodiesel production technology.
3.3 PROCEDURE:
3.3.1 Screening of waste fried oil
Crude rubber seed oil collected from different restaurant and canteen of university
hall was primarily screen for removing dirt, mud of oil. Finally it was screened by 10
mesh screening plate.
3.3.2 Acid value Estimation:
Fig: 3.7 estimation of acid value
Acid value is defined as “The number of milligram of potassium hydroxide required
to neutralize the 1gm of oil or fat”. In the first stage, the acid value of the reaction
mixture was determined by a standard acid base titration method (ASTM, 2003)
where a standard solution of one mol KOH solution was used.
100 ml solution of mixture (toluene + isopropyl alcohol + H2O) was added to 1-5 gm
of sample in the present of 2/3 drop p-benzoin indicator. Titration was done between
0.1 M KOH and solution mixture.
3.3.3 Dual steps process
3.3.3.1 Acid catalyzed esterification- first step in biodiesel production
the glycerin by-product. Esterification process carried out due to the
high FFA (near 35%) of crude rubber seed oil.
b. Catalyst( H2SO4) was dissolved in the alcohol using a standard agitator
or mixer.
c. The alcohol/catalyst mix was then charged into a closed reaction vessel
and raw oil is added. The reaction temperature was kept under boiling
point of methanol and standard condenser was equipped to prevent the
loss of alcohol. In this process, oil was treated with acid catalyst
(H2SO4 2.25% x FFA %) [14] .
d. Reaction conditions set for this experiment were temperature 640C,
agitation rate 400rpm and time 1 hr. After one hour of reaction, the
mixture was allowed to settle for 1 h and the methanol–water-catalyst
fraction from the top layer was removed.
e. The resultant oil FFA % was reduced to less than 1 % and was quite
appropriate to go for the next step transesterification reaction.
3.3.3.2 Base catalyzed transesterification- second step in biodiesel production
Fig: 3.9 Base catalyzed rans-esterification.
a. Preparation: At first the amount of water and % of FFA of the oil are
determined, that should be less than 1% [14]
b. Catalyst (NaOH) was dissolved in the alcohol using a standard agitator
in little warm condition.
c. Raw oil was added. The system from there on was apparently closed to
prevent the loss of alcohol.
d. The reaction mixture is kept just below the boiling point of the alcohol
(around 64 °C) to avoid escape of alcohol and maintain atmospheric
pressure. Recommended reaction time varies from 1 to 2 hours; under
normal conditions the reaction rate will double with every 10 °C
increase in reaction temperature. Excess alcohol was normally used to
ensure total conversion of the oil to its esters.
e. The glycerin phase is much denser than biodiesel phase and the two
can be separated under gravity with glycerin simply drawn off the
bottom of the settling vessel. In some cases, a centrifuge was used to
separate the two materials faster.
f. Once the glycerin and biodiesel phases have been separated, the excess
alcohol in each phase is removed with a flash evaporation process or
by vacuum distillation. In other systems, the alcohol is removed and
the mixture neutralized before the glycerin and esters have been
separated. In either case, the alcohol is recovered using distillation
equipment and is re-used.
g. The glycerin by-product contains unused catalyst and soaps that are
neutralized with an acid and sent to storage as crude glycerin (water
and alcohol are removed later, chiefly using evaporation, to produce
80-88% pure glycerin).
h. Once separated from the glycerin, the biodiesel is sometimes purified
by washing gently with warm water to remove residual catalyst or
soaps, dried, and sent to storage.
3.4 Optimization of biodiesel production
The above procedure was followed in the production of biodiesel and optimization of
the process condition. Experiments were carried out using two type reactors. These
are:
i) Small scale reaction tube with magnetic stirrer
ii) Two neck round bottom flax with stirrer.
iii) 500 ml round bottom flask
i) Biodiesel production using small scale reaction tube with magnetic stirrer
Small size tubes with stirrer were used to perform the experiment. The optimization
step is divided into two parts. These are:
(1) Variation of oil to mehanol ratio
(2) Variation of catalyst concentration.
(1) Variation of catalyst concentration.
In this process, 4 tubes were taken. Tubes were filled with different weiftt of catalyst
with constant weight of oil and methanol. After the completion of the
transesterfication, product yield was measured.
Fig: 3.10 Effect of variation catalyst concentration on product yield.
(2) Variation of oil to methanol ratio: In this process, 4 tubes were taken. Tubes
were filled with different amount of methanol and in fixed amount of oil and catalyst.
After the completion of the transesterfication, product yield was measured
Fig: 3.11 Effect of variation of oil to methanol ratio on biodiesel yield.
ii) Two neck round bottom flux with stirrer
When optimization completed in a small scale, then transesterification were carried
out in a two neck round bottom flux.
Fig: 3.12. Esterification in the reactor after addition of methanol and acid catalyst
The experimental setup is shown in figure. Two-necked round-bottomed flask was
used as a reactor. The flask was placed in a water bath on a electric heater with
regulated magnetic stirring mechanism, whose temperature could be controlled within
+ 20c. One of the two side necks was equipped with a condenser and the other was
used as a thermo well. A thermometer was placed in the thermo well containing little
glycerol for temperature measurement inside the reactor. A magnetic stirrer was put
inside the flask.
3.5 Separation and purification of biodiesel:
After completion of reaction, methyl ester was separated from mixture of methyl ester
and glycerin. Methyl ester was separated by separating funnel and established the
layer of 16 hours.
Fig: 3.13 Separation of Biodiesel (methyl ester).
After separation, the properties of the produced Biodiesel were determined the
laboratory method.
Fig: 3.14 Biodiesel from fried rubber seed oil (left: Before washing Right: after
washing).
Biodiesel
Glycerin
3.6 Methods used for the determination of the physicochemical properties of
Biodiesel (methyl ester):
To determine the properties of the biodiesel produced from rubber seed oil, different
ISO standard methods were used. Below table showing the name of the different
standard methods that were used for properties determination.
Table: 3.1 ISO standard methods that were used for the determination of the
properties of biodiesel:
Name of the analysis MethodDensity at 150C IP-160/57Kinematic viscosity, 400C, cSt ASTM-D 445-65Kinematic viscosity, 1000C, cSt ASTM-D 445-65Pour point, 0C ASTM-D 97-57Flash point,0C ASTM-D 93-62Acid value, mg KOH/g IP-1/58Sulfur content, %mass ASTM-D 129-64Cetane no. ASTM-D 613-86Water content, % IP-74/57Carbon residue, % ASTM-D 189-65Ash content, % ASTM-D 482-63
ASTM- American Standard Testing Method (USA), IP- Institute of Petroleum,
UK.
3.7 Characteristics determination and instruments specifications:
Balance:
SCIENTECH, Boulder. Com USA,
Model no. SA 210; Weighing range
30gm, readability 0.1 mg, precision +/-
0.1 mg, taring range 30 gm.
Fig: 3.15 Balance
Viscometer:
Canon-Fenske routine viscometer, Jena
glass Duran. For absolute measurement
with printed on constant according to
ASTM D 2515, ISO/DIS 3105. Range
(0.4 -20000 cSt/ mm2s-1)
Color comparator:
According to ASTM D 1500, for visual
determination of color of diesel fuel oils, lube
oils and waxes. Comprising standardized light
source as specified, cylindrical glass jars for the
sample and a circular turret containing the 16
color conforming the colorimetric co-ordinates
of D 1500. Test requires 2 cells 13.5 mm path
length. One for sample, one for blank.
Calorimeter:
Model- Julius Peters, Berlin-NW 21. For determining calorific value, of liquid and solid fuels, acc. To ASTM and DIN 51900 (Bethelot method). Double walled water container, including stirring motor with stirrer, wide field reading eye lenses. All controls are mounted, suitably insulated.