A Study on the Improvement of Accuracy in Mapping the ...

*
A Study on the Improvement of Accuracy in Mapping the Distribution of the Emission Volume of Air Pol1ution Using GIS
]in-Mu Choi
:
. (re9Jlution)
.
(28.5m x 28.5m)
. GIS (28.5m x 28.5m)

.

. TCM-2
.
: TCM-2
.
Abstract Air contaminant density must be inferred exactly to manage air pollution. Each land use
of r plution source is duplicated in the existing r contaminant distribution because the resltion of
the land use map is low. The purpose of this study is to understand how the land use map is used to
deterrnine effectively in the distribution calculation of the emlSSlon volume and the inference of air
contaminant density, as it is made in a high resolution. The major findings are as follows In this
study, as to making a high resolution(28.5m X 28.5m) map of land use with GIS, each r pollution
source is not duplicated spatially and land use can be reflected effectively. In Seoul, each air
contaminant density was inferred with the existing distribution map of emission volume, whose resolution
is lkm X lkm, and the new distribution map of emion volume, whose resolution is 28.5 km X
28.5km. According to the result, the inference value of the new distribution map was more similar to
the actual value of an automatic survey network. The suitable scale of resolution was also selected for
the inference of the air contaminant density of Seω1 using a TCM-2 model.
key Words GIS(Geographic Information System) , land use map, resolution, emission volume of air
pollution, air contaminant density, TCM-2 model, point sources, line sources, area sωrces.
*
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31 (1998. 2) , 91-114.

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Level 1 Level 1
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: ]ohn R. ]enn 1996 rIntructory Digital Image ProcessingJ, p 201.
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31 (1998. 2) , 91-114.
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1 l 10O 2 l 10 3 l 1000 2000 4 | 1000 5 /1 4
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1994, p 195.
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cell (m2) (%)
9- ï 1 239325 194,391,731.25 32.217
2 10258 8,332,060.50 1.381
3 19563 15,890,046.75 2.633
--1- 4 20997 17,054,813.25 2.827
5 74351 60,391,599.75 ' 10.009
6 239288 194,361,678.00 32;213
7 30012 24,377,247.00 4.040
8 108809 88,380,110.25 14.648
9 140 113,715.00 0.019
10 8 6,498.00 0.001
11 ,89 72,290.25 0.012
722840 603,371,790.00 100.000
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8 (row)
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8. (error matrix)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 106 3 4 0 6 121
2 10 14 0 0 0 26
3 0 13 0 0 0 15
4 0 0 0 12 0 0 13
5 0 0 0 0 131 0 0 131
6 0 0 0 0 0 16 2 18
7 27 2 8 0 53 92
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31(1998. 2) , 91-114.

(ornion error) . uær’ s accuracy

(commission error) .

9 .
BnJξr- omlSSlon error ( % ) commission error ( % )
z::. E u 12.4 26.4
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N ~xii-~(xi+xx+i) anacy uær’ s accuracy .ove
accuracy

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r (row) N i
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. 10

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10) .

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11 11)
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10. 1995
E
( ) 24.7 75.0
( ) 74.3 E g{ 1.8
g{ 1.6 88-92 52.0 88-92 63.1 () 93-g) 46.2
() 93-g) 35.3 E g{ 2.9
Ef1 2.9 88-92 56.5 88-92 56.8 () 93-g) 40.6
() 93-g) 40.3 E g{ 2.3
g{ 9.0 88-92 58.6 88-92 50.3 () 93-g) 39.1
() 93-g) 40.7
(1) -
" rJ Vo113, pp132.
1995
. 1995
21.69 km/h
18.79 km/h 12 .
.
- '100 -
‘- - 1 FrI S02 NOx CO TSP HCA
-
(kgl) 14.625 10.500 0.300 1.000D 0.040
10.300 1.300 32200 0.600 (0.75)%C
10.300 1.300 32.200 0.600 (kgl) 14.625 9.000 0.300 20.000E 0.040
(0.75)%C 1.700 2.200 0.600 0.300 0.085 1.700 2.200 0.600 0.300 0.085
(kgl)
3.460 2.200 0.600 0.300 0.085 02% 3.460 2.400 0.600 0.240 0.040
3.460 2.400 0.600 0.240 0.024 (kglkl) 17.300 2.200 0.600 0.300 0.085
1.0% 17.300 2.400 0.600 0.240 0.040 17.300 2.400 0.600 0.240 0.024
F( 1.6%) 30.880 6.600 0.600 0.880 0.140 30.880 6.600 0.600 0.880 0.140
(B-A) (kglkl) 30.880 6.600 0.600 0.880 0.034
F (1.6%) 30.880 6.600 0.600 1.250 0.140 30.880 6.600 0.600 1.250 0.140
(B-A) (kglkl) 30.880 6.600 0.600 1.250 0.034
5.790 6.600 0.600 0.755 0.140 0.3% 5.790 6.600 0.600 0.755 0.140
5.790 6.600 0.600 0.755 0.034 19.300 6.600 0.600 1.360 0.140
C 1.0% 19.300 6.600 0.600 1.360 0.140
(B-C) 19.300 6.600 0.600 1.360 0.034 30.880 6.600 0.600 2.380 0.140
(kglkl) 1.6% 30.880 6.600 0.600 2.380 0.140 30.880 6.600 0.600 2.380 0.034 77.200 6.600 0.600 5.380 0.140
4.0% 77.200 6.600 0.600 5.380 0.140 77200 6.600 0.600 5.380 0.034
LPG()H 1.050 0.220 0.0301 0.060
(kglk1) 1.050 0.220 0.0301 0.060 0.490 0.370 0.0301 0.030
LNG 0.0476 1.6325 0.3759 0.0308 0.035

0.0476 1.6325 0.3759 0.0308 0.035 (kg/lCm3) 0.0476 2.6674 0.3759 0.0308 0.035
* . A: . B: . C: 0.75% 0.5% .
1995, pp.54-55.
D,E : 10% 40% 00%. 1993, p100.
F,G: 2.0%,1.6% 1.0%
SOz TSP .
H: LPG . 1: EPA 0.01-0.a5% .
: 15 r J p 16.
- '10'1 -
11.
(krνhour)
(%)
/ι 24.22 21.57 22.62 23.53 23.18 21.69 -1.49 ( -6.4)
16.40 17.66 19.28 19.97 20.04 18.25 -1.79 ( -8.9)
25.78 21.89 22.87 23.79 23.40 21.92 -1.48(-6.3)
18.80 18.15 16.88 17.02 18.42 18.79 +0.37(+2.
: l" ~
12

.

11
. 13 .
(g/km) =
(EFAx (%))+(EFBX(%))
EFB .
( : g/km)
1.45 0.16 0.20 0.00 0.03
4.13 1.07 1.07 0.00 0.00
1.47 0.14 1.36 0.23 0.60 τ;x. 2.28 1.03 1.71 0.68 0.98

E 1.65 0.17 1.93 0.25 0.60
τ ;x. .. ‘S 2.28 1.03 1.71 0.68 0.98 16.46 2.31 14.13 2.17 0.01
2.
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D
15 .

118
.
15. (1995)
Q 7â% C () (BbI) (BbI) (BbI) (BbI) (BbI)
779 0 11741 8826 1891 5
0 0 0 2628 1998 113
0 14052 0 11325 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
779 14052 11741 22780 3889 118
: 1996, r ( '95) J,
.
15
16
17
.
- -102 -
3 -C
(kg/year) (L/year) (L/year)
180.6 410.1 98.8
96.1 349.4 5.3
240.7 331.0 126.2
: 1996, r1995 J .
17. . 1995)
(:)

: 1997, r1995 J 2.


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-c

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18 .
r -C
(Iyear) (kllyear) (kllyear)
31(1998. 2) , 91-114.
.
95 19
10
20 .
19. (1995)
-C
()
2427n 0 537.306 26,919
20. (1995)
: kg/year
J (CO) (NOx) (SOz) (TSP) (HC)
151,325 571,655 4,415,051 83,602 21,648
38.803 179,506 1,197,372 27,899 3,165
148,407 666.361 4,514,230 96,423 11,409
338,535 1,417,522 10,126,653 207.924 36,222
3)

.
(21)14) (22)
(25)
.
- '103 -
21. 1995)
( : /)
1,541,104
70,149 3.4% (4.6%)
189,046
τ ;ξ ~ 3,260 02% (1.7%)
16,668 0.8% (8.8%)
313.308
45,632 2.2% (14.6%)
2,043,458 100.0%
*: ( ) . : 15 + : 16-25 :26 : 1t :3t
: 3t + : 1996, r ('96h 5.
* 1 J 5.
22. ( 1995)
(:/)
72.0% (95.4%) 6,185,104
~← 0.2% (1.7%) 17,181 A
0.8% (8.8%) 68,723
;::0.• 1.8% (11.6%) 154,628
2.2% (14.6%) 188,989
(= X) (km/hour) (km)
2,257,562,960 21.69 48,966,540,602
26,083,895 18.79 471,326,387
68,980,985 18.79 1,296,152,708
4)


.
(25) (10)
.
26 ( : 1.0%, -c
: 1.6%).
3 1% -c
779,000 1,753,494 750,881
( : kg/year)
(CO) (NOx) (SOz) (TSP) (HC)
τ2!:. 23,207,989 936,969 7,423,674 432,447 0

434,375 1,592,708 12,524,473 217,188 61,536
-λ‘- 23,729,228 3,485,185 24,418,768 994,197 81,805
2,160,683 3,302,785 20,116,585 738,407 60,694
406,714 3,232,439 16,918,298 980,769 137,070
26,296,625 10,020,409 61,453,651 2,713,373 279,568
N. t!
z1
. 27
() (-c)
() .

28.5m
(TM)
.
15 16 .
15)
16) ()
27. ( 1995)
( : /year)
t (CO) (NOx) (SOz) (TSP) (HC)
338,535 1,417,522 10,126,653 207,924 36.222
129,334,978 58,581,975 10,555,040 7,392,788 17,355,765
23,207,989 936,969 7,423,674 432,447 0
86,864 955,508 4,470,621 344.562 20.268
434,375 1,592,708 12,524,473 217,188 61 ,536
2,160,683 3,302,785 20,116,585 738,407 60,694
406,714 3,232,439 16,918,298 980,769 137,070
26,296,625 10,020,409 61 ,453,651 2,713,373 279,568
155,970,138 70,018,906 82,135,344 10,324,085 17,671 ,555
- '105 -
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(g/sec) . 1995 . 29
(S02) .
21 .
21) (502) I ( : 28.5m x 28.5m)
29.
(:/ye:ar)
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22) I ( 1140m x 1140m )



.
.
1995 1

17)
TCM-2(Te:S
Climatolocal M-2) 18).
TCM-2 1975 Texas Air Control B∞
Briggs
Pal-Gford
.19)
TCM-2 23 .

‘;-E ‘:1t , i--T‘1
@.- ·
TCM-2 . TCM-
2 .
TCM-2
.20) TCM-2

Pasq1-Gifford .Pq1-
Gifford Pa1 Gford

.P1ford
100m 5km
. ln
100m

21)
2)
(S02) , (C (TSP)
. TCM-2
(S02) TCM-2
.
.
1995
(]o.t Frequency) .



. 30 . 30
20
1995 .
Sg Nort19 *(A) (B)(2B;1) (C)(l1n)
202.18 5.92 37.65 6.33 92.28
193.88 6.42 21.89 5.40 57.19 194.80 449.40 33.00 14.48 154.41
206.61 4.1 1 33.44 5.69 98.05
202.10 452.19 31.87 5.71 370.09
204.85 443.65 29.60 10.47 193.52
207.45 4.80 30.69 12.08 164.m
200.49 8.78 22.67 7.42 132.61
202.89 460.85 37.63 11.42 95.14
185.34 449.62 22.70 12.08 53.29
192.32 452.40 29.65 12.38 83.34
199.53 μ4.79 23.19 10.75 202.02
208.15 449.28 21.51 8.82 124.10
211.15 6.35 16.m 11.31 133.96
195.90 439.20 19.48 928 35.49
185.31 443.50 22.30 823 54.32
190.88 μ2.20 30.03 31.65 349.32
190.27 5.83 3922 25.39 382.62
197.87 451.60 33.69 828 297.64 J.J'Í ::. æ4.87 41 'li3.õ1 6Zl 265.32
: * (1995)
- .108 -
.
.
28.5m

25~27 .
RMSE 31 .

(boxplot)
24 .
RMSE
B - :=;:- = 0.98 =4.21 A 20
C= 276.94 v‘ ε (A ?Z =388l A 20
25) ( : 57mx57m)
: A: B: C: .
{
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24) (A) (8 c)
38 24


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2)
.
TCM-2

- '109 -

D
GIS
32 .
S02 (ug/ sec . 2)
- ~~‘- * 28.5 57 85.5 114 171 228 2 456 570 684 798 912 1026 (A) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
37.7 6.3 6.3 6.3 13.19 13.23 20.1 27.4 33.5 40.9 49.2 54.4 67.5 78.3
21.9 5.4 5.4 5.4 10.73 10.78 16.2 21.9 28.0 32.1 39.5 45.4 56.2 58.7
33.0 14.5 14.5 14.5 25.01 24.91 35.7 47.5 57.8 68.4 83.8 92.5 122.2 141.8
33.4 5.7 5.7 5.7 13.85 13.81 22.0 30.4 38.5 46.7 55.9 63.0 80.2 93.0
31.9 5.7 5.7 5.7 42.81 42.73 79.1 116.2 150.2 186.1 210.7 229.7 325.6 306.0
29.6 10.5 10.5 10.5 29.05 29.07 48.0 67.3 82.7 103.6 118.3 135.6 160.9 186.6
30.7 12.1 12.1 12.1 24.75 24.74 37.4 50.1 62.3 77.3 87.9 108.8 128.1 146.1
22.7 7.4 7.4 7.4 17.85 17.86 28.3 38.9 49.4 59.6 71.3 80.3 101.5 111.9
37.6 11.4 11.4 11.4 21.97 20.90 30.5 40.2 50.1 60.4 70.4 78.9 89.1 105.3
22.7 12.1 12.1 12.1 15.27 15.29 17.5 21.8 25.0 29.1 32.3 36.6 43.2 46.4
29.7 12.4 12.4 12.4 20.66 20.65 29.0 37.1 45.1 52.0 58.4 68.1 83.7 78.8
23.2 10.8 10.8 10.8 29.79 29.72 48.7 66.6 84.9 102.5 118.2 125.5 173.3 177.0
21.5 8.8 8.8 8.8 21.47 21.48 34.0 46.7 57.1 70.7 80.6 94.9 113.4 119.9
16.0 11.3 11.3 11.3 21.10 21.11 31.5 40.9 50.5 62.4 73.6 88.1 98.9 119.5
19.5 9.3 9.3 9.3 11.17 11.18 13.1 15.1 17.0 19.0 22.2 22.9 26.6 31.8
22.3 8.2 8.2 8.2 11.16 11.29 14.3 18.4 21.4 28.5 30.6 37.2 54.5 49.8
30.0 31.7 31.7 31.7 66.24 66.03 100.2 131.9 168.0 198.2 222.1 256.2 331.0 327.3
39.2 25.4 25.4 25.4 62.22 62.09 98.9 135.1 170.2 204.1 237.5 258.8 351.0 351.3
33.7 8.3 8.3 8.3 31.25 30.90 54.2 77.8 107.4 126.4 156.7 190.0 229.7 254.7
’ à'T‘ 28.7 6.3 6.3 6.3 37.41 37.25 68.9 96.6 127.3 147.6 176.4 203.7 232.9 236.5
: * (1995)
33.
(m) 28.5 57 85.5 114 171 228 342 456 570 684 798 912 1026
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
RMSE
Z(A-R)2 ) 4.21 4.21 4.21 3.14 3.13 6.10 9.86 13.9 17.6 21.2 24.7 33.3 34.3
20
. TCM-2 1n

.
RMSE 33 .
- '1'10 -

.
35 1
10
5
v.
.



.
TCM-2
·

TCM-2

.
.
10%) GIS
(28.5m x28.5m)

.



22.6%
.

28) RMSE
a
‘n
{‘‘‘
-(%gz
i
,‘
,]
- ( % A )
[ r
- ( )X
1 j j ; j * 1j } -=gg
{1
]
= [ 1 -(;:k
= ’ - ( · : ) ω
32
171m 8 1l41m 4
. 33 RMSE 11n 171m
. 32 33
28, 29 TCM-2
ln
~200m .
. TCM-2


.
TCM-2 ln


.
- 'Ill -
. lkmxlkm
28.5m x 28.5m
TCM-2

.

•
TCM-2

.

J pp 729-731.
2) 1993, r
j
.
j
.
4) Lnd T. M. and R. W. Kiefer, 1994, Remote
senng and image interpretation.
.
Processing, pp 205-208.
8) Arthur C. Stem et al, 1984, Ibid, p 96.
9) .

" r j.

12) .
13) .
j.
j.
17) 1986, r j.
18) .
Texas Climatological ModeL p 1.
20) Texas Air Control Board, 1980, User' s guide
Texas Climatological ModeL p 48.
21) Texas Air Control Board, 1980, User' s guide
Texas Climatological ModeL pp. 43-44.

3. 1994, r
j.
j.
6. 1982, ‘ " r
j pp 729-731
7. 1995.12, r
j. .
8. 1986, ‘
j 1 pp 81-92.
9. 1987, r
j .
.
12. 1996, r
J
.
- ‘ 1'12 -
13. 1991, r Landsat
j
.
j
.
j
.
j
‘ 17. 1991 r
j
.
rj
.
( n) -
- “ j
() -
rj
j.
j.
24. 1996, r j.
25. 1996, rj.
.
j.
j .
31. 1997, rl995 j.
32. 1996, r j.
33. 1988, r j.
34. 1986, r j.
35. 1987, rj.
36. Lend T. M. and R. W. Kiefer, 1994, Remote
sensing and image interpretation.
Processing.
Image AnaJysis.
Fund.nenJs of Remote Sensing and Airphoto
In terpretation.
41. Texas Air Control Board, 1980, User ’ s guide
Texas ClimatologicaJ ModeL
42. John S. Irwin and Tony M. Brown, 1985, ‘A
sensityvity Ana1ysis of the Treatment of Area
Source by the Climatologica1 Dispersion Model" ,
loumal of the Air Pollun αIf1 trol Assxiation,
Vo1.35, No.4.
Urban Air Pollution
Managemen t.
45. Arthur C. Stren et al, 1973, Fundamental of Air
Pollution.
environment" , INNOVATION IN GIS, pp 245-253.
47. Alexandra Kousoou1akou, 1994, “Spatial-Temporal
Ana1ysis of Urban Air Pollution" , Visualization in
Mem Cartography, pp 243-267.
48. Tsengdar 1. Lee and Roger A. Pielke, 1996, “GIS
and Atmospheric Modelling A Case Study" ,
GIS and Environmental MeJg : Progress and
Research Issues, pp 239-242.
“Understanding the Scale and Resolution Effects
- '1 '13-
GIS
in Remote Senng and GIS’$ce in Remote 50. Gilbert M. Masters, 1974, In troduction to Environ-
Sens!g and GIS, pp 57-72. mentaJ sc.nce and TechnoJogy.
- ll4 -

Abstract
3. • •
4.
III.
3.
V.