A STUDY OF THE GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN ENGLISH-WRITTEN ABSTRACTS OF RESIDENTS TRAINING IN PEDIATRICS DEPARTMENT BY MR. JASSADA BUABOONNAM AN INDEPENDENT STUDY PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIALFULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ENGLISH FOR CAREERS LANGUAGE INSTITUTE THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC YEAR 2015 COPYRIGHT OF THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY
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A STUDY OF THE GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN
ENGLISH-WRITTEN ABSTRACTS OF RESIDENTS
TRAINING IN PEDIATRICS DEPARTMENT
BY
MR. JASSADA BUABOONNAM
AN INDEPENDENT STUDY PAPER SUBMITTED IN
PARTIALFULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF ARTS IN ENGLISH FOR CAREERS
LANGUAGE INSTITUTE
THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY
ACADEMIC YEAR 2015
COPYRIGHT OF THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY
A STUDY OF THE GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN
ENGLISH-WRITTEN ABSTRACTS OF RESIDENTS
TRAINING IN PEDIATRICS DEPARTMENT
BY
MR. JASSADA BUABOONNAM
AN INDEPENDENT STUDYPAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE
OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ENGLISH FOR CAREERS
LANGUAGE INSTITUTE
THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY
ACADEMIC YEAR 2015
COPYRIGHT OF THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY
(1)
Independent Study Paper Title A STUDY OF THE GRAMMATICAL
ERRORS IN ENGLISH-WRITTEN
ABSTRACTS OF RESIDENTS TRAINING IN
PEDIATRICS DEPARTMENT
Author MR. JASSADA BUABOONNAM
Degree Master of Arts
Major Field/Faculty/University English for Careers
Language Institute
Thammasat University
Independent Study Paper Advisor Assistant Professor Supakorn Phoocharoensil,
Ph.D.
Academic Year 2015
ABSTRACT
Introduction
Grammatical errors appear to be one of the most common problems
hindering the international publications of Thai scientists and physicians. This study
regarding such errors in English-written academic writing might benefit Thai authors
who submit their work internationally since they can avoid the errors while writing
English abstracts.
Objectives
The objectives of this study are to explore the common grammatical
errors and investigate the causes of errors.
Methods
Two hundred and six English written abstracts of the third-year pediatric-
residents training in Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University between 2004 to 2013 were
included and analyzed using 5-step error analysis.
(2)
Results
Of all 206 samples, 25 samples were found to have no errors. The three
most common errors were errors on verb (24.85%), sentence fragment (17.37%) and
errors on article (12.73%), respectively. The other errors included errors on
preposition, errors on word-form, errors on punctuation, errors on voice, misspellings,
errors on parallelism, miscollocation, and errors on plurality, respectively. Both
interlingual errors and intralingual errors accounted for the errors in this study.
Conclusions
Grammatical errors appear to be common in abstract writing written by
Thai pediatricians. This study substantiates the role of English editing to enhance the
qualities of the English abstracts. Further studies might be warranted particularly in
other fields and subspecialties and other parts of original articles i.e., methods and
Thornbury, S. (2000).How to teach grammar, London: Pearson ESL.
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Watcharapunyawong S. & Usaha S. (2012). Thai EFL students’ writing errors in
different text types: The interference of the first language. Retrieved March
5, 2015, from http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/
view/23044/14794
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A
Examples of English abstract
Abstract
Background: Kawashima operation was accepted that was the effective method to treat patients with univentricular physiology with interrupted inferior vena cava, but there were reports shown that pulmonary arteriovenousmalformation(PAVM) that can cause severe desaturation frequently developed after Kawashima operation. Also, venocenousmalformation(VVM) can induced desaturation in patients underwent Kawashima operation. In this study we described the occurrence of PAVM and VVM after Kawashima operation in Siriraj hospital
Objective: To evaluate incidence of PAVM and VVM after Kawashima operation was performed in Sirirajhospital ,timing before PAVM or VVM occur, correction to these complications and follow up after that
Method:This study was a retrospective descriptive study in patients with univentricular physiology with interrupted inferior vena cavapost Kawashima operation in Siriraj Hospital since 1st January 2001 to 31th December 2011. The data of Kawashima operation was collected and analyzed divided in 3 groups: pre, peri and post Kawashima operation
Result: 8 patients with univentricular physiology with interrupted inferior vena cava underwent Kawashima operation. PAVM were found in 3 patients and VVM were found in 4 patients out of 7 survival patients, about 42.8% and 52.7% consecutively. PAVM were diagnosed at the median time of 5 years 1 month(2 years 9 months – 6 years 1 month)Fontan completion were performed in 2 patients, but the long term follow up were not established
Conclusion:PAVM and VVM were the common cause of desaturation in patients post Kawashima operation, So the oxygen saturation should be closely observed. Redirection of
the hepatic venous effluent to the pulmonary arterialcirculation may prevent or lead to regression of pulmonaryarteriovenous malformations. So early Fontan completion before desaturation was detected may be a safe choice in these patients
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the etiology of children with global developmental delay (GDD) of unclear causes at Special needed child clinic at Siriraj hospital.
Methods: This retrospective study included all patients who were evaluated at Siriraj special-needed child clinic at Siriraj Hospital with GDD from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2011. Diagnostic studies consisted of history, physical examination, and
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selected investigations including, screening for metabolic disease, karyotype and FISH testing and neuroimaging.
Results: There were 149 patients during the study period. Among 110 patients were included in the study. There were 66 males (60%) with a mean age of 34.5 ± 30.7 months and median 25.5 months. Etiologic diagnosis was determined in 61.8 percent of the patients and classified under the following categories: Cerebral dysgenesis 29.4 percent, Genetic/Dysmorphic syndromes 19.1 percent, Neurodegenerative diseases (unknown cause) 7.4 percent, Intrauterine infection 7.4 percent, Others 7.4 percent, Neurodegenerative diseases (known cause) 5.9 percent, Chromosomal abnormalities 5.9 percent, Teratogen/toxin 5.9 percent, Brain atrophy (unknown cause) 4.4 percent, Epileptic syndrome 4.4 percent, Brain injury 1.5 percent and Neurocutaneous syndromes 1.5 percent. Etiology was unknown in 38.2 per cent of the patients. Investigations were needed in 90% of these patients. The highest diagnostic yields were FISH and neuroimaging studies.
Conclusion: With the multidisciplinary team approach, etiologic yield in this selected series is found in 62%. These patients need multidisciplinary management including clinical history, examination, and appropriate investigations. Correct diagnosis leads to appropriate management, prognosis, recurrence risk, and genetic counseling in these patients.
Abstract
Introduction
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a high severity syndrome. Eventhough the incidence of pediatric ARDS is low but required a lot of medical personals and equipments for treatment and it is the important cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs).
From previous studies there are very few data available regarding the incidence of pediatric
ARDS, and most of them are performed in adult setting. In contrast, there are many different factors between adult and pediatric patients including underlying diseases, risk factors, treatments and outcomes. So, there is the benefit to study the correlation between severity of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome and outcome of treatment to evaluate the efficiency of management in PICU. This study may be used as an initial data to compare our PICU and other PICU in the future when the medical equipments and processes are more developed.
Our teams applied PRISM score to evaluate severity of ARDS and used Murray lung injury score to grading the severity of lung pathology in this study.
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to study in the correlation between severity of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome by PRISM score and outcome of treatment in PICU at Siriraj Hospital. Other aims were to find out causes of ARDS, risk factors, treatment, duration of ventilator, complications, and to evaluate severity of ARDS by Murray lung injury score.
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Methodology
Descriptive retrospective study was carried out through review of the patient medical records. The study focused on the age of 1 month to 15 years old inpatient who were admitted in PICU, Siriraj Hospital between July, 1st 2007 – May, 31st 2012. The different parameters of physical examination, laboratory testing result within 24 hours after diagnosed ARDS were determined by PRISM score and Murray lung injury score to identify the correlation between severity of ARDS and outcome of treatment.
Abstracts
Background :Thalassemia is an inherited disorder of the hemoglobin synthesis which leads to 40% of Thai people have abnormal gene. Severe thalassemia include beta-thalassemia major, beta-thalassemia / Hb E, thalassemia intermedia. Clinical presentations include severe anemia and transfusion dependence. Frequent hemolysis and frequent blood transfusions as well as increased iron absorbtion from the gut result in iron overload of the tissues of various organs and lead to multiple organ dysfunctions. To knowns pulmonary function test and other factors are important to improving patients management.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with abnormal pulmonary function test in children age 5-15 years with severe form of thalassemia in Siriraj hospital.
Methods :A prospective study was conducts in children aged 5-15 years who were diagnosed as transfusion- dependent thalassemia at hematology clinic, pediatric department Siriraj hospital. Data collection from medical records included the demographic data, clinical features and lab investigations. Pulmonary function testing were assessed.
Results :Twenty-eight patients with transfusion- dependent thalassemia. Male:female ratio was 12:17 and mean age was 12:17. Mean onset of age was 1.43+1.4 and mean duration of disease was 10.6+2.8 years old. Patients had neither respiratory symptoms nor hypoxemia. Duration of chelating agents 5.99+2.9 years. Mean hemoglobin was 9.14 + 1.1 g/dl. Pure restrictive defect was found in 12 patients(41%) respectively. Age, duration of disease are associated with those who had abnormal PFT. There was no statistical significant between the degree of impairment in sex, serum ferritin, duration of chelating agents and hemoglobin.
Conclusion :Majority of patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia have mild degree of abnormal pulmonary function tests, restrictive defect was the common finding. Age, duration of disease were associated with abnormal pulmonary function tests.
Abstract
Objective: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart disease. The complications are congestive heart failure, prolapsed aortic valve and aortic regurgitation, infective endocarditis and pulmonary arterial hypertension. VSD
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can get smaller and spontaneously close by time. However, the surgical closure is necessary in some patients to prevent long term complications. The operative risk is still there, even though the number is quite low. However, this operation is considered only in the patients who have indications such as failure to thrive, pulmonary hypertension, repeated pneumonia and aortic valve regurgitation (AR). AR is one of the residual lesions which results in quality of life in a long term after operation. The risk factors and prevalence of AR after operation is challenging and these lead to this study.
Method: A retrospective study of VSD type I and II patients who underwent surgical VSD closure and aged 0-18 years old were conducted. This study enrolled all patients during January 1st 2002 until December 31st 2010 of Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital.
Results: There were 221 patients in this study. The median age at diagnosis was 13 months (0.03-178 months). The prevalence of AR after operation was 26%. There were 50 cases(22.6%) who diagnosed type I VSD and 171 cases (77.4%) who diagnosed type II VSD. After operation, 163 cases (73.8%) did not have AR.
The risk factors of post operative AR were VSD type I (OR = 2.95), small size VSD (OR = 2.71), preoperative prolapsed aortic cusp (OR = 5.38), preoperative AR (OR = 8.74), preoperative RVSP ≤ 52 mmHg(OR = 4.35), age at operation more than 35 months (OR = 2.46), VSD closure with repair aortic valve (OR = 29.68). After excluded confounding factor by logistic regression, the risk factors were only three significant risk factors that were VSD type I (OR = 2.63), preoperative prolapsed aortic cusp (OR = 13.11), and VSD closure with repair aortic valve (OR = 11.52).
Summary: The prevalence of residual AR postoperation VSD closure was 26.2%. The significant risk factors of postoperative AR were VSD type I, preoperative prolapsed aortic cusp and VSD closure with repair aortic valve.
Abstract
Background: School bullying can lead to serious physical and mental sequelae. There are no previous studies about the association between school bullying with depression in Thailand.
Objectives: To study the characteristics of bullying behaviors and their associations with depression among the 7th – 9th grade students in public high school, Bangkok-Noi, Bangkok.
Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 370 students participated in this study during August 2011. Students completed demographic information, the Olweus Bully/Victim questionnaire (Thai version) and Children’s Depression Inventory (Thai version). The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and Chi-square.
Results: The prevalence of students who were involved in school bullying was 40.2% which were classified as victim 15.3%, bully 9.6% and bully/victim 15.3%. Boys were involved in all bullying behaviors more than girls. The most common type of bullying behaviors was verbal. The significant factors related to bullying problems were gender, education level and GPA (Grade point average) (p<0.05). Of the 370
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students, the prevalence of depression was 24.6% while the prevalence of depression in students involved in school bullying was 27.9%. There was no correlation between all bullying behaviors/types and depression.
Conclusions: The prevalence of depression in students who were involved in school bullying was slightly higher than general population. These students should be assessed and provided for depression prevention program.
Keywords: bullying, depression
Abstract
Unintentional poisoning is the worldwide major cause of death among children younger than six years of age. The author studied the risk factors of unintentional poisoning in young children admitted in Siriraj hospital in order to create a guideline for injury prevention anticipatory guidance.
Objective: To identify the developmental, behavioral, environmental and social risk factors associated with unintentional poisoning among preschool children and to compare risk factors between study and control groups.
Method: This is a retrospective case-control study. The author categorized the pediatric patient aged 6-60 months who were admitted to Siriraj hospital due to unintentional poisoning from 1st January 2007 to 31st December 2009 as the study case and the children who went to see the doctor at pediatric outpatient department, Siriraj hospital for other problems apart from poison as the control group. We matched age and sex between study and control groups and collected the data by the same questionnaire. The data were analyzed statistically by chi-square and paired t-test with univariate analysis.
Results: Father’s income, mother’s education, number of family member, non-parental primary caregiver, close supervised caregiver, family member’s medication, the type of container of chemical substance, the lid-cover of the container, the label of the container and the height of the storage place were all the risk factors of unintentional poisoning, statistically significant. The developmental skill of the children was not a significant risk factor only.
Conclusion: Doctors should give anticipatory guidance about social, behavioral and environmental risk factors in order to decrease the incidence of unintentional poisoning
Abstract
Background: Bullying is a common and serious problem among school-age children. In Thailand, there have been no previous studies on the association of childhood bullying behaviors and psychosocial health problems.
Objectives: To study the associations between bullying behaviors and psychosocial health problems among primary school students in Bangkok, Thailand
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Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 368 fourth to sixth-grade students in 3 primary schools participated in August 2011. Parents completed demographic information and Thai Youth Checklist-parent version (TYC). Students completed The Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire, Thai version. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi-square and odds ratio.
Results: The student’s mean age was 10.6 ± 0.95 years, and 53.8% were female. 68.7% of students reported involvement in bullying at school, which was identified as victim 34%, bully 4.3%, bully/victim 30.4%. Bullying was more prevalent among boys than girls and the most common form of bullying was verbal type. The difference of psychosocial health problems among those 4 groups were statistically significant (p=0.003). The highest prevalence of internalizing problems was found in the bully/victim group (25.9%), and the highest prevalence of externalizing problems was found in the bully group (31.3%). Compared with the students who were not involved with school bullying, the bully/victim group had significantly higher risk for internalizing problems (OR:2.16; 95%CI:1.06-4.4) and the bully had significantly higher risk for externalizing problems (OR:4.72; 95%CI:1.1-20.16).
Conclusions: Students who were involved in school bullying had significantly higher risks for psychosocial health problems including internalizing and externalizing problems. Thus, students who are involved in school bulling should be assessed and provided proper management program.
Keywords: bullying, psychosocial health problems, internalizing problems, externalizing problems
Abstract
This is a retrospective study design to determine the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) among Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) patients in SIRIRAJ hospital
and to assess the impact of VAP on patient outcomes, including mortality, length of stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation between January 1, 2006 until to December 31, 2010. VAP was identified by SIRIRAJ Infections control department.
Results :During 5 years period, Incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in PICU SIRIRAJ hospital is 7.6 per 1000 ventilator days and 6.9 per 100 ventilated patients. There were 34 males and 36 females. The mean age was 3.3 years. Underlying cardiac and respiratory illnesses were the most common disorders associated with VAP but were not significant risk which indicated the outcome of VAP. The most common cause of admission was respiratory failure. The causative organisms of VAP were gram negative bacteria 82.8%, gram positive bacteria 11.4%, and fungus 5.7%. Most common gram negative organism wereAcinetobacterbaumanii45.7%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa28.6% and Stenotrophomonasmaltophillia7.1%. Possible risk factors associated with VAP were blood stream infection (41.1%), reintubation (45.7%) and central line insertion (98.6%). Mortality rate was 45.7% and 8.6% of cases; VAP was the cause of death. Average length of stay in PICU and ventilator day were 89 days (19-860 days) and 65
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days (5-804 days) respectively. The onset of VAP was ≥ 1 week after mechanical ventilation and the mean was 34 days (3-330 days).
Conclusion: VAP occurs at significant rates among mechanically ventilated patients in PICU. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Developing new infectious control interventions and closely monitoring among the high risk patients to make early diagnosis may reduce the incidence and complication of VAP in mechanically ventilated patients.
Abstract
Background : The methods for hematocrit measurement used at Siriraj hospital are manual microhematocrit centrifugation and automated technique. For decades, only the levels obtained by the Centrifuge were acknowledged and set as the standard measurements. However, there has not been any proof that results found using other instruments, such as the Hematology analyzer, were inaccurate.
Objectives : To make comparisons between the results obtained using a centrifuge and a hematology analyzer.
Methods : A prospective design was used. Hematocrit values obtained from microhematocrit centrifugation were compared with automated hematologic analyzer in 150 neonates admitted in division of neonatology, Siriraj hospital. Paired t-test was used to determine differences in hematocrit values for the 2 methods.
Results : The hematocrit levels obtained from the centrifuge and the levels taken from the hematology analyzer shows incoherences. Results from the centrifuge varied from the hematology analyzer, where results were equal (3.33%), lower or even higher than the latter. 83.33% of the results taken from the centrifuge were higher than the results from the hematology analyzer by 0.1% to 9.3%, while 13.34% of the results were lower by -0.1% to -8.4%. 68.7% of the blood samples shows differences ranging from 1% to 9.3%, averaging to 1.97% (standard deviation of 2.51). Where differences are p<0.001.
Conclusion :The study reveals that the level of hematocrit obtained by centrifuge and the hematology analyzer shows differences in the results. Where 68.7% of blood samples show incoherences between the two instruments, differences ranging from 1% to 9.3%, which is not suitable for clinical uses. Therefore, the hematology analyzer should not be used towards medical analysis and care for its inaccuracy. As a conclusion, the centrifuge should continue being used as the gold standard