“A Study In Scarlet”

Kevin Kay 1

“A Study In Scarlet”

The Theology OfBlood And Sacrifice

Outline, p. 1

Kevin Kay 2

A Study In Scarlet

OT Sacrifices

Theology Of Blood

“Forgiveness” Under The Old Covenant

Typology Of Old Testament Sacrifice

Penal Substitution

Practical Lessons For Us Today

Outline, p. 1

Appendix B: “Objections To Penal Substitution”

Kevin Kay 3

OT Sacrifices

Outline, p. 1

Kevin Kay 4

The Jewish Sacrifices

Meal/Grain(Lev. 2:1-16; 6:14-18; 7:9-10)

Drink(Num. 15:1-12)

Burnt(Lev. 1:1-17; 6:8-13)

Peace(Lev. 3:1-17; 7:11-34)

Sin(Lev. 4:1-35; 6:24-30)

Trespass/Guilt (Lev. 5:1-6:7; 7:1-8)

Bloodless Sacrifices

Bloody Sacrifices

Thank Offering Votive Offering Freewill Offering

Outline, p. 1

Sacrificial Ritual

Outline, p. 1 Kevin Kay 28

1. Presentation (1:3)

2. Laying On Of Hands (1:4)

3. Killing Of The Animal (1:5)

4. Blood Rite (1:5)

5. Preparation Of Sacrifice (1:6-7)

6. Sacrifice On The Altar (1:7-9)

7. Disposal/Dispersal Of Leftovers (7:8)

OT Sacrificial Ritual

Outline, p. 11-16 Kevin Kay 29

Kevin Kay 30

The Presentation

Worship God

Honor God

Get Rid Of Sin

Live In Fellowship

Come Obediently To God (Morris, AMS, 45)

Outline, p. 11

Kevin Kay 31

Laying On Of Hands

Lay: Not touch, but press or lean

Confession of sins [?] (cf. Lev. 16:21)

Significance:

Identification: “This is my offering”

Transferal: Offerer’s sins transferred to animal

Substitution: Animal substitutes for offerer

Outline, p. 12-13

J. H. Kurtz: “According to the unanimous tradition of the Jews, a verbal confession of sins was associated with the imposition of hands….” (Bold emphasis added, SWOT, footnote 1, 83)

E. R. Leach: “The plain implication is that, in some metaphysical sense, the victim is a vicarious substitution for the donor himself.” (Bold emphasis added, Culture and Communication, p. 89, quoted in Wenham, “Leviticus,” NICOT, 62)

Kevin Kay 32

Killing Of The Animal

Worshipper killed, skinned, gutted, & cut up the animal

At the north side of the altar (Lev. 1:5, 11)

At the door of the tabernacle (Lev. 3:2, 8, 13)

Altar associated with door (Lev. 1:5; 4:7, 18; 17:6)

Birds killed by priest (Lev. 1:14-15; 5:7-8; 14:48-50)

Outline, p. 13

Leon Morris: “In this way he gave symbolic expression to his recognition that his sin merited the severest punishment. He himself performed the act which set forth the truth that he deserved death.” (Bold emphasis added, AMS, 48)

David McClister: “The death of a fleshly animal represented the sinner’s death to his flesh and its desires, a dying to that way of life that is dominated by the flesh.” (Bold emphasis added, PHSS,105)

Worshipper & Priest

Worshipper

• Selects animal• Brings animal• Lays hands on animal• Kills animal• Skins and/or Guts animal• Cuts up animal

Priest • Sprinkles blood• Places sacrifice on altar

Kevin Kay 33Outline, p. 11-15

“Dirty Work”

Tabernacle & Court

Wenham, NICOT, 52 34Outline, p. 13

N

W E

S

Laying on Hands

Killing

Washing

Blood Rite

Sacrifice

Offerings Herd Flock Birds

Burnt 1 M Cow(Lev. 1:3)

1 M Sheep/Goat(Lev. 1:10; 22:18-20)

Doves/Pigeons(Lev. 1:14)

Peace 1 M/F Cow(Lev. 3:1)

1 M/F Lamb/Goat (Lev. 3:6-7, 12)

Sin(Priest)

1 Y Bull(Lev. 4:3)

(Congregation) 1 Y Bull(Lev. 4:13-14)

(Ruler) 1 M Kid(Lev. 4:23)

(Commoner) 1 F Kid/Lamb(Lev. 4:27-28, 32; 5:6)

(Poor) 2 Doves/Pigeons(Lev. 5:7-10)

(Poorest) .1 ephah fine flour(Lev. 5:11-13)

Trespass 1 Ram +Silver(Lev. 5:15, 18; 6:6)


Kevin Kay 36

Blood RiteBurnt OfferingPeace Offering

Trespass Offering

B

B

B B

Blood of bird drained on side of altar

Outline, p. 14

Kevin Kay 37

Blood Rite

B 7x

B horns

B base

Sin OfferingPriest or Congregation

Outline, p. 14-15

Kevin Kay 38

Blood RiteSin Offering

Ruler or CommonerB horns

B baseBlood of bird sprinkled on side of altar and rest drained at base

Outline, p. 14-15

Kevin Kay 39

The Sacrifices

Burnt

• All but skin (Lev. 1:8-9, 12-13; 7:8)

Peace

• Fat, Kidneys, Lobe of Liver, & Fat Tail [lamb] (Lev. 3:3-5, 9-11, 14-16)

Sin• Fat, Kidneys, & Lobe of Liver (Lev. 4:8-10,

19-20, 26, 31, 35)

Trespass

• Fat, Fat Tail, Kidneys, & Lobe of Liver (Lev. 5:16, 18b; 6:7; 7:3-5)

Outline, p. 2, 4, 6-8

Kurtz, SWOT, 222 40

“Fat” = The Best

“The fat of the land” (Gen. 45:18)

“Fat of kidneys of wheat” (Dt. 32:14 YLT)

“The fat of wheat” (Psa. 81:16 YLT)

“The fat of oil and fat of wine” (Num. 18:12)

“The fat of the mighty” (2 Sam. 1:22)

Outline, p. 4

Kevin Kay 41

Disposition Of SacrificeOfferings God Priest Offerer

Burnt Animal Skin Nothing

Meal/GrainHandful & frankincense Remainder Nothing

PeaceFat, Kidneys, Lobe of Liver

HP: Wave breastP: Heave Thigh Remainder

SinFat, Kidneys, Lobe of Liver

HP/C: NothingR/C: Remainder Nothing

Trespass/GuiltFat, Kidneys, Lobe of Liver Remainder Nothing

Drink.25 hin wine (L).33 hin wine (R).5 hin wine (B)

Nothing Nothing

Outline, p. 2-3, 5, 7-8

Order Of Sacrifices

• First sin had to be dealt with

Sin or Trespass (Expiation)

• Worshipper committed himself to God

Burnt, Grain, & Drink (Consecration)

• Worshipper communed with God

Peace (Fellowship)

ISBE, 4:272 42Outline, p. 9

Purpose Of The Sacrifices Burnt: Atonement & consecration (1:4, 9)

Grain: Atonement & remuneration (2:2-3; 6:16ff)

Peace: Fellowship & celebration (Dt. 12:5-7)

Sin: Atonement & purification (4:20; 12:8)

Trespass: Atonement & restitution (5:6, 10, 13, 16, 18; 6:7)

Drink: Propitiation (Num. 15:7)

Outline, p. 2-3, 5, 7-8 Kevin Kay 43

“Sweet Aroma” Burnt (Lev. 1:9, 13, 17; 8:21; 23:18)

Grain (Lev. 2:2, 9, 12; 6:15, 21; 23:13, 18)

Peace (Lev. 3:5, 16; 17:5-6)

Sin (Lev. 4:31)

Trespass

Drink (Lev. 23:18; Num. 15:7)

Outline, p. 2-3, 5, 7-8 Kevin Kay 44

Scheduled Sacrifices(Num. 28-29)

Burnt Sin

Daily (28:3-4) 1 Lamb (m) + 1 Lamb (e)

Sabbath (28:9) 2 Lambs (+ daily)

Month (28:11, 15) 2 Bulls, 1 Ram, 7 Lambs 1 Kid

Passover

Unleavened (28:19,22, 24) 2 Bulls, 1 Ram, 7 Lambs 1 Kid

Pentecost (28:27, 30) 2 Bulls, 1 Ram, 7 Lambs 1 Kid

Trumpets (29:2, 5) 1 Bull, 1 Ram, 7 Lambs 1 Kid

Atonement (29:8, 11) 1 Bull, 1 Ram, 7 Lambs 1 Kid

(Lev. 16:3, 5, 9-10) [?] 1 Bull, 1 Ram 2 Kids


Per DayPeace Offering

2 Lambs (Lev. 23:19)

Grain & Drink

Grain & Drink

Yom Kippur Sacrifices

Kevin Kay 46Outline, p. 17

Lev. 16 Num. 29HighPriest

SO: 1 Bull (3) BO: 1 Bull (8)

BO: 1 Ram (3) BO: 1 Ram (8)

BO: 7 Lambs (8)

Cong.SO: 2 Kids (5, 8-10) SO: 1 Kid (11)

BO: 1 Ram (5)SOA: 1 Kid (11; cf. Lev. 16:10)

SO = Sin Offering; BO = Burnt Offering; SOA = Sin Offering for Atonement

Some of these sacrifices may be the same (color coded)

The sacrifices in Num. 29 may be additional sacrifices*

Scheduled Sacrifices(Num. 28-29)

Tabernacles Burnt Sin

Day 1 (29:13, 16) 13 Bulls 2 Rams 14 Lambs 1 Kid







Day 8 (29:36, 38) 1 Bull 1 Ram 7 Lambs 1 Kid

TOTALS 71 15 105 8


Grain & Drink

Conditional Sacrifices

Unintentional sin (Lev. 4; 5:17-19) Unintentional contamination (Lev. 5:1-3) Failing to keep a vow (Lev. 5:4) Unintentional sins against “holy things” (Lev.

5:15) Lying and swearing falsely (Lev. 6:1-7) Consecration of priests (Lev. 8-9) Purification after childbirth (Lev. 12:1-8) Cleansing of a leper (Lev. 14:1-32)



Male bodily discharge (Lev. 15:13-15) Female bodily discharge (Lev. 15:29-30) Fornication with a betrothed slave girl (Lev.

19:20-22) The Nazirite vow (Num. 6) Dedication of the altar (Num. 7) Consecration of Levites (Num. 8) Atonement for unintentional sin (Num. 15:22-

31)



Ritual of the red heifer (Num. 19) Return of the ark (1 Sam. 6) Before battle at Mizpah (1 Sam. 7:9) Coronation of Solomon (1 Chr. 29:21) Solomon’s sacrifices at Gibeon (1 Ki. 3:3-6) Dedication of the temple (1 Ki. 8:63-64) Many unspecified animal sacrifices on other

occasions


Kevin Kay 51

Theology Of Blood

Outline, p. 21

Kevin Kay 54

Blood, Life, & Atonement

Lev. 17:11: 11‘For the life of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you upon the altar to make atonement for your souls; for it is the blood that makes atonement for the soul.’

Blood makes atonement for the soul (NKJV; KJV; NIV; YLT)

Blood makes atonement because of the life it represents (ASV; ESV; HCSB; LEB; NET; NAB; NASB; RSV)

Outline, p. 22

Leon Morris: “This understanding of the Hebrew signifies that it is because of the connection of life and blood that blood makes atonement.” (Bold emphasis added, AMS, 53)

Kevin Kay 59

Blood & Forgiveness

Heb. 9:22: 22And according to the law almost all things are purified with blood, and without shedding of blood there is no remission.

Outline, p. 22

What’s The Connection?

Kevin Kay 60

Significance Of Blood

• Blood means Life (Offering up life to God)

• Blood means Death (Death of a sacrificial victim)

Two Prominent Views

Outline, p. 22

Kevin Kay 61

Blood Means “Life”

E. O. James: “In the ritual shedding of blood it is not the taking of life but the giving of life that really is fundamental, for blood is not death but life.” (Origins Of Sacrifice, 33)

David McClister: “Atonement, then, is not a simple matter of a death. Atonement is also a matter of a life (symbolized by blood) given to God (at the symbolic location of the altar).” (Bold emphasis added, PHSS, 106)

Outline, p. 83, n. 16

Kevin Kay 64

Blood Means “Life” Gen. 9:4: 4“But you shall not eat flesh with its

life, that is, its blood.

Lev. 17:11: 11‘For the life of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you upon the altar to make atonement for your souls; for it is the blood that makes atonement for the soul.’

Dt. 12:23: 23“Only be sure that you do not eat the blood, for the blood is the life; you may not eat the life with the meat.

Outline, p. 22

Kevin Kay 65

Blood Means “Life”(Hebrew Parallelism)

Gen. 9:5: 5 Surely for your lifeblood I will demand a reckoning; from the hand of every beast I will require it, and from the hand of man. From the hand of every man’s brother I will require the life of man.

Psa. 72:14: 14 He will redeem their life from oppression and violence; And precious shall be their blood in His sight.

Outline, p. 23

Kevin Kay 67

Blood Means “Life”

Eating flesh and blood prohibited (cf. Lev. 3:17; 6:30; 7:26-27; 17:10, 12; 19:26; Dt. 12:16; 15:23; 1 Sam. 14:33-34)

David refused to “drink the blood of the men that went in jeopardy of their lives” (2 Sam. 23:14-17; 1 Chr. 11:16-19)

Shed blood can cry out to God (Gen. 4:10; Job 16:18)

Outline, p. 23

Kevin Kay 70

“Blood” Means Death “Blood” most often denotes death by

violence

“Bloodshed” (Gen. 9:6; 37:26; Hos. 4:2)

“Blood guiltiness” (Josh. 2:19; 2 Sam. 1:16)

“Blood vengeance” (Num. 35:19, 26-27)

“Life” often means “life yielded up in death”

Outline, p. 23-24, 26

Shedding Blood = Taking Life

Gen. 37:21-22: 21But Reuben heard it, and he delivered him out of their hands, and said, “Let us not kill him.” 22And Reuben said to them, “Shed no blood, but cast him into this pit….”

Gen. 37:26: 26So Judah said to his brothers, “What profit is there if we kill our brother and conceal his blood?


Shedding Blood = Taking Life

1 Sam. 19:5: 5“For he took his life in his hands and killed the Philistine….You saw it and rejoiced. Why then will you sin against innocent blood, to kill David without a cause?”

Jer. 26:15: 15“But know for certain that if you put me to death, you will surely bring innocent blood on yourselves, on this city, and on its inhabitants….”


Kevin Kay 77

Blood Means “Death”

Rom. 5:9-10: 9 Much more then, having now been justified by His blood, we shall be saved from wrath through Him. 10 For if when we were enemies we were reconciled to God through the death of His Son, much more, having been reconciled, we shall be saved by His life.

Outline, p. 25

Kevin Kay 78

Blood Means “Death”

Eph. 2:13, 16: 13 But now in Christ Jesus you who once were far off have been brought near by the blood of Christ. …. 16 and that He might reconcile them both to God in one body through the cross, thereby putting to death the enmity.

Outline, p. 25

Kevin Kay 83

“Blood” Means Death Leon Morris: “As far as it goes, the statistical

evidence indicates that the association most likely to be conjured up when the Hebrews heard the word ‘blood’ was that of violent death.” (Bold emphasis added, APC, 114)

A. M. Stibbs: “Blood is a visible token of life violently ended; it is a sign of life either given or taken in death.” (Bold emphasis added, MWBS, 30)

Outline, p. 26

Kevin Kay 84

Lev. 17:11:

Atonement By Death, Not Life Blood of atonement given “upon the altar”

after sacrificial animal was killed

Blood of animal was not blood coursing through its veins but blood shed

“Life” (nephesh) can mean “life yielded up in death”

Other OT passages point to atonement through death, not offering up life

Outline, p. 26-27

Kevin Kay 85

“Blood” Means Death Blood is the life of the flesh, but blood

poured out signifies death

Many passages concerning “blood” are obviously figurative

Death as the penalty for sin suggests that the significance of the animal sacrifices was the infliction of death, not the presentation of life

Outline, p. 28-29

Kevin Kay 86

“Blood” Used Metaphorically

“Arrows drunk with blood” (Dt. 32:42)

“The moon [turned] into blood” (Joel. 2:31)

Joab “shed the blood of war in peace, and put the blood of war upon his girdle…” (1 Ki. 2:5)

Righteous wash their feet in the blood of the wicked (Psa. 58:10; cf. 68:23)

“O earth, do not cover my blood” (Job 16:18)

“Your hands are full of blood” (Isa. 1:15)

Outline, p. 29

Kevin Kay 89

“Blood” Means “Death”

J. Armitage Robinson: “To the Jewish mind ‘blood’ was not merely – nor even chiefly – the life-current flowing in the veins of the living: it was especially the life poured out in death; and yet more particularly in its religious aspect it was the symbol of sacrificial death.” (St. Paul’s Epistle to the Ephesians, 1904, p. 29)


The Meaning Of Blood:

A “Sticky Wicket”

James Moffatt: “Semitic scholars warn us against finding in these words (Lv. 1711) either the popular idea of the substitution of the victim for the sinner, or even the theory that the essential thing in sacrifice is the offering of a life to God.” (Quoted in Leon Morris, APC, 127)


Kevin Kay 92

“Forgiveness” Under The Old Covenant

Outline, p. 29

Kevin Kay 93

“Forgiveness” Under OT???

• Forgiveness was available for God’s people under the old covenant

• Animal sacrifices couldn’t take away sin

Two Apparent Contradictions:

Outline, p. 29-30

Kevin Kay 94

“Forgiveness” Under OT

Animal sacrifices brought about “atonement” and “forgiveness” (Lev. 4:20, 26, 31, 35; 5:10, 13, 16, 18; 6:7; 19:22)

Sit down with Abraham, Isaac, & Jacob in kingdom (Mt. 8:11; Lk. 13:28)

Moses & Elijah at transfiguration (Mt. 17:1-13)

Outline, p. 29-30

Kevin Kay 95

No “Forgiveness” Under OT

Could not be justified by law of Moses (Acts 13:39)

Law made nothing perfect (Heb. 7:18-19)

Sacrifices could not perfect conscience (Heb. 9:9-10)

Outline, p. 30

Kevin Kay 96

No “Forgiveness” Under OT

“Reminder” of sins on Day of Atonement (Heb. 10:3; cf. Jer. 31:34)

Blood of bulls & goats could not take away sins (Heb. 10:4)

Same sacrifices can never take away sins (Heb. 10:11)

Outline, p. 30

Kevin Kay 97

Animal SacrificesCould Not Atone

Animals are not equivalent to humans

Animals were sinless only because they could not sin

Animals were forced to give their lives

The death which the animal suffered was not equivalent to the death that the sinner deserved

Outline, p. 30

Kevin Kay 98

Heb. 10:5-105 Therefore, when He came into the world, He

said: “Sacrifice and offering You did not desire, But a body You have prepared for Me. 6 In burnt offerings and sacrifices for sin You had no pleasure. 7 Then I said, ‘Behold, I have come -- In the volume of the book it is written of Me -- To do Your will, O God.’” …. He takes away the first that He may establish the second. 10By that will we have been sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all.

Outline, p. 30

Kevin Kay 99

Heb. 9:11-12

“11 But Christ came as High Priest of the good things to come, with the greater and more perfect tabernacle not made with hands, that is, not of this creation. 12 Not with the blood of goats and calves, but with His own blood He entered the Most Holy Place once for all, having obtained eternal redemption.”

Outline, p. 30

“through” (ASV; NASB; YLT) “by means of” (ESV) “by” (KJV; HCSB; LEB; NET; NIV)

Kevin Kay 100

Death Of The Testator(Heb. 9:15-17)

Mediator of new covenant

By means of death

For redemption of transgressions under first covenant

Called may receive promise of eternal inheritance

Forgiveness Before Christ Was Through Christ (Rom. 3:24-25)

Outline, p. 31

Kevin Kay 101

Rom. 3:24-26

24being justified freely by His grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, 25whom God set forth as a propitiation by His blood, through faith, to demonstrate His righteousness, because in His forbearance God had passed over the sins that were previously committed, 26to demonstrate at the present time His righteousness, that He might be just and the justifier of the one who has faith in Jesus.

Outline, p. 31

Kevin Kay 102

“Provisional” Forgiveness

A “covering” of sin but not a removal of sin until Christ’s death (Psa. 32:1; 85:2; Rom. 4:7)

Forgiveness described as completed because God can see the end from the beginning (Rom. 4:17; Isa. 46:10)

Illust. Renewing a bank loan by paying the interest

Illust. Buying on credit or with a check

Outline, p. 31

Kevin Kay 103

Typology Of OTSacrifices

Outline, p. 31

Kevin Kay 104

Typology Of OT Sacrifices

The law was a “shadow of the good things to come” (Heb. 10:1; cf. Col. 2:16-17 8:5; 9:23-24)

Suffering Servant offered Himself as a “guilt offering” (Isa. 53:10, NASB)

NT filled with “sacrificial language”

Outline, p. 32

Kevin Kay 105

NT Sacrificial LanguageJesus Jesus’ Death Jesus’ Blood

Lamb of God(Jn. 1:29)

Offering & sacrifice(Eph. 5:2)

Blood of new covenant(Mt. 26:28)

Passover(1 Cor. 5:7)

Offered w/o Spot(Heb. 9:14)

Enter Holiest(Heb. 9:12, 25; 10:19-20)

Lamb as slain(Rev. 5:6)

Sacrifice of Himself(Heb. 9:26)

Blood of sprinkling(Heb. 12:24)

Offered to bear sins(Heb. 9:28)

Blood of Lamb(1 Pet. 1:18-19)

One sacrifice for sin(Heb. 10:12)

Suffered outside gate(Heb. 12:11-12)

Outline, p. 32-33

Penal Substitution


Kevin Kay 107

“Vicarious”The American Heritage Dictionary: “1.

Performed or endured by one person substituting for another; fulfilled by the substitution of the actual offender with some other person or thing: vicarious punishment. 2. Acting in place of someone or something else; delegated; substituted. …. [Latin vicarius, substituting, from vicis, change, turn, office….].” (1427)

Outline, p. 33

Kevin Kay 109

The Ram For Isaac

Gen. 22:13 [LXX]: 13 And looking up, Abraham saw with his eyes, and look, one ram being held in a bush, a [thicket] of the horns, and Abraham went and took the ram and offered it as a whole offering instead of Isaac, his son. (LES)

anti = “in the place of”

Outline, p. 33

Kevin Kay 110

Typology Of Isaac’s SacrificeIsaac Jesus

Your son, your only son Gen. 22:2; Heb. 11:17

Jn. 1:14, 18; 3:16, 18; 1 Jn. 4:9

Land of Moriah Gen. 22:2 2 Chr. 3:1

Burnt Offering Gen. 22:2 Isa. 53:10 (?)

Third day Gen. 22:4 Lk. 24:46

Come back to you Gen. 22:5; Heb. 11:19

Heb. 11:19; Mt. 16:21

Carries wood Gen. 22:6 Jn. 19:17

God will provide the lamb Gen. 22:8Jn. 1:29; 1 Pet. 1:19-20

Ram offered instead Gen. 22:13 2 Cor. 5:21

Outline, p. 33

Kevin Kay 111

The Passover Lamb(Ex. 12:3-7, 12-13, 21-23)

• Egypt (Ex. 4:22-23; 11:4-7; 12:12-13, 15, 21-23)

• Israel (Ezek. 20:4-10)

10th Plague Judgment:

• Sign (Ex. 12:13)• Substitution

Blood of Lamb:

Outline, p. 34

Kevin Kay 112


Leon Morris: “It is impossible to understand from the splashing of blood on the lintel and doorposts that a life is being presented to anyone. The obvious symbolism is that a death has taken place, and this death substitutes for the death of the firstborn.” (Bold emphasis added, APC, 121)

Outline, p. 34

Kevin Kay 113


David McClister: “It is not as if some of the people in Egypt were going to die and some were not, and the blood on the doorpost simply pointed out which were which. No, the picture instead is that every firstborn male in Egypt was going to die, whether they were native Egyptians or Israelites. The death sentence was on the whole land, and the blood on the doorpost resulted in the saving of life in that home. The Passover, then, was a salvation from death.” (PHSS, 108)

Outline, p. 34

Kevin Kay 114

Laying On Of Hands(Lev. 16:21)

R. Laird Harris: “There could hardly be a clearer expression of the transfer of sins to the sacrifice. In the sin offering the sins are symbolically judged and the penalty paid. In the ritual of the escape goat, the sins are in the symbol removed far away, and the work of atonement is complete.” (Bold emphasis added, “Leviticus: Introduction,” EBC, 2:523)

Outline, 35, 85, n. 25

The Scapegoat(Lev. 16:20-22)

Bring forward live goat

Lay hands on head of goat

Confess over it all wickedness & sin

Put them on the goat’s head

Send goat away into the desert

Goat carries their sins to a solitary place


Was Christ’s SacrificeVicarious?


Kevin Kay 119

Was Christ’s SacrificeVicarious?

Maurice Barnett: “Vicarious thus refers to the theory that Jesus took our place on the cross, died in our stead, suffered the guilt and punishment that rightly belongs to us, became a curse in our place.” (Bold emphasis added, Reconciliation, 7)


Penal Substitution Spiritual death is the penalty for sin (Gen.

2:16-17; Ezek. 18:1-4, 20)

All men are sinners (Rom. 3:9, 23)

Therefore, all sinners should die (Rom. 6:23)

God’s justice demands the punishment of sin

God’s mercy wants to save sinners

God provided His Son as a Substitute to die in the place of sinners


Kevin Kay 122

Arguments For

Penal Substitution

OT sacrifices were vicarious

OT sacrifices were types of Christ’s sacrifice

Therefore Christ’s sacrifice was vicarious

Outline, p. 36

Kevin Kay 123

Arguments For

Penal Substitution

The Song of the Suffering Servant appears to describe penal substitution (Isa. 52:13-53:12)

Outline, p. 36

Kevin Kay 125

Isa. 53 & Penal Substitution

• He suffered “for” transgressions & iniquities (4)

• He bore our griefs & carried our sorrows (4)

• For the transgressions of My people He was stricken (8c)

• He shall bear their iniquities (11c)• He bore the sin of many (12e)

Substitution:

Outline, p. 36-37

Kevin Kay 126


• He was wounded for our transgressions (5a)• He was bruised for our iniquities (5b)• The chastisement for our peace was upon him

(5c)• By His stripes we are healed (5d)• For He was cut off from the land of the living (8c)• For the transgressions of My people He was

stricken (8d)

Punishment:

Outline, p. 37

“Punishment”(HCSB; NET; NCV; NIV)

Kevin Kay 127


• He was esteemed smitten by God (4)• The Lord has laid on Him the iniquity of us all

(6c)• It pleased the Lord to bruise Him (10a)• He [God] has put Him to grief (10b)• You [God] make His soul an offering for sin

(10c)

Punishment By God:

Outline, p. 37

Kevin Kay 128


• He had done no violence (9b)

• Nor was any deceit in His mouth (9c)

• He is “My righteous Servant” (11b)

Punishment While Innocent:

Outline, p. 37

Kevin Kay 129


• He was wounded for our transgressions (5a)• He was bruised for our iniquities (5b)• The Lord has laid on Him the iniquity of us all

(6c)• For the transgressions of My people He was

stricken (8d)• He was an “[guilt] offering for sin” (10c)• He shall bear their iniquities (Isa. 53:11c)• He bore the sin of many (Isa. 53:12d)

Punishment For Others Sins:

Outline, p. 37-38

Kevin Kay 130


• The chastisement for our peace was upon Him (5c)

• By His stripes we are healed (5d)

• He would justify many (11a)

Great Benefit For Others:

Outline, p. 38

Kevin Kay 131


• He has borne our griefs & carried our sorrows (4a)

• He carried our sorrows (4b)• He shall bear their iniquities (11c)• He poured out His soul unto death (12c)• He bore the sin of many (12e)• He made intercession for the transgressors

(12f)

Willing Participation:

Outline, p. 38

Arguments For

Penal Substitution

The prophecy of Caiaphas seems to indicate penal substitution (Jn. 11:47-52)


Prophecy Of Caiaphas(Jn. 11:47-52)

Jn. 11:49–51: 49 And one of them, Caiaphas, being high priest that year, said to them, “You know nothing at all, 50 nor do you consider that it is expedient for us that one man should die for the people, and not that the whole nation should perish.” 51 Now this he did not say on his own authority; but being high priest that year he prophesied that Jesus would die for the nation,


Substitution

Punishment

God Speaking (cf. Ex. 4:15-16; 7:1; Dt. 18:18; Acts 3:18, 21)

Arguments For

Penal Substitution

The release of Barabbas seems to indicate penal substitution


Barabbas(Mt. 27:15-26; Mk. 15:6-15; Lk. 23:13-25; Jn. 18:39-40)

Mentioned in all four Gospels. It must have some kind of significance

Barabbas was guilty

Jesus was innocent

Barabbas, a guilty man, was released and Jesus, an innocent man, was punished instead (in his place)


Notorious prisoner (Mt. 27:16)

Rebel (Mk. 15:7; Lk. 23:18-19)

Murderer (Mk. 15:7; Lk. 23:18-19)

Robber (Jn. 18:40)

Arguments For

Penal Substitution

Christ’s death is described in terms that appear to indicate penal substitution


Kevin Kay 139

Jesus Died For Sinners

Outline, p. 41

2 Corinthians 5:21

For He made Him who knew no sin to be sin for us, that we might become the righteousness of God in Him.

Kevin Kay 140

“He Made Him…To Be Sin”

Maurice Barnett: “Jesus was not made sin, meaning that He became a sinner, but rather He became a sin sacrifice on our behalf. A sin sacrifice to God was the means of opening the way to God by which remission of sins could be accomplished, forgiveness could be given.” (Bold emphasis added, Reconciliation, 336)

Outline, p. 41

Metonymy: “Sin Offering”

Kevin Kay 141

“He Made Him…To Be Sin”(Objection)

“Sin” can mean “sin offering” (cf. Lev. 6:25; 4:21, 25; Heb. 10:6, 8)

2 Cor. 5:21, (The Jewish NT): “God made this sinless man be a sin offering on our behalf, so that in union with him we might fully share in God’s righteousness.” (Quoted in Barnett, Reconciliation, 135)

If Jesus was literally made sin, then He could not have been the perfect sacrifice for sin (cf. 1 Pet. 1:18-19; Heb. 7:26-27)

Outline, p. 41

Kevin Kay 142

“He Made Him…To Be Sin”(Response)

“Sin” means “sin offering” when the context requires that meaning. It is not required here

Does anyone interpret this literally?

Paul cannot mean that Jesus was literally made sin or a sinner (cf. Isa. 53:9, 11; 1 Pet. 2:21-24). I believe he means that He was treated as a sinner and punished as a sinner in the place of sinners

Outline, p. 41

Metonymy: Guilt

Kevin Kay 143

“He Made Him…To Be Sin”(Response)

The contrast in the passage is obscured by the translation “sin offering”

He was made to be sinWe become the righteousness of God

I doubt that Paul is describing a cause & effect relationship

He was made a sin offering (Cause)

We might become the righteousness of God (Effect)

Outline, p.

2 Cor. 5:21

• Sinless

Knew no sin

• Treated as Guilty

Made to be sin

• Treated as Not Guilty

We might become the righteousness of God


John MacArthur: “On the cross God treated Jesus as if he had lived our lives with all our sin, so that God could then treat us as if we lived Christ’s life of pure holiness.” (2 Corinthians. MNTC, 2003, 21)

Kevin Kay 145


Outline, p. 41-42

Galatians 3:13

Christ has redeemed us from the curse of the law, having become a curse for us (for it is written, “Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree”),

“For” (huper) = “on behalf of”; perhaps sometimes “in the place of”

Kevin Kay 146

Jesus Made A Curse(Objection)

Christ was not literally cursed of God (Gal. 3:13-14); it only appeared to others that He was cursed of God, and they treated Him as though He were guilty (cf. Mt. 27:39-43; Psa. 22:6-8) (Maurice Barnett, “The Vicarious Death Of Christ?? 3,” PM, Feb. 1999, 72)

Outline, p. 42

Kevin Kay 147

Jesus Made A Curse(Response)

Dt 21:22–23: 22 “If a man has committed a sin deserving of death, and he is put to death, and you hang him on a tree, 23 his body shall not remain overnight on the tree, but you shall surely bury him that day, so that you do not defile the land which the LORD your God is giving you as an inheritance; for he who is hanged is accursed of God.

Outline, p. 42

Maurice Barnett: “… it only appeared to others that He was cursed of God….”



1 Peter 2:21

For to this you were called, because Christ also suffered for us, leaving us an example, that you should follow His steps:

“For” (huper) = “on behalf of”; perhaps sometimes “in the place of”

Kevin Kay 149

1 Pet. 2 Echoes Isa. 53

Outline, p. 42

1 Pet. 2 Isa. 53

22Committed no sin &

no deceit 9, 11

23 Did not revile or threaten 7

24a Bore our sins 4, 12

24bBy whose stripes you were

healed 5

25 Like sheep going astray 6

Jesus Left An Example(Objection)

David McClister: “[I]t is clear that Peter understood that text to be speaking about Jesus’ dedication to God. His bearing our sins in His body on the cross was for the purpose of instructing us that we should die to sin and live to righteousness.” (Bold emphasis added, PHSS, 117)


Is this the only significance Of Jesus’ sacrifice?



1 Peter 3:18

For Christ also suffered once for sins, the just for the unjust, that He might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh but made alive by the Spirit,:

“The juxtaposition of Christ’s innocence with our guilt and the fact that his death benefits the guilty (‘to bring you to God’) together point to a substitutionary meaning for the preposition hyper.” (Bold emphasis added, Jeffery, Ovey, & Sach, PFOT, 98)

Kevin Kay 152

Huper = “In The Place Of”

BDAG, 1030-1031

Thayer, 638-639

Trench, lxxxii, 310-313*

EDNT, 3:396-397

TDNT, 8:507-513

Little Kittel, 1228-1229

Outline, p. 42

Kevin Kay 153


Dt. 24:16

Jn. 10:11, 15

Jn. 11:50-52

Jn. 13:37-38 [?]

Rom. 9:3

Rom. 16:4 [?]

Gal. 3:13

1 Cor. 15:29 [?]

2 Cor. 5:14-15, 20 [?]

1 Tim. 2:6

Phile. 13 [?]

Outline, p. 42


A. T. Robertson: “It is sometimes said that ἀντί means literally ‘instead’ and ὑπέρ ‘in behalf of.’ But Winer sees more clearly when he says: ‘In most cases one who acts in behalf of another takes his place.’ Whether he does or not depends on the nature of the action, not on ἀντί or ὑπέρ.” (Bold emphasis added, GGNT, 630)


Kevin Kay 155

Penal Substitution:

Jesus Died To Redeem Mt. 20:28: 28 just as the Son of Man did not

come to be served, but to serve, and to give His life a ransom for [anti] many.”

Outline, p. 43

Anti = “in the place of”; “instead of” (cf. LXX Gen. 22:13; 44:33; Num. 3:12; Mt. 2:22; 5:38; Lk. 11:11; 1 Cor. 11:15; Heb. 12:2)

Kevin Kay 156

Penal Substitution:

Jesus Died To Redeem 1 Tim. 2:5–6: 5 For there is one God and one

Mediator between God and men, the Man Christ Jesus, 6 who gave Himself a ransom for all, to be testified in due time,

“Ransom” (antilutron) = anti (“in the place of”) + lutron (ransom)

“For” (huper) = “on behalf of”

Does this passage combine both thoughts?

Outline, p. 43

Arguments For

Penal Substitution

A vicarious sacrifice by Christ satisfies the requirements of “propitiation” [hilasterion] (Rom. 3:25; Heb. 2:17; 1 Jn. 2:1-2; 4:10)


Kevin Kay 161

Propitiation

God is angry when people sin (Psa. 7:11; Rom. 1:18; 2:5, 8; 3:5)

If sinners are to be forgiven, something must be done to appease God’s anger

“Propitiation” involves appeasement of wrath

Christ’s death is the means of removing God’s wrath from sinners (Rom. 5:9)

Outline, p. 43-44

Propitiation & Wrath

Rom. 5:8–9: 8 But God demonstrates His own love toward us, in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us. 9 Much more then, having now been justified by His blood, we shall be saved from wrath through Him.


Kevin Kay 163

Propitiation & WrathHilaskomai

(Lk. 18:13; Heb. 2:17)Wrath In Context

Ex. 32:14 Ex. 32:9-12

2 Ki. 24:3-4 2 Ki. 23:26; 24:20

Psa. 77 [78]:38 Psa. 77 [78]:38, 21, 31, 49, 50, 58

Psa. 78 [79]:9 Psa. 78 [79]:5-7

Esther 13:17 [Addition C:10] Esther 13:17

Dan. 9:19 [AT] Dan. 9:16 [AT]

Lam. 3:42 Lam. 3:43

Outline, p. 44

Kevin Kay 164


Hilasmos(1 Jn. 2:2; 4:10)

Wrath In Context

Psa. 129 [130]:4 Psa. 129 [130]:1, 3

Dan. 9:8 [Th] Dan. 9:11-12, 16 [Th]

2 Macc. 3:33 2 Macc. 3:33

Hilasterion(Rom. 3:25)

Wrath In Context

4 Macc. 17:22 4 Macc. 17:9-10, 20-21

Outline, p. 44

Kevin Kay 165


Psa. 77 [78]:38 [LXX]: 38 But he is compassionate, and will forgive [hilaskomai] their sins, and will not destroy them: yea, he will frequently turn away his wrath, and will not kindle all his anger.

Outline, p. 44

Kevin Kay 166


Dan. 9:9 [LXX (AT)]: 9 Compassion and the means of appeasing [hilasmos] belong to the Lord, our God, because we have departed from you,

Dan. 9:16 [LXX (AT)]: 16 O Lord, by all your mercy, let your anger and your wrath surely be removed from your city Jerusalem….

Curse, oath, & disaster (Dan. 9:11-12)

Outline, p. 44

Kevin Kay 167


4 Macc. 17:22: 22 as if they had become a recompense for the sin of the nation. And through the blood of those pious ones and the atoning sacrifice [hilasterios] of their death, Divine Providence rescued Israel, who had been afflicted before.

Outline, p. 44

Kevin Kay 168

Christ’s Death & God’s Wrath

All accountable people have sinned (Rom. 3:9, 23)

The penalty for sin is spiritual death (Gen. 2:16-17; Ezek. 18:20)

Spiritual death is separation from God (Isa. 59:1-2)

As sinners, we earn spiritual death (Rom. 5:12; 6:23)

Outline, p. 44-45

Kevin Kay 169

Christ’s Death & God’s Wrath

To save sinners, Jesus became our substitute

God punished Jesus instead of us with spiritual death (Isa. 53:4-6, 8, 10-12; 1 Pet. 2:24)

Jesus was separated from God at Calvary (Mt. 27:46; Mk. 15:34)

God’s wrath was appeased and His justice upheld (Rom. 3:23-26)

Outline, p. 45

Kevin Kay 170

Why Must God Punish Sin? He said He would

Promise to Adam (Gen. 2:17)

Statement to all men (Rom. 6:23)

If God reneges on His promise to punish, can we trust His promise to reward?

God cannot lie (Tit. 1:2; Heb. 6:18)

God cannot overlook sin (Hab. 1:12-13)

Outline, p. 45

Kevin Kay 171

Why Must God Punish Sin?

“Thus when we read in Romans 3:26 that God's wrath has been turned aside in a way that demonstrates his justice, we cannot conceivably imagine that the punishment for sin has been overlooked! God must punish sin, and in the death of Christ he has done so.” (Bold emphasis added, Jeffery, Ovey, & Sach, PFOT, 81)

Outline, p. 45

Kevin Kay 172

Why Must God Punish Sin?

Leon Morris: “The writers of the New Testament know nothing of a love which does not react in the very strongest fashion against every form of sin. “It is the combination of God’s deep love for the sinner with His uncompromising reaction against sin which brings about what the Bible calls propitiation. Since God would not leave man to suffer all the consequences of his sin, Christ suffered….” (Bold emphasis added, APC, 210)

Outline, p. 45

Kevin Kay 173

Jesus’ Cry Of Dereliction(Mt. 27:46; Mk. 15:34)

Why the darkness?

Darkness & God’s wrath (Isa. 13:9-11; Joel 2:31; Amos 5:18-20; Zeph. 1:14-15)

God’s wrath rests upon unforgiven sinners (Jn. 3:36; Rom. 1:18; 2:5, 8; Eph. 5:6; Col. 3:6)

Who is the object of wrath? (Crucifiers, Crucified, Both)

Outline, p. 45-46

Kevin Kay 174

Jesus’ Cry Of Dereliction(Mt. 27:46; Mk. 15:34)

Why the question?

What does the “plain sense” of the question imply?

Wouldn’t we need compelling evidence to reject the “plain sense” of the question?

If Jesus bore the sins of the world (Isa. 53:11-12; Heb. 9:28; 1 Pet. 2:24) and sin separates one from God (Isa. 59:1-2), then how could Jesus not have been forsaken by God?

Outline, p. 46

Kevin Kay 175

Objection:

Did Jesus Not Know? Of course, He knew why He suffered? (cf. Mt.

20:28; Jn. 10:11, 15, 17-18; 12:27-28)

A question can be asked for various reasons:

To obtain information (Mt. 2:2; 13:10)

To make a point (Mt. 19:17; 22:42-43)

To provoke thought (Mt. 12:26)

To express emotion (Mt. 17:17; 26:40)

Etc.

Outline, p.

Kevin Kay 176

“Why Have You Forsaken Me”(Psa. 22:1; Mt. 27:46; Mk. 15:34)

David wasn’t really forsaken by God; he only felt that he was (Psa. 22:21ff)

When Jesus quoted Psa. 22:1, He wants us to consider the message of the entire psalm

Outline, p. 46

Kevin Kay 177


God did not forsake Jesus on the cross; it just appeared that way to the people around the cross

Jesus denies any separation from His Father (Jn. 8:28-29; 16:32)

Outline, p. 46

Kevin Kay 178


This objection is based on inference

It’s possible, but is it necessary?

How do we know that Jesus wants us to consider the entire psalm?

If Jesus wanted us to think of the vindication in the last part of Psalm 22, why didn’t He quote from that section? (cf. Psa. 22:21b, 24)

Outline, p. 46

Kevin Kay 179


Whenever a passage from the Psalms is quoted in the NT, should we always consider the entire psalm?

Is this true of all OT quotations in the NT?

Virgin shall conceive (Isa. 7:14; Mt. 1:23)

Out of Egypt I called My Son (Hos. 11:1; Mt. 2:15)

Rachel weeping for her children (Jer. 31:5; Mt. 2:18)

You are not my people (Hos. 1:10; Rom. 9:24-26)

Outline, p. 46-47

Kevin Kay 180


Much of the language that was figuratively fulfilled in David was literally fulfilled in Jesus (Psa. 22:1, 6-8, 12-18)

The victory and vindication at the end of Psalm 22 was literally fulfilled in Jesus’ resurrection

Jesus refers to His Father’s presence with Him throughout His life, up to the cross

Outline, p. 47

Messianic Prophecies In Psa. 22Prophecy Fulfillment

22:1My God, My God why

have you Forsaken Me? Mt. 27:46Mk. 15:34

22:2 Daytime & Night Season Mt. 27:45

22:6 A Reproach of Men Mt. 27:29-30

22:7-8 Ridicule and Scorn Mt. 27:39-44

22:14 Bones out of Joint

22:15 Unquenchable Thirst Jn. 19:28-30

22:16 Pierced Hands and Feet Jn. 20:24-29

22:17 Look and Stare Lk. 23:35

22:18 Divide Garments & Cast Lots Mt. 27:35


FigurativelyFulfilledIn David

LiterallyFulfilledIn Jesus

Arguments For

Penal Substitution

A vicarious sacrifice by Christ explains how God could be both just and the justifier (Rom. 3:26)


Kevin Kay 183

Rom. 3:24-26

24being justified freely by His grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, 25whom God set forth as a propitiation by His blood, through faith, to demonstrate His righteousness, because in His forbearance God had passed over the sins that were previously committed, 26to demonstrate at the present time His righteousness, that He might be just and the justifier of the one who has faith in Jesus.

If Christ was not man’s substitute, paying the penalty for sin that man should have paid, how did His sacrifice demonstrate God’s justice?

God’s mercy is a part of His justice (Psa. 89:14; Isa. 16:5; 30:18; Jas. 2:13)

Outline, p. 48

Kevin Kay 184

Arguments For

Penal Substitution

• The question is not: “How could God be righteous if He did not forgive?”

• The question is: “How could God be righteous if He did forgive?” (Morris, APC, 279)

How could God be both just and the justifier? (Rom. 3:26)

Outline, p. 48

The Atonement

Penal substitution (Isa. 53:1-12)

Victory over evil powers (Col. 2:15)

An inspiring example (1 Pet. 2:21-23)

A decisive end to our old life of sin (Rom. 6:6) (Jeffery, Ovey, & Sach, PFOT, 33, 36)


Penal Substitution &

Figurative Language

David McClister: “[T]he language that the Bible uses to tell us about the atonement is obviously figurative language, and figurative language usually describes but does not define. That is, the Biblical language of atonement usually tells us what it is like, but rarely does it tell us exactly what it is.” (Bold emphasis added, PHSS, 93)


Penal Substitution &

Figurative Language

• Interpreting figurative language literally

• Pressing figures further than they were intended

Two Common Mistakes:

Outline, p. 48 McClister, PHSS, 93, 96 188

Inadequacies Of

Atonement TheoriesOliver Buswell: “There is indeed an

inadequacy to any theory of the atonement which our finite minds could understand. There are incompletenesses and even inconsistencies in nearly all the historical modes in which Bible-believing teachers have sought to present the doctrine.” (Bold emphasis added, A Systematic Theology of the Christian Religion, Vol. 2, p. 73, quoted in Barnett, Reconciliation, 329)

“Let’s Not Throw The Baby Out With The Bath Water”


Kevin Kay 190

Practical Lessons

Outline, p. 49

Kevin Kay 191

Lessons From OT Sacrifices

“The wages of sin is death”

Sin is a personal matter

Atonement for sin is costly

Christ’s sacrifice is infinitely valuable

Outline, p. 49-53

Kevin Kay 192

Prescribed Sacrifices(Num. 28-29)

Bulls Rams Lambs Goats

Daily (28:3) 2Sabbath (28:9) 2Month (28:11, 15) 2 1 7 1Passover (28:19,22) 2 1 7 1Unleavened (28:24) (14) (7) (49) (7)Pentecost (28:27, 30) 2 1 7 1Trumpets (29:2, 5) 1 1 7 1Atonement (29:8, 11) 1 1 7 1 (Lev. 16:3, 5, 9-10) [?] 1 1 2

Outline, p. 53

Kevin Kay 193

Prescribed Sacrifices(Num. 28-29)

Tabernacles Bulls Rams Lambs Goats

Day 1 (29:13, 16) 13 2 14 1Day 2 (29:17, 19) 12 2 14 1Day 3 (29:20, 22) 11 2 14 1Day 4 (29:23, 25) 10 2 14 1Day 5 (29:26, 28) 9 2 14 1Day 6 (29:29, 31) 8 2 14 1Day 7 (29:32, 34) 7 2 14 1Day 8 (29:36, 38) 1 1 7 1

TOTALS 71 15 105 8

Outline, p. 53

Kevin Kay 194

Sacrifices Per YearAnimals Days TOTALS

Daily 2 365 730

Sabbath 2 52 104

Month 11 12 132

Passover

Unleavened 11 7 77

Pentecost 11 1 11

Trumpets 10 1 10

Atonement 10 or 14 [?] 1 10 or 14

Tabernacles 199

TOTALS 1273 or 1277

Outline, p. 53

Kevin Kay 195

Prescribed Sacrifices

1475 (years from Sinai to Cross)

x 1273 (animals per year)

1,877,675 (animals sacrificed)

Outline, p. 53

Kevin Kay 196

Special Sacrifices

Animals Occasion References

3,000 Solomon’s Coronation 1 Chr. 29:21

142,000 Solomon’s Temple Dedication 1 Ki. 8:63; 2 Chr. 7:5

7,700 Asa’s Reforms 2 Chr. 15:11

3,970 Hezekiah’s Temple Restoration 2 Chr. 29:32-33

19,000 Hezekiah’s Passover 2 Chr. 30:24

712 Ezra’s Temple Dedication Ezra 6:17

176,382

Outline, p. 53

Kevin Kay 197

OT Animal Sacrifices

1,877,675 Prescribed Sacrifices 176,382 Special Sacrifices 2,054,057 Total Known Sacrifices Countless Individual Sacrifices

Animal Blood Can’t Take Away Sin(Heb. 10:4)

“What can wash away my sins? Nothing but the blood of Jesus;

What can make me whole again? Nothing but the blood of Jesus.

Oh! precious is the flowThat makes me white as snow;

No other fount I know,Nothing but the blood of Jesus.”

(Robert Lowry, “Nothing But The Blood,” HFW, #269)

Outline, p. 53

Kevin Kay 198

Lessons From OT Sacrifices

God cares about the details

Sacrifice for sin is effectual only if it is accompanied by repentance and a conscientious effort to live a holy life

God’s people can lose their appreciation for what God has provided

Outline, p. 53-55

Objections ToPenal Substitution


Words Of Warning

Pr. 18:13: He who answersa matter before he hears it, It is folly and shame to him.

Pr. 18:17: The first one to plead his cause seems right, Until his neighbor comes and examines him.

200

PS Comes Late In History(Objection)

No “fundamental principles” of an atonement theory until Anselm (11th cen.)

Anselm only presented the “fundamental beginnings” of an atonement theory

Penal substitution theory not fully developed until the Protestant Reformation

Barnett, Reconciliation, 9-10 201Outline, p. 58

Justin Martyr(~AD 150-160)

“If, then, the Father of all wished His Christ for the whole human family to take upon Him the curses of all, knowing that, after He had been crucified and was dead, He would raise Him up, why do you argue about Him, who submitted to suffer these things according to the Father’s will, as if He were accursed, and do not rather bewail yourselves?” (“Dialogue With Trypho,” XCV, ANF, 1:247)


PS In The Church Fathers Justin Martyr (100-160) Eusebius of Caesarea (cf. 275-339) Hilary of Poitiers (c. 300-368) Athanasius (c. 300-373) Gregory of Nazianzus (c. 330-390) Ambrose of Milan (339-397) John Chrysostom (c. 350-407) Augustine of Hippo (354-430)


Kevin Kay 204

PS In The Church Fathers

“[I]f a writer makes a passing, but nonetheless explicit, reference to the doctrine of penal substitution in a work largely devoted to another subject, this probably indicates that penal substitution was both widely understood and fairly uncontroversial among his contemporaries.” (Bold emphasis added, Jeffery, Ovey, & Sach, PFOT, 163)

Outline, p. 58

Kevin Kay 205

Punishing Innocent Unjust(Objection)

Pr. 17:15: 15 He who justifies the wicked, and he who condemns the just, Both of them alike are an abomination to the LORD.

Ezek. 18:20: 20 The soul who sins shall die. The son shall not bear the guilt of the father, nor the father bear the guilt of the son. The righteousness of the righteous shall be upon himself, and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon himself.

Outline, p. 65

Only guilty people should be punished (Ex. 23:7; Dt. 25:1; 1 Ki. 8:31-32; Psa. 15:5; Isa. 5:22-23)

Guilt can’t be transferred (Dt. 24:16; 2 Ki. 14:6; 2 Chr. 25:4; Jer. 31:29-30; Ezek. 18:1-4)

Kevin Kay 206

Punishing Innocent Unjust(Response)

Peter declares that God “judges righteously” (1 Pet. 2:23) and that Jesus “bore our sins in His own body on the tree” (1 Pet. 2:24)

Paul declares that putting forth Christ as a propitiation for our sins was a demonstration of God’s justice, not a violation of it (Rom. 3:24-26)

Outline, p. 66

Kevin Kay 207


Ezekiel symbolically bore the iniquity of Israel and Judah [?] (Ezek. 4:1-6)

Most of the verses cited refer to man’s dealings with his fellowman, not God’s dealings with sinners

God’s justice & mercy are in harmony (Isa. 30:18; Hab. 3:2)

Outline, p. 66

Exceptions 1 Ki. 8:31-32

Jer. 31:29-30

Ezek. 18:1-4, 19-20

Harmony Of God’s Attributes

“It would be misleading to say something like ‘At the cross God’s mercy triumphed over his justice.’ That would imply that a conflict existed between God’s attributes, such that his mercy ‘won’ while his justice was frustrated. By contrast, penal substitution maintains God’s mercy and his justice, his love and his truthfulness.” (Emphasis added, Jeffery, Ovey, & Sach, PFOT, 137-138)


Harmony Of God’s Attributes

“Rather, all of God's attributes are in harmony with each other holiness is a loving holiness, a merciful holiness; his justice is a truthful justice, a holy justice, and so on. Within this framework, none of God's attributes should be regarded as more 'central' or 'essential' than any of the others.” (Emphasis added, Jeffery, Ovey, & Sach, PFOT, 138)



Ezek. 18:20: 20 The soul who sins shall die. The son shall not bear the guilt of the father, nor the father bear the guilt of the son. The righteousness of the righteous shall be upon himself, and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon himself.


Should we apply this to the atonement?

If we apply this to the atonement

What proves too much proves nothing at all!

Kevin Kay 214

God Doesn’t Forgive Sin(Objection)

Eleonor Stump: “To forgive a debtor is to fail to exact all that is in justice due. But, according to [penal substitution], God does exact every bit of the debt owed him by humans; he allows none of it to go unpaid.” (Bold emphasis added, “Atonement According to Aquinas,” Philosophy and the Christian Faith, p. 62, quoted in Jeffery, Ovey, & Sach, PFOT, 263)

Outline, p. 67

Kevin Kay 215

God Doesn’t Forgive Sin(Response)

God Himself pays the debt that sinners owe by providing payment in the sacrifice of His Son

Is there a sense in which providing a Substitute and not requiring sinners to pay their debt constitutes forgiveness?

Passages that mention forgiveness without any repayment (cf. Lk. 7:36-50; 15:11-32) do not tell the whole story of redemption

Outline, p. 68

Kevin Kay 216

God Doesn’t Forgive Sin(Response)

Furthermore, in the OT forgiveness and atonement by sacrifice go hand in hand (Lev. 4:20, 26, 31, 35; 5:10, 13, 16, 18; 6:7; 19:22; Num. 15:25, 28)

Pardon is offered because a price is paid (Psa. 130:4, 8)

Outline, p. 68

No Equivalence(Objection)

What Jesus suffered was notequivalent in quantity or quality

How can the death of one man atone for all mankind?

How can a few hours of physical torture and/or a few days of spiritual separation be equivalent to eternal separation from God in the torments of hell?


No Equivalence(Response)

It wasn’t just a man whodied on Calvary, but the God-Man (Acts 20:28; Tit. 2:13-14, ESV)

If the One who died is infinite in His attributes, quality, and value, He could die for a finite number of finite beings

Illust.: One diamond can be worth more than tons and tons of coal


No Equivalence(Response)

Christ’s suffering, althoughit lasted only a finite time, was infinite in value because he is infinitely worthy [?]

Must there be an equivalent punishment for sin for there to be an actual punishment for sin?


Equivalence???(Response)

Lex Talionis (Ex. 21:22-27;Lev. 24:19-22; Dt. 19:21)

David made atonement by delivering up seven descendants of King Saul to be hanged by the Gibeonites (2 Sam. 21:3-9)

Aaron’s incense for Israel (Num. 16:41-50)


Grace In Atonement(Response)

Leon Morris: “If it be objected that there was no great money value in the offering of a small quantity of incense, so that the atonement obtained is out of all proportion to the price paid, the answer must be that the atonement obtained is always out of all proportion to the price paid….There is always an element of grace in atonement.” (Bold emphasis added, APC, 167)


Grace In Atonement(Response)

Hab. 3:2: 2 O LORD, I have heard Your speech and was afraid; O LORD, revive Your work in the midst of the years! In the midst of the years make it known; In wrath remember mercy.

Jas 2:13: 13 For judgment is without mercy to the one who has shown no mercy. Mercy triumphs over judgment.


Equivalence???(Response)

Life in prison without parolefor murder

Execution for mass murder

Execution by torture for mass murder by torture


Equivalence Is Impossible

Even if Jesus did not experience an equivalent punishment, did He experience actual and sufficient punishment for the sins of mankind?

Universal Salvation(Objection)

Jesus’ death fully paid the debt for sin

Jesus died for all people

Therefore, Jesus’ death fully pays the debt for all people

Yet some people will pay their own debt in hell

Therefore, God is unjust, because He demands payment from those who will go to hell for a debt already paid in full by Christ


Universal Salvation(Response)

Calvinists: Jesus died only for the elect (limited atonement)

Penal Substitution does not imply “universal salvation” because Jesus does not become our Substitute until we meet all of His conditions of pardon (before and after conversion)


Jesus Died For All

Savior of world (Jn. 4:42; 1 Jn. 4:14)

Takes away sin of the world (Jn. 1:29)

Gives flesh for the life of the world (Jn. 6:51)

Died for all (2 Cor. 5:14-15)

Savior of all men (1 Tim. 4:10)

Ransom for all (1 Tim. 2:5-6)

Tasted death for everyone (Heb. 2:9)

Propitiation for whole world (1 Jn. 2:2)Outline, p. 70 Kevin Kay 228

Jesus died for some who may be lost (Rom. 14:15; 1 Cor. 8:11; 2 Pet. 2:1)

Christ’s Sacrifice For All

1 Jn. 2:2: 2 And He Himself is the propitiation for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the whole world.

1 Tim. 4:10: 10 For to this end we both labor and suffer reproach, because we trust in the living God, who is the Savior of all men, especially of those who believe.


Christ’s Sacrifice For All

2 Cor. 5:18-20: 18 Now all things are of God, who has reconciled us to Himself through Jesus Christ, and has given us the ministry of reconciliation, 19 that is, that God was in Christ reconciling the world to Himself, not imputing their trespasses to them, and has committed to us the word of reconciliation. 20 Now then, we are ambassadors for Christ, as though God were pleading through us: we implore you on Christ’s behalf, be reconciled to God.

Universal Provision

Individual Appropriation


Unlimited Atonement

UniversalProvision

Individual Appropriation

World (Jn. 1:29; 4:42) His people (Mt. 1:21)

All men (1 Tim. 4:10) His sheep (Jn. 10:11, 14-18)

All (1 Tim. 2:5-6) His friends (Jn. 15:13)

Everyone (Heb. 2:9) Church (Acts 20:28; Eph. 5:25)

Whole world (1 Jn. 2:2)Christians (Rom. 8:32?; Gal. 1:3-4; Tit. 2:14; 1 Jn. 4:9-10)


These Passages Are Not Mutually Exclusive

Conditional Salvation “Be saved from this perverse generation” (Acts

2:40)

“…be reconciled to God” (2 Cor. 5:20)

“…a propitiation in His blood through faith” (Rom. 3:25, NASB)

Redemption through faith (Gal. 3:13)

“…a man is justified by works, and not by faith only.” (Jas. 2:24)


Universal Salvation(Response)

Jesus died to appease God’s wrath (Rom. 3:25-26)

But God’s wrath abides on the one who does not believe in Jesus (Jn. 3:36; cf. Eph. 2:3; 5:6; 2 Th. 1:8-9


Kevin Kay 235

Jesus Wasn’t Punished(Objection)

Maurice Barnett: “THE BIBLE NEVER SAYS THAT JESUS WAS PUNISHED FOR OUR SINS – IT DOES SAY HE SUFFERED FOR OUR SINS!” (Bold emphasis added, Reconciliation, 170)

Sometimes when wicked people are punished, righteous people suffer (Jim McGuiggan)

Judgments on Israel (Amos 4:6-13)

Judgment on Judah (Ezek. 21:1-5)

Outline, p. 77

Kevin Kay 236

Jesus Wasn’t Punished(Response)

Assertion is not proof

Citing examples of righteous people suffering when wicked people are punished does not prove that this is merely what happened in Jesus’ death

The language of Isaiah 53 certainly sounds like punishment from God to me

Outline, p. 77

Kevin Kay 237

Imputed Righteousness(Objection)

Maurice Barnett: “Substitution is essential to Calvinism. Predestination, limited atonement, irresistible grace and the impossibility of apostasy all depend on substitution as their solid foundation. And, substitution is bound together with the imputation of sin to Christ and imputation of His righteousness to the elect.” (Bold emphasis added, Reconciliation, 166-167)


Kevin Kay 238

Imputed Righteousness(Response)

It is not a forgone conclusion that the imputation of our sin to Jesus (1 Pet. 2:24) demands the imputation of His righteousness to us

The Calvinistic doctrines of imputation should be rejected, because the Bible doesn’t teach those doctrines

Outline, p. 78

Kevin Kay 239


Paul doesn’t say what Calvinists claim

Adam introduced sin into the world (Rom. 5:12a)

Death, not sin, spread to all men, because all sinned, not because Adam sinned (Rom. 5:12b)

NT teaches the imputation of righteousness (Rom. 4:3, 5-6, 9, 11, 22-23; Gal. 3:6)

It does not explicitly teach the imputation of Christ’s personal righteousness to sinners

Outline, p. 78

Kevin Kay 240


Leon Morris: “In view of plain statements like these [Rom. 4:3, 5] it seems impossible to hold that Paul found no place for the imputation of righteousness to believers. On the other hand he never says in so many words that the righteousness of Christ was imputed to believers, and it may fairly be doubted whether he had this in mind in his treatment of justification….” (Bold emphasis added, APC, 282)

Outline, p. 78

Eternal Security(Objection)

Maurice Barnett: “If Jesus took all of our punishment on Himself, there is no punishment left for us to endure. Seeing He did this for all men, not a single human can be charged with sin, guilt or punishment and not one can ever be lost.” (Bold emphasis added, Reconciliation, 175)


Response

This is not the case if continuing to receive the benefits of Jesus’ vicarious sacrifice is conditioned upon faithfulness to Christ after conversion (Col. 1:19-23)

Nothing For Me To Do(Objection)

Maurice Barnett: “If there is anything, and there is, that we have to do today, any commands of God that we must obey in order to obtain forgiveness of our sins and escape the punishment for our sins, have justification, redemption and propitiation, then Substitution is not true for these are contradictory positions. If Substitution is true, then there is nothing we must do, or can do, to stand justified before God; everything has

Outline, p. 90, n. 49 Kevin Kay 242

Nothing For Me To Do(Objection)

already been done in our place by our substitute! We cannot hold on to both the gospel and Substitution.” (“The Vicarious Death Of Christ?? 4,” Preceptor Magazine, April 1999, p. 100)

Outline, p. 90, n. 49 Kevin Kay 243

Assumes Unconditional Substitution

Nothing For Me To Do(Response)

Can substitution be conditional and still be substitution?

In the Civil War, one could send a substitute in his place, if he paid $300, but what if he didn’t pay?

Are the conditions we must meet for salvation any different than paying $300?


Christ’s Part Man’s PartBlood (Rom. 5:10; Col. 1:20)

Reconciliation Be reconciled (2 Cor. 5:18-21)

Blood (Rom. 3:25 PropitiationFaith (Rom. 3:25)Confession (1 Jn. 1:9)

Grace (Rom. 3:24)Blood (Rom. 5:9)

JustificationBelief (Acts 13:39)Works (Jas. 2:24)Words (Mt. 12:37)

Blood (Eph. 1:7; Rom. 3:24)

Redemption Baptism (Rom. 6:3-4)

Blood (Heb. 9:14; 1 Jn. 1:7)

CleansingBaptism (Acts 22:16)Confession (1 Jn. 1:9)

Blood (Col. 1:14) Forgiveness Confession (1 Jn. 1:9)


Why Follow Jesus?(Objection & Response)

No good reason to follow Jesus (McClister, PHSS, 100)

Sinners must become faithful followers of Jesus because it is a condition for receiving the benefits of Jesus’ vicarious sacrifice (cf. Mk. 8:34-38; Jn. 10:27-29; 12:26; 1 Jn. 1:7; 2:3-6)

This seems so obvious to me that I am truly amazed that anyone would raise this objection


SubstitutionNegates Grace

Barton W. Stone: “This schemedestroys the ideas of grace and forgiveness. For if my surety or substitute has fully discharged my debt, having paid the real, proper and full demand for me, can it be grace in my creditor to forgive me” (Works of Elder B. W. Stone, 121)


Grace is manifested in allowing a Substitute in the first place!!!

Mark Twain

“I was gratified to be able to answer promptly, and I did. I said I didn’t know.”

(Old Times On The Mississippi,

1875)

249

“A Study In Scarlet”

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