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F2013abn Foundations 1
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
twenty seven
concrete construction:
foundation design
lecture
Bright Football Complex
www.tamu.edu
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:
FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN
ARCH 331
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
FALL 2013
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F2013abn Foundations 2
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Foundation
• the engineered interface between the
earth and the structure it supports that
transmits the loads to the soil or rock
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F2013abn Foundations 3
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Structural vs. Foundation Design
• structural design
– choice of materials
– choice of framing system
– uniform materials and quality assurance
– design largely
independent of
geology, climate, etc.
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F2013abn Foundations 4
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Structural vs. Foundation Design
• foundation design
– cannot specify site materials
– site is usually predetermined
– framing/structure predetermined
– site geology influences foundation choice
– no site the same
– no design
the same
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F2013abn Foundations 5
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Soil Properties & Mechanics
• unit weight of soil
• allowable soil pressure
• factored net soil pressure
• shear resistance
• backfill pressure
• cohesion & friction of soil
• effect of water
• settlement
• rock fracture behavior
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F2013abn Foundations 6
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• compressibility
– settlements
• strength
– stability
• shallow foundations
• deep foundations
• slopes and walls
– ultimate bearing capacity, qu
– allowable bearing capacity,
Soil Properties & Mechanics
S.F.
qq u
a finehomebuilding.com
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F2013abn Foundations 7
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• strength, qa
Soil Properties & Mechanics
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F2013abn Foundations 8
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Bearing Failure
• shear
slip zone punched wedge slip zone punched wedge
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F2013abn Foundations 9
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Lateral Earth Pressure
• passive vs. active
active
(trying to
move wall)
passive
(resists movement)
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F2013abn Foundations 10
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Foundation Materials
• concrete, plain or reinforced
– shear
– bearing capacity
– bending
– embedment length, development length
• other materials (piles)
– steel
– wood
– composite
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F2013abn Foundations 11
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Basic Foundation Requirements
• safe against instability or collapse
• no excessive/damaging settlements
• consider environment – frost action – shrinkage/swelling – adjacent structure, property lines – ground water – underground defects – earthquake
• economics
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F2013abn Foundations 12
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Generalized Design Steps
• calculate loads
• characterize soil
• determine footing location and depth
• evaluate soil bearing capacity
• determine footing size (unfactored loads)
• calculate contact pressure and check
stability
• estimate settlements
• design footing structure* (factored loads)
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F2013abn Foundations 13
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Types of Foundations
• spread footings
• wall footings
• eccentric footings
• combined footings
• unsymmetrical footings
• strap footings
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F2013abn Foundations 14
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Types of Foundations
• mat foundations
• retaining walls
• basement walls
• pile foundations
• drilled piers
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F2013abn Foundations 15
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• spread footing
– a square or rectangular footing supporting
a single column
– reduces stress from load to size the ground
can withstand
Shallow Footings
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F2013abn Foundations 16
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• stress distribution is a function of
– footing rigidity
– soil behavior
• linear stress distribution
assumed
Actual vs. Design Soil Pressure
RIGID sand
RIGID clay
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F2013abn Foundations 17
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• net allowable soil pressure, qnet
–
– considers all extra weight (overburden)
from replacing soil with concrete
– can be more overburden
• design requirement
with total unfactored
load:
Proportioning Footings
)(hqq scfa llowablenet
netqA
P
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F2013abn Foundations 18
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Concrete Spread Footings
• plain or reinforced
• ACI specifications
• Pu = combination of factored D, L, W
• ultimate strength
– 0.75 for shear
• plain concrete has shear strength
– 0.9 for flexure
:nu MM
:cu VV
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F2013abn Foundations 19
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Concrete Spread Footings
• failure modes
shear
bending
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F2013abn Foundations 20
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Concrete Spread Footings
• shear failure
one way shear two way shear
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F2013abn Foundations 21
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• reinforcement ratio for bending
–
– use as a design estimate to find As,b,d
– max from steel 0.004
– minimum for slabs & footings of uniform
thickness
Over and Under-reinforcement
bd
As
barsgrade
barsgradebh
As
600018.0
50/40002.0
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F2013abn Foundations 22
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Reinforcement Length
• need length, ld
– bond
– development of yield strength
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F2013abn Foundations 23
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Column Connection
• bearing of column on footing
–
0.65 for bearing
– confined: increase x
• dowel reinforcement
– if Pu > Pb, need
compression
reinforcement
– min of 4 - #5 bars
(or 15 metric)
185.0 Af c nu PP
2A
A
1
2
A1
A2 2
1
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F2013abn Foundations 24
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
– continuous strip for load bearing walls
– plain or reinforced
– behavior
• wide beam shear
• bending of projection
– dimensions usually dictated
by codes for residential walls
– light loads
Wall Footings
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F2013abn Foundations 25
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• footings subject to moments
– soil pressure resultant force may not
coincide with the centroid of the footing
Eccentrically Loaded Footings
e
P
M=Pe
P
by statics:
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F2013abn Foundations 26
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Differential Soil Pressure
– to avoid large rotations,
limit the differential soil
pressure across footing
– for rigid footing,
simplification of soil
pressure is a linear
distribution based on
constant ratio of pressure to settlement
M
P
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F2013abn Foundations 27
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• boundary of e for
no tensile stress
• triangular stress
block with pmax
Kern Limit
Nwpx
volume 2
wx
Np
2max
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F2013abn Foundations 28
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
– want resultant of load from pressure inside
the middle third of base (kern)
• ensures stability with respect to overturning
– pressure under toe (maximum) qa
– shortcut using uniform soil pressure for
design moments gives similar steel areas
51goverturnin
.M
xR
M
MSF resist
Guidelines
M P
x R
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F2013abn Foundations 29
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
– supports two columns
– used when space is tight and spread footings would overlap or when at property line
– soil pressure might not be uniform
– proportion so pressure will uniform for sustained loads
– behaves like beam lengthwise
Combined Footings
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F2013abn Foundations 30
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
– rectangular
– trapezoid
– strap or cantilever
• prevents overturning of exterior column
– raft/mat
• more than two columns
over an extended area
Combined Footing Types
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F2013abn Foundations 31
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Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
– uniform settling is desired
– area is proportioned with sustained column
loads
– want the resultant to coincide with centroid
of footing area for uniformly distributed
pressure
assuming a
rigid footing
Proportioning
P1 P2
R = P1+P2
y amax qq
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F2013abn Foundations 32
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• purpose
– retain soil or other material
• basic parts
– wall & base
– additional parts
• counterfort
• buttress
• key
Retaining Walls
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F2013abn Foundations 33
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• considerations – overturning
– settlement
– allowable bearing pressure
– sliding
– (adequate drainage)
Retaining Walls
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F2013abn Foundations 34
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• procedure
– proportion and check stability with working loads for bearing, overturning and sliding
– design structure with factored loads
Retaining Walls
o
Fx
R
W 251
goverturnin
.M
MSF resist
2251 .F
FSF
sliding
resisthorizontal
Fresist
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F2013abn Foundations 35
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Retaining Wall Proportioning
• estimate size
– footing size, B 2/5 - 2/3 wall height (H)
– footing thickness 1/12 - 1/8 footing size (B)
– base of stem 1/10 - 1/12 wall height (H+hf)
– top of stem 12”
H
B
hf
t
b
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F2013abn Foundations 36
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• design like cantilever beam
– Vu & Mu for reinforced concrete
– 0.75 for shear
– 0.9 for flexure
Retaining Walls Forces
:nu MM
:cu VV
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F2013abn Foundations 37
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Retaining Wall Types
• “gravity” wall
– usually unreinforced
– economical & simple
• cantilever retaining wall
– common
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F2013abn Foundations 38
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Retaining Wall Types
• counterfort wall
• buttress wall
• bridge abutment
• basement frame wall (large basement areas)
very tall walls (> 20 - 25 ft)
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F2013abn Foundations 39
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• usage
– when spread footings, mats won’t work
– when they are required to transfer the
structural loads to good bearing material
– to resist uplift or overturning
– to compact soil
– to control settlements of spread or mat
foundations
Deep Foundations
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F2013abn Foundations 40
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
– piles - usually driven, 6”-8” , 5’ +
– piers
– caissons
– drilled shafts
– bored piles
– pressure injected piles
Deep Foundation Types
drilled, excavated,
concreted (with or
without steel)
2.5’ - 10’/12’ .
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F2013abn Foundations 41
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Deep Foundation Types
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F2013abn Foundations 42
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• classification
– by material
– by shape
– by function (structural, compaction...)
• pile placement methods
– driving with pile hammer (noise & vibration)
– driving with vibration (quieter)
– jacking
– drilling hole & filling with pile or concrete
Deep Foundations
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F2013abn Foundations 43
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• timber
– use for temporary construction
– to densify loose sands
– embankments
– fenders, dolphins (marine)
• concrete
– precast: ordinary reinforcement or prestressed
– designed for axial capacity and bending with handling
Piles Classified By Material
lift hooks
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F2013abn Foundations 44
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
• steel
– rolled HP shapes or pipes
– pipes may be filled with concrete
– HP displaces little soil and may either
break small boulders or displace them to
the side
Piles Classified By Material
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F2013abn Foundations 45
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Piles Classified By Function
– end bearing pile (point bearing)
– friction piles (floating)
“socketed”
soft or loose layer
for use in soft or loose
materials over a dense base
Rp
common in both clay & sand
Rs =ƒ(adhesion)
P P
T N
tapered: sand & silt
apa fAP
0PR
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F2013abn Foundations 46
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Piles Classified By Function
– combination friction and end bearing
– uplift/tension piles
structures that float, towers
P
– batter piles
P 1:12 to 1:3 or 1:4
angled, cost more,
resist large horizontal loads
Rp
Rs
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F2013abn Foundations 47
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Piles Classified By Function
– fender piles, dolphins, pile clusters
– compaction piles
• used to densify loose sands
– drilled piers
• eliminate need for pile caps
• designed for bearing capacity (not slender)
large # of piles in a small area
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F2013abn Foundations 48
Lecture 27
Architectural Structures
ARCH 331
Pile Caps and Grade Beams
– like multiple column footing
– more shear areas to consider