A Socio-legal Study of Crimes Against Women: A Critical ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/33145/9/title.pdf1 A Socio-legal Study of Crimes Against Women: A Critical Review

1

A Socio-legal Study of Crimes Against Women:

A Critical Review of Protective Laws

THE THESIS

SUBMITTED TO

KUMAUN UNIVERSITY, NAINITAL

FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

Ph.D IN LAW

SUPERVISOR RESEARCHER

Prof. P.C. JOSHI S.K. KHANDELWAL

Head & Dean

Faculty of Law

S.S.J. Campus, Almora

2012

Estelar

2

Supervisor‟s Certificate

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “A Socio-legal Study of Crimes

Against Women: A Critical Review of Protective Laws” submitted by S.K.

Khandelwal embodies the work of the candidate himself. In my opinion the thesis

fulfils the requirements of the ordinance relating to Ph.D Degree of the University.

Date:

Place: Dr. P.C. Joshi

Supervisor

Professor

Head and Dean

Faculty of Law

S.S.J. Campus,

Almora

Estelar

3

Declaration

I, S.K. Khandelwal declare that this thesis represents entirely my original

work except for materials culled from scholarly writing and guidance received

from my supervisor acknowledged appropriately herein and that this has not been

submitted to this or any other university for the award of any degree.

S.K. Khandelwal

Estelar

4

Acknowledgement

Having finish this thesis I feel delighted to express my gratitude to all those

who have inspired, encouraged, guided and blessed me in preparation and

presenting this Ph.D. research work.

I take the opportunity to express my deep respect and indebtness to my

guide, preceptor and supervisor Dr. P.C. Joshi Head and Dean, Faculty of Law,

Kumaun University S.S.J. Campus, Almora, whose enlightening guidance helped

me throughout the tenure of this work.

I am thankful to the my colleagues and library staff in the department of

Faculty of Law, S.S.J. Campus, Almora, National Crime Records Bureau, New

Delhi, Library Indian Law Institute, New Delhi, National Commission for Women

New Delhi, Crime (Women) Cell, New Delhi for helping for my work.

In the last, I would like to express my thanks to Mr. Santosh Pathak for

transforming the manuscript into the present form.

S.K. Khandelwal

Faculty of Law

S.S.J. Campus

Almora

Estelar

5

CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

List of cases I – VII

Abbreviation VIII-IX

CHAPTER- I 1- 61

INTRODUCTION

(A) Nature. Definition and Etymology of Crime (with special reference to

women)

(B) Constitutional Protection to Weaker Sections of Society particularly to

women

CHAPTER- II 62-82

CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN; CAUSES AND COMPULSION

(A) Social Causes

(i) Male dominated society

(ii) Moral and psychological environment

(B) Personal and Psychological

(i) Unemployment and poverty

(ii) Alcoholism

(iii) Religion

(iv) Marital maladjustment

(C) Legal Causes

(i) Inefficiency of legal machinery

(ii) Legal Compulsions

Estelar

6

CHAPTER-III 83-135

OFFENSES AGAINST WOMEN: SENSITIVITY,

MODESTY, AND SEX

(A ) Offenses against sensitivity,

(i) Obscenity

(ii) Indecent representation of women

(B) Offenses against modesty

(i) Insult to modesty

(ii) Outraging the modesty

(C) Sexual offenses

(i) Rape

(ii) Custodial rape

CHAPTER-IV 136-182

OFFENSES AGAINST CUSTODY AND SECURITY

(A) Kidnapping and Abduction

(i) Kidnapping from India

(ii) Kidnapping from Lawful Guardianship

(iii) Abduction

(iv) Kidnapping and abduction inducing women to compel her marriage

etc.

(B) Trafficking for Immoral Purposes

(i) Procuration of minor girl

(ii) Importation of girl from foreign country

(iii) Selling minor for purpose of prostitution etc.

(iv) Buying minor for purpose of prostitution

Estelar

7

CHAPTER-V 183-234

OFFENSES RELATING TO LIFE AND HEALTH

(A) Dowry Deaths

(B) Cruelty

CHAPTER-VI 235-271

MATRIMONIAL OFFENSES

(A) Cohabitation by fraud and inducement

(B) Bigamy

(C) Fraudulent (unlawful) marriage

(D) Adultery

(E) Enticing, taking away or detaining with criminal intent to married women

CHAPTER-VII 272-284

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY 285-288

Estelar

8

LIST OF CASES

Abdul V. Emperor AIR 1932 All. 580.

Abdul Aziz V. State of Bombay 1954 Cr.L.J. 886

Abdul Rehman V. Emperor 1935, 39 CWN 1055

Adik V. Emperor AIR 1947

A.G. of Ceylon V. Reid (1965) 28 Mad LJ 484

Air India V. Nargish Meerza(1981) 4.SCC335

Apparel Export Promation Council V. A.K. Chopra AIR 1999 SC 625

Aman Kumar V. State of Haryana(2004) 1 NSC 83

Amarnath V. H.S. Amarnath(1946) 49 PLR 147

Alamgir V. State of Bihar AIR 1959 SC436

Aruna Pramod Singh V. Union of India (2008) 68 AIC 313(Del.)

A.Gounden (In re) AIR 1959 MAD. 276

Ayshabai (1904) 6 BOM LR 536

Bankey V. State of UP AIR 1961,131

Bodhistava V. Ms. Subhadra Chakrobarty(1996) SCC. 490

Bhupender Singh V. State of MP (2003) 8 SCC 217

Balwant Singh V. State of Panjab (1987) 2 SCC 27

Bhanchan Singh V. State of Panjab (1980) 2 SCC 684

Bharwada Bhoginbhai Hirjibhai V. State of Gujrat(1983) 3 SCC 753

Estelar

9

Bhulamia V. State Air 1969 CAL. 416

Bhagwati Prasad V. Emperor AIR 1929All. 709

Brij Lal V. Prem Chandra (1989) Supp. (2) SCC 680

Balkishan Moghal V. State 1998 Cr. L.J. 4496

Bhaghnath Pathak V. State of Orissa (2002) 5 SCC 619

B.R. Mehta V. Atma Devi (1987) 4 SCC 183

Bindu V. Kaushalya (1982) 13 All 126

Bhuklabai V. Gangu Ram 1988 1 SCC 53

Bhaurao Shankar Lokhonde V. State of Maharastra AIR 1965 SC 1564

Bibi V. Jayanti Mahadeo(1981) Cr. L.J. 614

C.B. Muthumma V. Union of India(1979) 4 SCC 260

Chandrakant Kalyandas Kakodkar case AIR 1970 SC 1390

Chairman Railway Board V. Chandrimadas (2000) 2 SCC 465

Cluragh (1929) 30 Cr. L.J. 376

Dimple Singla V. Union of India (2002) 2 AISLJ 161

D.G. Doordarshan V. Anand Patwardhan AIR 2006 SC 3346

Director of Public Prosecution V. Morgan (1976) AC 182

Dalip Singh V. State of UP (2001) 9 SCC 452

Dinesh V. State of Rajasthan AIR 2006 SC 207

Dhanjoy Chatterjee V. State of West Bengal (1994) 2 SCC 220

Delhi Domestic Working Women’s Forum V. Union of India (1995) 1 SCC 14

Estelar

10

Dutta Pradhan V. State of Orissa (1985) Cr. L.J. 842

Dilip Kumar V. State (decided on May 13, 2011)

Davis V. Johnson (1978) 2 WLR 182

Dalip Singh V. State of UP AIR 1949 All. 237

D. Velusamy V. D. Patchaiammal (Decided on 21-10-2010)

Empress V. Pemantle ILR(1882) 8 Cal. 971

Ghandhayam Misra V. State 1957 Cr. L.J. 469

Gaurav Jain V. Union of India AIR 1997 SC 3021

Gopal Lal V. State of Rajasthan AIR 1979 SC 713

Godawari V. State of Maharastra 1985 Cr. L.J. 1472

Gul Mohammad V. Emperor AIR 1947 Nag. 121

Govind Chandra Singh Rao V. Haru Chandra Singh Rao (1988) Cr. L.J. 1352

Hansraj V. State of Haryana (2004) 12 SCC 257

Hiralal V. State (NCT Delhi) (2003) 8 ALD 220

In Flicklin case (1868) R 3 Q . B 360

In re Ratanmala AIR 1962 MAD 31

In Ramesh (1962) 64 BOM. LR 780(SC)

Indian Hotel and Restaurant Association V. State of Maharastra 2006 (NOC) 901 (BOM)

Estelar

11

Inder Raj Malik V. Sunita Malik (1986) Cr. L.J. 1510

In re C.S. Subramanian AIR 1953 MAD 422

In Baldeo(1870) 2 NWPH Cr.2

Jagmal Singh V. State 1980 Cr. LJ (RAJ) 446

Jayan K K V. State of Kerla(2007) 1 NKLHC 5946

Jamleson V. Jamleson (1952) 1 All. ER 875

Johan Vallamattom V. Union of India

Janendra Nath Dey V. Khitsle. Chandra Ray (1935) 35 CWN 280

Karnel Singh V. State of MP AIR 1995 SC 2472

Khaleder Saheb (1955) Cr. LJ. 581

Kaushalya V. Baisakhi Rani AIR 1961 Pun. 520

Krishna Lal V. Union of India 1994 Cr. LJ 3472

Kartik Kundu case (1967) Cr. LJ 141

Kshitish Chandra Chaudhry V. Emperor AIR (1937) 214

Kailash Singh V. Priti Parihar 1982 Cr.LJ 1005(RAJ)

Kambi Karsan Nanan V. Kambi Karsan Nanan AIR 1951 1 Kutch. 17

Laiq Singh V. State (1970) 2 SCC 561

Lalita Prasad V. State of MP 1979Cr.LJ 867

Lashwin Nanubhai AIR 1907 SC 983

Lily Thomas V. Union of India AIR 2000 SC 1650

Estelar

12

Lata Singh V. State of UP AIR 2006 SC 2522

Madhu Keshav V. State of Bihar (1966) 5 SCC 148

Menka Gandhi V. Union of India AIR 1978 SC 597

Madan Lal V. State of J&K (1997) 7 SCC 677

Mohd. Zuber Noor Mohammad Changwadia V. State of Gujrat AIR 1995 SC 2472

Mohd. Chaman V. State (NCT Delhi) (2001) 2 SCC 28

Macchi Singh V. State of Panjab (1983) 3 SCC 470

Moni Ram Hazarika V. State of Assam (2004) Cr.LJ 2553

Mamackachari, In re1970 Cr LJ 1590

Madhuri. M. Chitnis V. Mukund. M. Chitnis 1992 Cr.LJ III

Mohd. Hussain V. State of A.P. (2002) 7 SCC 714

Molvi Hussain Hazi Abrahan Umarji V. State of Gujrat 2004 (6 SCC 672)

M. Palni V. Meenakshi AIR 2008 MAD 162

Moinuddin Kutty Haji V. Kunhikoya AIR 1987 Ker. 184

M.Clearance V. Raichel AIR 1964 Mys.67

Neera Mathur V. LIC (2008) 3 SCC 1

Neelam Mahjan V. Commissioner Police 1996 Cr. LJ 2725(CAL)

Neemaj Chattoraj V. Queen Empress (1990) 27 Cal. 1041

Noor Kadir V. Zwiekha Bibi(1885) 11 Cal. 649

Olga Thelma Gomes V. Mark Coome AIR 1959 Cal. 451

Estelar

13

Promilla Kapoor V. Yash Bhasin 1989 Cr.LJ 1241(Del.)

Pratap Misra V. State of Orissa (1977) 3 SCC 41

Prem Chandra V. State of Haryana 1989 Supp. (1) SCC 2861

Pramod Mahto V. State of Bihar 1989 Supp. (2)SCC 672

Pradeep Kumar V. Union of Administration Chandigarh (2006) 10 SCC 608

Phul Singh V. State of Haryana (1979) 4 SCC 413

Prasanna V. State of Maharastra (2003) 1 LD 438 Bombay

PPV Maddlia Muthayalu (1918) 19Cr.LJ 165

Pratibha Rani V. Suraj Kumar AIR 1958 SC 628

Pawan Kumar V. State of Haryana 1998 2 SCC 309

Polavarpu Sataya Narayana V. Soundaravalli 1988 Cr.LJ 1538(A.P)

Praveen V. State (Decided on March 3, 2011)

Priya V. Shivi (2008) 69 AIC 713 (Ker.)

Ranjit D. Udeshi V State of Maharastra AIR 1965 SC 881

Ram Das V. State of MP 1982 Cr.LR 36

Ram Das V. State of West Bengal AIR 1954 SC 711

Rafiq V. State of UP (1979) 2 SCC 143

Rameshwar V. State of Rajasthan

R V. A (2002) All. ER 177(CA)

Ranji Bithal (1957) 60 Bom. LR 329

Estelar

14

Rekhal Lal V. King Emperor (1927) ILR 6 Pat. 47

Ramaswami Udayar Ragu Tudayar AIR 1953 Mad 333

Reg V. Christian Alter(1886) 10 Cox CC 407

Ramesh (1962) 64 Bom.LR 780 SC

Rajendra V. State of Maharastra (2002) Cr.LJ 4353(SC)

Rajesh V. State of Maharastra AIR 1998 SC 27

Raj Bahadur V. Legal Rememberancer AIR 1953 Cal. 522

Radha Bai V. Union Territory of Pandicherry (1995) 4 SCC 141

Ramesh Kumar V. State of Chhatisgarh(2001) 9 SCC 618

Rajkumar V. Sarita Rampal Pandey(2009) 76 AIC 421 Bom.

Raghnath Pandey V. State of Orissa 1957 Cr.Lj. 1859

Radhika Saminna V. S.H.O. Habeeb Nagar Police Station 1997 Cr. LJ. 1655(A.P.)

R.V. Tolson (1889) 232 Q.B.D. 168

R V. Wheat(1921) 2 K. B. 119

Rakeya Bibi V. Anil Kumar (1948) 2 Cal. 1119

R. Khanum V.K. Grani(1946)48 Bom. L.R. 864

Surjit Singh V. Kamaljit Kaur AIR 2003 P&H 10

Samaresh Bose V. Amal Mitra 1996 Cr.LJ 24.

Surendra Nath V State of MP Cr.LJ (MP H.C. Notes) 10 (2)

State of Kerla V. Hamsu 1988(2) Crimes 161

State V. HetRam 1982 Cr.LJ(Raj) 522

State V. Vijay Singhal 297(Raj) Cr.C(297)

Estelar

15

State of Punjab V. Major Singh AIR 1967 SC 63

Sadanand 1972 Cr.LJ. 65 A(Assam)

State of Punjab V. Gurmeet Singh 1996 2 SCC 384

Sakshi V. Union of India AIR 2004 SC 3566

State of Kerla V. Kundumkara Govindam 1969 Cr.LJ 818

State of Maharastra V. Madhulkar N.Medicor(1991) 1 SCC 57

State of UP V. Pappu(2005) 3 SCC 594

State of Rajasthan V. Noore Khan (2005) SCC 30

Sri Narayan Saha V. State of Tripura(2004) 7 SCC 775

State of Haryana V. Raja Ram AIR 1973 SC 819

Sagar Mangolpuri V. State of Gujrat 1966 Guj.L.R. 378

State of Maharastra V. H. Kishan Singh AIR 1954 Bom. 339

State of Karnataka V. Suresh Babu Pokhraj Porral AIR 1994 SC 996

Shaefali Banerjee V. State AIR 1969 Cal. 544

State of Bihar V. Jagroop Singh AIR 1963 Pat. 381

Soni Achu Laxman V. State of Gujrat AIR 1960 Guj. 37

State of Maharastra V. Madhukar Narayan AIR 1991 SC 207

Sis Ram (1929) 51 All. 1883

Shama Bibi V. State of UP AIR 1959 All. 57

State of UP V. Kaushalya 1964 4 SCR 1002

State (Delhi Adm) V. Laxman Kumar AIR 1982 P& H SC 372 (FB) P 388

State of H.P. V. Neku Ram (1995) 6 SCC 219

Smt Sarla Prabhakar V. State of Maharastra 1990 Cr.LJ Bom.

Estelar

16

Shanti Devi V. State of Haryana 1991 1 SCC 371

Savitri Devi V. Ramesh Chandra (2003) 61 LD 251 (Del.)

S Hanumantha Rao V. S .R. Ramani (1999) 2 SCC 620

Suvetha V. State 2009 (6) SCC 75

Sushil Kumar Sharma V. Union of India AIR 2005 SC 3100

Sanjeev Kumar Jain V. State of Delhi Cr. C. No. 2660 of 2010

S R Batra V. Taruna Batra (2007) 3 SCC 169

Suresh Nathumal Rathi V. State of Maharastra 1992 Cr.LJ 2106

Suman V. State of H.P. (1987) 2 Crimes 112 (H.P.)

Shankaran Sukumaran V. Krishna Sarawathy 1984 Cr.LJ 317 Ker.

Sarla Mudagal V. Union of India AIR 1995 SC 153

Sowmithri Vishnu V. Union of India AIR 1985 SC 1618

S. Khusboo V. Kaminammal (Decided on 28-4-2010)

Tarak Das Gupta V. State AIR 1926. Bom.159

Tuka Ram V. State of Maharastra AIR 1979 Sc 185

T.D. Vadgama V. State of Gujrat AIR 1973 SC 2313

Uttam V. State of Maharastra 1991 Cr. LJ 1646

Unni Kumar In re (1975) 1 MU 22

Upendra Bakshi V. State of UP 1983 2 SCC 308

Unique Butle Tube (P) Ltd. V. UP Financial Cop. 2003 (2) SCC 455

Estelar

17

Vikram Deo Singh V. State of Bihar 1995 1 SCC 14

Vishakha V. State of Rajasthan AIR 1997 SC 3011

Vardarajan V. State of Madras AIR 1965 SC 942

Vishwanath V. State of UP 1960 SC 67

Vishaljeet V. Union of India 1990 3 SCC 318

Vithalbhai Shukla AIR 1928 Bom. 336

Vribhan V. State of UP 1983 SC 1002

Vinod Kumar Seth V. State of Punjab 1995 6 SCC 219

Vinod Kumar V. State AIR 1982 P&H 372

V.Bhagat V. Mrs. D.Bhagat AIR 1994 SC 710

Vungarda Yadu Kondoly V. State of AP 1998 (Crimes) 976

Veeraswamy V. Appaswamy (1863) 1 Mod. 375 A.P. S.W.

Estelar

18

Abbreviations

AIR =All India Reporter

All =Allahabad

AP = Andhara Pradesh

ART = Assisted Reproductive Technology

ASLI = Annual Survey of Indian Law

All E.R. = All England Report

AWAG = Ahemadabad Women’s Association Group

BOM = Bombay

Cr.L.J = Criminal Law Journal

Cr.L.R. =Criminal Law Reporter

CWN = Calcutta weekly notes

Del = Delhi

DLR = Dominion Law Reporter (Nagpur)

FIR = First Information Report

F.C = Federal Court

FCR =Federal Court Reports

FSL = Forensic Science Laboratory

Estelar

19

GCD = Gujrat Current Decisions

GLH = Gujrat Law Herald

GLR = Gujrat Law Reports

HC = High Court

IA = Indian Appeals

IBR = Indian Bar Review

ILR = Indian Law Reports

ICCPR = International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

ILD = Indian Law Decision

ILO = International Labour Organization

IPC = Indian Penal Code

IRD (P) A = Indecent Representation of Women ( Prohibition) Act, 1986

ITPA = Immoral Trafficking (Prevention) Act

JBCI = Journal of Bar Council of India

JILI = Journal of Indian Law Institute

JJACT = Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act

Kel = Kerala

Kash. L.J. = Kashmir Law Journal

Mah = Maharastra

Estelar

20

MP = Madhya Pradesh

MPLJ = Madhya Pradesh Law Journal

NCW = National Commission for Women

NHRC = National Human Rights Commission

P&H = Punjab and Haryana

PC =Privy Council

RI = Rigorous Imprisonment

RMP = Registered Medical Practitioner

SAARC = South Asia Association of Regional Countries

SC = Supreme Court

SCJ =Supreme Court Journal

SCC = Supreme Court Cases

The Code = The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

UDHR = Universal Declaration of Human Rights

UP = Uttar Pradesh.

WLR =Weekly Law Reporter

Estelar