A regional perspective based on new data from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation Prepared by: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation August 2014 2014 UPDATE A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in WHO South-East Asia Region
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A regional perspective based on new data from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply
and Sanitation
Prepared by: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
August 2014
2014UPDATE
A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in
WHO South-East Asia Region
Sanitation Coverage Trends
Since 1990, South-East Asia sanitation coverage has increased by 20 percentage points
1 billion people do not have access to an improved sanitation facility in WHO South-East Asia Region
Trends in the proportion of the SEAR population using improved, shared or unimproved sanitation facilities or practising open defecation, 1990 -2012
Improved Shared
Unimproved Open defecation
Cove
rage
(%)
TotalSEAR
UrbanSEAR
RuralSEAR
1990 20121990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012
World
49
64
6
1121
11
2414
15
353
8
6
6
76
50
54
65
15
187
724
11
25
45
6
11
6
7
62
37
India, 792
Indonesia, 102
Bangladesh, 66
Nepal, 17
Myanmar, 12
Dem. People's Republic of Korea, 4
Thailand, 4
Sri Lanka, 2
Timor-Leste, 1
Bhutan, 0
Maldives, 0
Population (millions)
ϐϐ 502 million people in South-East Asia
gained access to improved sanitation
facilities since 1990
ϐϐ SEAR has reduced by 25 points the
percentage of people practising open
defecation; however it continues to be
the region with the highest number of
people practising open defecation
ϐϐ 54.5% of SEAR population had no
access to an improved sanitation
facilities in 2012
Looking behind the averages to unmask disparities
Open defecation is highly correlated with poverty. Nine out of ten people in the region who practice open defecation live in rural areas and the majority of them are poor
3 Northern Africa
37 WHOSouth-East Asia
25 Sub-Saharan Africa
14 Eastern Mediterranean
48 India
40 Nepal
22 Indonesia 27 Timor Leste
5 Myanmar 2 Bhutan
9 Urban
47 Rural 45 Pooresturban
77 Poorestrural
6 Richestrural
0 Richest urban 0
20
40
60
80
100
Open
def
ecat
ion
prev
alen
ce (%
)
105
902
68
608
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Urban Rural
Popu
latio
n pr
actis
ing
open
def
ecat
ion
(mill
ions
)
World WHO South-East Asia
ϐϐ Regional and national averages mask inequalities: India continues to be the country with the highest number of people
(597 million people) practising open defecation in the world
A S
na
psh
ot
of
Dri
nki
ng
Wa
ter
an
d S
an
ita
tio
n i
n W
HO
So
uth
-Ea
st A
sia
Re
gio
n -
20
14
up
da
te
2
Progress towards the MDG targets1 on sanitation and drinking water
Only five countries in the region met the MDG target for sanitation
Improved
Unimproved
MDG target for sanitation for SEAR is projected to be missed by 15 percentage points
SEAR is not likely to meet the MDG target for sanitation
Perc
enta
ge o
f pop
ulat
ion
usin
g im
prov
ed/u
nim
prov
ed s
anita
tion
faci
litie
s
SEARProgress towards MDG target, 2012
Met target Not on track
Insufficient data or not applicable
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015
MDG Target37%75 70 65 61 56 55 52
25 30 35 39 44 45 48
MDGtarget
not met
Most countries in South-East Asia have reached the MDG drinking water target
Improved
Unimproved
MDG target for drinking water for SEAR is likely to be surpassed by 9 percentage points
Insufficient data or not applicable
SEARProgress towards MDG target, 2012
Met target On track
Not on track
29 25 2015 11 9 6
71 75 8085 89 91 94
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015
SEAR has met the MDG target for drinking water
Perc
enta
ge o
f pop
ulat
ion
usin
g im
prov
ed/u
nim
prov
ed d
rinki
ng
wat
er s
ourc
es
MDG Target15%
MDGtarget
met
1 MDG target: To halve the proportion of (1990) population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
3
Drinking Water and Post-2015
Piped on premises Other improved
Unimproved Surface water
Cove
rage
(%)
TotalSEAR
UrbanSEAR
RuralSEAR
1990 20121990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012
World
4556
31
33
17
97
2
5 13
59
75
30
106 1
4347
46 48
10 51 0
15 25
56
66
25
85 1
India, 92
Indonesia, 37
Bangladesh, 23
Myanmar, 8
Nepal, 3
Thailand, 3
Sri Lanka, 1
Dem. People's Republic of Korea, 0
Timor-Leste, 0
Bhutan, 0
Maldives, 0
Since 1990, the regional coverage for drinking-water increased by 20 percentage
points, higher than the global increase
168 million people in WHO South-East Asia used unimproved drinking water sources in 2012
Trends in SEAR drinking water coverage (%), 1990–2012
Population (millions)
ϐϐMost of the growth in the use of
improved drinking water sources
in South-East Asia rural areas was
from people gaining access to other
improved sources (public taps or
standpipes, boreholes, tube wells,
protected dug wells, protected springs
and rainwater collection)
ϐϐ Almost 60% of the people who gained
access to piped water sources on
premises in the region live in urban areas
ϐϐ Nine out ten people using unimproved
drinking water sources in the region live
in Indonesia, Bangladesh or India, these
countries have more than 152 million
people without access to an improved
drinking water source
Water safety and hygiene are two of the many issues that need addressing in the post-2015 WASH monitoring
Places for handwashing with water and soap are more likely to be observed in the
wealthiest households in SEAR
Proportion of the population using different source types, with and without fecal contamination
Proportion of households where a place of handwashing was observed and where soap (or other locally used cleansing agent) and water were available in Nepal and Bhutan, 2010.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Prop
ortio
n of
hou
seho
lds
with
pla
ce fo
r han
dwas
hing
,w
ater
and
soa
p (%
)
Poorest
Poor
Middle
Rich
Bhutan NepalRichest
78
22
62
38
24
76
0
100
67
33
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
Unc
onta
min
ated
Cont
amin
ated
Unc
onta
min
ated
Cont
amin
ated
Unc
onta
min
ated
Cont
amin
ated
Unc
onta
min
ated
Cont
amin
ated
Unc
onta
min
ated
Cont
amin
ated
Piped on premises
Protected groundwater
Unprotected groundwater
Surface water Other
Faecal contamination of drinking water (presence of faecal indicator bacteria in cfu [colony forming units] of E.coli/100 mL), by source type in WHO South-East Asia Region
A S
na
psh
ot
of
Dri
nki
ng
Wa
ter
an
d S
an
ita
tio
n i
n W
HO
So
uth
-Ea
st A
sia
Re
gio
n -
20
14
up
da
te
4
Sanitation Coverage Data
Country, area or territory Year Population
(x 1 000)Pe
rcen
tage
urb
an p
opul
atio
n
USE OF SANITATION FACILITIES (percentage of population)2
2 Simple linear regression is used to estimate the proportion of the population using the following sanitation facilities: - improved types of sanitation facilities - open defecation The remaining population uses unimproved sanitation facilities.
3 Global MDG target applied to countries, areas or territories. These assessments are preliminary; the final assessments will be made in 2015 for the final MDG report. Method of assessment, if 2015 projected estimate of improved sanitation is i) greater than or equal to 2015 target or 2012 coverage is greater than or equal to 99.5%:
Met target; ii) within 3% of the target: On track; iii) within 3-7% of the target: Progress insufficient; iv) outside of 7% of the target: Not on track
For communication purposes in its report, the JMP displays its estimates as rounded integers, which together add to 100% for drinking-water and sanitation, respectively. For its database on the JMP web site (www.wssinfo.org), we use unrounded estimates to achieve greater accuracy when converting coverage estimates into numbers of people with or without access. Any discrepancies between the published estimates and those derived from the JMP web site are due to the published estimates appearing rounded to the nearest integer.
5
Drinking Water Coverage Data
Country, area or territory Year
USE OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES (percentage of population)4
4 Simple linear regression is used to estimate the proportion of the population using the following drinking-water sources: - piped water on premises - improrved drinking water sources - surface water The remaining population uses unimproved drinking-water sources.
5 Global MDG target applied to countries, areas or territories. These assessments are preliminary; the final assessments will be made in 2015 for the final MDG report. Method of assessment, if 2015 projected estimate of improved water is i) greater than or equal to 2015 target or 2012 coverage is greater than or equal to 99.5%: Met target; ii) within 3% of the target: On track; iii) within 3-7% of the target: Progress insufficient; iv) outside of 7% of the target: Not on track