A SEMINAR PAPER ON Yield and Quality Improvement of Vegetable Crops Using Plant Growth Regulators Course Title: Seminar Course Code: HRT 598 Winter, 2017 SUBMITTED TO: Course Instructors Major Professor 1. Dr. A. K. M. Aminul Islam Professor Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding BSMRAU, Gazipur 2. Dr. Md. Abdullahil Baki Bhuiyan Assistant Professor Department of Plant Pathology BSMRAU, Gazipur Dr. Mohammad Zakaria Professor Department of Horticulture BSMRAU, Gazipur SUBMITTED BY: Madhuri Debnath MS Student Reg. No.: 16-11-4149 Department of Horticulture BANGABANDHU SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY SALNA, GAZIPUR-1706
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A SEMINAR PAPER
ON
Yield and Quality Improvement of Vegetable Crops Using PlantGrowth Regulators
Course Title: SeminarCourse Code: HRT 598
Winter, 2017
SUBMITTED TO:
Course Instructors Major Professor
1. Dr. A. K. M. Aminul Islam
Professor
Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding
BSMRAU, Gazipur
2. Dr. Md. Abdullahil Baki Bhuiyan
Assistant Professor
Department of Plant Pathology
BSMRAU, Gazipur
Dr. Mohammad Zakaria
Professor
Department of Horticulture
BSMRAU, Gazipur
SUBMITTED BY:
Madhuri Debnath
MS Student
Reg. No.: 16-11-4149
Department of Horticulture
BANGABANDHU SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
SALNA, GAZIPUR-1706
i
YIELD AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE CROPS USING
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
BY
Madhuri Debnath
ABSTRACT
Plant growth regulators have contributed a great deal of progress and an outstanding achievement
to the agricultural science. During the recent years, a no. of plant growth regulators is used on
vegetables to enhance production. It was found that 80 ppm GA3 and 100 ppm NAA gave
maximum pod weight (130.8 g & 128.6 g) and yield (48.36 t/ha & 47.42 t/ha) respectively in
tomato. Besides, 2,4-D (10 ppm) and BARI Hybrid Tomato-8 with combined application of 60
ppm (4-CPA+GA3) gave maximum fruit weight and yield(t/ha) over control. In okra, GA3 (100
ppm), NAA (20 ppm) and Chitosan (125 ppm) provided better yield and maximum pod size &
average wt. of pods/plant compared to control condition. In the cole crops-cabbage & broccoli are
resulted maximum yield (104.66 t/ha & 24.5 t/ha respectively) from the application of 50 ppm
GA3. Maximum dry wt. of curd /100 fresh wt. (171.95 g) in cabbage & maximum curd size in
broccoli was also obtained from 50 ppm GA3 application. Combined application of 60 ppm & 40
ppm (GA3+kinetin) gave the better yield and maximum vit-A & vit-C content respectively in
broccoli. Besides, a number of growth regulators like GA3 (150 ppm), NAA (140 ppm), IBA (15
ppm) & IAA (10 ppm) were also found to provide maximum yield and better curd quality in
cauliflower. This review deals with the use of growth regulators on vegetable crops.
ii
CONTENTS
S.L. NO. NAME OF THE TOPICS PAGE NO.
1 Abstract i
2 Table of Contents ii
3 List of Tables iii
4 List of Figures iv
5 Chapter I Introduction 1-2
6 Chapter II Materials and Methods 3
7 Chapter III Review of Literature 4-17
8 Chapter IV Conclusion 18
9 References 19-22
iii
LIST OF THE TABLES
TABLE NO. NAME OF THE TITLES PAGE NO.
1 Effect of GA3 and NAA on Yield and Yield
Contributing Characters of Tomato
5
2 Effect of GA3 and NAA on Fruit Size and Quality
of Tomato
6
3 Effect of GA3 Levels on Quality Characters of
Tomato
6
4 Interaction Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on
Yield of Summer Tomato
7
5 Effect of GA3 and Miraculan (0.05% Triacontanol)
on Pod Quality (Size) of Okra
10
6 Effect of NAA and GA3 on Yield and Pod Quality
of Okra
10
7 Effect of GA3 Levels on the Head Quality of
Cabbage
13
8 Effect of IAA and GA3 on Curd Yield and Quality
of Cauliflower
14
9 Effect of GA3, NAA and IBA as Foliar Spray on the
Curd Quality of Cauliflower
14
10 Combined Effect of GA3 and Kinetin on Quality
Characters of Broccoli
17
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. NAME OF THE TITLES PAGE NO.
1 Effect of 2,4-D on Yield Contributing Characters of
Tomato
8
2 Effect of GA3 and Miraculan on Yield of Okra
(BARI Dherosh-1)
9
3 Effect of Different Levels of Chitosan on Yield of
Okra
11
4 Effect of GA3 Levels on Yield of Cabbage 12
5 Effect of GA3, NAA and IBA as Foliar Spray on
the Yield of Cauliflower
15
6 Effect of GA3 on Yield and Curd Quality of
Broccoli
16
7 Combined Effect of GA3 and Kinetin on Yield of
Broccoli
17
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The term vegetable in its broadest sense refers to any kind of plant life or plant product and in the
narrower sense it refers to the fresh, edible portion of herbaceous plant consumed in either raw or
cooked form. Vegetables are very important to the human diet. They are the main sources of
nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, folic acid and dietary fiber and low in fat and sodium
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable). The American Cancer Society states that eating vegetables
reduces cancer rates and the American Heart Association states that eating vegetables reduces the
incidence of heart disease (Arteca, 2015).
Nutrition experts recommended 3 to 5 servings per day for a healthy diet which provides an
individual about 20% lower risk of coronary heart disease and stroke (He, et al., 2007). In
addition, research has shown that eating vegetables reduces stress, insomnia and aging-related eye
diseases i.e. cataracts and macular degeneration (Christen, et al., 2005). People are now becoming
more interested in their health and to increase their quality of life, which has led to a rise in
vegetables consumption in recent years (Arteca, 2015).
According to Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics 2014-2015, in Bangladesh, vegetables occupies
an area of 989000 acres of land with production of 3729000 M tons and per acre yield of 3770 kg
(BBS, 2015) and besides, global production volume of vegetables are 1106.13 million metric tons
(Statistic Brain Research Institute, 2017). In Bangladesh, vegetable production is not uniform
round the year: plenty in winter but less in summer season. Around, 30% of total vegetables are
produced during summer and 70% in winter (Hossain, 1992). The present consumption of
vegetables in Bangladesh is 112 g/day/capita (23 g leafy vegetables, 89 g non leafy vegetables),
which is far below the minimum average requirement of 400 g/day/capita (FAO/WHO, 2003).
Therefore, there is a big gap between the requirement and the supply of vegetables in Bangladesh.
As vegetables occupy a vital place in our balanced diet, it is equally important that the area and
production of vegetables crops should be increased more. Use of high-yielding varieties and
improved technologies can increase the production to meet our growing demand for vegetables
(Chand et al., 2014). Besides this, application of plant growth regulators has become essential for
increasing the productivity of vegetable crops. These chemicals are highly regulated because they
are used on plants or their products which will be consumed (Arteca, 2015).
2
Plant growth regulators have been used as important component in agricultural production even
prior to the identification of plant hormone. Plant growth regulators are now used on over one
million hectares worldwide on a diversity of crops each year (Lee, 2003). However, most of these
applications are confined to high-value horticultural crops.
Growth regulators are organic chemical substance, other than nutrients and vitamins which
regulate the growth of plant when applied in small quantities (Arteca, 2015). In case of vegetables,
growth regulators are used mainly to improve seed germination power, increase yield, plants
become resistant to diseases and unfavorable growth conditions (Halter et al., 2005; Jankauskienė
and Survilienė, 2009; Mukhtar, 2008).
Many plant growth regulators are now used for increasing crops yields. For example, Activol and
ProGibb are gibberellins used in vegetable crops to increase size and fruit quality. In brinjal,
soaking of seedlings roots in NAA at 0.2 mg/l has been reported to produce higher fruit yield
(Chand et al., 2014). Foliar sprays of 2,4-D @ 6 ppm and 4 ppm gave the highest yield of tomato
and brinjal respectively (Patel et al., 2012). Besides, in tomato, 75 ppm 4-CPA resulted not only
the highest increase in fruit set (32.19%) but also increased the yield (64.99%) (Baliyan et al.,
2013).
In Greece and other European countries, the PGRs are commonly used on food crops (melon,
pepper, celery etc) in order to improve and accelerate plant productivity. The role of plant growth
regulators becomes more vital in our country as well as other countries. Plant growth regulators
provide an immediate impact on crop improvement programs. Considering the above, here are the
following objectives in this review paper related to the topic:
1. To know about the suitable plant growth regulators used in vegetable crops.
2. To review the effect of plant growth regulators on yield and quality of different vegetable
crops.
3
CHAPTER II
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The topic of this seminar paper was selected with the consultation of Major Professor. This paper
is exclusively a review paper. So, all of the information has been collected from the secondary
sources such as various relevant books, journals, proceedings, reports, publications etc. for
preparing this manuscript. Topic related findings have been reviewed with the help of the library
facilities of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University. Some information has
also been collected by searching internet web sites. Valuable suggestion and information were
collected from course instructors, major professor and other resource personnel. After collecting
information, these were compiled and used for preparing this seminar manuscript.
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CHAPTER III
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Plant Growth Regulators
Plant growth regulators are organic substances other than nutrients, which in small amount
promotes/inhibit or otherwise modify any physiological response in plants (Prajapati et al., 2015).
Classification of plant growth regulators (Prajapati et al., 2015)