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A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS IN
MUSE SELECTED SONG LYRICS
A GRADUATING PAPER
Submitted to the Board Examiners as a Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd.)
By:
NOR MUHAMMAD HUSEIN
23030150091
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
STATE INSTITUTE ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)
SALATIGA
2019
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MOTTO
“ONCE YOU CARRY YOUR OWN WATER,
YOU WILL LEARN THE VALUE OF EVERY DROP”
(@thepositivediaries)
“AS HARD AS YOU TRY TO REPAY YOUR PARENTS’
SACRIFICES, YOU CAN’T. SO, PAY THEM WITH
YOUR EFFORT TO MAKE THEM HAPPY AND MAKE
A PRAY TO THEM TO BOKE IN THE PARADISE OF
ALLAH”
(The Writer)
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DEDICATION
This graduating paper is dedicated to:
1. Allah SWT, all praises to Allah The Most Gracious and The Most
Merciful.
2. Rasul Allah Muhammad Praise Be Upon Him. The most perfect One who
always be our Role Model.
3. My beloved parents Jari Yusup and (the deceased) Ngatmiati, who always
give me loves, cares, supports, endless prays, great responsibilities as
parents, motivations, and the very best also most anything they have for
me, even in the last breath of her life she is still hope for the best of my
future and to finish my graduating paper. This is for you pa’e and ma’e,
especially for you ma’e who watch my first step of my career from the
Heaven of Allah SWT.
4. My beloved wife Zulia Fitroh who is always supporting me, always helps
me, gives me anything she has, gives me anything she can, always gives
me motivation to be better as a person personally and as a head of our
family of course.
5. My mother in law (Rusiyah) and my father in law (Wahono). Thanks for
your love, prayer, advice, and motivation.
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6. My beloved couple sisters and brothers plus their children Mutiara
Afrilianing Tyas, Winda Wicaksono, and Sinda Laelatul Qodar. Siti
Hanik, Trimanto, Carissa Lutfiana Putri, and Fakhril Gibran Hafuza. Huda
Mashuri, Ainurrohmah, and Safira Mahmada. I love all of you so much.
7. All of my best friends Sakila, Viqi, Hiba, Amalia, Eni, and Ilham who all
unites as a family of HAVISZEH. Thank you so much for your
encouragement.
8. For everyone who contributed in every seconds of my lifetime that shape
me to be whom I am in recent day.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
بسم ميحرلا نمحرلا هللا
Al-hamdu lillahi robbi al-’alamin. All praise belongs to Allah SWT, the Most
Gracious and the Most Merciful who always blesses and helps the writer so the
writer could complete this graduating paper as a Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) in State Institute for
Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. Bless and mercy is upon great Prophet
Muhammad SAW for his guidance that leads the writer to the truth.
However, this paper will not be finished without support, advices, help and
encouragement from several people and institution. Therefore, in this occasion the
writer would like to express special thanks to:
1. Mr. Prof. Dr. Zakiyuddin, M. Ag., the Rector of Institute of Islamic
Studies (IAIN) of Salatiga.
2. Mr. Prof. Dr. Mansur, M. Ag., the Dean of Teacher Training and
Education Faculty of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) of Salatiga.
3. Mr. Norwanto, M.Hum., Ph.D., the Head of English Education
Department of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) of Salatiga.
4. Mr. Faizal Risdianto, S.S., M.Hum., as counselor who always give the
advices, suggestion and recommendation for this graduating paper from
beginning until the end.
5. All of lecturers and staff of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) of
Salatiga.
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6. My beloved parents Jari Yusup and (the deceased) Ngatmiati, who always
give me loves, cares, supports, endless prays, great responsibilities as
parents, motivations, and the very best also most anything they have for
me, even in the last breath of her life she is still hope for the best of my
future and to finish my graduating paper. This is for you pa’e and ma’e,
especially for you ma’e who watch my first step of my career from the
Heaven of Allah SWT.
7. My beloved wife Zulia Fitroh who is always supporting me, always helps
me, gives me anything she has, gives me anything she can, always gives
me motivation to be better as a person personally and as a head of our
family of course.
8. My beloved family (My mother in law, my father in law, my brothers, my
sisters, and my nephews). Thanks for your love, prayer, advice, and
motivation. I love all of you so much.
9. All of my friends in English Department 2015, especially Sakila, Viqi,
Hiba, Amalia, Eni, and Ilham who all unites as a family of HAVISZEH.
Thank you so much for your encouragement.
10. All of people who helped the writer in finishing this graduating paper.
Salatiga, August 29th
2019
The writer,
Nor Muhammad Husein
NIM.23030150091
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ABSTRACT
Husein, Nor Muhammad. 2019. “A Semantic Analysis of Lexical Relations in
Muse Selected Song Lyrics”. A Graduating Paper. English
Education Faculty. State Institute for Islamic Studies Salatiga.
Counselor: Faizal Risdianto, S.S., M. Hum.
The research aims are to find out the types of lexical relations and to find
out the most dominant lexical relations used in the Muse selected song lyrics. The
methodology of the research was qualitative research especially descriptive
qualitative. The procedures of collecting data involve several steps. Firstly, the
writer would prepare and organise the data. Second, the writer would give the
code in the data that have been prepared and organised before. Finally, the writer
represents the data by analyse them. The result of the study shows some types of
lexical relations that found in the Muse selected song lyrics. The lexical relations
that found in the Muse selected song lyrics were 6 cases of synonym, 7 cases of
antonym, 12 cases of polysemy, 10 cases of homonym, 1 case of hyponym, and 1
case of meronym. Therefore, the writer finds polysemy as lexical relations that
frequently used in Muse selected song lyrics by 12 cases from 37 cases in total.
Keywords: Semantics, Lexical relations, Muse, Qualitative.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE .................................................................................................................... i
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY AND PUBLICATION’S WILLINGNESS .. ii
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTE ................................................................... iii
STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION ................................................................ iv
MOTTO ................................................................................................................ v
DEDICATION ..................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................. viii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... x
TABLE OF CONTENT ....................................................................................... xi
LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ..................................................................... 1
B. Problems of the Study .......................................................................... 4
C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................ 5
D. Limitation of The Study ....................................................................... 5
E. Significances of the Study ................................................................... 5
F. Definition of Key Terms ...................................................................... 6
G. Organization of the Study .................................................................. 10
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Semantics ............................................................................................ 11
B. Lexical Relations ................................................................................ 13
C. Previous Studies .................................................................................. 22
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Methodology of the Research .............................................................. 34
B. Object of the Research ......................................................................... 35
C. Data Source .......................................................................................... 35
D. Technique of Data Collection ............................................................. 36
E. Technique of Data Analysis ................................................................. 36
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Profile of Lexical Relations ................................................................. 38
B. The Most Dominant Use of Lexical Relations .................................... 57
CHAPTER V CLOSURE
A. Conclusions ......................................................................................... 58
B. Suggestions .......................................................................................... 59
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 60
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Types of Synonym .............................................................................. 38
Table 4.2 Types of Antonymy ............................................................................. 41
Table 4.3 Types of Polysemy .............................................................................. 45
Table 4.4 Types of Homonymy .......................................................................... 50
Table 4.5 Types of Hyponymy ........................................................................... 55
Table 4.6 Types of Meronymy ............................................................................ 56
Table 4.7 Types of Lexical Relations ................................................................. 57
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the writer discusses the background of the study,
problems of the study, objectives of the study, limitation of the study,
significant of the study, definition of key terms, and organization of the study.
A. Background of the Study
Language is the core instrument of communication, so it cannot be
separated from human being. People use language to communicate in
society, share ideas, even language also can be used to express their
feeling. By using language, people can enrich their knowledge. For
example people can write, speak, or analyse something, like analyse
sentence, song, or movie.
Language can be studied. The study of language is called
linguistics. Linguistic is the study of language as a system of human
communication. There are several branches of linguistics. They are
phonetics (the study of speech sound), phonology (the study of the patterns
of speech sounds), morphology (the study of word formation), syntax (the
study of phrase and sentence formation), and semantics (the study of
meaning in language). Besides that, there are sociolinguistics (the study of
language in social factors, that is social class, educational level, age sex,
etc.) and psycholinguistics (the study of the mental processes that a person
uses in producing and understanding language). While this research is
concerned in a semantics case. According to Hurford (2007:1), semantic is
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the study of meaning in language, whereas lexical relations describe
relations among word meanings.
Semantic is the main important in learning a language. Referred to
the definition of semantics that is the study of meaning in language, the
writer thinks that by deeply understand about semantics can drive us to
well-communicate with other people who use the same language or even
with the origin of those language. In this case is English.
In order to make the understandable in analyse something in
semantics, especially in analyse the English song, the researcher have to
consider about diction or word choice. Therefore, they always need to
develop their vocabulary and also hit the book about lexical relations.
(Saeed, 2002:63) states that lexical relations describe relationship among
word meaning. It is the study of how lexicon is managed and how the
lexical meanings of lexical items are related each other. There are several
types of lexical relations based on Saeed’s theories, such as, homonymy,
polysemy, synonymy, opposites (antonymy), hyponymy, and meronymy.
On the other boat, there are some ways to develop vocabulary and
study about lexical relations. One of example is by reading such as reading
book, short story, newspaper, articles, fable or novel, song lyrics and
others. However, this research only emphasizes on the song lyrics,
especially from England Group Band Muse.
Muse are an English rock band from Teignmouth, Devon, formed
in 1994. Muse consists of Matthew Bellamy as lead vocals, guitar, and
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keyboards; Chris Wolstenholme as bass guitar and backing vocals; and
Dominic Howard as drummer (Wikipedia.org). Based on their passport,
the song lyrics from Muse use English as the language communication.
The writer chooses English written song because English is the most
broadly studied foreign language of the world. In Indonesia itself, English
is just known as first foreign language which has very limited use
including the place, time, and environment.
Also, English is the world peak language which is used in
diplomacy, education, business, economy, politic, social and culture.
Almost all of industry products use English for labelling, and most of
interstate or international conference used English as their way to
communicate. Thus, by reading Muse song lyrics, the writer wants to
tempt people for understanding the language used in it.
In addition, Muse is the first ever English written song lyrics that
the writer listens to. Since then, the writer really enjoys and falls in love in
every Muse songs. Also, the ideas from Matthew Bellamy in writing the
song is so unique and hard to understand by people who are just one time
listening to the Muse songs. That is why the writer chooses the Muse
songs as the object of this study. The writer wants to challenge himself to
analyse the meaning that contains in the selected song lyrics from Muse in
this study.
As mentioned above, that lexical relation is so helpful for the
writer in order to make understandable in analyse the song lyrics. Lexical
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relation is a culturally recognized pattern of association that exist between
lexical units in language. Adisutrisno (2008:1) said that the study of
meaning called semantic. Semantics has so many topics, but this research
will analyse the lexical relation in semantic.
Concerning with the lexical relation, there are several types of
sense relation. Those lexical relations have to be understood by every
reader, so both the writer and audience or reader able to deliver and
receive the written information.
This research tries to describe comprehensively about what is the
lexical relation which are written in the Muse song lyrics. In order to make
it clear, the writer conduct a research entitled “A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS
OF LEXICAL RELATIONS IN MUSE SELECTED SONG LYRICS”
B. Problems of the Study
According to the background of the study above, the writer
necessitates finding the answer to some problems, as follows:
1. What are the types of lexical relations that have been found in Muse
selected song lyrics?
2. What are the dominant of lexical relations that have been found in
Muse selected song lyrics?
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C. Objectives of the Study
Responding with the statement of the problems, the objectives of
the research are stated as follows:
1. To find out the types of lexical relations that have been found in the
Muse selected song lyrics.
2. To find out the most dominant lexical relations that have been found
in Muse selected song lyrics.
D. Limitation of the Study
In this analysis of song lyric, the writer limits the study on the
types of lexical relations in Muse’s song lyric in order to give a clear
description and explanation.
The use of lexical relations term is also consideration in the
limitation of the study because in this paper the writer would analyse the
lexical relations that found in Muse song lyrics semantically.
E. Significances of the Study
The writer expects this study give useful information either for the
students or the other writers. This study also conducted in order to give
theoretical and practical significances, as follows:
1. Theoretical Significance
This paper is conducted to develop the explanation about lexical
relations. Even though there are some materials about lexical relations,
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in this study the writer hopes this paper can support the other existing
materials.
2. Practical Significances
a. For the Students
The result of this study can be used to motivate the students
to master some lexical relations, and it can be used to comprehend
the meaning in lexical relations that is used in sentence.
b. For the Other Researchers
The other researchers can use this study as a reference in
further research dealing with lexical relations and semantically
analysis.
F. Definition of the Key Terms
To avoid some mistakes and misunderstandings, the writer would
like to explain the definition of key terms that related to this study
1. Semantic
According to Hurford (2007:1), semantic is the study of meaning
in language, whereas lexical relations describe relationship among
word meanings. There are several types of lexical relations, such as,
homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and
meronymy (Saeed, 2003:63).
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2. Analysis
Harlow (2003:55) defined that analysis is a careful examination of
something in order to understand it better.
3. Lexical relations
Lexical relations describe relationship among word meaning. It is
the study of how lexicon is managed and how the lexical meanings of
lexical items are related each other. There are several types of lexical
relations, such as, homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonymy,
hyponymy, and meronymy. (Saeed, 2003:63) .
a. Hyponym
According to Hurford and Heasley (1986:105) Hyponymy
is a sense relation between predicates (or sometimes longer
phrases) such that the meaning of one predicate (or phrase) is
included in the meaning of the other. For example dog and cat are
hyponyms of animal, hibiscus and rose are hyponyms of flower.
The general term is called superordinate or hypernym and the
specific term is called hyponym.
b. Synonymy
Synonyms are typically single lexemes of the same weight.
A word whic has the same sense, or nearly the same as another
word.(Kreidler, 1998:97). Some examples might be these pairs,
couch/sofa, boy/lad, and large/big.
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c. Antonymy
According to Kreidler (1998:100), antonym is two sentences
that differ in polarity like these are mutually contradictory. It
means that, if one true, the other must be false. Two sentence that
have the same subject and have predicates. So, the relationship
between the meaning of two words that have antonyms is two way.
Antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning. The examples
are: bad/good, near/far, give/receive.
d. Polysemy
Polysemy is a term to refer to a word which has a set of
different meaning which are related by extension. In a language
form polysemy is the relation between the form of language and
sets of meaning and sense. (Wagiman, 2008:33)
e. Homonymy
Homonyms are unrelated sense of the same phonological word.
The example is: the word bank (of a river), and bank (of a financial
institution). (Saeed, 2003:63).
f. Meronymy
Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole
relationship between lexical items. Thus cover and page are
meronyms of book. We can identify this relationship by using
sentence frames like X is a part of Y, or Y has X, as in A page is
part of a book, or A book has pages. Meronymy reflects
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hierarchical classifications in the lexicon somewhat like
taxonomies: a typical system might be:
Car
wheel engine door window etc.
piston valve etc.
4. Muse
Muse are an English rock band from Teignmouth, Devon, formed
in 1994. The band consists of Matt Bellamy ( lead vocals, guitar,
keyboards), Chris Wolstenholme (bass guitar, backing vocals), and
Dominic Howard (drums).
5. Song
According to Britannica.com, song is piece of music performed by
a single voice, with or without instrumental accompaniment.
6. Lyrics
According to Cambridge Dictionary, lyrics are the words of a song,
especially a pop song or a short poem that expresses the personal
thoughts and feelings of the person who wrote it.
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G. Organization of the Study
To ease the reader understands the whole contents of this paper, the
writer organizes it into five chapters. Each chapter has different element as
follow:
Chapter I describes about introduction. The writer explains about
background of the study, problems of the study, objectives of the study,
limitation of the study, significance of the study, definition of key terms,
and organization of the study.
Chapter II presents about the previous studies and theoretical
framework. In this chapter explain the theories that are used by the writer.
They are semantic and lexical relations.
Chapter III discusses about the type of the study, method of the
study, object of the study, technique of collecting data, and technique of
analysing data.
Chapter IV is discussion. In this chapter, the writer explains about
the answer from the problems of the study and explains the data
descriptively.
Chapter V is conclusion and suggestion. It informs the content all
of the data analysis in summary and gives some suggestions to other so
that they can be better in learning lexical relations.
The last parts of this graduating paper are references and appendix.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Semantics
1. Definition of Semantics
Semantic is the technical term used to refer to the study of
meaning, and, since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part
of linguistics (Palmer 1981: 1).
Adisutrisno (2008:1) states that semantics is the study of meaning
in language. It means the study of semantics must, therefore, include
the concept of words, sentences, and utterances. Also, another
definition of semantics is proposed by Saeed (2009:3), semantics is the
study of meaning communicated through language and semantics the
study of meaning word and sentences.
Therefore, in semantics the meaning of word must be well
understood for instance, if we do not know words in sentence (or
word) means, i.e what it counts as equivalent of the language
concerned. (Hurford and Heasley as cited by Ridwan Nurlaela,
1983:3). So that is why semantics is quite necessary and important to
be learnt. Palmer (1981:1) says that semantics is technical term used to
refer the study of meaning.
However, this definition has led to question about the nature of
meaning itself and about the way in which it should to be described.
Semantics may study all types of meaning, red, for example, may
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mean several things. If we consult the dictionary, we may find that one
of its meaning is “the spectral hue beyond orange in the spectrum”. In
the other context in traffic light, red means “stop”, “do not through”.
While in another different context, it may mean “danger”, or even
“bravery”. To make it clear, it is necessary to redefine semantics into
more specific definition, the one that can limit semantics into study of
more specific type of meaning only. For the consequent, we would say
that semantics is the study of meaning of words, phrases, or sentences
in the language, or simply, the study of linguistic meaning.
Thus, based on the definition above it can be concluded that
semantics is the study of meaning in language included words, phrases,
sentences, and utterances.
2. Goals of Semantic Theory
Semantics theory has two goals. They are:
a. A semantic theory should attribute to each expression in the
language the semantics properties and relations it has and it should
define those properties and relations. Thus, if an expression is
meaningful, the semantics theory should say so, if the expression
has a specific sense of meaning, the semantics theory should
specify them. If the expression is ambiguous, the semantics theory
should record that fact, and so on. Moreover, if two expressions are
synonymous; or are entails the other, the semantics theory should
make those semantics relations.
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b. A semantics theory should have at least two kinds of constraints:
1) A semantics theory of a natural language should be finite;
people are capable of storing only a finite amount of
information but they nevertheless learn the semantics of
natural language.
2) A semantics theory of a natural language should reflect the
fact, except for idioms, expressions are compositional. It
means that the meaning of syntactically complex expression is
determined by the meaning of its constituents and their
grammatical relations. An expression such as “He kicked the
ball” is compositional and it is summed up from the meanings
of he + kicked + the + ball, while is very much different from
“He kicked the bucket” that is not compositional and as an
idiom meaning “He passed away”.
B. Lexical Relations
1. Definitions of Lexical Relations
Saeed (2003:63) states that lexical relations are the relationship of
the meaning of a word which belongs to a particular activity or area of
specialist knowledge.
Cruse (2000:150) says that lexical relations study about the
meanings of words. It is divided into two kinds of classes. First lexical
relations express identity and inclusion between word meanings, and
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second, those express opposition and exclusion. The first class consist
of hyponymy, meronymy and synonymy, meanwhile the second class
consists of incompatibility and co taxonomy, and opposites.
Another definition of lexical relation is proposed by Murphy
(2010:3). Lexical semantics or lexical relation is often loosely defined
as the study of word meaning, although the word word as we shall see,
is not the most straight forward term to use.
Based on Kreidler (1998:92-101), lexical relation is divided into
several components, they are: hyponym, synonym, antonym,
homonym, and polisemy.
2. Types of Lexical Relations
a. Hyponym
Hyponym is a relationship between meaning of one the word
includes the meaning of other. To support this, Hurford and
Heasley (1986:105) says “Hyponymy is a sense relation between
predicates (or sometimes longer phrases) such that the meaning of
one predicate (or phrase) is included in the meaning of the other.”
The general term is called superordinate or hypernym and the
specific term is called hyponym. For example, the meaning of
vegetable is included in the meaning of carrot. Vegetable is the
superordinate term; carrot is hyponym of vegetable (carrot is a
kind of vegetable). Hyponym is defined in terms of the inclusion of
the sense of one item in the sense of another (Hurford and Heasley,
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1986:106). We say, for example, that the sense of animal is
included in the sense of cow. This inclusion can be shown roughly
by a diagram giving a list of the “sense components” of cow. It will
be seen that this list includes the component “animal”. But
paradoxically.
Animal
Sense of cow Bovine
Maybe, if we draw a diagram of the extensions of cow and
animal, the inclusion relationship appears the other way around.
The set of all cows the set of all animals
So far, all of the examples of hyponym and superordinate
have been nouns, and this is typical in discussions of hyponym,
raising the question of whether inclusion relations exist in other
word classes. The same relation is found also in adjectives and in
verbs.
Female
Sense of animal
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For example:
1) My necktie is maroon.
2) My necktie is red.
3) The weary soldiers trudged forward.
4) The weary soldiers moved forward.
Kreidler (1998:94) states that the foregoing statements
suggest that the hyponym-superordinate relationship is a well-
established one. In reality, there are various anomalies in lexical
relationships-semantic analysis is often messy. Sometimes we find
co-hyponyms without a superordinate. The Portuguese set
illustrated below contains three co-hyponyms have no
superordinate.
Talher ?
Faca garfa colher knife fork spoon
There is no single word in English can refer to a knife or a fork
or a spoon.
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b. Synonym
Synonym occurs when two words have senses with identical
feature specifications. Two words would be completely
synonymous if both words had the same number of senses, and
there were a one to one correspondence of identical sense between
the two words (Murphy, 2003:86).
Some examples might be these pairs, couch/sofa, boy/lad,
lawyer/attorney, toilet/lavatory, and large/big. Synonymy happens
based on different situation. It can be because of different dialects,
different registers, styles of language, colloquial, and literary
conditions. Formality is another factor.
Many of these words are slang terms used in colloquial
contexts instead of more formal terms like police/officer. Speaker
attitude is a further distinguishing factor. Some words, like fuzz,
flatfoot, pigs or slime, reveal negative speaker attitudes, while
others like cop seem neutral (Saeed, 2003:65). The synonym used
in predictions with the same referring expression, have the same
truth value. Synonym can be nouns, adjective, adverbs, or verbs.
For example:
1) Adjective : The house is large = the house is big
2) Noun : Hasan is a seaman = Hasan is a sailor
3) Verb : My sister sleeps in the floor = my sister lies in the floor
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4) Adverb : I investigate the answer minutely = I investigate the
answer carefully
Keidler (1998:97) defines synonyms are typically single
lexemes of the same weight. It means a word which has the same
sense, or nearly the same as another word. Take a look at these
sentences.
1) You have my deep/profound sympathy
2) The street is very wide/broad
In those examples, each pair of the italic word is
synonymous. In first example deep and profound are replaceable
each other and the meaning of the sentence remains the same.
Similarly, wide and broad in second example can replace each
other and the meaning of the sentence does not change. Two (or
more) terms can be synonymous only if they are compatible with
the same subject.
However, there are words that synonymous in one context
but not in the other one. The terms deep and profound are both
compatible with sympathy, but profound is not synonymous of
deep in deep river. Similarly, wide and broad are both compatible
with the street, but wide cannot be used in broad British accent. In
conclusion, synonym is a lexical relation that states the similarity
of meaning between the units of speech with other speech units. A
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pair of words can be synonymous in one context but may be not
synonymous in other contexts.
c. Antonym
The characteristic of vocabulary structure, beside words
describe the meaning relation in sameness, also have the
contradiction meaning. The sense contradictive generally called
antonym, and the form or the words that sense is contradictive is
called antonym, those can be negative or positive.
Kreidler (1998:100) defines antonym is two sentences that
differ in polarity like these are mutually contradictory. It means
that, if one true, the other must be false. Two sentence that have the
same subject and have predicates. So, the relationship between the
meaning of two words that have antonyms is two way. Antonyms
are words which are opposite in meaning.
Antonymy is often thought of as the opposite of synonymy, but
the statutes of the two are very different (Palmer, 1981:84), he
shows that antonymy has the opposite meaning in each word or has
not true the fact and it is clearly different with synonymy, for
example: happy><sad and rich><poor. Antonymy does not
always mean the meaning of the word in contrary, but also can be
used to refine a sentence, as proposed by Kreidler (1998:100), such
as adjective words which are used to measure something can be
changed or added sentences appropriate to adjective that describes
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20
something untrue, such as express words that indicate age. “The
baby is four days old” and “He is 40 years young”.
From there it can be seen clearly that the two sentences above
contains no actual meaning or point to the opposite’s fact.
d. Polysemy
Saeed (2003:64) states that polysemy is a term to refer to a
word which has a set of different meanings which are related by
extension. There is distinction made in lexicology between
homonymy and polysemy. Both of them deal with multiple sense
of the same phonological word, but polysemy is invoked when the
sense are judged to be related. Polysemous sense are listed under
the same lexical entry, meanwhile homonymous senses are given
separate or different entries.
For example, the word back has a set of different meanings,
such as human back, the back of chair, the back of sofa, and the
back of football player. The word eye also has different meaning
by its extension, human eye, the eye of a noodle, and the eye of a
potato.
According to Wagiman in his book “Semantics”, polysemy is a
term to refer to a word which has a set of different meaning which
are related by extension. In a language form polysemy is the
relation between the form of language and sets of meaning and
sense (Wagiman, 2008:33).
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21
The lexical items can map too many different concepts, and
thus be polysemous, but there is no principle limit to a words
polysemy. A dictionary deals with polysemy by listing a small
number of senses for any word in an entry, and some lexical
semantic theories have polysemous words as having multiple
senses within lexical entries (Murphy, 2003:18).
e. Homonym
Actually, homonym has relation with polysemy. Homonyms
are unrelated sense of the phonological word. Some linguists
distinguish between two term of homonyms, such as homographs
(sense of the same written word) and homophones (spoken of the
same written word). According to Saeed (2003:63), the different
types depend on their syntactic aspects both behaviour and
spelling. For example:
1) Lexemes of the same syntactic category, and with the same
spelling, e.g. lap “circuit of a course” and lap “part of body
when sitting down”.
2) Lexemes of the same category, but with different spelling:
e.g. the verbs ring and wring.
3) Lexemes of different categories, but with the same spelling:
e.g. the verb keep and the noun keep.
4) Lexemes of different categories, and with different spelling:
e.g. not and knot.
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22
Homonym form the same grammatical category (same form
syntactic properties, different meaning). The example of
homonym: the word bank is a financial institution, and bank is the
edge of the stream. (Murphy, 2003:18).
f. Meronymy
Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole
relationship between lexical items. Thus cover and page are
meronyms of book. We can identify this relationship by using
sentence frames like X is a part of Y, or Y has X, as in A page is
part of a book, or A book has pages. Meronymy reflects
hierarchical classifications in the lexicon somewhat like
taxonomies.
C. Previous Studies
The researcher takes some references from the other researcher that
related to this research. These researches are also used to be main
reference in conducting this research because this is a development of the
previous research. There are three previous studies chosen by the writer as
follows.
The first previous study is taken from a journal written by
Rosmaidar and Purnamasari (2011:81). The nature of the study is
qualitative. The aim is for analysing lexical relationship used in Jason
Mraz’s song lyrics. The data of the study was the verse from 15 songs of
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23
Jason Mraz’s song lyrics. The data were analysed through content analysis
technique. The result shows some kind of lexical relation that used in the
lyrics of Jason Mraz’s songs. The lexical relations that found were
hyponymy, meronymy, synonymy, and antonyms.
This research is different from the first previous study. The
difference are 1) the study done by Rosmaidar and Purnamasari is aimed
to analyzed lexical relations used in Jason Mraz’s song lyrics while this
research focuses on finding the type of lexical relations used in Muse song
lyrics; 2) the study done by Rosmaidar and Purnamasari analyzed based on
Saeed’s theories, while this research is from several combination of
experts theories; 3) the study done by Rosmaidar and Purnamasari were
found hyponymy, meronymy, synonymy, and antonyms, while this
research found synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy,
and meronymy.
Even though they are different, there is relation between the first
previous study and this research. What makes them related are 1) both of
the first previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2) both
of the first previous study and this research uses descriptive analysis.
The second previous study is taken from a journal written by
Anwar and Tanggoro (2018). The nature of the study is qualitative. The
aim is for analysing the sense relations realized in the album V (Deluxe
Version) by Maroon 5. The data of the study was the song lyrics of album
V (Deluxe Version) by Maroon 5. The data were analysed through
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24
descriptive analysis technique. The result shows some kind of lexical
relation that used in the album V (Deluxe Version) by Maroon 5 song
lyrics. The lexical relations that found were synonymy, antonymy,
hyponymy, and homonymy.
This research is different from the second previous study. The
difference are 1) the study done by Anwar and Tanggoro is aimed to
analyzed lexical relations realized in the album V (Deluxe Version) by
Maroon 5, while this research focuses on finding the type of lexical
relations used in Muse song lyrics; 2) the study done by Anwar and
Tanggoro analyzed based on Hurford and Heasley (1986) theories, while
this research is from several combination of experts theories; 3) the study
done by Anwar and Tanggoro were found synonymy, antonymy,
hyponymy, and homonymy, while this research found synonymy,
antonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy.
Even though they are different, there is relation between the second
previous study and this research. What makes them related are 1) both of
the second previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2)
both of the second previous study and this research uses descriptive
analysis.
The third previous study is taken from a journal written by
Febriasari (2018). The nature of the study is qualitative. The aims are to
describe lexical relations used in the lyrics of Amnesia song and to find
out the dominant lexical relations between the five lexical devices. The
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25
data of the study was the lyrics of Amnesia song taken from 5 Seconds of
Summer album. The data were analysed through content analysis
technique. The result shows some kind of lexical relations that used in the
lyrics of Amnesia song from 5 Seconds of Summer album. The lexical
relations that found were synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, homonymy,
and hyponymy.
This research is different from the third previous study. The
difference are: 1) the study done by Febriasari is aimed to describe lexical
relations used in the lyrics of Amnesia song and to find out the dominant
lexical relations between the five lexical devices while this research
focuses on finding the type of lexical relations used in Muse song lyrics;
2) the study done by Febriasari analyzed based on Palmer’s theories, while
this research is rom several combination of experts theories; 3) the study
done by Febriasari were found synonymy, antonymy, polysemy,
homonymy, and hyponymy, while this research found synonymy,
antonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy.
Even though they are different, there is relation between the third
previous study and this research. What makes them related are 1) both of
the third previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2) both
of the third previous study and this research uses descriptive analysis.
The fourth previous study is taken from a journal written by
Gultom and Lestari (2009). The nature of the study is qualitative. The aim
is for analysing the meaning properties and lexical relations realized in the
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26
novel entitled Rainbow by D.H. Lawrence. The data of the study was the
novel entitled Rainbow by D.H. Lawrence. The data were analysed
through descriptive analysis technique. The result shows some meaning
properties and lexical relations that found in the novel entitled Rainbow by
D.H. Lawrence. The lexical relations that found were synonymy,
antonymy, hyponymy, and homonymy.
This research is different from the fourth previous study. The
differences are 1) the study done by Gultom and Lestari is aimed to
analysed the meaning properties and lexical relations realized in the novel
entitled Rainbow by D.H. Lawrence, while this research focuses on
finding the type of lexical relations used in Muse song lyrics; 2) the study
done by Gultom and Lestari were found synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy,
and homonymy, while this research found synonymy, antonymy,
polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy.
Even though they are different, there is relation between the fourth
previous study and this research. What makes them related are 1) both of
the fourth previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2)
both of the fourth previous study and this research uses descriptive
analysis.
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27
The fifth previous study is written by Rifardi (2017). The nature of
the study is qualitative. The aim is for analysing the lexical and contextual
meaning in Bob Marley’s songs. The data of the study was the song from
Bob Marley’s songs. The data were analysed through descriptive analysis
technique. The result shows some lexical and contextual meaning that
found in the Bob Marley’s songs. The lexical and contextual meaning that
found were synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, homonymy, denotation, and
connotation.
This research is different from the fifth previous study. The
differences are 1) the study done by Rifardi is aimed to describe the lexical
and contextual meaning in Bob Marley’s songs, while this research
focuses on finding the type of lexical relations used in Muse song lyrics;
2) the study done by Rifardi were found synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy,
homonymy, denotation, and connotation, while this research found
synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy;
3) the study done by Rifardi analyzed based on Parera’s theory, while this
research is from several combination of experts theories.
Even though they are different, there is relation between the fifth
previous study and this research. What makes them related are 1) both of
the fifth previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2) both
of the fifth previous study and this research uses descriptive analysis.
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28
The sixth previous study is written by Nisyana (2018). The nature
of the study is qualitative. The aim is to know and be able to practice the
role of diction choice in communication with the accompaniment of
learning the use of language in semantics. The data of the study was the
song from Celine Dion songs. The data were analysed through descriptive
analysis technique. The result shows that the lyrics of the three Celine
Dion songs contain a deep context of social life relation.
This research is different from the sixth previous study. The
differences are 1) the study done by Nisyana is aimed to know and be able
to practice the role of diction choice in communication with the
accompaniment of learning the use of language in semantics, while this
research focuses on finding the type of lexical relations used in Muse song
lyrics; 2) the study done by Nisyana were found a deep context of social
life relation, while this research found synonymy, antonymy, polysemy,
homonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy.
Even though they are different, there is relation between the sixth
previous study and this research. What makes them related are 1) both of
the sixth previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2) both
of the sixth previous study and this research uses descriptive analysis.
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29
The seventh previous study is written by Ponno, Rejeki, and
Taufik. The nature of the study is qualitative. The aim is to study the
theme, lexical and contextual meaning in the lyrics of the songs frequently
sung in Quiver Center Academy (QCA) School, Gading Serpong,
Tangerang City. The data of the study was the religious songs at QCA
School. The data were analysed through descriptive analysis technique.
The result shows that noun is the most category word that has lexical and
contextual meaning in the songs. The lexical and contextual meaning that
found in religious songs at QCA School were verb, noun, adjective,
pronoun, verb phrase, and adjective phrase.
This research is different from the seventh previous study. The
differences are 1) the study done by Ponno, Rejeki, and Taufik is aimed to
to study the theme, lexical and contextual meaning in the lyrics of the
songs frequently sung in Quiver Center Academy (QCA) School, Gading
Serpong, Tangerang City, while this research focuses on finding the type
of lexical relations used in Muse song lyrics; 2) the study done by Ponno,
Rejeki, and Taufik were found verb, noun, adjective, pronoun, verb
phrase, and adjective phrase, while this research found synonymy,
antonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy.
Even though they are different, there is relation between the
seventh previous study and this research. What makes them related are 1)
both of the seventh previous study and this research are qualitative in
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30
nature; 2) both of the seventh previous study and this research uses
descriptive analysis.
The eighth previous study is written by Trisnantasari. The nature of
the study is qualitative. The aim is for analysing the kinds of meaning used
in Ed Sheeran songs. The data of the study was the song from Ed Sheeran
songs. The data were analysed through descriptive analysis technique. The
result shows some lexical and contextual meaning that found in the Ed
Sheeran songs.
This research is different from the eighth previous study. The
differences are 1) the study done by Trisnantasari is aimed to analyse the
kinds of meaning used in Ed Sheeran songs, while this research focuses on
finding the type of lexical relations used in Muse song lyrics; 2) the study
done by Trisnantasari were found lexical and contextual meaning, while
this research found synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, homonymy,
hyponymy, and meronymy.
Even though they are different, there is relation between the eighth
previous study and this research. What makes them related are 1) both of
the eighth previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2)
both of the eighth previous study and this research uses descriptive
analysis.
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31
The ninth previous study is written by Armanda (2019). The nature
of the study is qualitative. The aims are to find out the types of lexical
relations and to find out the most dominant lexical relation used in the
business column on Jakarta Post published on November 5th, 2018. The
data of the study was collected from business column on Jakarta Post
published on November 5th, 2018. The data were analysed through
descriptive analysis technique. The result shows some kinds of lexical
relation that used in business column on Jakarta Post published on
November 5th, 2018. The lexical relations that found were synonyms,
antonyms, and hyponyms.
This research is different from the ninth previous study. The
differences are 1) the study done by Armanda is aimed to find out the
types of lexical relations and to find out the most dominant lexical relation
used in the business column on Jakarta Post published on November 5th,
2018, while this research focuses on finding the type of lexical relations
used in Muse song lyrics; 2) the study done by Armanda were found
synonyms, antonyms, and hyponyms, while this research found synonymy,
antonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy; 3) the study
done by Bakhtiar Armanda analyzed based on Kreidler’s theory, while this
research is from several combination of experts theories.
Even though they are different, there is relation between the ninth
previous study and this research. What makes them related are 1) both of
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32
the ninth previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2) both
of the ninth previous study and this research uses descriptive analysis.
The tenth previous study is written by Ridwan (2015). The nature
of the study is qualitative. The aim is to find out the types of lexical
relations and diction written in editorials Jakarta Globe August edition and
to understand the context of the editorials. The data of the study was
collected from editorials Jakarta Globe. The data were analysed through
content analysis technique. The result shows some lexical and diction that
found in the editorials. The lexical relations that found were synonyms,
antonyms, hyponyms, meronyms, and retronyms and the kind of diction
that found are abstract word, popular word, concrete word, common word
and jargon.
This research is different from the tenth previous study. The
differences are 1) the study done by Ridwan is aimed to find out the types
of lexical relations and diction written in editorials Jakarta Globe August
edition and to understand the context of the editorials, while this research
focuses on finding the type of lexical relations used in Muse song lyrics;
2) the study done by Ridwan were found synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms,
meronyms, and retronyms and the kind of diction that found are abstract
word, popular word, concrete word, common word and jargon, while this
research found synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy,
and meronymy.
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33
Even though they are different, there is relation between the tenth
previous study and this research. What makes them related are 1) both of
the tenth previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2) both
of the tenth previous study and this research uses descriptive analysis.
Based on the previous studies above and by referencing to the
previous studies above, the writer conducts A Semantic Analysis of Lexical
Relations in Muse Selected Song Lyrics.
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34
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter discusses research method which includes the
methodology of the research, objective of the research, data sources, technique
of collecting data, and technique of data analysis.
A. Methodology of the Research
The type of research that used in this research was qualitative by
seeking and observing the materials then continue to the writer’s own
analysis in order to obtain the require data. According to Hancock
(2002:7), qualitative research is concerned with developing explanations
of social phenomena, and it aims to help us to understand the world in
which we live and why things are the way they are.
Also, Moleong (2002:3) stated that qualitative research is research
procedures that procedure descriptive data in the form of written or oral
words of the people and behaviours that can be observed. As Arikunto
(2010:3) stated that descriptive research is the study intended to
investigate the situation, condition, circumstances, events, or other
activities, and the result presented in the form of the research report.
Hence, in this study, the writer also used descriptive research approach.
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35
B. Object of the Research
The object of this study was the lexical relations that have been
found in Muse selected song lyrics. The writer used seven Muse selected
song lyrics in which their lyrics were taken to be analysed. After
discovering the lexical relations in song lyrics, the writer search for the
most dominant lexical relations used in those seven Muse selected song
lyrics.
C. Data Sources
The research used primary data or original data and secondary
data. Original data means the writer takes the data naturally. According to
Moleong (2002:3), qualitative research is directed to individually
background holistically. So, the writer can not divide the people based on
variable or hypothesis. The data was directly related with the problem
observed and directly delivered from the resources. The source of this
research:
1. Primary Data: The data that are collected from Muse selected song
lyrics.
2. Secondary Data: Book, E-book, website and Journal.
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36
D. Technique of Data Collection
In this study, the writer used field note as the technique of
collecting data. Field notes are contemporaneous notes of observations or
conversation taken during the conduct of qualitative research.
E. Technique of Data Analysis
Creswell (20017:148) states that there are three steps in analysing the
data. The writer followed those three steps, and it explains as followed:
1. Preparing and Organizing
a. The writer downloaded selected song of Muse
b. Also, the writer downloaded the song lyrics of the song to make
the analysis of the Lexical Relations of its selected song easily.
2. Coding
The second step was coding. The writer lists the lexical relations
that found in Muse selected song lyrics and put the code in every line
that can be found the lexical relations. The codes are:
a. S : song
b. L : line
Example:
It means song number 2, line 27 and 28 in song lyrics.
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37
3. Representing the data
For the final step, the writer showed the data contains six (6)
lexical relations that can be found in seven (7) Muse selected song
lyrics.
Here is the example of the data:
No
Types of
Lexical
Relation
Data Song Title Code
1 Synonym
And lie, I say never
I can tell you now
without a trace of fear
Neutron Star
Collision
S2
L5,29
Our hopes and
expectations
Starlight S1
L19
Asphyxiated
I won’t let you smother
it
Time is
Running Out
S7
L2,15
They’ll try to push
drugs
They will not force us
Uprising S3
L3,12
Flick a switch and open
your third eye, you’d
see that
We have to unify and
watch our flag ascend
Uprising S3
L19,25
Rise up and take the
power back, it’s time
that
We have to unify and
watch our flag ascend
Uprising S3
L22,25
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38
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS
In this chapter, the writer demonstrated the findings of the research by
discussing the analysis of Descriptive Analysis on The Use Lexical Relations
of Muse selected song lyrics such as Uprising, Neutron Star Collision,
Starlight, Exo-Politics, Knights of Cydonia, Unintended, and Time is Running
Out.
A. Profile of Lexical Relations
1. Synonym
The detail of the types of synonym that was found in Muse selected
song lyrics are in the following data:
Table 4.1
Types of Synonym
No.
Types of
Lexical
Relation
Data Song Title Code
1 Synonym And lie, I
say never
I can tell you
now without
a trace of
fear
Neutron
Star
Collision
S2
L5,29
Our hopes
and
expectations
Starlight S1
L19
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39
Asphyxiated
I won’t let
you smother
it
Time is
Running
Out
S7
L2,15
They’ll try to
push drugs
They will
not force us
Uprising S3
L3,12
Flick a
switch and
open your
third eye,
you’d see
that
We have to
unify and
watch our
flag ascend
Uprising S3
L19,25
Rise up and
take the
power back,
it’s time that
We have to
unify and
watch our
flag ascend
Uprising S3
L22,25
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40
The discussion:
a. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line
number 5 and 29 there is a synonym in one song lyrics. Both of
these verses have the synonymy relations, because the word
say and tell have the same meaning. Say means express in
words, while tell means let something be known. (Oxford
Thesaurus, 1991:1548)
b. In the song number 1 entitled Starlight, line number 19 there is
a synonym in one song lyrics. In this verse have the synonymy
relations, because the word hopes and expectation have the
similar meaning. Hopes mean a specific instance of feeling
hopeful, while expectation means the feeling that something is
about to happen. (Oxford Thesaurus, 1991:513)
c. In the song number 7 entitled Time is Running Out, line
number 2 and 15 there is a synonym in one song lyrics. Both of
these verses have the synonymy relations, because the word
asphyxiated and smother have similar meaning. Asphyxiated
means deprive of oxygen and prevent from breathing, while
smother means deprive of the oxygen necessary for
combustion. ( Oxford Thesaurus, 1991:1665)
d. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 3 and 12
there is a synonym in one song lyrics. Both of these verses
have the synonymy relations, because the word push and force
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41
have the similar meaning. Push means move with force, while
force means a to cause to do through pressure or necessity.
(Oxford Thesaurus, 1991:1368)
e. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 19 and 25
there is a synonym in one song lyrics. Both of these verses
have the synonymy relations, because the word see and watch
have the same meaning. See means perceive by sight or have
the power to perceive by sight, while watch means look
attentively. Both of see and watch have the meaning of looking.
(Oxford Thesaurus, 1991:1577)
f. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 22 and 25
there is a synonym in one song lyrics. Both of these verses
have the synonymy relations, because the word rise and ascend
have the similar meaning. Rise means the act of changing
location in an upward direction, while ascend means to travel
up. (Oxford Thesaurus, 1991:1500)
2. Antonym
The detail of the types of antonym that was found in Muse selected
song lyrics are in the following data:
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42
Table 4.2
Types of Antonym
No
Types of
Lexical
Relation
Data Song Title Code
2 Antonym Of the
people who
care if I live
or die
Starlight S1
L4
All the
souls that
would die
just to feel
alive
Starlight S1
L15
You could
be the one
I’ll always
love
She could
never be as
good as you
Unintended S6
L6,12
I wanted
freedom
Now that
you know
I’m
trapped
Time is
Running
Out
S7
L21,25
We will
never see
the truth
around
Another
package lie
Uprising S3
L5,8
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43
to keep us
trapped in
greed
That keep
us all
dumbed
down and
hope that
Rise up and
take the
power back,
it’s time
that
Uprising S3
L4,22
Open the
skies over
me
Will you
slam shut
or free your
mind?
Exo-Politics S5
L1,5
The discussion:
a. In the song number 1 entitled Starlight, line number 4 there is an
antonym in one song lyrics. In this verse have the antonymy
relations, because the word live and die have the opposite meaning.
Live means possessing live, while die means suffer or face the pain
of death. (Djalinus Syah, 1997:75)
b. In the song number 1 entitled Starlight, line number 15 there is an
antonym in one song lyrics. In this verse have the antonymy
relations, because the word die and alive have the opposite
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44
meaning. Die means suffer or face the pain of death, while alive
means possessing live. (Djalinus Syah, 1997:75)
c. In the song number 6 entitled Unintended, line number 6 and 12
there is an antonym in one song lyrics. Both of these verses have
the antonymy relations, because the word always and never have
the opposite meaning. Always means all the time and on every
occasion, while never means at no time in the past or future.
(Djalinus, Syah 1997:92)
d. In the song number 7 entitled Time is Running Out, line number 21
and 25 there is an antonym in one song lyrics. Both of these verses
have the antonymy relations, because the word freedom and
trapped have the opposite meaning. Freedom means the condition
of being free, while trapped means something deceptively that
catches you unawares.
e. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 5 and 8 there
is an antonym in one song lyrics. Both of these verses have the
antonymy relations, because the word truth and lie have the
opposite meaning. Truth means a fact that has been verified, while
lie means a statement that deviates from or perverts the truth.
(Djalinus Syah, 1997:160)
f. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 4 and 22 there
is an antonym in one song lyrics. Both of these verses have the
antonymy relations, because the word down and up have the
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45
opposite meaning. Down means being or moving lower in position
or less in some value, while up means being or moving higher in
position or greater in some value.
g. In the song number 5 entitled Exo-Politics, line number 1 and 5
there is an antonym in one song lyrics. Both of these verses have
the antonymy relations, because the word open and shut have the
opposite meaning. Open means affording unobstructed entrance
and exit; not shut or closed, while shut means not open. (Djalinus
Syah, 1997:189)
3. Polysemy
The detail of the types of polysemy that was found in Muse
selected song lyrics are in the following data:
Table 4.3
Types of Polysemy
No
Types of
Lexical
Relation
Data Song Title Code
3 Polysemy I just
wanted to
hold
Starlight S1
L10
Then our
hearts
combined
like
Neutron
Star
Collision
S2
L3
I have
nothing left
to lose
Neutron
Star
Collision
S2
L5
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Their
doctrines
will be
cloud
Neutron
Star
Collision
S2
L20
And how
can we win
Knights of
Cydonia
S4
L5
Time has
come to
make things
right
Knights of
Cydonia
S4
L10
Choice to
live my life
extended
Unintended S6
L2
Sense of
elation
Time is
Running
Out
S7
L26
Rise up and
take the
power
back, it’s
time that
Uprising S3
L23
We have to
unify and
watch our
flag ascend
Uprising S3
L25
I’ll wait for
a sign
Exo-Politics S5
L3
Are loaded
on my back
Exo-Politics S5
L15
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The discussion:
a. In the song number 1 entitled Starlight, line number 10 there is a
polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of wanted are explain
in the following meaning:
1) Desired or wished for or sought
2) Characterized by feeling or showing fond affection for
b. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number
3 there is a polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of like are
explain in the following meaning:
1) Resembling or similar
2) Find enjoyable or agreeable
c. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number
5 there is a polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of left are
explain in the following meaning:
1) Location near or direction toward the left side
2) Not used up
d. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number
20 there is a polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of cloud
are explain in the following meaning:
1) A visible mass of water or ice particles suspended at a
considerable altitude
2) Make less visible or unclear
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e. In the song number 4 entitled Knights of Cydonia, line number 5
there is a polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of can are
explain in the following meaning:
1) Airtight sealed metal container for food or drink or paint etc.
2) Already to do something
f. In the song number 4 entitled Knights of Cydonia, line number 10
there is a polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of right are
explain in the following meaning:
1) Location near or direction toward the right side
2) Free from error
3) In conformance with justice or law or morality
g. In the song number 6 entitled Unintended, line number 2 there is a
polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of live are explain in
the following meaning:
1) Actually being performed at the time of hearing or viewing
2) Possessing life
h. In the song number 7 entitled Time is Running Out, line number 26
there is a polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of sense are
explain in the following meaning:
1) Perceive by a physical sensation
2) The faculty through which the external world is apprehended
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i. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 3 there is a
polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of back are explain in
the following meaning:
1) Related to or located at the back
2) The series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and
protecting the spinal cord
3) A person who plays in the backfield
j. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 22 there is a
polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of watch are explain in
the following meaning:
1) A small portable timepiece
2) Look attentively or see
k. In the song number 5 entitled Exo-Politics, line number 3 there is a
polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of sign are explain in
the following meaning:
1) A public display of a message
2) Any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message
l. In the song number 5 entitled Exo-Politics, line number 15 there is
a polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of back are explain in
the following meaning:
1) Related to or located at the back
2) The series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and
protecting the spinal cord
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3) A person who plays in the backfield
4. Homonymy
The detail of the types of homonymy that was found in Muse
selected song lyrics are in the following data:
Table 4.4
Types of Homonymy
No
Types of
Lexical
Relation
Data Song Title Code
4 Homonym Our hopes
and
expectations
Black holes
and
revelations
Starlight S1
L19,20
I have
nothing left
to lose
You took
your time to
choose
Neutron
Star
Collision
S2
L5,6
Halos fail to
glisten
But no one
wants to
listen
Neutron
Star
Collision
S2
L15,17
The
preachers
fake and
proud
Their
doctrines
Neutron
Star
Collision
S2
L19,20
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will be
cloud
We’ll die
together
Lie, I will
never
Neutron
Star
Collision
S2
L32,33
Time has
come to
make things
right
You and I
must fight
for our
rights
Knights of
Cydonia
S4
L10,11
Now that
you know
I’m trapped
Time is
Running
Out
S7
L25
Rise up and
take the
power back,
it’s time
that
Their time
is coming to
an end
Uprising S3
L22,24
The fat cats
had a heart
attack
Uprising S3
L23
When the
Zetas fill
the skies
Will our
leaders tell
us why
Exo-Politics S5
L7,8
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The discussion:
a. In the song number 1 entitled Starlight, line number 19 and 20
there is a homonym in the song lyrics. Both of these verses have
homonymy relations, because the word hope and hole have the
same phonological although there are unrelated senses. Hopes
mean a specific instance of feeling hopeful, while holes mean
unoccupied space.
b. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number
5 and 6 there is a homonym in the song lyrics. Both of these verses
have homonymy relations, because the word lose and choose have
the same phonological although there are unrelated senses. Lose
means fail to win, while choose means pick out or select from a
number of alternatives.
c. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number
15 and 17 there is a homonym in the song lyrics. Both of these
verses have homonymy relations, because the word glisten and
listen have the same phonological although there are unrelated
senses. Glisten means the quality of shining with a bright reflected
light, while listen means hear with attention.
d. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number
19 and 20 there is a homonym in the song lyrics. Both of these
verses have homonymy relations, because the word proud and
cloud have the same phonological although there are unrelated
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senses. Proud means feeling self-respect or pleasure in something
by which you measure your self-worth; or being a reason for pride,
while cloud means make less visible or unclear.
e. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number
32 and 33 there is a homonym in the song lyrics. Both of these
verses have homonymy relations, because the word die and lie
have the same phonological although there are unrelated senses.
Die means suffer or face the pain of death, while lie means tell an
untruth or pretend with intent to deceive.
f. In the song number 4 entitled Knights of Cydonia, line number 10
and 11 there is a homonym in the song lyrics. Both of these verses
have homonymy relations, because the word right and rights have
the same phonological although there are unrelated senses. Right
means in or into a satisfactory condition, while rights mean in
conformance with justice or law or morality.
g. In the song number 7 entitled Time is Running Out, line number 25
there is a homonym in the song lyrics. In this verse have
homonymy relations, because the word now and know have the
same phonological although there are unrelated senses. Now means
the momentary present, while know means be cognizant or aware
of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or
information about.
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h. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 22 and 24
there is a homonym in the song lyrics. Both of these verses have
homonymy relations, because the word and and end have the same
phonological although there are unrelated senses. And is
conjunction which means used to connect words of the same part
of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly, while
end means the point in time at which something ends.
i. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 23 there is a
homonym in the song lyrics. In this verse have homonymy
relations, because the word fat and cat have the same phonological
although there are unrelated senses. Fat means having an (over)
abundance of flesh or having a relatively large diameter, while cat
means feline mammal usually having thick soft fur and no ability
to roar.
j. In the song number 5 entitled Exo-Politics, line number 7 and 8
there is a homonym in the song lyrics. Both of these verses have
homonymy relations, because the word fill and will have the same
phonological although there are unrelated senses. Fill means
become full, while will means the capability of conscious choice
and decision and intention.
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5. Hyponymy
The detail of the types of hyponymy that was found in Muse
selected song lyrics are in the following data:
Table 4.5
Types of Hyponymy
No
Types of
Lexical
Relation
Data Song Title Code
5 Hyponym I want to
play the
game
Time is
Running
Out
S7
L7
The discussion:
a. In the song number 7 entitled Time is Running Out, line number 7
there is a homonym in the song lyrics. In this verse have
hyponymy relations, because the word game means a single play
of a sport or other contest. Game is specific term that is called as
hyponym and play is the general term that is called as super-
ordinate. A super-ordinate can have many hyponyms. And game is
hyponyms of play because it can be doing by playing it.
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6. Meronymy
The detail of the types of meronymy that was found in Muse
selected song lyrics are in the following data:
Table 4.5
Types of Meronymy
No
Types of
Lexical
Relation
Data Song Title Code
6 Meronym The world
is broken
Like
snowflakes
in an ocean
Neutron
Star
Collision
S2
L14,22
The discussion:
a. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number
14 and 22 there is a homonym in the song lyrics. Both of these
verses have meronymy relations, because the word world and
ocean have a part-whole relationship between them. Ocean which
means a large body of water constituting a principal part of the
hydrosphere is a part of world which means involving the entire
earth; not limited or provincial in scope. So, ocean is meronym of
world because ocean is part of world.
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B. The Most Dominant Use of Lexical Relations
After the researcher analysed the data, the writer found the
following data:
Table 4.7
Types of Lexical Relations
No Types of Lexical Relations Occurrence (in number)
1. Synonym 6
2. Antonym 7
3. Polysemy 12
4. Homonym 10
5. Hyponym 1
6. Meronym 1
Total number of the data that found in Muse selected song lyrics
was 37 lexical relations. The total of synonym in Muse selected song
lyrics was 6 data. The total of antonym in Muse selected song lyrics was 7
data. The total of polysemy in Muse selected song lyrics was 12 data. The
total of homonym in Muse selected song lyrics was 10 data. The total of
hyponym in Muse selected song lyrics was 1 data. The total of meronym
in Muse selected song lyrics was 1 data.
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CHAPTER V
CLOSURE
A. Conclusions
From data that the writer analyses according to the research
questions mentioned in chapter I, the conclusion can be arranged. The
research questions are: What are the types of lexical relations that have
been found in Muse selected song lyrics and What are the dominant of
lexical relations that have been found in Muse selected song lyrics.
The writer found some types of lexical relations that used in Muse
selected song lyrics. The writer found six (6) types of lexical relations,
there are synonym, antonym, polysemy, homonym, hyponym, and
meronym. But the most dominant lexical relations used in Muse selected
song lyrics is polysemy with 12 cases from 37 cases of lexical relations.
Polysemy is less well-known term to most people than either synonym or
antonym, but it refers to a much more important sense relation. It can
describe two or more meaning in one word. For example, the word can
have the meaning of airtight sealed metal container for food or drink and
already to do something. So, the word can is called as polysemy.
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B. Suggestions
After the finding the result of this research, the writer suggests that:
1. To the English teachers
This research can be the alternative study to enrich teachers’
linguistic ability. Therefore, the teachers can use this study as
additional teaching material in reading or even listening especially the
lexical relations.
2. To the English learners
The learners can use this study to enhance their ability in reading
and listening especially in lexical relations, so the learners can analyse
a sentence, paragraph, verse, stanza, and text easily.
3. To the other writer
The data might become reference to other writer and also they can
complete or to flesh out this research in order to make their next
research much more better.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adisutrisno, Wagiman. 2008. Semantics: An Introduction to the Basic Concept.
Yogyakarta: Andi Publisher.
Anwar, Khaerul & Urip Tanggoro. 2018. The Analysis of Sense Relations on
Maroon 5 Album V (Deluxe Version).Universitas Bumiayu. (Page
176-189).
Armanda, Bakhtiar. 2019. An Analysis of Lexical Relation in Business Column on
Jakarta Post Published on 5th November 2018. Institut Agama Islam
Negeri Salatiga.
Cruse, D. A. 2000. Meaning in Language An Introduction to Semantics and
Pragmatics.Oxford University Press Inc. New York.
Febriasari, Winda Puspita. 2018. An Analysis of Lexical Relations in Amnesia
Song taken from 5 Seconds of Summer Album. Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta. (Page 1-6).
Hurford, James R. & Brendan Heasley. 1986. Semantics: a course book,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kriedler, Charles W. 1998. Introducing English Semantics. New York: Routledge.
Moleong, Lexy. 2002. Metodology Penelitian Kualitatif.Bandung: PT. Remaja
Rosdakarya
Murphy, M. Lynee. 2003. Semantic Relations and the Lexicon. Cambridge:
University Press.
_______________ 2010. Lexical Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Nisyana, Nelyska. 2018. A Semantic Analysis on Celine Dion’s Song in Beauty
and The Beast, How Does A Moment Last Forever, and A New Day
Has Come. Universitas Mataram.
Oxford Thesaurus Synonym Dictionary (1991)
Palmer, F.R. 1981. Semantics: A New Outline. London: Cambridge University
Press.
Ponno, Fitriani, Sari Rejeki & Maulana Taufik. Lexical and Contextual Meanings
Contained in Religious Song Lyrics at Quiver Center Academy (QCA).
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Purnamasari, Dewi & Rosmaidar. 2011. Lexical Relations Used in Jason Mraz’s
Song Lyrics. Universitas Bina Darma. (Page 81-90).
Rifardi, Dwiki. 2017. Study of Lexical Meaning on Bob Marley Songs. Universitas
Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang.
Saeed, J. I. 2003. Semantics. Blackwell Publishing. Victoria, Carlton.
________. 2009. Semantics. Blackwell Publishing. Victoria, Carlton.
Syah, Djalinus. 1997. Kamus Synonym & Antonym Untuk Ujian TOEFL & IELTS.
Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.
Trisnantasari, Ika. A Semantic Analysis on Ed Sheeran Songs.
Wikipedia.org/wiki/muse_(band)
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CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
1. Name : Nor Muhammad Husein
2. Place and Date of Birth : Kab. Semarang, September 24th
, 1997
3. Address : Ngipik, RT 04/08, Candi Bandungan
4. Sex : Male
5. Religion : Islam
6. E-mail : [email protected]
7. Phone : 08985558130
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
1. Kindergarten Lestari 2002 - 2003
2. Wonorejo 02 State Elementary School (SDN) 2003 - 2009
3. Bergas 1 State Junior High School (SMPN) 2009 - 2012
4. Bergas 1 Senior High School (SMAN) 2012 - 2015
5. Salatiga State Institute for Islamic Studies 2015 -2019
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UPRISING
The paranoia is in bloom, the P-R
Transmissions will resume
They'll try to push drugs
That keep us all dumbed down and hope that
We will never see the truth around
(So come on)
Another promise, another scene,
Another package lie to keep us trapped in greed
With all the green belts wrapped around our minds
And endless red tape to keep the truth confined
(So come on)
They will not force us
They will stop degrading us
They will not control us
We will be victorious
(So come on)
Interchanging mind control
Come let the revolution take its toll if you could
Flick a switch and open your third eye, you'd see that
We should never be afraid to die
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(So come on)
Rise up and take the power back, it's time that
The fat cats had a heart attack, you know that
Their time is coming to an end
We have to unify and watch our flag ascend
(So come on)
They will not force us
They will stop degrading us
They will not control us
We will be victorious
(So come on)
Hey, hey, hey, hey
Hey, hey, hey, hey
Hey, hey, hey, hey
They will not force us
They will stop degrading us
They will not control us
We will be victorious
(So come on)
Hey, hey, hey, hey
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EXO-POLITICS
Open the skies over me
I am waiting patiently
I'll wait for a sign
As conspiracy unwind
Will you slam shut or free your mind?
Or stay hypnotized
When the Zetas fill the skies
Will our leaders tell us why
Fully loaded satellites
Will conquer nothing but our minds
I'm waiting patiently
And I'll wait for the sign
Carried through the centuries
Secrets locked up
Are loaded on my back
And it weighs me down
When the Zetas fill the skies
It's just our leaders in disguise
Fully loaded satellites
Will conquer nothing but our minds
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I'm waiting patiently
And I'll wait for the sign
I'm waiting patiently
And I'll wait for the sign
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KNIGHTS OF CYDONIA
Come ride with me
Through the veins of history
I'll show you a God
Falls asleep on the job
And how can we win,
When fools can be kings
Don't waste your time
Or time will waste you
No one's going to take me alive
Time has come to make things right
You and I must fight for our rights
You and I must fight to survive
No one's going to take me alive
Time has come to make things right
You and I must fight for our rights
You and I must fight to survive
No one's going to take me alive
Time has come to make things right
You and I must fight for our rights
You and I must fight to survive
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UNINTENDED
You could be my unintended
Choice to live my life extended
You could be the one I'll always love
You could be the one who listens
To my deepest inquisitions
You could be the one I'll always love
I'll be there as soon as I can
But I'm busy mending broken
Pieces of the life I had before
First there was the one who challenged
All my dreams and all my balance
She could never be as good as you
You could be my unintended
Choice to live my life extended
You should be the one I'll always love
I'll be there as soon as I can
But I'm busy mending broken
Pieces of the life I had before
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I'll be there as soon as I can
But I'm busy mending broken
Pieces of the life I had before
Before you
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76
TIME IS RUNNING OUT
I think I'm drowning
Asphyxiated
I want to break the spell
That you've created
You're something beautiful
A contradiction
I want to play the game
I want the friction
You will be
The death of me
Yeah, you will be
The death of me
Bury it
I won't let you bury it
I won't let you smother it
I won't let you murder it
Our time is running out
And our time is running out
You can't push it underground
We can't stop it screaming out
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I wanted freedom
But I'm restricted
I tried to give you up
But I'm addicted
Now that you know I'm trapped
Sense of elation
You'll never dream of breaking this fixation
You will squeeze the life out of me
Bury it
I won't let you bury it
I won't let you smother it
I won't let you murder it
Our time is running out
And our time is running out
You can't push it underground
We can't stop it screaming out
How did it come to this
You will suck the life out of me
Bury it
I won't let you bury it
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I won't let you smother it
I won't let you murder it
Our time is running out
And our time is running out
You can't push it underground
We can't stop it screaming out
How did it come to this
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STARLIGHT
Far away
The ship is taking me far away
Far away from the memories
Of the people who care if I live or die
The starlight
I will be chasing a starlight
Until the end of my life
I don't know if it's worth it anymore
Hold you in my arms
I just wanted to hold
You in my arms
My life
You electrify my life
Let's conspire to ignite
All the souls that would die just to feel alive
Now I'll never let you go
If you promised not to fade away
Never fade away
Our hopes and expectations
Black holes and revelations
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Our hopes and expectations
Black holes and revelations
Hold you in my arms
I just wanted to hold
You in my arms
Far away
The ship is taking me far away
Far away from the memories
Of the people who care if I live or die
And I'll never let you go
If you promise not to fade away
Never fade away
Our hopes and expectations
Black holes and revelations
Our hopes and expectations
Black holes and revelations
Hold you in my arms
I just wanted to hold
You in my arms
I just wanted to hold
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NEUTRON STAR COLLISION
I was searching
You were on a mission
Then our hearts combined like
A neutron star collision
I have nothing left to lose
You took your time to choose
Then we told each other
With no trace of fear that
Our love would be forever
And if we die
We die together
And lie, I said never
'cause our love would be forever
The world is broken
Halos fail to glisten
You try to make a difference
But no one wants to listen
Hail,
The preachers, fake and proud
Their doctrines will be cloud
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Then they'll dissipate
Like snowflakes in an ocean
Love is forever
And we'll die, we'll die together
And lie, I say never
'cause our love could be forever
Now I've got nothing left to lose
You take your time to choose
I can tell you now without a trace of fear
That my love will be forever
And we'll die
We'll die together
Lie, I will never
'cause our love will be forever