a. Scientists use the scientific method to solve problems and answer questions. b. A series of steps that explains what scientists do and allows them to collect, analyze, and share data with others. The Scientific Method
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a. Scientists use the scientific method to solve problems and answer questions.
b. A series of steps that explains what
scientists do and allows them to collect, analyze, and share data with others.
The Scientific Method
a. Problem i. The question that is being answered or
explored. ii. Not all questions can be answered by using
the scientific method.
b. Hypothesis i. A TESTABLE, educated guess.
Steps of the Scientific Method
a. Experiment i. Used to test the hypothesis. ii. Follows a procedure. iii. Has a list of materials.
b. Results i. Recorded during the experiment. ii. Data is expressed using tables and graphs.
Steps of the Scientific Method
a. Conclusion i. A summary of the experiment and results. ii. Includes a statement that declares whether
the hypothesis was proved or disproven. iii. Explains possible mistakes or errors that
could have occurred. iv. Makes suggestions for future analysis or
improving the experiment.
Steps of the Scientific Method
• P – Problem • H – Hypothesis • E – Experiment • R – Results • C - Conclusion
PHERC
I .Observations and Inferences A. Scientists use observations and inferences to help come
up with hypotheses and answers to problems. (Key Point)
B. Observations • Describe facts and occurrences (Key Point) • Are information collect with the 5 senses (Key Point)
• The 5 Senses Review • Sight • Taste • Smell • Touch • Hearing
I .Observations and Inferences
C. Inferences 1. A possible explanation or guess about an
observation. 2. A conclusion or deduction based on
observations. 3. Example: You leave the movie theater and
see that the ground is wet, so you infer that it rained.
II. Testable vs. Non-Testable Questions A. TESTABLE QUESTIONS
1. ask about objects, organisms, and events in the natural world (key point)
2. can be answered by experiments, observations, or surveys (key point)
3. are answered by collecting and analyzing evidence that is measurable.
4. example: how many drops of water will fit on a penny?
Testable vs. Non Testable Questions B. NON-TESTABLE QUESTIONS
1. cannot be answered by experiments, observations, or surveys (key point)
2. are often based on opinion 3. example: which has better pizza, dominoes or
papa johns?
• OBSERVATION (O) OR INFERENCE (I)?
• _____ 1. a man screamed, grabbed his chest, and fell to the floor.
• _____ 2. the pigeon was probably pecking at bread crumbs because it was hungry.
• _____ 3. the girl looked both ways before crossing the street.
• _____ 4. a man was talking loudly to himself in the mall, so he was probably crazy.
0
0
I
I
• OBSERVATION (O) OR INFERENCE (I)?
• _____ 5. he honked his horn a lot in rush hour traffic.
• _____ 6. during the lecture mariana stared at the ceiling, took no notes, and looked at the clock twelve times.
• _____ 7. alex must have been sad because he was crying about his broken fire truck toy.
• _____ 8. ken was probably angry because he saw barbie with another man.
• _____9. even though adriana didn’t say anything, i could tell by her laughing that she was having a good time.
I
I
I
O
O
TESTABLE (T) OR NON-TESTABLE (N)?
1. which city has more rain every year, san francisco or san diego? _____
2. which basketball player can jump higher, lebron james or kobe bryant? _____
3. which is more fun, watching movies or bowling?
_____
4. if you plant one sunflower inside and one sunflower outside which will grow faster? _____
5. how much force does it take to move a school bus ten feet? ______
T
T
T
T
N
TESTABLE (T) OR NON-TESTABLE (N)?
1. What is the greatest movie of all time?_____ 2. When dropped from the same height, which object
will hit the ground first, a bowling ball or a marble?_____
3. What is the temperature on the surface of the sun?_____
4. Which is more beautiful a daisy or a rose?_____
5. At what temperature does ice cream begin to melt? ______
N
T
T
N
T
I. The Hypothesis a. The second step of the scientific method’ b. An educated guess that can be tested.
II. Testable vs. Non-Testable Questions a. The problem is stated in the form of a testable
question. i. Examples of a testable question:
1. Who is taller, Mr. Davis or Mr. Pickering? 2. Who can jump higher, Lebron or Kobe? 3. How far can my car go on a full tank?
The Hypothesis
Examples of non-testable questions:
1. Is the iPhone the best cell phone? 2. Which is better, Coke or Pepsi? 3. Does Mr. Davis have swag?
The Hypothesis
a. Used to help come up with hypotheses and answers to questions
b. Observations
i. Describe facts and occurrences. ii. Information collected with the 5 senses: Sight, Sound,
Touch, Smell, and Taste – Not just things you see. iii. Example: A purple car drove by bumping music and
smelling like McDonalds.
Observations and Inferences
a. Inferences i. A possible explanation or guess about an
observation ii. A conclusion or deduction based on
observations iii. Example: The car’s music was playing ‘Rack
City.’ The driver must like Tyga!
Observations and Inferences
a. Your hypothesis must be a statement, not a question.
b. It must be in the “If…then…because” format. c. Example Problem: Does studying help improve your
grades? i. Example Hypothesis using an “if…then…” format
1. IF a student spends more time studying THEN his grades will improve
2. This example can be tested by doing an experiment
If….then…. statements
EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES AND CONTROLS
I. variable A. something that changes B. two types of experimental
variables 1. independent variables 2. dependent variables 3. the independent and dependent
variables are known as the experimental group.
EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES AND CONTROLS
II. independent variable A. the variable that changes in
an experement. B. the one fact that is changed
by the person doing the experiment.
C. the “cause.”
EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES AND CONTROLS
III. dependent variable A. the factor which is
measured in an experiment. B. depends on the independent
variable. C. the “effect.”
EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES AND CONTROLS
example: a pot of water warming on a stove.
independent variable: the amount of time the pot is on the stove. dependent variable: the temperature of the water.
EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES AND CONTROLS
IV. control A. all the factors that stay the same in an
experiment. B. also known as the constant.
example (continued from the previous example): the setting of the stove: high, medium, or low
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