ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING BASED UPON THE STEPHEN TOULMIN MODEL FOR ARGUMENT Created By, Jennifer Duke October 26, 2012
Dec 16, 2015
ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING
BASED UPON THE STEPHEN TOULMIN MODEL FOR ARGUMENTCreated By, Jennifer Duke
October 26, 2012
People who write argumentative essays use logic. Logic is when a writer uses facts and evidence to support a claim rather than feelings or emotion.
Argumentative Writing
If you are writing a persuasive paper, you use feelings and emotion. If you are writing an argument, you use facts and evidence.
WHAT’S A CLAIM?A claim is the point that
the arguer is trying to make. The claim is the statement that you are
trying to get your reader to accept. The claim answers the question, “What’s your
point?”
WHAT IS EVIDENCE?
Evidence is NOT opinion. Evidence is made up of proven
facts that support the claim.
EXAMPLE OF A EVIDENCE
Studies done by The American Psychological
Association say that anxiety and sleep
disorders are two of the effects of drinking
caffeine.
WHAT IS A WARRANT?
A warrant links the evidence to the claim. The warrant answers the question, “Why does the evidence
mean that your claim is true?”
WHAT IS A WARRANT?
Warrants are rules that people generally accept as true. The warrant is the “so
what” in your writing.
EXAMPLE OF A WARRANT
Untreated anxiety and sleep disorders can
cause a person to live an unhealthy life.
WHAT IS BACKING?Backing gives
support to the warrant. Backing answers additional questions about the
warrant.
EXAMPLE OF BACKING
Anxiety can cause a person to have a stroke, lack of
concentration, or Insomnia.When a person does not get enough sleep, he or she may suffer negative consequences as the result of drowsy driving, forgetfulness, or weight gain.
WHAT ARE QUALIFICATIONS?Qualifications can
refute opposing claims. A “qualifier” indicates
the strength of the claim. Qualifiers include words such as 'most', 'usually', 'always' or 'sometimes'.
EXAMPLE OF A QUALIFICATION
Most people can form caffeine addictions without
even trying.The effects of caffeine are not always serious, but it
usually causes health problems in some people.
WHAT IS A REBUTTAL?
A rebuttal is a counter-argument that
can still be used against your claim despite how well-constructed your
argument might be.
WHAT IS A REBUTTAL?
A rebuttal is another argument in and of
itself. A rebuttal has a claim, evidence,
warrant, backing, and qualifications.
EXAMPLE OF A REBUTTAL
CLAIM: Caffeine is beneficial to your health.EVIDENCE: Caffeine increases energy. Caffeine lowers heart disease risk. Caffeine increases mental focus. Caffeine lowers the risk of Parkinson’s Disease.
This rebuttal would also include a WARRANT, BACKING, and
QUALIFICATIONS.
Argument Quiz
#1What is a claim?
A. Evidence that supports the warrant.
B. A statement that is NOT supported in the paper.
C. A statement in the paper that is supported by evidence, a warrant, backing, and qualifications.
Argument Quiz
#2What is evidence?
A. An opinion based upon a person’s feelings or emotions.
B. Proven, logical facts that support the claim.
C. A counter-argument.D. The words most, always, and
usually.
Argument Quiz
#3What are qualifiers?
A. Opinions based upon a person’s feelings or emotions.
B. Counter-arguments.C. Proven, logical facts that support
the claim.D. The words most, always, and
usually.
Argument Quiz
#3What does a warrant do?
A. Links the evidence to the claim.B. Links two words together.C. Justifies an estimation.D. Arrests people.
Argument Quiz
#4What is the difference between
argument and persuasion?A. An argument mostly uses feelings
and emotion.B. Persuasion mostly uses logic,
facts, and examples.C. Argument mostly uses logic, facts,
and examples.