A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the ...

PERFORMANCE OF MORTAR WiTH EGG ALBUMEN

SHARON YONG WIN TIN

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Recourses

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

III

NOVEMBER 2010

ABSTRACT

This study is to investigate the performance of mortar with 1% and 5% egg

albumen. The field of studies covered the important parameters in determining the

engineering properties such as compressive and flexural strength and drying

shrinkage of egg albumen additive in mortar. It was achieved by compression test

and flexural test conducted to determine the highest strength development between

samples for 7, 14 and 28 age days of both air and water curing time. There were three

types of samples That has been tested, which are mortar containing 1% of egg

albumen, 5% of egg albumen and mortar with plain ordinary Portland cement as the

control samples. The result obtained showed that the compressive strength for water

curing for 100% mortar control samples achieved the highest strength where is it

5.78Mpa and it is 3.58% higher strength than the air cured samples, while mortar

with 5% egg albumen achieved 5.02Mpa of strength where it is 9.37% higher than sir

cured samples. Next it is mortar with 1% egg albumen that achieved 4.64Mpa where

it is only 4.71% higher than air cured samples. For flexural test, the result obtained

where mortar with 5% egg albumen achieved the highest flexural strength for water

cured samples where it is 36.27% higher than the air cured samples, while for mortar

with 1% egg albumen has achieved flexural strength of 2.4Mpa for air cured

samples, where it is 20.6% higher than the water cured samples. As for 100% mortar

control samples has achieved the lowest strength, where it is 1,98Mpa for air cured

samples. As for the result achieved from drying shrinkage test, result obtained for air

cured samples achieves highest shrinkage if compared with water cured samples. The

used of concrete as samples besides mortar is recommended for future works and

studies.

VII

ABSTRAK

Penyelidikan ml bertujuan untuk niengetahul prestasi mortar dengan 1% dan

5% albumen telur. Bidang kajian meliputi parameter penting dalam menentukan sifat

teknikal seperti tekanan dan lenturan dan susut pengeringan albumen telur sebagain

bahan penambahan di dalam mortar. Hal ml semua dengan uji tekanan dan uji

lenturan dilakukan untuk menentukan penbangunan kekuatan yang lebih tinggi

antara sampel untuk han ke 7, 14 and 28, baik udara dan air semasa peneraman. Ada

tigajenis sampel yang telah diuji, iaitu mortar mengandungi 1% dari albumen telur,

5% dari albumen telur dan. mortar dengan simen Portland biasa sebagai sampel

kawalan. Keputusan yang diperolehi menunjukkan bahawa kuat tekan untuk air

rnenyembuhkan untuk sampel mortar 100% kawalan mencapai kekuatan tertinggi di

mana itu 5.78Mpa dan itu adalah kekuatan 3,58% lebih tinggi berbanding hawa

sembuh sampel, sedangkan mortar dengan albumen ttlur .5% semua 5.02Mpa

dari Kekuatan mana 9,37% Iebih tinggi daripada sampel sembuh Sir. Berikut mi

adalah mortar dengan albumen telur 1% yang dicapai 4.64Mpa yang biayanya hanya

4,71% lebih tinggi danipada sampel hawa sembuh.Untuk ujian lentur, hasilnya

diperolehi di mana mortar dengan albumen telur 5% mencapai kekuatan lentur

tertinggi bagi sampel air disembuhkan dimana 36,27% lebih tinggi berbanding hawa.

sembuh sampel, sedangkan untuk mortar dengati albumen telur 1% telah mencapai

kekuatan lentur 2.4Mpa unflik sampel hawa disembuhkan, di mana 20,6% Iebih

tinggi daripada sampel air sembuh. Adapun 100% sampel kawalan mortar telah

mencapai kekuatan yang paling rendah, di mana 1 .98Mpa untuk sampel hawa

sembuh. Adapun hasil yang dicapai dari uji susut pengeningan, keputusan yang

diperolehi untuk sampel hawa disembuhkan rnencapai penyusutan tertinggi jika

dibandingkan dengan sampel air sembuh. Yang digunakan sebagai sampel konkrit

mortar selain disyorkan untuk bekeijbekeija di masa mendatang dan kajian.

VII'

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

SUBJECT

PAGE

CERTIFICATION OF THESIS

1

CERTIFICATION BY SUPERVISOR ii

TITLE PAGE Ill

AUTHOR'S DECLARATION

iv

DEDICATION

V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Vi

ABSTRACT VI'

ABSTRAK viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Ix

LIST OF TABLES xi'

LIST OF FIGURES xl"

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv

LIST OF APPENDICES xvi

lx

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study

12 Problem Statement

1.3 Objective

1.4 Scope of Work

1.5 Significance of Study

1.6 Summary

1

2

3

3

7

8

x

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Introduction to Mortar 10

2.3 History Development of Mortar 11

2.4 Properties of Fresh Mortar 12

2.4.1 Workability 13

2.4.2 Water Retentivity 13

2.4.3 Air content 14

2.4.4 Stiffening and hardening 14

2.4.5 Bulk Density 15

2.5 Properties of Hardened Mortar 15

2.5.1 Bond 16

2.5.2 Compressive Strength 16

2.5.3 Durability 17

2.5.4 Flexural Strength 18

2.5.5 Thermal Properties 18

2.6 Introduction of Egg Albumen 19

26.1 Properties of Egg Albumen 19

2.7 Summary 20

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 21

3.2 Laboratory Work 22

3.3 Experiment Program 22

3.4 Preparation of Materials 24

3.4.1 Cement 24

3.4.2 Water 26

3.4.2 Fine Sand 27

3.4.2 Egg Albumen 28

3.5 Apparatus and Test Equipment 29

3.5.1 Apparatus for Mixing, Casting and Curing 29

3.5.2 Test Equipments for Testing 32

3.6 Procedure for Mixing of Sample 33

3.6.1 Mix Design Process 35

2%I

3.6.2 Casting and Curing of Mortar 36

3.7 Testing of Sample 37

3.7.1 Compression Test 37

3.7.2 Flexural Strength Test 38

3.7.3 Drying Shrinkage Test 39

3.8 Summary 40

4 .RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 41

4.2 Data Analysis 42

4.3 Compressive Test 42

4.4 Flexural Strength Test 50

4.5 Drying Shrinkage 56

4.6 Summary 60

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction 61

5.2 Conclusion 62

5.2.1 Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength 62

5.2.2 Drying Shrinkage 63

5.3 Recommendation 64

5.4 Summary 65

REFERENCES 66

APPENDICES 68

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE

1.0 Number of Samples and Tests for Laboratory Work 5

3.1 Mineral Compounds of Portland Cement 24

3.2 Properties Of Mineral Compounds 25

3.3 Mix Proportions for Mortar Prism85

3.4 Mix Proportional for Cube of Mortar 35

4.1 Result of Compression Test 43

4.2 Flexural Strength (ME a) of Mixtures 50

4.3 Water Curing- Drying Shrinkage 56

4A Air Curing for Drying Shrinkage 58

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO ITITLE PAGE

1.1 Dimension of Cubes Samples 4

1.2 Dimension of Prism Samples 4

1.3 Flow chart of Study 6

3.1 Experimental Program 23

3.2 Portland Cement 25

3.3 Where Laitance is being Clean 26

3.4 Fine Sand 27

3.5 Egg Albumen 28

3.6 Cubes (lSOmmxiSOmnix 150mm) and Prism

(500mm x 100mm x 100mm) mold 29

3.7 Cement Mixer 30

3.8 Food Mixer 30

3.9 Curing Tank 31

3.10 Trowel 31

3.11 Compression Testing Machine for Cubes 32

3.12 Flexural Testing Machine for Prism 32

3.13 Drying Shrinkage Dial Gauge Set 33

314 Tamping of Mortar Layer by Layer 34

3.15 Air Curing of Samples 34

3.16 Curing Tank with Concrete Cube inside 36

3.17 Failure Form of Compression Test 38

3.18 Failure Form of Flexural Test 39

XIII

xi',

4.1 100% OF Mortar for Air and Water Curing

(Compression test) 44

4.2 Egg Albumen with 100% Mortar for Air and

Water Curing (Compression Test) 45

4.3 5% Egg Albumen with 100% Mortar for Air and

Water Curing (Compression Test) 46

4.4 Compression of Compressive Strength og Types of

Samples for Water Curing 48

4.5 Compression of Compressive Strength of Types of

Samples for Air Curing 49

4.6 100% of Mortar for Air and Water Curing (Flexural Test) 51

4.7 1% of Egg Albumen with 100% Mortar for Air and

Water Curing (Flexural Test) 52

4.8 5% of Egg Albumen with 100% Mortar for Air and

Water Curing (Flexural Test) 53

4.9 Comparison of Compressive Strength of Type if

Samples got Water Curing 54

4.10 Compression of Flexural Strength of Type of

Samples for Air Curing 55

4.11 Assessment of Drying Shrinkage of Mortars for

Water Curing 57

4.12 Assessment of Drying Shrinkage of Mortar for Air

Curing 59

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

lBS - Industrial Building System

EA - Egg Albumen

MEA - Mortar with egg albumen

BS - British standard

w/c - Water to cement ratio

s/c - Sand cement ratio

w/b - Water to binder ratio

IRA - Initial rate of absorption

FKASA - Fakulti kejuruteraan await dan sumber alam

UMP - Universiti Malaysia Pahang

- Celcius

MPa - Mega Pascal

kg - Kilogram

mm - Millimeter

Itnt - Micrometer

- - Negative

% - Percent

EM

LIST OF APPENDIX

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A BS 4551: Part 1: 1998 (Table 3: Percentages of

fraction of standards fine aggregate (sand) and

Table 4: Composition of Laboratory Mixes) 68

B BS4551: Part 1:1998 (12.3 Determination of Flexural

Strength and 12.4 Determination of Compressive

Strength.) 71

C Concrete Mixed Design Calculation 73

D Compression test result 84

E Flexural Test Result 88

F Drying Shrinkage Result 92

G Gantt Chart Of Study 96

xv'

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background. of Study

Industrialized building system or IDS has been adapted by Malaysia to

improving the construction sector in Malaysia. IBS roadmap 2003-2010 was to let the

construction sector to improve its productivity and its efficiency of the industry. The

roadmap was formulated for improving the construction output through five main issues,

namely manpower; materials, management, monetary and marketing Nowadays

building should build with low density material but high in strength to reduce cost and

density for example in bricks or bind construction blocks together and more, so by using

mortar with. egg albumin can solve this problem. Beside using normal foaming agent in

concrete, by using waste material such as egg white as foam in concrete and as one of

the material that can improving the strength of concrete can already to follow up this

improvement to the construction industry by turning waste to wealth.

Egg albumin (EA) or egg white were the main material in this project to test its

strength in mortar and it was an organic material that full of protein to test the

performance of it in mortar. Egg white that have been beaten and turn into a foam can

increase the strength of mortar. According to S. Chandra and J. Aavik (1987) egg

albumen or also can be protein work as air entraining agents in cement mortar. Steam

curing has an adverse effect on the strength of mortar specimens mixed with protein.

Protein addition introduces hydrophobic properties in the cement mortar.

1.2 Problem Statement

The current cost of construction materials was too high, resulting the expenditure

for construction project was increasing. It was worth to know that the use of egg

albumen have the potential to reduce the material cost since the egg albumen itself was a

waste material.

High density concrete or normal concrete cost was very high, but with mortar it

can help to reduce cost and it was low density when it's come in making the bricks and

the lining and even the finishing. Beside that it was important to having high stability, so

the stability of foam concrete was the consistency at which the density ratio was nearly

one without any segregation and bleeding. As K. Ramamurthy et. al (2009) stated that

mortar was very durable and have a lot of advantages.

Egg albumin was a waste-material that can increase the- strength of mortar, hence

egg albumen. was a material that was not widely used in Malaysia, this material cannot

convince a lot of people in construction industry because there were lack of information

about the usage of this material in the construction industry and they do not noticed the

advantages and the behaviors properties of this material. In term of environment

concern, the egg albumen leaves the positive effect to the environment.

3

1.3 Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of foam concrete

with egg albumin due to compression tests. The specific objectives of this study were:

I. To determine the engineering properties of mortar in term of strength for

1% and. 5% of egg albumen as additive material.

II. To study the effect of the curing conditions to the compressive strength

and flexural test of mortar.

III. To study the performance of egg albumen as additive material and its

effectiveness in improving the properties of mortar.

1.4 Scope Of Work

The scope of this study involved the experimental works where the experimental

study was carried out to investigate the performance of mortar with egg albumen (MEA).

The purpose of the research was determined that was the compressive strength, flexural

strength and the drying shrinkage of the mortar. In this study the dimension of the- cube

were 10mm x 150mm x 150mm, while the prism were 500mm x 100mm x 100mm, in

determining the compressive strength, flexural strength and drying shrinkage that

accordance to BS81 10-4:1997. In order to ensure that the concrete mortar cubes were

properly tested for their compressive strength, flexural strength for cubes samples, d

drying shrinkage wider standard condition, they should carefully store in a curing. Both

cubes and prisms was tested at the appropriate age while still damped on the surface in a

properly calibrates testing machine and at a set-loading rate.

P5OHI

4

In this study, 54 cubes of sample were prepared, which was 18 specimens for 1%

egg albumen (EA) with 100% mortar, 18 specimens for 5% egg albumen (EA) with

100% of mortar and 18 specimen of 100% mortar. For prisms, also 54 samples were

prepared, which 18 specimens were 1% egg albumen (EA) with 100% mortar, 18

specimens for 5% egg albumen (EA) with 100% of mortar and 18 specimen of 100%

mortar. All 108 samples were curing under air and water condition, on the seventh day

3 specimen of each sample for cubes were tested under compression for cubes samples,

flexural test and drying shrinkage test for prisms samples. Figure 1.1 shows the

dimensions of cubes samples, while figure 1.2 shows the dimensions of prism samples.

Table 1.1 shown the number of samples and tests for laboratory work while Figure 1.3

shown the flow chart of this study.

Figure 1.1: Dimension of Cubes Samples

iO0mmI1 a__

I100mm]

500mm

Figure 1.2: Dimension of Prism Samples

Table 1.0: Number of Samples and Tests for Laboratory Work

Percentages Control Samples 1% egg albumen 5% egg albumen

Typeof

yof Sample

Curing 7

day

14

day

28

day

7

day

14

day

28

day

7

day

14

day

28

day

Cube Air curing 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Water curing 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Prism Air curing 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Water curing 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Total 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Total samples 108 of samples

L Selection of structural element

L Prepare molds of cubes and prisms 1 JJ. [ Construct the specimen- sampling and mortar ]

-JIlL Instrumentation of specimen

1J [ Experimental set- up and calibration of equipment ]

NO

YES

Testing on specimen

Interpretation. of results

-a

Report writing

LL Submission of report J

Figure 1.3: Flow Chart of Study

7

1.5 Significance of Study

The application of egg albumen as part of materials for mortar or even in

concrete in Malaysia was still not widely applied in normal construction whereas mostly

the egg albumen was being used in the cooking factor. The properties of egg albumen

were not fully understood as the result of less information about the usage of egg

albumen in foam concrete which was amazingly capable to reduce the cost for

constructionmaterials, can also expected to increase the strength of the foam concrete.

It was appears that it was possible to use egg albumen as one of the material in

mortar which was predicted to cause some changes to some of the engineering properties

such as drying shrinkage, flexural strength and especially compressive test.

This study conducted to study the advantages of 'using egg albumen as an

additive material for Portland cement in mortar. The advantages of using egg albumen

were discussed in term of its ultimate strength which corresponding to its compressive

and flexural strength. Other engineering behaviors that discussed were included its

drying shrinkage and its workability.

8

1.6 Summary

An overview about the egg albumen application was presented. This study was

about an experimental works in the laboratory, the performance of mortar due to

compression test, flexural test and drying shrinkage by using 1% and 5% of egg albumen

as a partial material to the mortar haven been investigated. The purpose of this study was

to identify the effectiveness of egg albumen in mortar. As by using egg albumen as a

partial material in mortar, the effectiveness of egg albumen to mortar for example high

strength, high durability, high performance and high quality have achieved. Other than

that, it was also be superior environmental friendly due to 'ecological disposal of large

quantities of waste material.

Through this studies all the testing that has been conducted, it was believed that

mortar with additive egg albumen have better quality in its engineering behaviors such

as its compressive and flexural strength.

ChAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

The purpose of a literature review was to analyze, convey to the reader what

knowledge and ideas have been established on literature published related to mortar with

egg albumen and what were the strength and weaknesses. Other than that, the purpose of

a literature review were also to see what has and has not been investigated, to identify

data sources that-other researchers have used, and to discover how a research project was

related. to the work of others. In this chapter, related literature from the primary

resources of published materials such as books, journal articles, conference articles,

research papers and thesis were reviewed and presented..

10

2.2 Introduction to Mortar

According to Amateur Work Magazine and Masonry Advisory Council, cement

mortar was a mixture of cement as a binding agent and sand mixes with sufficient water

to produce a plastic mass. When the sand and cement mixed together with water, a

chemical reaction will occur which was called hydration. Sand in the mortar was used

to avoid cracks due to shrinkage of cement in setting and for the sake of economy.

Where great strength was required, there should be at least sufficient cement to fill the

voids or air spaces in the sand, and a slight excess was preferable in order to

compensate for any uneven distribution in the mixing. The common ratios for Portland

cement mortar were 3 parts of sand to 1 part of cement, and for natural cement mortar

was 2 parts of sand and to 1 part of cement. Refer to Masonry Advisory Council,

Mortar plays an important role in the performance of the structure. It does not only

bonds the individual units together but it also seals the building against moisture and air

penetration. The most important qualities of mortar were bond strength and durability.

There were several properties of mortar that can influence bond strength and durability.

Defined by the Masonry Advisory Council, other characteristics that influent

general performance of the mortar was aggregate grading, water receptivity, and water

flow. Water retentivity allows mortar to resist the proper curing. It was the mortar's

ability to retain its plasticity. Less retentive mixes can "bleed" moisture, creating a thin

layer of water between mortar and masonry unit and substantially decreasing bond

strength. Masonry was the building of structures from individual units laid in and

bound together by mortar.

Also the Masonry Advisory Council tells that the compressive strength of mortar

was sometimes used as a principal criterion for selecting mortar type, and it commonly

relates to some other properties, such as tensile strength and absorption of the mortar.

The compressive strength of mortar depends largely upon the cement content and the

I

water-cement ratio. The accepted laboratory means for measuring compressive strength

was to test 2 in. cubes of mortar.

Flexural strength was also important because it measures the ability of a mortar

to resist cracking. Often overlooked were the size or shape of mortar joints in that the

ultimate compressive load. The single most important property of mortar was the bond

strength, and it was critical that this bond be complete, strong, and durable. The

strength and extent of the bond were affected by many variables of material and

workmanship. The moisture content and suction of the units, the water retention of the

mortar, and curing conditions such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind

combine to influence the completeness and integrity of the mechanical and chemical

bond.

2.3 History Development of Mortar

According to R.T. Kreh(2003), clay was the first material to be used for mortar.

It has been used through history in masonry wall of unburned brick, but the lack of a

hard binding agent makes clay impractical in humid climates. In 2690 B.C. the great

pyramid of Giza was built in Egypt. The huge blocks of this structure were cemented

together with mortar made form burned gypsum and sand. Many years later, the Greeks

and Romans developed mortar from volcanic waste and sand. Structures built with this

mortar still stand.

Mortar made from lime- sand was commonly used until the later nineteenth

century. However, in 1824, Portland cement was developed, an occurrence that marked

the beginning of modem- day cement.

Portland cement was a much stronger material than had been used before,

whether it was applied alone or combined with lime. Mortar used today was a

combination of Portland cement, hydrated lime, and masonry sand. More recently,

masonry cements have been developed which require that only sand water be added for

the formation of mortar.

The formula or percentage of ingredients were usually not printed on bag of

mortar must pass specifications for a mortar of medium strength. This mortar may be

sold under various brand names, but Portland cement was always specified by type.

Besides binding the masonry materials into a permanents structure, mortar seals the

joints against penetration of air and moisture. Mortar acts as a bond for various parts of

the structure such as reinforcement rods, anchor bolts, and metal ties so they may

become an integral part of the walls which can be attributed directly to the used of

defective mortar.

2.4 Properties of Fresh Mortar

According to Mortar Industry Association the role of fresh mortar during

construction were a very important and complex one, where the mortar must spread

easily and remain workable longs enough to enable the accurate laying to line and level

of the masonry units. Other than that, it also must retain water so that it does not dry out

and stiffen too quickly, especially when using absorbent masonry units. Then it must

then harden in a reasonable time to prevent it deforming or squeezing out under the

weight of the units laid above. These various properties of fresh mortar were described

in the following sections below.

13

2.4.1 Workability

Workability may be defined as the behavior of a mortar in respect of all the

properties required during application, subsequent working and finishing. The

operative's opinion of workability was greatly influenced by the flow properties of the

mortar, its cohesiveness and retention of moisture against the suction of the substrate. A

mortar with good. workability has the following property, where it was ease of use, as we

can see the way it adheres or slides on the trowel. The next workability property was

ease of spread in the masonry unit. Other than that mortar also can ease of extrusion

between courses without movement due to its own weight of additional courses. Mortar

also can ease of positioning of the masonry unit without movement due to its own

weight and the weight of additional courses.

If a mortar were harsh, that was of poor workability, the output of craftsmen was

reduced. Picking up and spreading can be slow and difficult was in placing the cross or

perpendicular joints and in obtaining a good finish.

2.4.2 Water Retentivity

This was the property of mortar that resists water loss by absorption into the

masonry units and to the air, in conditions of varying temperature, wind and humidity.

Water retentivity was related to workability. A mortar with good water retentivity

remains plastic long enough to allow the masonry units to be aligned and plumbed

without breaking the intimate bond between the mortar units.

Low- absorption units in contact with mortar with high water retentivity may

"float" and move out of alignment and plumb. Therefore, water retentivity should be

neither too low nor too high. Adjustments can be made by varying the amount of