A REPORT ON - Om Educationomeducation.edu.in/images/institute_photo/report/SARDAR SAROVAR DAM... · Department of Mechanical engineering from OM Engineering College arranged one day

A REPORT ON

Industrial Visit for Mechanical Department 4 th & 6 th Sem. Degree Students

At

SARDAR SROVAR DAM

Date of Visit : 7th February, 2019 Branch : MECHANICAL

Time : 09:00 am – 01:30 pm Semester : 4th & 6th

Faculty : Nikunj Sonaiya & Milan Gajera

Department of Mechanical engineering from OM Engineering College arranged one day IndustrialVisit for 4 th & 6 th Semester Degree students to “SARDAR SROVAR DAM dated 7th february,2018 for better technical knowledge enhancement of students. Visit is important especiallyimportant in the field of Engineering as the practice of engineering has an inherent (andunavoidable) impact on society. These programs can be a powerful tool to constitute a positiveindustrial climate. Overall, the aim of all these visit to trains the students to familiar about powergeneration process. After visit students can identify their own efficiency and performance whichimportant for their career, improving work efficiency and confidence.

Purpose:

Industrial visits are an integral part of Engineering and acknowledgment of technological up-gradation. The purpose of industrial visit for students is to provide technical knowledge with thetechnological development in the industry and to understand the gap between the theoretical andpractical knowledge that could be passed in future. This experience can help students to providedinformation regarding functioning of various industries and associated problems and limitations.Interfacing with the industry also provide a chance to build networks and hone their communicationskills. Moreover, the participating organizations also gain by getting refined students from therespective institute which could also help in improving their economy.

1. HISTORY

The plan for harnessing the river for irrigation and power generation in the Narmada basin wasinitiated in 1946. Seven projects including the Bharuch project were identified during the initialSurvey and 4 projects Bharuch (Gujarat), Bargi, Tawa and Punasa in Madhya Pradesh weregiven top priority for investigation. After the completion of investigation, the proposed dam atGora in Gujarat with the full reservoir level (FRL) 161 ft (49.08m) was selected and thefoundation stone was laid by late Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on 5th April, 1961.However as more detailed, modernised contour sheets from the Survey of India were availablethereafter, possibility of raising the height of the dam for optimum utilisation of water wasconsidered.

In 1964, to resolve the dispute about sharing of the Narmada Waters between the Governmentsof Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, the Government of India appointed an expert committee underthe Chairmanship of late Dr. Khosla which recommended a higher dam with FRL 500 ft(152.44m) in 1965. However, Govt. of M.P. was not agreeable to development of Narmadawater as per Khosla Committee report and hence the Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal (NWDT)was constituted by the Government of India in October 1969, under the Inter State River WaterDisputes Act, 1956. NWDT gave its final award in December 1979.

2. BENEFITS OF PROJECT

a) Irrigation

The Sardar Sarovar Project will provide irrigation facilities to 18.45 lac ha. of land,covering 3112 villages of 73 talukas in 15 districts of Gujarat. It will also irrigate2,46,000 ha. of land in the strategic desert districts of Barmer and Jallore inRajasthan and 37,500 ha. in the tribal hilly tract of Maharashtra through lift. About75% of the command area in Gujarat is drought prone while entire command inRajasthan is drought prone. Assured water supply will soon make this area droughtproof.

b) Drinking water supply

A special allocation of 0.86 MAF of water has been made to provide drinking waterto 131 urban centres and 9633 villages (53% of total 18144 villages of Gujarat)within and out-side command in Gujarat for present population of 28 million andprospective population of over 40 million by the year 2021. All the villages andurban centres of arid region of Saurashtra and Kachchh and all "no source" villagesand the villages affected by salinity and fluoride in North Gujarat will be benefited.

Water supply requirement of several industries will also be met from the projectgiving a boost to all-round production

c) Power

There are two power houses viz. River Bed Power House and Canal Head PowerHouse with an installed capacity of 1200 MW and 250 MW respectively. The powerwould be shared by three states - Madhya Pradesh - 57%, Maharashtra - 27% andGujarat 16%. This will provide a useful peaking power to western grid of the countrywhich has very limited hydel power production at present. A series of micro hydelpower stations are also planned on the branch canals where convenient falls areavailable.

d) Flood Protection

It will also provide flood protection to riverine reaches measuring 30,000 ha.covering 210 villages and Bharuch city and a population of 4.0 lac in Gujarat.

e) Wild Life

Wild life sanctuaries viz. "Shoolpaneshewar wild life sanctuary" on left Bank, WildAss Sanctuary in little Rann of Kachchh, Black Buck National Park at Velavadar,Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary in Kachchh, Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary and AliaBet at the mouth of River will be benefited.

f) Additional Production

SSP would generate electricity. On completion, annual additional agriculturalproduction would be Rs. 1600 crores, power generation and water supply Rs. 175crores, aggregating about Rs. 2175 crores every year equivalent to about Rs. 6.0crores a day.

g) Against one tribal displaced, 7 tribals would get benefits

In addition, there will be benefits of fisheries development, recreational facilities,water supply for industries, agro industrial development, protection of conservedforest from grazers and secondary benefits viz employment generation, increase invegetal cover in 3.4 M. Ham. of GCA, gains due to compensatory forest, treeplantation 100 times and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) fixation to large extent by 70 times.

h) Other Benefits

Marginal farmers (< 1 ha.) 28.0

Small farmers (1 to 2 ha.) 24.4%

Scheduled Tribe 8.7%

Scheduled Caste 9.1%

3. COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

a) Sardar Sarovar Reservoir

The Full Reservoir Level (FRL) of the Sardar Sarovar Dam is fixed at RL 138.68metres (455 feet). The Maximum Water Level is 140.21 metres (460 feet.) whileminimum draw down level is 110.64 metres (363 feet.). The normal tail water levelis 25.91 metres (85 feet.).

The gross storage capacity of the reservoir is 0.95 M. ha.m. (7.7 MAF) while livestorage capacity is 0.58 M.ha.m. (4.75 MAF). The dead storage capacity belowminimum draw down level is 0.37 M. ha. m. (2.97 MAF). The reservoir wouldoccupy an area of 37,000 ha. and would have a linear stretch of 214 kilometer ofwater and an average width of 1.77 kilometer.

The submergence at Full Reservoir LCanal Head Power Houseevel (FRL) is 37,690ha. (86,088 acres), which comprises 11,279 ha. agricultural land, 13,542 ha. forestsand 12,869 ha. river bed and waste land. In all 245 villages of the three states viz.193 Villages of Madhya Pradesh, 33 villages of Maharashtra and 19 villages ofGujarat are affected. Only 3 villages of Gujarat are fully affected, while theremaining 16 villages are partly affected. In Madhya Pradesh, out of 193 villages,more than 10% agricultural land will be submerged only in 79 villages, in 89 villagesless than 10% agricultural land or only houses will be submerged under FRL, due toback water of 1 in 100 years flood. In 25 villages, only Government waste land willbe submerged.

b) Sardar Sarovar Dam

A concrete gravity dam, 1210 meters (3970 feet) in length and with a maximumheight of 163 meters above the deepest foundation level, is under construction acrossriver Narmada.

The dam will be the third highest concrete dam (163 meters) in India, the first twobeing Bhakra (226 metres) in Himachal Pradesh and Lakhwar (192 meters) in UttarPradesh. In terms of the volume of concrete involved for gravity dams, this dam will

be ranking as the second largest in the world with an aggregate volume of 6.82million cu.m. The first is Grand Coule Dam in USA with a total volume of 8.0million cu.m. This dam with its spillway discharging capacity of 85,000 cumecs(30.00 lac), will be the third in the world, Gazenba (1.13 lac cumecs) in China andTucurri (1.0 lac cumecs) in Brazil being the first two.

For chute spillway Radial gates, 7 in number and size 60' x 60' and for servicespillway, 23 Radial gates of size 60' x 55' are to be provided to negotiate the designflood. 10 number of temporary construction sluices, each of size 2.15 m x 2.75 m.are provided in the boby of the spillway at RL 18 m. Another set of 4 permanentriver sluices are provided at RL 53.0 m. The lower sluices were closed in February,1994.

The design of the dam allows for a horizontal seismic coefficient of 0.125g and italso covers an additional risk due to reservoir induced seism city. Most sophisticatedseismological instruments for monitoring and evaluation of the stresses in the bodyof the dam as well as the effect on the periphery of the reservoir are underinstallation.

c) Hydro Power

I. River Bed Power HouseThe RBPH is an under ground power house stationed on the right bank of the riverlocated about 165 meters downstream of the dam. It has six number of Francis typereversible turbine generators each of 200 MW installed capacity. The T.G. Sets aresupplied by M/S Sumitomo Corporation, Japan and M/S BHEL. These units canoperate at minimum reservoir water level of 110.64 meters. These six units havebeen commissioned in a phase manner during Feb-05 to June-06. The generation ofenergy depends upon inflow of water from upstream projects and need of water forirrigation in Gujarat.

II. Canal Head Power House

The CHPH is a surface power station in a saddle dam on right bank of the reservoirhaving total installed capacity of 250 MW (5 x 50 MW). These five units have beencommissioned in a phased manner during Aug-04 to Dec-04. These units can beoperated with minimum reservoir water level of 110.18 meters.

The CHPH is being operated in consultation and as per advice of NCA/WREBbased on irrigation requirement of Gujarat/Rajasthan and availability of water inreservoir and release from upstream project of Madhya Pradesh.

The energy generated from both the power houses is to be evacuated through 400KV level through interconnecting transformers at GIS, situated in RBPH switchyard. The 400 KV Switchyard is indoor type having Gas Insulated Switch Gear andBus bars. The energy is transmitted to party states i.e. Gujarat, Maharashtra andMadhya Pradesh in the proportion of 16:27:57 respectively through 400 KV doublecircuit transmission lines, namely SSP-Kasor, SSP-Asoj, SSP-Dhule and SSP-Nagdarespectively. All the transmission lines are commissioned and charged.

The operation and maintenance of SSP power complex and transmission lines isbeing done by Gujarat State Electricity Company Limited (GSECL), for whichO&M agreement between SSNNL and GSECL has been signed.

III.Small/Mini/Micro Hydro Power Project

The Development of Small/Mini/Micro Hydro Power Projects on Sabarmati escapeNMC chainage 229 km & Narmada Dam Godbole Gate at Kevadia Colony is notfeasible due to following reasons:

At the ultimate stage of project development, there will not be surplus water to thereleased through such Escapes and data of past can not be considered for futureprojection in such cases. A guaranteed/assured discharge through Escapes, powergeneration can not be predicted and therefore its economic viability is questionable.

Godbole Gate essentially is a device to discharge surplus water back to the Riverand not to the Head Regulator of the canal. This arrangement under ideal normalconditions will not be functional and any investment made on such contingent wouldnot guarantee the investor any dependable return.

The Godbole Gate will not be operated all time, but the quantum will also bedetermined by levels in the ponds and would continue to fluctuate with water levelin Pond no. 3 & 4. this would also seriously affect power generation as quantum andvelocity of water vary greatly. Hydro Power requires a definite discharge andvelocity.

Hence investment made on such contingent arrangement would not guarantee theinvestor and dependable return.

d) Main CanalNarmada Main Canal is a contour canal. It is the biggest lined irrigation canal in theworld. It is about 458.318 km. long up to Gujarat -Rajasthan border. The canalextends further in the state of Rajasthan to irrigate areas in Barmer and Jhalore

districts of Rajasthan. The Main Canal is lined with plain cement concrete tominimise seepage losses to attain higher velocity and to control the water logging infuture. The lining work is carried out with the mechanized pavers. Such a large scalepaving of concrete lining is done for the first time in India.

The Main Canal in its journey has to negotiate several water streams, rivers, roads,railways etc. This is possible by constructing appropriate structure on the canal. Inall, there are 634 structures on the Narmada Main Canal. Narmada Main Canal as ontoday is completed up to 458 Km. and water has been flowing throught it right uptothe state of Rajasthan.

4. FEATURES OF NARMADA MAIN CANAL

➢ Full supply level (F.S.L.) at H.R. 91.44 m (300 ft)➢ Length up to Gujarat - Rajasthan border 458.318 Km➢ Base width in head reach 73.10 m➢ Full supply depth (F.S.D.) in head reach 7.60 m➢ Design discharge capacity

• In head reach 1133 cusec (40,000 cusecs)• At Gujarat Rajasthan border 74.55 cusecs (2,600 cusecs)

5. CANAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AND THEIR OPERATIONS

• Number of Branches 38 Nos.• Length of Distribution System Network 74626 Km.• Culturable Command Area 18.45 Lakh Ha.

Water for irrigation will be conveyed to 8 ha. Blocks through a 74626 km. network ofconveyance and distribution system consisting of branch canals, distributaries, minors andsub-minors. There will be 38 branch canals off-taking from main canal, out ofwhichMiyagam, Vadodara, Saurashtra and Kachchh branch canals will be the majorbranches having a capacity of more than 75 cumecs (2650 cusecs). The distribution systemwould cover culturable command area of 18.45 lakh ha. (45.57 lakh acres) spread over in3112 villages in 73 talukas of 15 districts of Gujarat. The branch canals and the distributionsystem network up to 8 ha. Block will be lined.

The Canal Systems up to the village levels (called village Service Area) will be operated bythe Central Authority i.e. Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd. Below the village levels, thesystems will be fully operated by the organizations of farmers to be explicitly formed for thepurpose. With the system affixed annual water allowance pre-decided and pre declared forvarious parts of the command area, is easy to convert this water allowance into numbers ofactual watering that the farmers would get from the system at the village levels. Forexample, on an average about 6 to 7 annual watering can be made available to the farmer’sAssociations at village levels. It is the need-based privilege of the farmers associations toplan what number of watering that they would like to avail in the Kharif (monsoon) seasonand what number of watering they would like to use in the non-monsoon (winter)season.They would take decisions on the basis of rainfall an its distribution. Once the farmers maketheir schedules, it would be easy to aggregate these at the level of distributaries andbranches of the systems.

➢ Command Area Development

Sardar Sarovar (Narmada) Project (SSP covers Culturable Command Area (CCA) of 18.45lac ha within Gujarat. With extensive studies on the subject, detailed elaborate and microlevel plan has been evolved to deal with the development of SSP command. Entirecommand area is divided into 13 agro climatic zones and each zone is further subdivided into irrigation and drainage blocks ranging from 4000 to 10,000 ha. Involvement of farmers inthe construction activities and there after for irrigation management is aimed at to ensureefficient user friendly uses. The system below the VSA outlets will be managed by theWater Users' Associations (WUAs) based on Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM).

One of the unique feature is that the Irrigation Water in the command area of SSP would bedelivered to farmer's groups (Water Users Association (WUA) and not to individual farmers.It would be for the farmers groups to manage distribution within their block called villageservice Area (VSA). The corollary to this management is that the minors, subminors andfield channels will be owned and looked after by these WUAs.

Involvement of farmers/NGOs in the construction of micro level canal network systemwould ensure 'owners' amongst the beneficiary farmers.

A suitable system called Rotational Water Supply (RWS) - Varabandhi would beimplemented to ensure timely, and assured and equitable supplies.

The another important feature is the volumetric supply of water instead of conventional areaapproach. The micro level canal systems with appropriate structures are being designed andconstructed to ensure timely and equitable distribution of water. This would guard againstthe most commonly observed problem of overuse of water by initial command blocks,leaving less supplies to the tail enders.

To ensure efficient water uses, the evaluation would be based on delta basis. Water intensecrops would be discouraged.

Micro irrigation system like drip and sprinkler would be encouraged for efficient water uses.

An interesting as well as innovative feature of the SSP's irrigation plan is to supplementcanal water supply by conjunctive use of ground water. This would augment total wateravailability and stretch the irrigation benefit to more area. It will also prevent water loggingby regarding excess ground water and thereby protecting command against water loggingand soil salinity.

6. CURRENT STATUS

a) BRIEF DESCRIPTION

PROJECT Sardar Sarovar Project Benefits

1. Irrigation : 1.84 Mha (75% area drought prone) in Gujarat.

: 0.246 Mha in desert districts of Rajasthan

2. Drinking Water : 25 Milion Population (by 2011)

: 30 Milion Population (by 2021)

: 9490 Villages + 173 Urban centers in Gujarat

: 1336 villages & 3 towns in Rajasthan to a population of approx.4.58 million

3. Hydro Power : Installed capacity : 1450MW

4. Irrigation Strategy : Through RWS & PIM, maximum water use efficiency can beachieved. Water hazards due to over watering – salinity andwater logging – can be prevented leading to sustainableagricultural benefits to small and marginal farmers in thecommand area.

b) PROGRESS OF MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE PROJECT

➢ MAIN DAM

• The work of raising of dam up to 121.92 mt. is completed. The Narmada Control Authorityhas given the permission on 12.06.2014 to raise the Dam height from 121.91 m to 138.68 mfor Phase-1 construction i.e. to raise piers up to full height, construction of bridge andinstallation of gates (to be kept in open position). The work has been started on 12.06.2014and the same will be completed within 36 months.

• 66.42 LCM [97.39%] concrete work completed up to March-2015.

• Construction of Irrigation Bye Pass Tunnel is completed.

• Garudeshwar Weir : Excavation has been started and work of Coffer Dam is in progress. Theprogress of Excavation is 264740 m3 up to March-2015

➢ Power Generation

Particular Unit Upto Mar-2014

Mar-2015 During 2014-15upto Mar-2015

Total

RBPH (River BedPower House)

MillionUnits

28678.618 163.790 2297.760 30976.378

CHPH (Canal HeadPower House)

MillionUnits

3914.794 52.736 611.673 4526.467

Total (A & B) MillionUnits

32593.412 216.526 2909.433 35502.845

➢ Progress of Canal System & Irrigation Potential Created

Sr.No

Particular Unit Total Upto Mar-2014

March-2015

During2014-15

Total

(I) Canal System

A Main Canal Km 458 458 - Completed - 458

B Branch Canal Km 2585 2304 30 104 2408

C Distributary Km 5112 3064 01 593 3657

D Minor Km 18413 8777 132 1445 10222

E Sub-Minor Km 48058 10217 101 227 10444

Total: Km 74626 24820 264 2369 27189

(II) Irrigation Potential

(A) Up to Minor Ha. 1845655 948305 39280 162628 111093

(B) Up to Sub-Minor Ha. 1845000 369260 1159 1230 370490

c) NOTE ON SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Name of State Nos. of affectedVillages

Total PAFs Likely tobe resettled

Total PAFsresettled in

Balance PAFs tobe resettled in

Gujarat 19 4765 11049 -----

Maharashtra 33 4300 3237 315

MadhyaPradesh

192 37757 32221 -----

Total: 244 46822 46507 315

d) ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARD MEASURES

• Catchment Area Treatment works have been completed in the entire catchment area (29157Ha) within Gujarat.

• Compensatory afforestation has been carried out in 4650 hectares of non-forest area inkachahh district as well as 9300 ha degtaded forest area. Plantation in 5252 hectares hasbeen completed in the vicinity of the dam, on canal banks nad in the colonies. 623.76 lacsIndian Major Carps & Macrobracium Rosenbergii fingerlings have been stocked in thereservoir and dykes. This includes 2.84 lacks Macrobrachium rosenbergii stocket in dykes.

• The temples of Hamfeshwar and Shoolpaneshwer relocated to higher elevations.

Also we have visited statue of unity and vally of flower.

Statue of unity:

Valley of flower:

About 40 students of Mechanical Engineering department, Om Engineering College, Junagadh &faculty named Prof. N D SONAIYA & Prof. M N GAJERA benefited from this visit as they gotchance to discussion with In-charge officer and other engineers working at power plant. Studentswere eagerly to say organizing this type of industrial visit for practical exposure which is shows thesuccess of this visit.