1 FROM NANO TECHNOLOGY TO NANO CATALYSTS: A QUANTUM JUMP A QUANTUM JUMP S. Tajammul Hussain, S. Tajammul Hussain, Nano Science and catalysis Div (NSCD), Nano Science and catalysis Div (NSCD), National Centre For Physics (NCP), National Centre For Physics (NCP), QAU Complex, QAU Complex, Islamabad. Islamabad.
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FROM NANO TECHNOLOGY TO NANO CATALYSTS:
A QUANTUM JUMPA QUANTUM JUMP
S. Tajammul Hussain,S. Tajammul Hussain,Nano Science and catalysis Div (NSCD),Nano Science and catalysis Div (NSCD),
National Centre For Physics (NCP), National Centre For Physics (NCP), QAU Complex,QAU Complex,
Islamabad.Islamabad.
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• “Just wait—the 21st century is going to be incredible. We are about to be able to build things that work on the smallest possible length scales, atom by atom. These nanothings will revolutionize industries and our lives”
--- Richard Smalley, 1999
• “Nanoscience and technology will change the nature of almost every human-made object in the 21st century”
--- M.C. Roco, R.S. Williams, P. Alivisatos, 1999
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CATALYSISCATALYSIS
Industrial catalysis has involved nanoparticles since beginning of the 20th century
NANOSCIENCENANOSCIENCE
Addition of the “nano” prefix to many technical terms is not simple replacement of the unit of Angstroms, this is change in science/Engineering.
Nanoscience gives a great contribution
to a fundamental approach for optimization of the catalyst performance
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From From NanoNano Technology to Technology to NanoNanoCatalysts.Catalysts.
Catalyst lowers the activation energy for both forward and reverse reactions.
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The Present ScenarioThe Present Scenario•• Today the world faces a variety of Today the world faces a variety of
challenges:challenges:
•• In creating alternative fuels,In creating alternative fuels,•• Searching for cheap new materials with 100% selectivity,Searching for cheap new materials with 100% selectivity,•• Reducing harmful by products in manufacturing,Reducing harmful by products in manufacturing,•• Cleaning up the environment and preventing future pollution, Cleaning up the environment and preventing future pollution, •• Dealing with the cause of global warming, Dealing with the cause of global warming, •• Protecting the common person from release of toxic Protecting the common person from release of toxic
substances and infectious agents, substances and infectious agents, •• Catalysis are needed to meet these Catalysis are needed to meet these
challenge, but their complexity and diversity challenge, but their complexity and diversity demand a revolution in the way catalysts are demand a revolution in the way catalysts are designed and used. designed and used.
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The Catalyst TechnologyThe Catalyst Technology•• This revolution can become reality This revolution can become reality
through the application of new through the application of new methods for synthesizing, methods for synthesizing, characterizing molecular and material characterizing molecular and material systems and testing to find out its systems and testing to find out its industrial applications.industrial applications.
• Consequently an investment in catalysis in this country is not only important, it is essential.
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The Catalysts (Basic Concepts)
•• The rate at which chemical bonds The rate at which chemical bonds are formed and broken and are formed and broken and controlling the yield of chemical controlling the yield of chemical reactions to increase the amount reactions to increase the amount of desirable products from these of desirable products from these reactions and reduces the amount reactions and reduces the amount of undesirable productsof undesirable products
•• Heterogeneous Catalysts: Control of Heterogeneous Catalysts: Control of product selectivity.product selectivity.
•• High Surface area, Multiple active sites, High Surface area, Multiple active sites, Large pore volume. Large pore volume.
•• Reusable.Reusable.
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How to measure the global reaction rate?
We need to start from species mass balance equation for particular reactor.
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OUR GOALSOUR GOALS
• Use of Untapped country Natural Resources.
• Cheap Technology.• Could be utilized for the solution of
Country Problems.• Development of skilled human resource
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Fabrication of Nano-Catalysts/MaterialsFabrication of Nano-Catalysts/Materials
Top down approach
Top down approach
Bottom up approach
Bottom up approach
cut into pieces in nanoscale
cut into pieces in nanoscale
assemble atoms to nanostructuresassemble atoms
to nanostructures
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Our Technology:Our Technology:SyedSyed T. T. HussainHussain, et al, EP Patent No. 1511564, et al, EP Patent No. 1511564
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The ProcessThe Process
Parr Reactor
The Catalyst
H2
Furnace
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Size Control Effect of Hydrogen PressureSyed T Hussain et al, Journal of Nano Science Engineering (JNSE) 14(2), 151-160, 2010.
500 Psi500 Psi
300 Psi300 Psi
200 Psi200 Psi
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Natural Gas Conversion Natural Gas Conversion TechnologyTechnology
• World Natural Gas Production : 3.501 trillion Cubic meters in 2009.
• Oil Firms Waste US $ 40 B per year ( up to 180 billion Cubic meters of Natural gas is burned off by the world’s oil producers every year).
– Enormous economic and environmental costs.
Source: World fact book (2008)
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NanoNano Catalytic Conversion of natural gas into Catalytic Conversion of natural gas into Aromatics, Aromatics, SyedSyed T T HussainHussain et al, et al,
J of hydrocarbon Engineering, In Press, 2010J of hydrocarbon Engineering, In Press, 2010
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Carbon Nanotubes (CNT’s)
• CNT’s: an innovative nano/micro structural material (discovered in NEC Japan in (1991-92).
• Self assembled carbon structure with diameter as small as 1 nm.
• One CNT is 10,000 times thinner than human hair.
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Present CNTPresent CNT’’S Synthesis S Synthesis ProcessesProcesses
•• CNTs doped Cricket bat (Few CNTs doped Cricket bat (Few Australian Cricketers bats are doped Australian Cricketers bats are doped with CNTs, with CNTs, Source: Ten Sports, Feb. Source: Ten Sports, Feb. 20102010).).
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The Nano Ceramic Material for 99.9% Pure H2 Production For Fuel Cell, Syed T Hussain et al,
(J. Appl. Catal. A, In Press, 2010).
FURNACEFURNACE
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Reaction and Gas Analysis Reaction and Gas Analysis SchemeScheme
FURNACE
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. Nano Catalyst (Nano Catalyst (Ni:Mo:ZrNi:Mo:Zr) for the ) for the Polymerization of Butadiene for Rubber Polymerization of Butadiene for Rubber
IndustriesIndustries
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The MicrostructuresThe MicrostructuresSyedSyed T T HussainHussain et al, et al,
J. J. CatalCatal (O), 17(3), 271(O), 17(3), 271--280, 2009280, 2009
US Patent No. 20090068089US Patent No. 20090068089
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20ppm
50ppm
Nano Particles For Agriculture IndustryDG Khan, After 3 months (vegetative Growth)
2 km distance crop of the same age
Normal
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Wheat Variety V2 (Inqalab-91 Susceptible Variety)1, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3, 4 ml 1, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3, 4 ml nanonano particles in 400 ml particles in 400 ml
of water of water
• Applied one week after sowing
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Spray of Spray of NanoNano Particles on Particles on Wheat (Wheat (LodhranLodhran) After 2) After 2--monthsmonthsControlControl 50 50 ppmppm nanonano particlesparticles
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Anti Bacterial & Antifungal Anti Bacterial & Antifungal Activity of Ag NPs.Activity of Ag NPs.
Zone of inhibition = 14 Zone of inhibition = 14 mmmm
200200ppmppm
100100ppmppm
5050ppmppm
2525ppmppm
12.512.5ppmppm
6.256.25ppmppm
Ag Conc.Ag Conc.
Zone of inhibition (mm)Zone of inhibition (mm)E. coliE. coli 2020 1515 77 77 77 00SalmonellaSalmonella 2424 1919 88 77 77 00StreptococcStreptococcusus
Industrial Use of Polymer capped Industrial Use of Polymer capped AgNPsAgNPsCollaboration with Pakistani Industries.Collaboration with Pakistani Industries.
S doped S doped nanonano TiOTiO22 as as PhotocatalystPhotocatalyst, For Alcohol , For Alcohol Production and degradation of industrial organic Production and degradation of industrial organic
pollutants.pollutants.J. Nat Gas Chem. 17(2), 2009, 112J. Nat Gas Chem. 17(2), 2009, 112--120.120.
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The ResultsThe Results(Pollutants Degradation & (Pollutants Degradation &
COCO22+ H+ H22O Conversion)O Conversion)
2 4 6 8 100
20
40
60
80
100
% M
etha
nol p
rodu
ctio
n
Time (hrs)
TS4(S-doped)In IR TS3(S-doped)In IR TS4(S-doped)In SUN TS3(S-doped)In SUN T3 Undoped T4 Undoped
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 220
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Time(hrs)
% P
heno
l deg
rada
tion
TS3(S-doped)In IR TS3(S-doped)In IR TS4(S-doped)In Sun TS3(S-doped)In In Sun T3(Undoped) T4(Undoped)
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Increase in Gross Calorific Value (GCV) Increase in Gross Calorific Value (GCV) of MSW (Municipal Solid Waste): of MSW (Municipal Solid Waste):
A A FaujiFauji CementCement--NCP ProjectNCP Project
•• TiOTiO22:ZrO:ZrOxx:K (:K (nanonano catalyst)catalyst)•• 1.0 Kg 1.0 Kg nanonano catalyst for 1.0 TON of catalyst for 1.0 TON of
MSWMSW•• Increase in GCV = 2750Increase in GCV = 2750--4120 4120 KcalsKcals/Kg/Kg•• Ultimate Goal: Replacement of Coal Ultimate Goal: Replacement of Coal
with MSW (Coal GCV = 6000 with MSW (Coal GCV = 6000 KcalsKcals/Kg)/Kg)
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Grant Allocation for Various Grant Allocation for Various Organization (Organization (NanoNano R & D)R & D)
•• PIEASPIEAS = = RsRs. 60 M. 60 M (Synthesis (Synthesis & Characterization, HEC)& Characterization, HEC)
•• QAUQAU= = RsRs. 137 M. 137 M ((NanoNanoMagnetism, HEC)Magnetism, HEC)
•• A new World awaits our exploration.A new World awaits our exploration.•• Things act differently in this world, but Things act differently in this world, but
that is its attraction.that is its attraction.•• It is a world of small things and of It is a world of small things and of
complex things.complex things.•• When we understand them and control When we understand them and control
them, they will have an enormous them, they will have an enormous impact in our lives.impact in our lives.