HAL Id: hal-00904493 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00904493 Submitted on 16 Nov 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. A Prospective Study of the Influence of Perceived Coaching Style on Burnout Propensity in High Level Young Athletes: Using a Self-Determination Theory Perspective Sandrine Isoard-Gautheur, Emma Guillet-Descas, Pierre-Nicolas Lemyre To cite this version: Sandrine Isoard-Gautheur, Emma Guillet-Descas, Pierre-Nicolas Lemyre. A Prospective Study of the Influence of Perceived Coaching Style on Burnout Propensity in High Level Young Athletes: Using a Self-Determination Theory Perspective. Sport Psychologist, Human Kinetics, 2012, 26, pp.282-298. hal-00904493
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HAL Id: hal-00904493https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00904493
Submitted on 16 Nov 2013
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,émanant des établissements d’enseignement et derecherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoirespublics ou privés.
A Prospective Study of the Influence of PerceivedCoaching Style on Burnout Propensity in High LevelYoung Athletes: Using a Self-Determination Theory
PerspectiveSandrine Isoard-Gautheur, Emma Guillet-Descas, Pierre-Nicolas Lemyre
To cite this version:Sandrine Isoard-Gautheur, Emma Guillet-Descas, Pierre-Nicolas Lemyre. A Prospective Study of theInfluence of Perceived Coaching Style on Burnout Propensity in High Level Young Athletes: Using aSelf-Determination Theory Perspective. Sport Psychologist, Human Kinetics, 2012, 26, pp.282-298.�hal-00904493�
The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationships between coaching
style and burnout among adolescent handball players in training centers. The results
partially support our hypothesis, widely expressed in the literature, on relationships
between burnout and self-determination theory constructs.
We have tested five models regarding the influence of coaching style on
athlete burnout, based on a self-determination theory approach. One of these models
seems to have particular good fits. In this model, the coaching style predicted
burnout directly and indirectly (by a mediating influence of the psychological needs
and the self-determination) six months later.
Influence of Coaching Style on Psychological Needs The current results show that the coaching style is significantly related to
psychological needs. Indeed, the controlling style of the coach is negatively linked to
autonomy, and the autonomy supportive coaching style is positively linked to
autonomy and competence. However, the results of the structural equation modeling
display non significant relationships between autonomy supportive coaching style
and relatedness, but there is a low and positive correlation between these two
constructs. These findings are consistent with theoretical prediction (Deci & Ryan,
2000) and past researches. Vallerand and Losier (1999) had suggested that coaches
who are perceived as controlling (e.g., directing of individual behavior) undermine
intrinsic motivation and identified regulation, whereas those who encourage
initiative and autonomy facilitate these aspects. Moreover, they had suggested that
the individual’s perceptions of competence, autonomy and relatedness represent
psychological mediators of the impact of social events on motivation.
Influence of Psychological Needs on Motivation Consistent with previous research, autonomy, relatedness and competence are
positively linked to self-determined motivation and autonomy is negatively linked to
external regulation and amotivation. However, competence is also positively linked
to non self-determined forms of motivation (i.e., introjected and external
regulations). According to Deci and Ryan (2000), the satisfaction of the three
psychological needs enhance intrinsic motivation and internalization, whereas non
satisfaction of these needs lessen intrinsic motivation and enhance extrinsic
motivation. It then seems surprising that competence is positively linked with non
self-determined forms of motivation. Recent studies have discussed the validity of
the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) items (e.g., Lonsdale, Hodge, & Rose, 2008).
They have highlighted that the external regulation of the SMS does not measure the
most controlling dimensions of external reward and punishment. If the measure of
external regulation is not as controlling as it should be, it could explain why we
Isoard-Gautheur and Guillet-Descas Perceived Coaching Style Influence on Burnout in Young Athletes
Page 10 of 20
found a positive link between competence and external regulation. Moreover, the
measure of competence used in the current study can also explain the positive
relationships between competence and introjected and external regulations. Indeed,
competence is partly related to how the players rate their competence compared with
their teammates’ (PCLDS is measuring competence with normative and self-
referenced information). It then appeared that competence could be linked to non
self-determined forms of motivation as it partially refers to an external point of
comparison. Finally, current findings can also be explained by recent research on
motivational profiles. Gillet, Vallerand and Rosnet (2009) have found a motivational
profile in which athletes have high scores on autonomous forms of motivation and
on controlled forms of motivation. This profile has the same positive consequences
on performance than a profile with high scores on autonomous forms of motivation
and with low scores on controlled forms of motivation. That is to say, controlled
forms of motivation could be link to positive antecedents and consequences when
autonomous forms of motivation are high.
Influence of Motivation on Athlete Burnout In the current study, we found that intrinsic motivation is negatively linked to a
reduced sense of accomplishment, whereas amotivation is positively linked to a
reduced sense of accomplishment and sport devaluation six months later. This is
concordant with previous studies that have shown that burnout is negatively related
to the most self-determined motivations and positively linked to the less self-
determined forms, and that athletes with a motivation becoming less self-determined
during a season have higher scores of burnout (Cresswell & Eklund, 2005; Lemyre
et al., 2007). Findings also indicate that identified regulation is negatively linked to a
reduced sense of accomplishment (in models 4 and 5) and exhaustion (in model 5),
however these significant relationships could be due to suppression effects.
Finally, our results specifically show that amotivation, which is defined as a
nonadapted motivational form, was only linked to sport devaluation. Devaluation is
defined as a detachment from what is important, the athletes stop caring about their
sport and their performance (Raedeke, 1997), which might explain why amotivation
is the only motivational regulation linked to it. Indeed, Lemyre et al. (2006) argued
that devaluation could be one of the most cognitive dimension of burnout and so, its
association to amotivation is expected.
Influence of Perceived Coaching Style on Athlete Burnout: Mediating Role of Needs and Motivation The results showed that perceived autonomy supportive coaching style has a
negative mediating influence on reduced sense of accomplishment. Vallerand and
Losier (1999) have suggested that the individual’s perceptions of competence,
autonomy and relatedness represent psychological mediators of the impact of social
events on motivation. Moreover the present results imply that autonomy,
competence, intrinsic motivation to know and to accomplish things and identified
regulation represent mediators of the impact of perceived coaching style on athlete
burnout.
Isoard-Gautheur and Guillet-Descas Perceived Coaching Style Influence on Burnout in Young Athletes
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Influence of Needs on Athlete Burnout: Mediating Role of Motivation In the current study, the need for autonomy is negatively linked to the reduced sense
of accomplishment. This result confirms findings from previous studies, in fact,
Perreault et al. (2007) have reported that the satisfaction of fundamental needs is
linked to lower scores of burnout. More recently, Hodge et al. (2008) have also
shown that perceptions of autonomy and competence are strongly related to the
levels of athlete burnout among elite rugby players, when relatedness was only a low
to moderate predictor of burnout. They suggested that the lack of relatedness may be
involved in the development of athlete burnout, but it is likely to play a less
important role than the needs for autonomy and competence. The findings of the
current study showed that motivation mediate the relationships between competence
and reduced accomplishment. More precisely, our findings suggest that external
regulation partially mediate the competence reduced sense of accomplishment
relationship. Lonsdale et al. (2009) have tested these mediated relationships and
showed that the relationship between autonomy and competence, and exhaustion and
devaluation were largely mediated by athletes index of self-determination, whereas,
their relationship with reduced sense of accomplishment and global burnout were
partially mediated. In the current study the results suggest that the need for
autonomy is negatively linked to physical and emotional exhaustion, whereas the
need for relatedness is positively linked to this dimension. However, these results
have to be taken with caution as they are assumed to be due to suppression effects.
Applied Implications In elite training centers such as the ones found in the French national sport system,
the coach plays a fundamental facilitating or debilitating role impacting the well-
being of athletes. The findings of the current study clearly suggest paying attention
to the role of the coach and the athletes’ perceptions of the coaching style when
assessing risks of exhaustion and athlete burnout. First, the current study reports that
an autonomy supportive coaching style is related to greater satisfaction of basic
psychological needs in athletes, which are linked to more adaptive forms of
motivation.
Coaching seminars aimed at making coaches more aware of the impact of their
coaching style on both the performance as well as the well-being of their athletes
should be put in place by national sporting bodies to facilitate the development of
autonomy supporting styles and the suppression of controlling coaching styles.
These seminars should also address the promotion of meaningful relationships
between teammates at training centers as a means to increase the fulfillment of the
basic psychological need for relatedness and favor the development of self-
determined motivation in athletes. Finally, the current study’s findings support the
importance of developing strategies aimed at helping athletes being driven by self-
determined forms of motivation to reduce the risks of developing symptoms of
athlete burnout during their sporting career.
Limitations and Perspectives Some limitations should be considered when interpreting the results of the current
study. First, the design of the current study does not provide absolute evidence about
the causal relationships between the constructs. Future studies can address this issue
Isoard-Gautheur and Guillet-Descas Perceived Coaching Style Influence on Burnout in Young Athletes
Page 12 of 20
by using an experimental design to examine these relationships to have stronger
evidence of causality. Secondly, the design of the current study did not allowed the
examination of mediation effects of needs on the coach style motivational
regulations relationships. As a result, it seems important to replicate this study with a
larger number of participants to test these mediation effects. Finally, the student-
athletes participating in this study belong to a particular structure where the coach
has a specific role, and the results of the current study need to be replicated with
other athletes in other contexts, to examine whether the coaching style has the same
influence in another sport context or in another athlete population.
Conclusion
The models revealed that a controlling style of coaching, the non satisfaction of the
three basic psychological needs and a non self-determined form of motivation might
expose the adolescents in handball elite training centers to higher risks of burnout.
Inversely, an autonomy supportive coaching style, the satisfaction of the three basic
psychological needs and self-determined forms of motivation might lead adolescents
in handball elite training centers to lower risks of burnout. These findings support
the idea that the self-determination theory may provide a useful conceptual
framework for understanding athlete burnout. Moreover, this study implies that the
coaches of the elite training centers might play a key role in avoiding the
development of burnout within their group. Further research into athlete burnout
from this theoretical perspective appears justified.
Notes
1. Before the central analysis, multilevel analysis was conducted to ensure that being
in one of the elite training center is not a variable that influence the response of the
athletes. Our results indicate that the affiliation of one’s in a center is not a
significant level of analysis (only 1.89% of the explained variance).
burnout is added to model 3 (2 (3469) = 5746.19, NNFI = .91, RMSEA = .05, CFI =
.91, SRMR = .08); and model 5: coaching style burnout is added to model 4 (2
(3463) = 5759.82, NNFI = .91, RMSEA = .05, CFI = .91, SRMR = .08). The model
fits of the five models are not significantly different (chi-square difference test, 2,
p > .05).
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the French federation of Handball, the French Ministry of
Foreign and European Affairs (Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes [MAEE]) and
the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research (Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur
et de la Recherche [MESR]).which supported this research by a funding grant.
Isoard-Gautheur and Guillet-Descas Perceived Coaching Style Influence on Burnout in Young Athletes
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Figure Caption
Figure 1 — Structural equation modeling of the relations between coaching style,
fundamental needs, motivation and burnout across two measurement waves (Model 5).
Only significant relationships are presented: path estimates of the mediation effect model
(in black lines), combined effectspaths of significant partial mediation (in gray lines) and
paths were suppression is suspected (in doted lines). Completely standardized robust
maximum likelihood parameter estimates. CS = coach style; IM = intrinsic motivation;
EM = extrinsic motivation; T1 = November 2007; T2 = April 2008. * p < .05. ** p < .01.