An Proposal (under examination) for Improvement of Detached Houses in The Ger Area (an presentation for “HOUSING PROJECT OF THE GER AREA, Replanning and Monitoring Division, OFFICE OF THECAPITAL CITY GOVERNOR”, Aug24,2015) Hiroshi Yatsuo Associate Professor, Tokyo Polytechnic University
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A Proposal for the Improvement of Detached Houses and Living Environment in Ger Area, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
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An Proposal (under examination) for Improvement of Detached Houses in The Ger Area
(an presentation for “HOUSING PROJECT OF THE GER AREA, Replanning and Monitoring Division, OFFICE OF THECAPITAL CITY GOVERNOR”, Aug24,2015)
Hiroshi Yatsuo Associate Professor, Tokyo Polytechnic University
Expansion of Ger Area+Plot of Researched Houses in 2013-‐‑‒2014 by Yatsuo Lab.
General Conditions of the Researched Detached Houses in 2013_̲2014
Average Area of 1 Detached House・Site Area :506.12㎡・Building Area :54.91㎡・Total Floor Area:71.21㎡・Building Coverage Ratio:13.76%・Floor Area Ratio:16.78%
No.01_13
No.04・05_13No.06_13
No.10_13
No.13_13
No.16_13
No.21_13
No.02_13 No.03_13
No.07_13 No.08_13
No.11_13 No.12_13
No.14_13 No.15_13
No.17_13 No.18_13 No.19_13 No.20_13
No.25_13No.22_13 No.23_13 No.24_13
No.09_13
Actual Survey Investigation Drawing ーSep.2013 25 Detached Housesー
Actual Survey Investigation Drawing ーSep.2014 12 Detached Housesー
Interviews about Details of Houses, Their Living Conditions, and their Life Style
※ Major subject matters of the interviews
1. Name of Heads of Household, Age and Occupation Family members
2. About Conditions of Their Houses (Baishin and Ger, Site Conditions) ・Site Area、Number of Households, Land Use, Animals, ・Structure and Construction Method, Builder, Heating
3. Place and Positions in any Modes of Their Living ・Family Gathering, Sleeping, Reading & Studying, Talking with Guests, Clothing and Making up, Cooking, Daily Meals
4. Their Consciousness for Mongolian Ger -‐‑‒ Mongolian Living Tradition -‐‑‒ ・Their thought about how we should learn from Tradition
5. Family Finances ・Monthly Income ・Monthly Cost Ratio (and Heating Cost in Winter) ・Purchase Desire for New House (Type and Price)
6. Conditions of Possession and Registration of Their Land and Building
7. Their Personal Living History from Birth
バイシン
ゲル1 ゲル2
故障車
故障車
故障車 車
トイレ
倉庫
倉庫
隣家
隣家
木柵
0 5 10M N
■Case 1:3Households living in 2 Gers(No.11 スフバータル区・敷地面積:331.2m2、建築面積104.0m2)
■Case 3:Two houses in suburbs Khashaa between them was removed. Living conditions was improved by their own ideas.(No.4 チンギルテイ区・敷地面積:1021.8m2、建築面積59.86m2)
Typology of First Floor Plan of main living space by the number of space division, placement of heating, and form of outline.A) One Room(1) B) 2 Spaces(9) C) 3 Spaces(8) D) 4 Spaces(4) E) L-‐‑‒Form (2)
Wall, Wall with Door, Wall with Path, Side Wall etc.
:High Efficiency Coal Stove
:”Pechka” with Normal Stove
A1 B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
E1
E2
D1
1) Type of heating influence the formation of planning. Especially, “Pechka” mainly divides Living Space into 2 Spaces.2) In many case using High Efficiency Coal Stove, space are not divided.3) Using Warm water circulation-‐‑‒style heating increases the degree of freedom of planning.
Analysis of Planning Typology of “Baishin”
Analysis of Basic Plan Diagram of “Baishin”
大きな部屋
キッチン
玄関
K
大
玄
寝
08_14
玄
K
大
02-2_14
In almost all “Baishin”, planning is formed on the basis of Standard Diagram below 【Entrance(+Storage)-‐‑‒Kitchen−Big room】
Simple Diagram
Variation of Diagram
Entrance
Kitchen
Big room
Entrance
Kitchen
Big roomBed room
Big room
Kitchen
Entrance
All Planning Diagrams of Researched Houses in 2013,2014
In Ger Area, Gers are used as convenient Tools to correspond to the change of inhabitantsʼ’ life.They are used as temporary house before independence of sons, as place for praying, as factory, etc….
Ger is popular, perfect house for Mongolian, and most suitable for immigration. But in settlement style in urban environment, the role of Ger has changed from “for immigration” to “for convenient tool to supplement their lives”.
Ger for the use of “Factory”
Gers as convenient Tools to correspond to the change of inhabitantsʼ’ life
Construction of Ger for the use of “Praying” Ger for other Family (sometimes for rent)
Urban problems of Ger Areafrom The View Point of Detached Houses and the Community
1 )Serious Air Pollution ← Smoke from Many Low Quality Detached Houses
2 )Serious Soil Pollution ← Garbage and Excretions from Almost All Detached Houses
3 )No System for Development of Community
← Closed Detached Houses Surrounded with high and closed Khashaa
Problems of Living Conditions in Almost All Detached Houses (Baishin) in Ger Area
1 )Invasion of Coldness and Excessive Combustion of Stoves ← Usage of Unsuitable Stoves and Insufficiency of Insulation of Low Quality Detached Houses
2-‐‑‒1 )Many Problems of Outer Toilet ← in Almost All Detached Houses2-‐‑‒2 )Insanitary and Dusty Living Space ← No Place for “Shoes Off” and Outer Toilet in Almost All Detached Houses
3 )Site Condition with Quite Dusty -‐‑‒ and-‐‑‒ Low Natural Environment ← No Planning of Land Use of Their Sitein high and closed Khashaa
Urban problems of Ger Area
(in the View Pointe of Detached Houses)
1 )Serious Air Pollution ← Smoke from Many
Law Quality Detached Houses
2 )Serious Soil Pollution ← Garbage and Excretions from
Almost All Detached Houses
3 )No System for Development of Community ← Closed Detached Houses Surrounded
with high and closed Khashaa
Problems Of Detached Houses (Baishin)
1 )Invasion of Coldness and Excessive Combustion of Stoves ← Usage of Unsuitable Stoves and Insufficiency of Insulation of Law Quality Detached Houses
2-‐‑‒1 )Many Problems of Outer Toilet ← in Almost All Detached Houses2-‐‑‒2 )Insanitary and Dusty Living Space ← No Place for “Shoes Off” and Outer Toilet in
Almost All Detached Houses
3 )Site Condition with Quite Dusty -‐‑‒ and-‐‑‒ Low Natural Environment ← No Planning of Land Use of Their Site
in high and closed Khashaa
Problems are Two Sides of The Same Coin
So It is necessary to support inhabitants to improve their own detached houses,
especially to support self-‐‑‒build construction.
Focus Point 1 : High Self-‐‑‒Build Rate of Detached Houses
An inhabitant reforming the Interior of his own house
Constructor of “Baishin” in 50 Researched Houses
Over 80% of inhabitants construct their own detached houses by themselves.
28 Houses of 31 was Built withoutSpecialized Knowledge about House Construction
It is necessary to improve the “standard” of self-‐‑‒build houses for the improvement of living environment of the Ger Area.
Focus Point 2 : Insufficient Insulation of “Baishin”
Almost all “Baishin” have insufficient Insulation.Especially, in Roof and Floor.
It is necessary to provide right knowledge about insulation for the improvement of living environment of the Ger Area.
In many houses, Roof insulation is constructed with wrong knowledge.
Almost all houses have no Floor insulation.
Lack of knowledge about House Construction causes the excessive energy consumption of many houses and increase of the smoke.
Focus Point 3 : Dusty Interior Living Space
Interior Living Space of many “Baishin” are dusty and uncomfortable because of no fixed “Shoes-‐‑‒Off” place, outer placement of toilet, and central placement of stoves.
It is necessary to fix custom to make “Shoes-‐‑‒Off” place, to place Stove out of living space, and make toilet in the house
Almost all houses have 1)no “Shoes-‐‑‒Off” Place2) the placement of Stove is center of Living Space.3)Toilet is out of House
In this case, Inhabitants donʼ’t take off their shoes in Kitchen.
EntranceStorage
Kitchen
Big Room
Big Room Kitchen
Bedroom
Toilet
Hall Entrance
Facility room& Storage
Quite rare case with many ideas 1) “Shoes-‐‑‒Off” Place is fixed2) the placement of Stove is out of Living Space3)Toilet is in the House
Stove Placement
In almost houses, stove is placed around the center of main living space. In many of those cases, inhabitants donʼ’t take off shoes in kitchen, and Interior is dusty.
In some amount of houses, inhabitants use hot water circulation system, and the placement of stove is in entrance zone, outside of the main living space. In those case, floor of Kitchen is clean and living space is much more comfortable.
Toilet Placement In almost houses, inhabitants place their toilet outside of houses, and the hut of toilet is out of maintenance.In our interviews, almost all inhabitants have many grievances against their toilet. And all of them strongly hope they can place toilet in their “Baishin”, if drainage could function properly.
In rare cases, inhabitants make their toilet clean and comfortable (left).
Quite a few inhabitants place toilet in “baishin”(right). One of them had knowledge about drainage, and two of them was drainage mechanic.
Focus Point 4 : Habitual Practice of Planning Land Use & Gardening
In some houses, inhabitants make their own Garden or Field, raising trees, and improve their own outer space surrounding their houses.It is possible for them to improve their own living conditions if custom of garden making is spread and fixed in Ger Area.
It is necessary to spread custom to make gardens and think about land use, and to provide various “Khashaa” with the structure of
community formation
In some houses inhabitants plans land use of their site, and make gardens and field.
In Ger Area, there are many inhabitants who enjoy Gardening inside and outside of their house.
This movie shows change of consciousness of inhabitants about the border of their houses. In this case, the open border fence induce inhabitants to make gardens, clean exterior of their houses, and not to drop garbage on the outside of houses. In our interview, they talk about their satisfaction because of improvement, increase of nature, and relief, of their living condition. (in the district of Project for Improvement of Road and Fence)
Border of Houses
Focus Point 5 : No natural Landscape in crowded Ger Area
In crowded Ger Area, the top of hills are covered with houses. In those area, we cannot feel nature. We think the most symbolic icon of Mongolian nature is “The Ground”; field of grass and gentle hill. So, we think that only the hilltop should show a grassy plain without being covered by houses.
It is necessary to keep hilltops of Ger Area not covered with houses, but with grasses, trees, and nature.
They should become iconic natural garden for inhabitants.
Strategy 1 : Practical Education Program
to Provide Knowledge of House Construction
1) Distribution of Simple and Easy Manual about “ How to Build Houses” which contains basic knowledge about House Construction, to All Inhabitants of Ger Area .
2) Practical Education Program about House Construction, which contains Training Course in High School or Junior High School
It is of the utmost importance to diffuse knowledge about House Construction to all of Ger Area inhabitants.
Strategy 2 : Changing Common Practice Program to Modernize the Living of Ger Area
1) Outer toilet is only inconvenient and make soils dirty.So, inner toilet should become common practice.
2) Hot water circulation system is better in various coal heating systems to improve living conditions in Ger Area. So, it is important to fix common practice to use above system.
3) “Shoes-‐‑‒Off” place should be built in each house in Ger Area.
Strategy 2-‐‑‒2 : Changing Common Practice Program to Modernize the Living of Ger Area
4) Various new types of boundary fence should be sold in the market. Especially, Semi-‐‑‒Open fence, Fence which has some setback space to plant trees or flowers,and contribute to formation of community and giving nature to the public road. →
i) Building case study houses, and advertisementii) Public support to strengthen excretion gathering iii) Foundation of the subsidy to facility construction to make toilet insideiv) Product Development of inner toilet, and boundary fence
Strategy 3: Encourage Garden Making Program
to provide nature to Ger Area Many of inhabitants in Ger Area love potted plant.Those taste to love nature is very important for the improvement of living conditions of Ger Area.
Hobbies of Garden Making should become more popular.→
i) Building case study houses with gardens, and advertisementii) Reinforcement of Public water supply (with Rain Water Using Devices, etc…) .
Strategy 4: Tree Planting for Roadside Program
Public Natural Gardens on Hilltops ProgramIn Ger Area, there is no nature on road as the one andonly public space. There should be place for nature (trees, flowers) in some spaces of the roads. If Every hilltop of Ger Area will covered with nature, will made as Natural Gardens of Inhabitants, Green network will formed and the living condition will be remarkably improved.→
i) Prohibition to build houses on the hilltop areaii) Planting of trees and flowers on roadsides (public or by community)
Strategy 5: Development of Semi-‐‑‒Self-‐‑‒Build House
Basic Units to provide basic &Standard living facility(made with concrete blocks like “REGO”, easy to construct)
Strategy 5: Development of Semi-‐‑‒Self-‐‑‒Build House
Inhabitants can build their “own” houses to use those units, and they self-‐‑‒build part of the house.