A preliminary report of rescue excavations at Akad: the 2004 season
Mar 11, 2016
by Mohamed Faroug and A. Tsakos — Sudan & Nubia, No 9, published by The Sudan Archaeological Research Society, 2005
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SUDAN & NUBIA
1
2
SUDAN & NUBIA
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62
2 Grave 14 cannot be identified as such with any certainty.
A preliminary report ofrescue excavation at Akad:the 2004 seasonMohamed Faroug and Alexandros Tsakos
Introduction
A third season of archaeological rescue work was conductedin the village of Akad between the 5th-24th June 2004.1 Themain objectives of the project were:
1. the excavation of the graves that had been located inspecific parts of Areas A and B (Figure 1) during the previ-ous two field seasons in 1999 and 2000 (Ali 2002).
2. surveying the area to the east of Akad as well asbetween the northern confines of the village and the con-fluence of the rivers Nile and Atbara.
3. initiating ethnographical research.
Survey
Due to cultivation as well as industrial activities, there havebeen very few sites recorded in the area surveyed. The mostinteresting places were immediately north and south of thevillage, where Medieval and Islamic sherds were collectedand mud-brick walls noted on the surface. A very interest-ing feature was the location of what appear to be gravemounds on the eastern edge of the inhabited area (close tothe old airport). Owing to the lack of surface finds, thesefeatures could not be dated.
Ethnography
According to the ethnographical work conducted at Akad,not more than 50 years ago there used to be a forest in thearea east of the village, which is precisely the location ofthe archaeological site. The informants from Akad also spokeabout the existence of a building called “Kanissa” locatedunder some recent buildings near the confluence of thetwo rivers and another building near the hospital at Akadwest of the road. The importance of the Nile (which mightbe linked with the use of Nile mud for the construction of
the bricks used to close some graves) has also been notedby the locals for all stages of their life (birth, maturity, mar-riage, death).
Notes on the topography
Akad is situated 5km south of the River Atbara and 1kmfrom the River Nile (co-ordinates: 17° 38.184’ N -33° 58.824’ E). The site is a flat area surrounded by a set-tlement (Figure 1). It covers an area of 250 x 200m², whichwas divided by a grid system. The site reference is given bya Temporary Bench Mark (TBM), assigned a height ofl00m, and is set in the middle of the site near the north-western corner of the Sudatel Office, east of the road con-necting ed-Damar and Atbara. At the southern end of thesite runs the Khor Fileifla which causes flooding during therainy reason.
Excavation
The excavation of Areas A, B and E revealed 10 (or per-haps 11)2 graves, which fall into three distinct categories:-
A) Post-Meroitic shaft and double-shaft graves (Area A).For the dating of such funerary monuments cf. Andersonand Ahmed 2002; Edwards 1998, 74-94; Lenoble 1994;Török 1997, 263-271.
1 The team consisted of Mohamed Faroug Abdelrahman (field direc-tor/inspector (NCAM)), Alexandros Tsakos (assistant field director/archaeologist), Mohamed Ahmed Abd Elmajeed (Director of theArchaeological Research Centre, Wadi el-Nil University), HossamEldien M. Ahmed (ethnographer) and Yasin M. Saeed (Surveyor)(NCAM). Special thanks are offered to the Minister of Social andCultural Affairs of the Wad el-Nil State, the Director of the TourismOffice in Wadi el-Nil State, the personnel of the Archaeological Re-search Center in the Wadi el-Nil University (Damer) and the PublicCommittee of Akad village. Last but not least, to Dr Pawel Wolf andthe Greek Community for their help in the management of the logis-tics for the project.
Figure 1. Akad Project 03/04. Topographic map.
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B) Early Medieval graves with shaft and side niche forthe burial (Areas A & E) (cf. Säve-Söderberg 1981, 19).
C) Late Medieval shaft graves (Area B) (cf. Säve-Söderberg 1981, 19).
None of these graves had superstructures, except thescattered pebbles on the surface of Area B. The grave sub-structures and the related burials can be described as fol-lows:
AKAD 7 Post-Meroitic (?)Location: Area A, Square 7VRecently, due to the collapsed of part of the roof and theentrance of the grave, the grave goods were completelyrobbed, and only unidentified fragments of bones were scat-tered in the burial chamber.
The excavation of the substructure of the grave revealeda trapezoidal shaft oriented NE-SW, 2.16 x 1-1.38 x 1m insize (Plate 1), rounded at the western end and gently slopingtowards the SW, with narrow shelves c. 80-100mm widealong the north and south sides and rectangular roundedraised shoulders of about 600mm on either side of cham-ber entrance. The disturbed blocking of mud seals an ovalentrance with dimensions 0.45 x 1m beyond which is a steepdrop to the oval chamber measuring 1.3 x 1.1m.
AKAD 8 Post-MeroiticLocation: Area A, Squares 6Y, 7U, 1 1E, 12A & B(Colour plates XXXI-XXXIII, Figure 2)The excavation revealed two parallel trapezoidal shafts ori-ented W-E (3.62 x 0.98 x 1.2m), rounded at the westernedge for the southern shaft and with three steps leading tothe bottom of the northern one, both sloping towards theeast. At the eastern ends of the shafts are red-brick doorblockings (bricks 340-360 x 180 x80mm). The northern one ismasked by mud bricks and mortar(Plate 2), while the other is coatedwith a hard mortar and large piecesof limestone (Plate 3). These wallssealed the oval entrances of c. 0.4x 1m. Beyond, the shafts droppedsteeply to large burial chamber (4.2x 2.18 x 1.5m) where the threeadults burials and their grave goodswere located.
The main burial is located largelyin the northern half of the burialchamber. It is in a S-N contractedposition, laying on its right side, headto the N, facing W and with thehands flexed in front of the face.The deceased was wearing an arch-er’s loose on a finger of his lefthand. The grave goods are locatedtowards the north of the burial.
The central burial was very fragile with some bones miss-ing. Those that remain suggest that the burial was in N-Ssemi-contracted position, head to the S facing W (?); thegrave goods were located towards the south and southwestof the body.
Plate 1. Akad 7. The grave shaft and burial chamber.
Figure 2. Akad 8. Plan showing the multiple burials and the distribution of the grave goods. (scale 1:50).
64
The southern one was in a contracted NE-SW position,head to the SW facing W with the hands flexed towards theface. A spindle whorl and some of the other grave goodsare located in front of the burial, while the rest are locatedbehind the burial.
Finds: Beads, one archer’s loose, one spindle whorl, 19pottery vessels.Description of the finds (see Table 1, Colour plates XXXIIand XXXIII, Figure 5):
Numbers 04-PL-001 – 008 & 032 are the grave goodsof the main burial.
Numbers 04-PL-015-019 are the grave goods of thecentral burial
Numbers 04-PL-009-14 & 33 are associated with thesouthern burial.
AKAD 9 MedievalLocation: Area B, Square 9C (Figure 3)The superstructure was a very shallow mound of scatteredpebbles. The grave structure is an irregular trapezoidal shaftoriented E-W (2.96 x 3.8 - 0.7 x 0.7m), gently sloping fromthe E towards the bottom. Wooden sticks probably formeda sealing for the burial chamber underneath.
The burial of an adult was heavily disturbed by the col-lapse of the roof. It is in an extended position, oriented E-W, head to the W facing S.
Finds: none
AKAD 10 Post-MeroiticLocation: Area A, Square 12BThe grave structure is a trapezoidal shaft oriented ENE-WSW (3.6 x 0.86 - 1.88 x 1.22-1.5m), gently sloping to-wards the SW end with narrow shelves c. 180-240mm widealong the north and south sides, and rectangular roundedraised shoulders on either side of chamber entrance. Theintact blocking of mud bricks (200mm square or 400 x200mm) bedded in a silt and gravel mortar, sealed the ovalentrance 1.3 x 0.32m in size. The entrance drops steeply toan oval chamber (2.8 x 1.6m).
The burial of a contracted adult, oriented S-N, head tothe N facing E, was undisturbed. Beads and a spindle whorlwere found in front of the body (Figure 4, Colour plateXXXIV). The grave goods were located towards the south-ern part of the burial chamber.
Finds: Faience beads, spindle whorl made of fired clay, 12pottery vessels, and traces of blue colour.Description of finds (see Table 1):
Numbers 04-PL-020-031 (Figure 9).
Plate 2. Akad 8. The blocking wall in the northern descendary.
Plate 3. Akad 8. The blocking wall in the southern descendary.
Figure 3. Akad 9. Top plan and north-south section (scale 1:40).
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AKAD 11 MedievalLocation: Area B, Square 4VThe grave structure is an irregulartrapezoidal shaft oriented E-W (2.48 x 0.22-0.43 x 1m), gently sloping from the E to-wards the bottom. The very narrow burialchamber was confined even more by twosteps on its W and E rounded ends.
The burial, of an extended adult, orientedE-W, head to the W facing N, with both handsat its sides, is intact. It is placed face downin a ventral position.
Finds: none
AKAD 12 MedievalLocation: Area B, Square 4WThe grave structure is an irregulartrapezoidal shaft oriented E-W (2.34 x 0.74x 1m). Shelves 100-180mm in width hadbeen constructed along the north and south-ern sides of the grave with wooden sticksprobably forming a sealing for the burialchamber, which measured 2 x 0.26 x 0.44min size (Figure 6).
The intact adult burial is extended, ori-ented E-W, with the head to the W facing N,and both hands at the pelvic area.
Finds: none
AKAD 13 MedievalLocation: Area A, Square 12CThe grave structure is an almost rectangu-lar shaft oriented E-W (2.3- 2.4 x 0.8-0.9 x1.2m) and gently sloping towards the bot-
Figure 5. Akad 8. Selection of decoratedvessels from amongst the grave goods of the
main burial (scale 1:4).
tom. A simple kind of door blocking 2.2m long made ofmud bricks and mortar covered the entrance to the burialchamber. It appeared at a depth of 900mm from sur-face but could not be revealed along its total widthbecause the penetration of water had caused the col-lapse of the burial chamber’s ceiling. The oval burial cham-ber (2.28 x 0.6m) was cut some 450mm below thebottom of the shaft. The intact adult burial is extended,oriented E-W, with the head to the W facing E (?), andboth hands over the pelvic area. Parts of the skeletonwere missing (fingers, lower part of pelvis), otherswere broken (skull and ligaments) or disintegrated very
Figure 4. Akad 10. Top plan showing the burial,wall blocking and grave goods (scale 1:50).
66
easily (front part of ribs).Finds: none
AKAD 14Identification made only on the basis of ethnographic data.Location: Area A, Square 1 1C.The grave substructure is a N-S rectangular shaft (4 × 0.70× 0.35m).
There was no clear burial found, although some frag-ments of bone were located at a depth of 150mm in themiddle of the eastern side of shaft. According to the ethno-graphical work these bones were dug out during the con-struction of the road in 1950s, and reburied in small orlarge trenches made by the locals at that time.
AKAD 15 MedievalLocation: Area A, Square 11D.The grave structure is an almost rectangular shaft orientedE-W (2.2 x 0.74-0.94 x 1.2m) gently sloping towards thebottom. At the northern part of the bottom a kind of doorblocking for the entrance to the burial chamber was re-vealed. It was constructed of mud bricks and mortar. Theoval burial chamber (1.92 x 0.64m) was cut some 400mmbelow the bottom of the shaft (Figure 7).
The intact adult burial is extended, oriented E-W, withthe head to the W facing E (?), and with both hands at its
sides.
Finds: none
AKAD 16 MedievalLocation: Area A, Square 11C.The grave structure was an almost rectangular shaft ori-ented E-W (2.48 x 0.82-1 x 1.4m) gently sloping towardsthe bottom. A door blocking made of mud bricks and mor-tar sealed the entrance to the burial chamber. The oval burialchamber (2.24 x 0.54m) was cut 340mm below the bottomof the shaft (Figure 8).
The adult burial was intact. It was extended, oriented E-W, head to the W facing E (?) and had both hands at itssides.
Finds: none
AKAD 17 MedievalLocation: Area E, Square 1 8T.The grave had an almost rectangular shaft oriented E-W(2.5 x 0.7-0.8 x 1.20m) gently sloping towards the bottom.At the northern part of its bottom a simple kind of doorblocking for the entrance to the burial chamber was re-vealed. It consisted of mud bricks and mortar. The ovalburial chamber (2.04 x 0.6m) was cut about 450mm belowthe bottom of the shaft.
The adult burial was extended, oriented E-W, head to theW facing E (?) and with both hands at its sides.
Finds: none
Finds
Four categories of grave goods were revealed during exca-vation in Akad in the 2004 season:
a) Personal ornaments: one archer’s loose, and hundredsof beads of different types.
b) A blue residue was collected from the burial chamberof Grave 10. This residue might be connected with a ritethat consisted of colouring the face or other parts of the
Figure 6. Akad 12. Top plan and east-west section (scale 1:40).
Figure 7. Akad 15. Top plan showing the blocking walland burial (scale 1:40).
Figure 8. Akad 16. North-south section with the shaftand side niche (scale 1:40).
SUDAN & NUBIA
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68
body of the deceased (cf. Geus 1993, 58).c) Two spindle whorls were found in the burial chambers
of Graves 8 and 10.d) Pottery, which constitutes the bulk of the finds. Table
1 lists the pottery found in 2004 at Akad.
All these vessels were found in the post-Meroitic Graves8 and 10 and seem very similar to the post-Meroitic potteryfound at Gabati (Smith 1998). There were 14 pot-stands orincense burners, three basins, one cup, one footed bowl and12 other bowls. The main interest of the assemblage lies inthe large number of pot-stands, which might throw newlight on the function of this specific type of vessel (for analmost complete list of similar finds cf. Anderson and Ahmed2002) in the burial customs of the post-Meroitic period,especially in relation to libation and incense burning (for alengthy discussion on this matter cf. Lenoble 1994, 62-64).It may also shed light on the significance of the cross deco-ration on the bowl and footed bowl (04-021 & 031) whichseems to be related to Soba Ware (cf. Welsby 1998, 170-171 and fig. 91) dating from the later phases of the post-Meroitic period. The decoration, utilizing groups of three,four, and sometimes five dots (04-006, 011, 022 and 029),was found both at el-Fereikha and on Soba Ware, whichmight indicate the continuation of the pottery decorationtradition in that region.
Discussion
The project at Akad is proving very fruitful for the under-standing of the burial customs during the periods from lateMeroitic to late Medieval times. Further investigations inthe cemeteries should produce additional material for thestudy of the attitude of the local people towards death; andthe excavation of the monuments located during the sur-vey could shed light on life in this locality of the MiddleNile Region.
BibliographyAli Mohamed Faroug Abdelrahman 2002, ‘Preliminary Report on
Rescue Excavation at Akad’, Sudan & Nubia 6, 47-52.Anderson, J. and Salah eldin Mohamed Ahmed 2002. ‘Archaeological
Reconnaissance in the Berber — Abidya Region, 1997; a post-Meroitic double- shaft tomb in el-Fereikha’, Archéologie du Nil Moyen9, 15-30.
Edwards, D. N. 1998. Gabati, a Meroitic, post-Meroitic and medievalcemetery in central Sudan, vol. I, Sudan Archaeological ResearchSociety Publication no. 3. London.
Geus, F. 1993. ‘Burial Customs in the Upper Main Nile, An Over-view’, in W. V. Davies (ed.), Egypt and Africa (Nubia from Prehistoryto Islam). London, 57-73.
Lenoble, P. 1994. ‘Le rang des inhumés sous tertre a enceinte a elHobagi’, Bulletin d’informations méroitiques 25, 88-124.
Säve-Söderbergh, T. 1981. Late Nubian cemeteries. The ScandinavianJoint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia Publications Vol. 6. Sweden.
Smith, L. M. V. 1998. ‘The post-Meroitic and Medieval pottery’, inEdwards 1998, 178-193.
Török, L. 1997. Meroe City, an Ancient African Capital, John Garstang’sExcavations in the Sudan. London.
Welsby, D. A. 1998. Soba II, Renewed Excavations within the Metropolis ofthe Kingdom of Alwa in Central Sudan. British Institute in EasternAfrica Monograph 15. London.
SUDAN & NUBIA
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DIM
ENSI
ON
S (in
cm
) CO
DE
TYPE
OF
V
ESSE
L D
ECO
RATI
ON
M
.F.
DIA
. H
T TH
. D
ESCR
IPTI
ON
04-P
L-00
1
Bow
l U
ndec
orat
ed
H/M
10
8
0.5
Burn
ishe
d da
rk b
row
n, sl
ippe
d, sl
ight
ly c
arin
ated
and
w
ith a
noz
zle.
04-P
L-00
2
Pot S
tand
Strip
es o
f ver
tical
and
hor
izon
tal w
avy
lines
, of d
iffer
ent
num
ber (
4-8)
, bot
h in
tern
al a
nd e
xter
nal w
alls;
bot
tom
of
base
s with
irre
gula
r circ
les;
rims d
ecor
ated
with
wav
y lin
e
H/M
15
/ 13
.2
21.4
0.
4 –
0.5
Burn
ishe
d lig
ht b
row
n, sl
ippe
d, w
hite
pai
nt w
ith c
lose
d tu
bula
r han
dle.
04-P
L-00
3
Pot S
tand
Ver
tical
strip
es o
f wav
y lin
es o
n th
e bo
dy d
ivid
ed b
y rin
g of
thre
e str
aigh
t lin
es in
the
mid
dle;
four
gro
ups o
f ho
rizon
tal s
tripe
s of w
avy
lines
on
the i
nsid
e of
the
low
er
base
; ver
tical
strip
es o
f wav
y lin
es in
terc
hang
ed w
ith
grou
p of
four
dot
s on
the
insid
e of
the
uppe
r bas
e.
13
/ 14
.5
22.2
0.
5 –
1.3
Burn
ishe
d da
rk b
row
n, sl
ippe
d, w
hite
pai
nt w
ith c
lose
d tu
bula
r han
dle.
04-P
L-00
4 Bo
wl
Und
ecor
ated
H
IM
11.6
9.
2 0.
3 –
0.4
Burn
ishe
d da
rk b
row
n, sl
ippe
d, sl
ight
ly c
arin
ated
and
w
ith a
noz
zle.
04-P
L-00
5
Pot S
tand
O
vera
ll do
uble
shor
t wav
y lin
es (i
rregu
lar p
atte
rn).
H
/M
13 /
15.4
24
.4
0.8
– 1.
5 Bu
rnis
hed,
ligh
t bro
wn,
slip
ped,
whi
te p
aint
ed, w
ith
clos
ed tu
bula
r han
dle.
04-P
L-00
6
Bow
l Fi
ve li
nes o
f thr
ee g
roup
s of f
our d
ots m
ergi
ng to
war
ds
the
botto
m o
n th
e in
tern
al su
rface
. H
/M
15.8
10
.4
0.7
Burn
ishe
d da
rk b
row
n, sl
ippe
d, w
hite
pai
nt.
04-P
L-00
7 G
oble
t U
ndec
orat
ed
H/M
7.
9 6.
7 0.
4 Bl
ack,
slip
ped,
slig
htly
car
inat
ed.
04-P
L-00
8 Ba
sin
Und
ecor
ated
H
/M
36
13.6
1
– 1.
2 Bl
ack,
slip
ped,
bad
ly p
rese
rved
. 04
-PL-
009
Ba
sin
Rim
dec
orat
ed w
ith in
cise
d lin
es.
H/M
36
12
.8
1 –
1.2
Blac
k, sl
ippe
d.
04-P
L-01
0 Po
t Sta
nd
Irreg
ular
dot
s in
two
grou
ps se
para
ted
in th
e m
iddl
e by
tw
o di
agon
al li
nes i
n bo
th in
tern
al a
nd e
xter
nal s
urfa
ces.
H
/M
20.4
/ 21
.6
30
0.8
– 1
Dar
k br
own
slipp
ed, w
hite
pai
nted
, hol
low
.
04-P
L-01
1 Bo
wl
Four
line
s of t
hree
gro
ups o
f fou
r dot
s mer
ging
tow
ards
th
e bo
ttom
on
the
inte
rnal
surfa
ce.
H/M
14
7.
8 0.
6 –
1
Dar
k br
own
slipp
ed, w
hite
pai
nted
.
04-P
L-01
2 Po
t Sta
nd
Irreg
ular
dou
ble
shor
t hor
izon
tal w
avy
lines
on
the
rem
aini
ng su
rface
of t
he w
hole
vas
e.
H/M
12
.2 /
14.8
17
.2
0.5
– 0
.8
Burn
ishe
d da
rk b
row
n, sl
ippe
d, w
hite
pai
nt w
ith c
lose
d tu
bula
r han
dle.
Badl
y pr
eser
ved.
04-P
L-01
3 Bo
wl
Four
strip
es o
f dou
ble
verti
cal w
avy
lines
form
ing
a cr
oss
on th
e bo
ttom
of t
he in
tern
al su
rface
; bel
ow th
e in
side
rim a
con
tinuo
us h
oriz
onta
l wav
y lin
e.
H/M
21
.4
18
0.7
– 0
.9
Burn
ishe
d da
rk b
row
n, sl
ippe
d, o
rang
e pa
inte
d, er
oded
on
both
side
s.
04-P
L-01
4
Basin
U
ndec
orat
ed
H/M
29
.4
12
0.7
– 0
.8
Blac
k, sl
ippe
d.
04-P
L-01
5
Bow
l Fo
ur li
nes o
f thr
ee g
roup
s of d
oubl
e sh
ort h
oriz
onta
l w
avy
lines
mer
ging
tow
ards
the b
otto
m a
nd a
wav
y lin
e on
the
rim o
f the
inte
rnal
surfa
ce.
H/M
15
8.
3 0.
4 –
0.6
Burn
ishe
d re
d br
own,
slip
ped,
whi
te p
aint
.
04-P
L-01
6
Pot S
tand
Cont
inuo
us h
oriz
onta
l wav
y lin
es o
n th
e lo
wer
par
t of t
he
mai
n bo
dy; f
our g
roup
s of i
rregu
lar h
oriz
onta
l wav
y lin
es
divi
ded
in fo
ur se
ctor
s by
a cr
oss f
orm
ed b
y do
uble
lin
ing
in th
e in
tern
al su
rface
of b
oth
base
s.
H/M
12
.6 /
13.2
18
.6
0.6
– 1.
3 Li
ght b
row
n, sl
ippe
d, w
hite
pai
nted
, with
clo
sed
tubu
lar
hand
le.
Table
1. A
rea A
, Pott
ery in
ventor
y.
70
DIM
ENSI
ON
S (in
cm
) CO
DE
TYPE
OF
V
ESSE
L D
ECO
RATI
ON
M
.F.
DIA
. H
T TH
. D
ESCR
IPTI
ON
04-P
L-01
7 Bo
wl
Und
ecor
ated
H
/M
8.9
10
0.5
Burn
ishe
d da
rk b
row
n, sl
ippe
d, sl
ight
ly c
arin
ated
.
04-P
L-01
8 Po
t Sta
nd
Cont
inuo
us h
oriz
onta
l wav
y lin
es o
n th
e up
per p
art o
f the
m
ain
body
and
six
lines
of i
rregu
lar d
oubl
e sh
ort w
avy
lines
on
the
low
er p
art,
the
two
grou
ps se
para
ted
by a
ho
rizon
tal l
ine i
n th
e m
iddl
e of
the
mai
n bo
dy. T
he
inte
rnal
surfa
ce o
f the
big
ger b
ase
is fil
led
with
par
alle
l ho
rizon
tal w
avy
lines
div
ided
in fo
ur S
ecto
rs b
y do
uble
ve
rtica
l lin
es. O
n th
e in
tern
al su
rface
of t
he sm
alle
r bas
e irr
egul
ar g
roup
ing
of d
oubl
e sh
ort h
oriz
onta
l wav
y lin
es.
Both
rim
s dec
orat
ed w
ith st
raig
ht h
oriz
onta
l lin
e.
H/M
10
.7 /
12.8
18
.5
0.6
– 1.
1 Bu
rnis
hed
light
bro
wn,
slip
ped,
whi
te p
aint
with
clo
sed
tubu
lar h
andl
e.
04-P
L-01
9
Pot S
tand
Cont
inuo
us h
oriz
onta
l wav
y lin
es o
n th
e up
per p
art o
f the
m
ain
body
and
line
s of i
rregu
lar g
roup
s of t
hree
shor
t w
avy
lines
on
the
low
er p
art.
the
two
grou
ps se
para
ted
by
a th
ick
wav
y lin
e in
the
mid
dle
of th
e m
ain
body
. The
in
tern
al su
rface
of t
he b
igge
r bas
e is
fille
d w
ith ir
regu
lar
horiz
onta
l wav
y lin
es d
ivid
ed in
two
sect
ors b
y do
uble
ve
rtica
l lin
es. O
n th
e in
tern
al su
rface
of t
he sm
alle
r bas
e irr
egul
ar g
roup
ing
of tr
iple
shor
t hor
izon
tal w
avy
lines
.
H/M
11
.9 /
13.7
24
0.
6 –
1.1
Burn
ishe
d lig
ht b
row
n, sl
ippe
d, w
hite
pai
nt w
ith c
lose
d tu
bula
r han
dle,
not w
ell p
rese
rved
.
04-P
L-02
0
Pot S
tand
The
mai
n bo
dy is
dec
orat
ed w
ith v
ertic
al d
otte
d lin
es
exce
pt fo
r a se
ctor
in th
e up
per p
art t
hat i
s lef
t un
deco
rate
d. N
ext t
o th
is th
e fir
st tw
o zo
nes o
f the
dot
ted
lines
are
fille
d w
ith v
ertic
al sh
ort w
avy
lines
. Bel
ow th
e rim
of t
he u
pper
par
t the
re is
a c
ontin
uous
hor
izon
tal
wav
y lin
e. T
he m
iddl
e of
the
mai
n bo
dy h
as a
ring
of a
th
ick
horiz
onta
l wav
y lin
e. N
ext t
o th
e lo
wer
out
side
rim
are
thre
e gr
oups
of t
hree
hor
izon
tal w
avy
lines
. The
in
side
of th
e sm
alle
r bas
e is
deco
rate
d ne
xt to
the
rim
with
four
gro
ups o
f thr
ee sh
ort h
oriz
onta
l wav
y lin
es. o
ne
of fo
ur li
nes a
nd o
ne o
f tw
o lin
es; a
circ
le w
ith a
noth
er
sim
ilar g
roup
lays
at i
ts bo
ttom
. The
insid
e of
the
bigg
er
base
is c
over
ed w
ith ir
regu
lar g
roup
ing
of tr
iple
ho
rizon
tal w
avy
lines
and
a c
ircle
at i
ts bo
ttom
.
H/M
12.8
/ 14
.6
20.5
0.
6 –
1.2
Burn
ishe
d da
rk b
row
n, sl
ippe
d, w
hite
pai
nt w
ith c
lose
d tu
bula
r han
dle
04-P
L-02
1
Bow
l Tw
o ho
rizon
tal l
ines
of 1
1 (?
) cro
sses
on
the
uppe
r hal
f of
the
exte
rnal
surfa
ce.
H/M
11
.8
10
0.5
– 0.
6 Bu
rnis
hed
dark
bro
wn,
slip
ped,
whi
te p
aint
slig
htly
ca
rinat
ed, w
ith a
noz
zle,
ext
erna
l su
rface
par
tly e
rode
d
04-P
L-02
2
Bow
l Tw
o lin
es o
f sin
gle
dots
and
two
lines
of f
ive
grou
ps o
f th
ree
and
four
dot
s mer
ging
tow
ards
the
cent
re w
here
th
ere
is an
othe
r gro
up o
f fou
r dot
s. H
/M
18.8
10
.5
0.8
– 1.
0 Bu
rnis
hed
dark
bro
wn,
slip
ped
and
whi
te p
aint
ed
Table
1. A
rea A
, Pott
ery in
ventor
y (con
t.).
SUDAN & NUBIA
71
DIM
ENSI
ON
S (in
cm
) CO
DE
TYPE
OF
V
ESSE
L D
ECO
RATI
ON
M
.F.
DIA
. H
T TH
. D
ESCR
IPTI
ON
04-P
L-02
3
Pot S
tand
Cont
inuo
us h
oriz
onta
l wav
y lin
es o
n th
e lo
wer
par
t and
re
gula
r gro
upin
g of
gro
ups o
f thr
ee sh
ort h
oriz
onta
l wav
y lin
es o
n th
e up
per p
art o
f the
mai
n bo
dy. I
rreg
ular
(?)
grou
ping
of s
even
gro
ups o
f thr
ee sh
ort h
oriz
onta
l wav
y lin
es o
n th
e in
tern
al su
rface
of t
he sm
all b
ase
and
two
grou
ps o
f hor
izon
tal w
avy
lines
cov
erin
g th
e w
hole
su
rface
of t
he b
igge
r one
, div
ided
into
two
sect
ors b
y do
uble
lini
ng.
H/M
11
.6 /
13
24.2
0.
6 –
0.9
Burn
ishe
d da
rk b
row
n, sl
ippe
d, w
hite
pai
nt w
ith c
lose
d tu
bula
r han
dle.
04-P
L-02
4
Bow
l U
ndec
orat
ed
H/M
9.
8 9.
5 0.
3 –
0.7
Burn
ishe
d da
rk b
row
n, sl
ippe
d w
ith a
noz
zle
04-P
L-02
5
Pot S
tand
Inte
rcha
ngin
g lo
nger
and
shor
ter v
ertic
al g
roup
s of t
wo
or th
ree
wav
y lin
es d
ecor
atin
g th
e w
hole
surfa
ce o
f the
ve
ssel
(ins
ide
and
outsi
de).
Hor
izon
tal w
avy
lines
de
cora
ting
thre
e of
the
inne
r and
out
er ri
ms.
H/M
11
.8 /
14
20.8
0.
6 –
0.8
Ligh
t bro
wn,
slip
ped,
whi
te p
aint
ed, w
ith c
lose
d tu
bula
r ha
ndle
.
04-P
L-02
6
Pot S
tand
V
ertic
al li
ning
of g
roup
s of f
our w
avy
lines
cov
erin
g th
e w
hole
surfa
ce o
f the
ves
sel a
nd c
ontin
uous
hor
izon
tal
wav
y lin
e de
cora
ting
the i
nner
and
out
er ri
ms.
H/M
17
.4 /
20
35.2
1.
9 –
2.8
Burn
ishe
d, d
ark
brow
n, sl
ippe
d, w
hite
pai
nt
hollo
w.
04-P
L-02
7
Pot S
tand
Ver
tical
gro
ups o
f thr
ee o
r fou
r wav
y lin
es c
over
ing
the
who
le su
rface
of t
he v
esse
l (in
side
and
outsi
de).
Cont
inuo
us h
oriz
onta
l wav
y lin
e de
cora
ting
inne
r and
ou
ter r
ims.
H/M
12
/14.
8 25
0.
8 –
1.5
Burn
ishe
d. d
ark
brow
n, sl
ippe
d, w
hite
pai
nt w
ith cl
osed
tu
bula
r han
dle.
04-P
L-02
8
Bow
l V
ertic
al g
roup
s of t
hree
incis
ed li
nes o
f diff
eren
t len
gths
de
cora
ting
the
uppe
r hal
f of t
he e
xter
nal s
urfa
ce o
f the
ve
ssel
. H
/M
15
8 0.
4 –
0.6
Blac
k, sl
ippe
d w
ith a
ver
tical
ly p
ierc
ed n
ozzl
e.
04-P
L-02
9
Bow
l Fo
ur g
roup
s of f
our d
ots f
orm
ing
a cr
oss m
ergi
ng in
the
cent
re to
war
ds a
noth
er su
ch g
roup
of d
ots.
H/M
13
.6
7.2
0.4
Burn
ishe
d, li
ght b
row
n, sl
ippe
d w
ith a
hor
izon
tally
pi
erce
d no
zzle
nex
t to
the
rim.
04-P
L-03
0
Pot S
tand
Para
llel h
oriz
onta
l zon
es o
f tria
ngle
s fill
ed w
ith d
iago
nal
inci
sed
lines
cov
erin
g th
e w
hole
surfa
ce o
f the
mai
n bo
dy. O
ne su
ch z
one
belo
w th
e rim
of t
he in
tern
al
surfa
ce o
f the
smal
l bas
e, an
d tw
o de
cora
ting
the
inte
rior
of th
e bi
gger
one
.
H/M
11
.2 /
13.6
20
.6
0.7
Burn
ishe
d bl
ack,
slip
ped,
with
clo
sed
tubu
lar h
andl
e.
04-P
L-03
1
Foot
ed
Bow
l
Eigh
t cro
sses
con
nect
ed b
y a
line
in a
dec
orat
ive
grou
p of
two
and
divi
ded
into
four
sect
ors b
y tw
o gr
oups
of
five
verti
cal w
avy
lines
form
ing
a cr
oss a
t the
bot
tom
of
the
inte
rnal
surfa
ce o
f the
ves
sel.
H/M
35
.2
19.2
1
– 1.
4 Li
ght b
row
n, sl
ippe
d, b
urni
shed
on
the
inte
rior s
urfa
ce,
whi
te p
aint
ed, w
ith a
shor
t foo
ted
base
.
Table
1. A
rea A
, Pott
ery in
ventor
y (con
t.).
SUDAN & NUBIA
Colour Plate XXXII. Akad 8. Vessels from the tomb.
Colour plate XXXI.Akad 8. The doubleshaft after surfacecleaning.
Colour plate XXXIII. Akad 8. Potstands.
Colour plate XXXIV. Akad 10. Theburial chamber with the grave goods in
situ.
SUDAN & NUBIA
1
2
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