A Practical Grammar of the Paali Language

8/11/2019 A Practical Grammar of the Paali Language

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A Practical Grammar of the Paali LanguageAbbreviations

Masc. = aMasculine

Fem. = FeminineNeut. = NeuterS., Sansk. = SanskritP.P.P. = Passive Perfect ParticipleP.P.A. = Perfect Participle ActiveF.P.P. = Future Passive ParticipleAdj. = AdjectiveNom. = NominativeGen. = GenitiveDat. = DativeAcc. = AccusativeInst. = InstrumentalAl. = Alative!oc. = !ocativeA Practical Grammar of the Paali LanguageChapter 1The Alphabet". #$e Paali Alp$aet consists of %" letters& namel'( )vo*els, + dip$t$ons, -+ consonants and one accessor'

nasal sound called Nia$iita.+. #$e vo*els are divided into s$ort and lon& t$e s$ortvo*els are( a, i, u& t$e lon vo*els are aa, ii, uu.-. #$e value of a lon vo*el is aout t*ice t$at of a s$ortone, so t$at it takes t*ice as muc$ time to pronounce a lonvo*el as to pronounce a s$ort one.%. #$e sin of a lon vo*el is a das$ placed over it. esidest$e aove t$ree lon vo*els, all s$ort vo*els areprosodicall' lon t$at come efore a conjunct or doule

consonant( for instance, in $ikk$u, ra.t.t$a and pupp$a, t$e/i efore kk$, t$e /a efore .t.t$ and t$e /u efore pp$ aresaid to e lon.!on also are a, i, u *$en follo*ed ' .m 0nia$iita1, as in(pupp$a.m, 2o*er& cakk$u.m, e'e& kapi.m, monke'.3. #$e t*o dip$t$ons are e and o, *$ic$ are al*a's lon.

#$e' are dip$t$ons onl' rammaticall', ecause t$e' are


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supposed to e t$e product of t$e meetin and contractionof t*o vo*els 0a 4 i = e& and a 4 u = o1. In realit' andpracticall' t$e' are simple vo*els.). #$e consonants are divided into( +3 mutes, 3 semi/vo*els,

one siilant and one aspirate 0spirant1. #$e +3 mutes aredivided, accordin to t$e place of t$eir formation andutterance, into 3 roups of 3 letters eac$.

#$e follo*in tale s$o*s at a lance t$e classi5cation of allt$e letters(

6onsonants

Mutes

Surds Sonants

7naspirate

Aspirate

7naspirate

Aspirate

Nasals

Semi

/vo*els

Spirant

Siilant

8o*els

!i9uids

utterals

k k$ $ :n $a,aa e

o

palatals c c$ j j$ ;n ' i,ii

linuals

.t .t$ .d .d$ .n r, .l

dentals

t t$ d d$ n ls0surd1

laial

s

p p$ $ m vu,u

u.m 0nia$iita1 / sonant


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it is a linual ecause it is pronounced as t$e letters of t$atclass 0.t, .t$, etc.1.. .m or nia$iita comports, properl' speakin, noclassi5cation& it is merel' a nasal reat$in found onl' after

t$e s$ort vo*els( a.m, i.m, u.m.>. #$e Gutterals are so called from t$eir ein pronounced int$e t$roat&

#$e Palatals, from ein uttered ' pressin t$e tonue ont$e front/palate&

#$e !inuals are formed ' rinin t$e up/turned tip of t$etonue in contact *it$ t$e ack of t$e palate&

#$e Dentals are so called from t$eir ein pronounced *it$t$e aid of t$e teet$&

#$e !aials are formed ' means of t$e lips&

#$e Nasals are sounded t$rou$ t$e nose$e Siilant $as a $issin sound& and,#$e Spirant a stron aspirated reat$in.#$e Mutes are so called on account of t$eir not ein readil'pronounced *it$out t$e aid of a vo*el&Surds, are $ard, 2at, and toneless&

#$e Sonants are soft and uttered *it$ a c$ecked tone$e !i9uids, readil' comine *it$ ot$er consonants( 0e?cept,per$aps, .l1&

#$e Aspirates are pronounced *it$ a stron reat$in or $sound added to t$em$e 7naspirates are pronounced naturall', *it$out e@ort and*it$out t$e $ sound.The PronunciationThe Vowels". a is pronounced like a in art.aa is pronounced like a in fat$er.i is pronounced like i in sin, pin.ii is pronounced like ee in een, s$een.u is pronounced like u in put, ull.uu is pronounced like oo in fool, oon.e is pronounced like a in tale, fate.o is pronounced like o in one, stone.The Consonants


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"". Bemark. In all cases, t$e aspirates are pronounced liket$e unaspirates, ut *it$ t$e addition of a stron $ sound&$ence t$e pronunciation of t$e unaspirates onl' is iven.k is pronounced like k in kin.

is pronounced like arden, o.:n is pronounced like n in kin, rin.c is pronounced like c$ in c$urc$, c$ip.

j is pronounced like jail, jar.;n is pronounced like n' in an'an.t is pronounced like t in tale, tack.t$, it must e orne in mind, is never pronounced like t$eCnlis$ /t$, in suc$ *ords as( t$e, t$in, etc. It is merel' /t,uttered *it$ an [email protected] is pronounced like d in deed.

n is pronounced like n in na.p is pronounced like p in part.p$, it must e remarked, is simpl' t$e aspirate of p, andou$t not to e pronounced like f 0as in( p$ilosop$'1. is pronounced like in ook.m, ', r, l, s, $ are pronounced like t$e correspondin Cnlis$letters.v, not preceded ' a consonant $as t$e sound of v, in vine,vile. ut preceded ' a consonant, it is sounded like * in

*ind, *in& tvaa, t$erefore, is pronounced t*aa..m, 0nia$iita1, found al*a's at t$e end of *ords is, inurma, pronounced like m in, jam, ram& in 6e'lon, it is ivent$e sound of n in, rin, kin.Conjunct Consonants"+. #*o consonants comin toet$er form *$at is called aconjunct or doule consonant. For instance, in( vassa, katt$aand pandaapeti, t$e ss, tt$, and nd, are conjunctconsonants."-. nl' t$e letters of a same vaa or roup 0viE., t$e 5vedivisions of t$e mutes( utterals, palatals, etc.1, can erou$t toet$er to form a conjunct consonant( t$e 5rst andsecond, and t$e t$ird and fourt$ onl'( t$e 5ft$ letter of eac$roup, t$at is t$e nasal, can e coupled *it$ an' of t$e ot$erfour consonants in its roup.Chapter II


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Sanhi !"uphon#$"%. Sand$i 0union1 is t$at part of t$e rammar *$ic$ treatsof t$e eup$onic c$anes t$at occur *$en one *ord is joinedto anot$er.

"3. Generall' t$ese c$anes occur0a1 $en a *ord endin in a vo*el is joined to a *ordeinnin *it$ a vo*el.01 $en a *ord endin in a vo*el, is joined to anot$er *ordeinnin *it$ a consonant.0c1 $en a *ord endin in nia$iita 0.m1 is follo*ed ' a*ord einnin eit$er *it$ a vo*el or *it$ a consonant."). From t$e aove it *ill e seen t$at sand$i is of t$reekinds(0I1 8o*el/sand$i, 0II1 Mi?ed sand$i and 0III1 Nia$iita/sand$i.

%emar&s'It is not asolutel' necessar' t$at t$e students$ould master t$orou$l' t$e rules of sand$i eforeeinnin t$e stud' of t$e ot$er c$apters& ut $e s$ouldread t$em once carefull', and al*a's refer to t$em*$enever in t$e course of $is readin $e 5nds forms andcominations t$at puEEle $im.I' Vowel(Sanhi"


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Clision of e, ladd$o me 4 okaaso = ladd$o mokaaso.aat$aa me 4 udiiritaa = aat$aamudiiritaa.

Clision of o, eso 4 aavuso aa'asmaa = esaavuso

aa'asmaa.%emar&s'$en ii is follo*ed ' a vo*el it is ver' seldomelided( in t$e e?pression tu.n$assa, $o*ever, *e $ave ane?ample of its elision& tu.n$assa = tu.n$ii 4 assa& tu.n$iia$esu.m, remains *it$out c$ane.". A vo*el comin after anot$er vo*el ma', if it isdissimilar, e elided.")amples0i1 cakk$u 4 indri'a.m = cakk$undri'a.m.

0ii1 'assa 4 idaani = 'assidaani.">. #$e 5rst vo*el $avin een elided t$e follo*in vo*elma' e lent$ened.")amples0i1 tatra 4 a'a.m = tatraa'a.m.0ii1 sa 4 att$ika = saatt$ika.0iii1 kiki 4 iva = kikiiva.0iv1 kamma 4 upanissa'o = kammuupanissa'o.0Note( A s$ort vo*el, a, i, u, is lent$ened ' puttin a H/H0Das$1 over it1.+. Sometimes t$e second vo*el $avin een elided, t$eprecedin vo*el is lent$ened.")amples0i1 vi 4 atimaanenti = viitimaanenti.0ii1 ki.msu 4 id$a vitta.m = ki.msuud$a vitta.m.+". Generall'(0i1 a or aa 4 i or ii = e.0ii1 a or aa 4 u or uu = o.")amples

I' a or aa * i or ii0i1 upa 4 ikk$ati = upekk$ati.0ii1 jina 4 iiritana'o = jineritana'o.0iii1 ava 4 ecca = avecca.0iv1 and$ussa 4 iva = and$usseva.")ceptions


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0a1 iti preceded ' a ecomes aati, as(0i1 tassa 4 iti = tassaati.0ii1 tissa 4 iti = tissaati.01 i ma' e elided after a& as(

0i1 pana 4 ime = paname.0ii1 tena 4 ime = tename.0c1 Sometimes aa 4 i ecomes i& as(se''at$aa 4 ida.m = se''at$ida.m.II' a or aa * u or uu0i1 canda 4 uda'o = candoda'o.0ii1 na 4 upeti = nopeti.0iii1 udaka 4 uumi = udakomi.0iv1 'at$aa 4 udaka = 'at$odaka.++. $en t*o vo*els of t$e same oran meet, t$e result is

enerall' lon( t$at is,a 4 a = aa, a 4 aa = aa, aa 4 a = aa, aa 4 aa = aa.i 4 i = ii, i 4 ii = ii, ii 4 i = ii, ii 4 ii = ii.u 4 u = uu, u 4 uu = uu, uu 4 u = uu, uu 4 uu = uu.")amples0i1 ;naa.na 4 aalokena = ;naa.naalokena.0ii1 demi 4 iti = demiiti.+-. i and u ma', efore vers einnin *it$ a vo*el, remainunc$aned.

")amples0i1 aat$aa$i ajj$a$aasi.0ii1 ad$ivaasesi avi$a;n;namaano.0iii1 satt$u adaasi.+%. A 5nal vo*el ma' remain unc$aned efore an' ot$ervo*el *$en not follo*ed ' iti, in t$e follo*in cases(0a1 In nouns in t$e vocative case( kassappa eta.m.01 In a *ord endin in a lon vo*el if it does not form acompound *it$ t$e follo*in *ord( $aavaau.t.t$aa'aasanaa.0c1 After particles, vo*els remain unc$aned.")amples0i1 at$o 4 anto ca = at$o anto ca.0ii1 at$a k$o 4 aa'asmaa = at$a k$o aa'asmaa.0iii1 no 4 atikkamo = no atikkamo.


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%emar&s'#$e particles, called nipaata, are indeclinale&t$e' are rat$er numerous. #$e follo*in are a fe* of t$emand t$e most common( at$o, at$a, 'eva, ad$o, 'at$aa,tat$aa, taava, 'aava, eva, ivaa, va, re, are, ca, $i, tu, kacci,

k$o, k$alu, kira, pana, ce, nanu, nuuna, naama, etc., etc.

"

"#$ere are t*o kinds of indeclinale *ords( t$e nipaata oradvers and t$e upasaa, or prepositions. #$e latternumer onl' +( aa, u, ati, pati, pa, pari, ava, paraa, ad$i,a$i, anu, upa, apa, api, sa.m, vi, ni, nii, su, du, 0saddaniiti(catupadavi$aaa1. All t$e ot$er indeclinales are of coursenipaata.+ote'Final vo*els efore particles einnin *it$ a, i, e, as(at$a, iva, eva, follo* t$e rules of sand$i, as&0i1 itt$ii 4 iti = itt$iiti.

0ii1 sae 4 eva = saeva.0iii1 so 4 eva = sveva.0iv1 na 4 ett$a = nett$a.0d1 i and u efore a ver ma' remain unc$aned( 0see +-1+3. #$e vo*el e, *$en follo*ed ' a lon dissimilar vo*eland also *$en follo*ed ' a s$ort dissimilar vo*el follo*ed' a conjunct consonant, ma' e elided.")amples0i1 me 4 aasi = maasi.

0ii1 sace 4 assa = sacassa.+). After o, a vo*el is usuall' elided.")amples0i1 'o 4 a$a.m = 'o$a.m.0ii1 cattaaro 4 ime = cattaarome.Transformation of Vowels into Semi(vowels+


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01 In suc$ *ords as( me, te, ke, 'e, etc., e is c$aned to ',and, if t$e a follo*in e stands efore a sinle consonant it islent$ened to aa.")amples

0i1 me 4 a$a.m = m'aa$a.m.0ii1 me 4 a'a.m = m'aa'a.m.0iii1 te 4 a'a.m = t'aa'a.m.0iv1 te 4 a$a.m = t'aa$a.m.0v1 ke 4 assa = k'assa 0-%1.")ceptions0a1 Final e ma' e elided efore a lon vo*el( me 4 aasi =maasi.01 Final e ma' e elided efore a s$ort vo*el follo*ed ' adoule consonant( sace 4 assa = sacassa.

0c1 Final e sometimes elides a follo*in vo*el( 0i1 te 4 ime = teme. 0ii1 sace 4 ajja = sacejja.0d1 Final e 4 a ma' ive aa( sace 4 a'a.m = sacaa'a.m.0c1 $en u is follo*ed ' a dissimilar vo*el, it is c$aned tov.")amples0i1 anu 4 eti = anveti.0ii1 d$aatu 4 anta = d$aatvanta.

0iii1 d$aatu 4 att$a = d$aatvatt$a.0iv1 a$u 4 aaaad$o = a$vaaaad$o.0v1 su 4 aaata.m = svaaata.m.0vi1 anu 4 a.d.d$amaasa.m = anva.d.d$amaasa.m.")ceptions0a1 Final u ma' e elided efore a dissimilar vo*el( sametu 4aa'asmaa = sametaa'asmaa.01 Not seldom, u 4 i ives uu( saad$u 4 iti = saad$uuti.0d1 Final o, ma' e c$aned to v efore a dissimilar vo*el.")amples0i1 ko 4 att$o = kvatt$o.0ii1 aamaa nu k$o 4 id$a = aamaa nu k$vid$a.0iii1 'ato 4 ad$ikara.na.m = 'atvad$ikara.na.m.0iv1 'o 4 a'a.m = 'vaa'a.m.")ceptions


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Final o efore a lon vo*el or a s$ort vo*el follo*ed ' adoule consonant, is enerall' elided(0i1 kuto 4 ett$a = kutett$a.0ii1 tato 4 udd$a.m = tatudd$a.m.

0iii1 ta'o 4 assu = ta'assu.%emar&s'". #$e c$ane of u and o, to v occurs c$ie2' *$en u or o,comes after one of t$e follo*in consonants( k, k$, t, t$, d,na, ', s and $ 0saddaniiti, part III sand$isuttamaalaa1.+. Sometimes, after i or ii, ' is inserted efore a *ordeinnin *it$ a vo*el, to avoid $iatus(0i1 ai 4 aaaare = ai'aaaare.0ii1 sattamii 4 att$e = sattamii'att$e.-. Similarl', to avoid a $iatus, a v is inserted et*een 5nal u

and anot$er vo*el(0i1 du 4 a:nika.m = duva:nika.m.0ii1 $ikk$u 4 aasane = $ikk$uvaasane. 0See elo*6onsonantal Insertions.1Consonantal Insertions+. 0a1 Not seldom, to avoid a $iatus, a consonant is insertedet*een t*o vo*els.01 #$e consonants t$us inserted are( ', v, m, d, n, t, r, l0=.l1, and $. 0Saddaniitii ives also, $.1

0c1 f t$ese, t$e most fre9uentl' used are( d, r, m, ' and v.%emar&s'Some of t$ese consonants are mere revivals fromt$e older lanuae, as in( puna 4 eva = punareva. ere, t$er is simpl' revived.")amples of Insertion of ConsonantsInsertion of '(0i1 na 4 imassa = na'imassa.0ii1 maa 4 evam = maa'eva.m.0iii1 santi 4 eva = santi'eva.Insertion of v(0i1 $uu 4 aadaa'a = $uuvaadaa'a.0ii1 miii $antaa 4 udikk$ati = miii $antaa vudikk$ati.0iii1 pa 4 uccati = pavuccati.Insertion of m(0i1 id$a 4 aa$u = id$amaa$u.


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0ii1 la$u 4 essati = la$umessati.0iii1 $aa'ati 4 eva = $aa'atimeva.Insertion of d(0i1 saki 4 eva = sakideva.

0ii1 taava 4 eva = taavadeva.0iii1 sammaa 4 a;n;naa = sammaada;n;naa.%emar&s'#$e insertion of d, is constant after t$e particle u,and ver' fre9uent after( saki.m, kenaci, ki;nci, kinni;nci,koci, sammaa, 'aava, taava, puna& as *ell as after t$e asesof pronouns suc$ as( 'a, ta, sa etc.+, as(u 4 ao = udao&u 4 apaadi = udapaadi&kenaci 4 eva = kenacideva&'aava 4 att$a.m = 'aavadatt$a.m&

puna 4 eva = punadeva&ta 4 att$a.m = tadatt$a.m&ta 4 antaro = tadantaro&eta 4 att$a.m = etadatt$a.m.Insertion of n(0i1 ito 4 aa'ati = itonaa'ati.0ii1 cira.m 4 aa'ati = cira.m naa'ati or cirannaa'ati 0-1.Insertion of t(0i1 'asmaa 4 i$a = 'asmaati$a.

0ii1 ajja 4 ae = ajjatae.%emar&s'#$e insertion of t, mostl' takes place after t$e*ords( 'aava, taava, ajja, efore i$a and aa.Insertion of r(0i1 ni 4 antara.m = nirantara.m.0ii1 ni 4 oja.m = niroja.m.0iii1 du 4 atikkamo = duratikkamo.0iv1 du 4 aajaano = duraajaano.0v1 paatu 4 a$osi = paatura$osi.0vi1 catu 4 aarakk$aa = caturaarakk$aa.+ma$aaruupasidd$i 0sand$i1. It must, $o*ever, e remarkedt$at t$e d is, in most *ords, a survivance from t$e olderlanuae& Sansk, $as invarial' preserved it. #$us u, of t$enative Paali rammarians is ut t$e Sansk( ud& so ...ci, ...cid.etc.%emar&s'


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". et*een tat$aa eva and 'at$aa eva, ri is often inserted&t$e aa precedin is s$ortened and t$e e of eva elided(tat$ariva, 'at$ariva.+. #$is consonant r, is enerall' inserted after( t$e particles(

ni, du, paatu, puna, d$i, paata, catu, and a fe* ot$ers. Inmost cases it is simpl' revived.Insertion of l = .l(0i1 c$a 4 a:naam = c$a.la:na.m.0ii1 c$a 4 a.msa = c$a.la.msa.%emar&s'l = .l is enerall' inserted after c$a 0si?1.Insertion of $(0i1 su 4 ujuca = su$ujuca.0ii1 su 4 u.t.t$ita.m = su$u.t.t$ita.m.II' Consonantal Sanhi

+>. 6onsonantal sand$i occurs *$en a *ord endin in avo*el is follo*ed ' a *ord einnin *it$ a consonant.-. In t$e majorit' of cases, 6onsonantal sand$i is resortedto, to meet t$e e?iencies of metres ut not al*a's.-". efore a consonant, a lon vo*el ma' e s$ortened(0i1 'at$aa 4 $aavi 4 u.nena = 'at$a$aaviu.nena.0ii1 'i.t.t$a.m vaa $uta.m vaa loke = 'i.t.t$a.m va $uta.m valoke.-+. A vo*el, efore a consonant, if s$ort, ma' e

lent$ened(0i1 eva.m aame muni care = eva.m aame muni care.0ii1 du 4 rakk$a.m = duurakk$a.m.0iii1 su 4 rakk$a.m = suurakk$a.m.--. A consonant follo*in a *ord or a particle endin in avo*el, is enerall' reduplicated.")amples0i1 id$a 4 pamaado = id$appamaado.0ii1 su 4 pa.t.t$ito = suppa.t.t$ito.0iii1 vi 4 pa'utto = vippa'utto.0iv1 a 4 pativatti'o = appativatti'o.0v1 pa 4 kamo = pakkamo.0vi1 'at$aa 4 kama.m = 'at$akkama.m. 0-%10vii1 anu 4 a$o = anua$o.0viii1 vi 4 jotati = vijjotati.0i?1 kata 4 ;nuu = kata;n;nuu.


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0?1 du 4 la$o = dulla$o.0?i1 du 4 siilo = dussiilo.%emar&s'". v, after a vo*el ecomes (

0i1 ni 4 vaana.m = niaana.m.0ii1 ni 4 vaa'ati = niaa'ati.0iii1 du 4 vinicc$a'o = duinicc$a'o.+. Beduplication of t$e consonants takes place enerall'after t$e pre5?es( u, upa, pari, ati, pa, a, anu, etc.-. #$e constant rule in reduplication is t$at an aspirate isreduplicated ' an unaspirate, and an unaspirate ' anunaspirate. #$at is to sa', an unaspirate is reduplicated 'itself.-%. #$e vo*el precedin a conjunct consonant ein

prosodicall' lon, t$e naturall' lon vo*els( aa, ii, uu, arenot allo*ed to stand efore a doule consonant.-3. $en, accordin to para 0--1, a consonant isreduplicated after a particle endin in a lon vo*el, t$isvo*el is s$ortened(0i1 aa 4 kamati = akkamati.0ii1 paraa 4 kamo = parakkamo.")ceptions

#$ere are, $o*ever, a fe* e?ceptions to paras -%, -3. #$e

follo*in are t$e most common e?amples(0i1 na 4 a;n;na = naa;n;na.0ii1 na 4 assa = naassa.0iii1 na 4 assu = naassu.0iv1 kasmaa 4 assa = kasmaassa.0v1 tatra 4 assa = tatraassa.0vi1 sa 4 antevaasiko = saantevaasiko.0vii1 sa 4 att$i = saatt$i.0viii1 vedanaa 4 k$and$o = vedanaakk$and$o, etc.-). 0a1 efore a consonant, t$e o in so, eso, ma' e c$anedto a(0i1 eso d$ammo or esa d$ammo.0ii1 so muni or sa muni.01 Sometimes, t$is c$ane occurs even efore a vo*el, t$uscreatin a $iatus, *$ic$ is allo*ed to remain( so att$o or saatt$o.


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0c1 #$e same c$ane 0of o to a1, occurs also, ut not sofre9uentl', in( a'o 0iron1, mano 0t$e mind1, tamo 0darkness1,paro 0ot$er1, tapo 0penance, morti5cation1 and a fe* ot$ers(a'opatta.m or a'apatta.m, etc.

III' +iggahiita Sanhi-


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0i1 sa.m 4 'utta.m = sa;n;nutta.m.0ii1 sa.m 4 'oo = sa;n;noo.%emar&s'Not seldom, no coalescence takes place, and ot$letters remain unc$aned( sa.m'utta.m& sa.m'ojana.m.

%+. $en precedin a vo*el, nia$iita ecomes m(0i1 ta.m 4 att$a.m = tam att$a.m.0ii1 'a.m 4 aa$u = 'am aa$u.0iii1 ki.m 4 eta.m = kim eta.m.%emar&s'Bules -> and %+, are not strictl' ad$ered to inte?ts edited in Boman c$aracters& in prose aove all,nia$iita is allo*ed to remain unc$aned efore a vo*el ora consonant, even in t$e middle of a *ord sometimes& inpoetr', t$e retention of nia$iita or its c$ane to m eforea vo*el, is reulated ' t$e e?iencies of t$e metres.

%-. Sometimes, nia$iita efore a vo*el, ma' ecome d(0i1 eta.m 4 att$o = etadatt$o.0ii1 eta.m 4 eva = etadeva.0iii1 eta.m 4 avoca = etadavoca.0iv1 'a.m 4 anantara.m = 'adanantara.m.0v1 'a.m 4 ida.m = 'adida.m.%emar&s'#$e c$ane of nia$iita into d is more 5ctitioust$an real& in most e?amples, t$e d is simpl' a survivance.0See Insertion of consonants1.

%%. Nia$iita, efore a vo*el or a consonant ma' e elided(0i1 taasa.m 4 a$a.m santike = taasaa$a.m santike.0ii1 ari'asaccaana.m 4 dassana.m =ari'asaccaanadassana.m.0iii1 eta.m udd$aana.m 4 saasana.m = eta.mudd$aanasaasana.m.%3. A nia$iita ma' sometimes e inserted efore a vo*elor a consonant(0i1 ava siro = ava.msiro.0ii1 manopua amaa = manopua:namaa.0iii1 cakk$u 4 udapaadi = cakk$u.m udapaadi.0iv1 'aava cid$a $ikk$ave = 'aava;ncid$a.%). After nia$iita, a vo*el ma' e elided(0i1 ki.m 4 iti = kinti.0ii1 ida.m 4 api = ida.m pi.


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0iii1 cakka.m 4 iva = cakka.m va.0iv1 kali.m 4 idaani = kali.m daani or kalin daani.Interchange of Letters%


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I $ave remarked t$at, alt$ou$ t$e rules of sand$i, ase?plained in t$e precedin c$apter, are readil' understoodand applied ' t$e 'oun students, t$e la*s of assimilationpuEEle t$em not a little, and retard t$eir readin muc$ more

t$an is necessar'. #$e dicult' t$us e?perienced arises fromt$eir inorance of Sanskrit, *it$out at least a sli$tkno*lede of *$ic$, t$e stud' of Paali ecomes sensil'more dicult.In t$e follo*in pararap$s, I s$all tr' and e?plain assuccinctl' and as clearl' as possile, t$e rules ofassimilation. #$e student cannot e too muc$ recommendedto stud' t$orou$l' t$is c$apter and to refer to it constantl'in t$e course of $is studies.3+. Assimilation is t$e lendin into one of t*o consonantal

sounds. It involves t$e c$ane of one sound to anot$er oft$e same series, ut sometimes also to a sound of anot$erseries. 0See c$art at end of para )1.3-. Assimilation is of t*o kinds(0i1 #$e initial consonant is assimilated to t$e 5nal consonantof t$e precedin *ord. #$is is called Proressive Assimilation.0ii1 #$e 5nal consonant of t$e precedin *ord is assimilatedto t$e initial consonant of t$e *ord t$at follo*s. #$is is calledBeressive Assimilation.

I' Progressive Assimilation0a1 la 0to clin1 4 na = lana = laa 0clun1.01 ud$ 0to kno*1 4 ta = ud$ta = udd$a 0kno*n1.It *ill e remarked t$at in e?ample 0a1 t$e n 0dental1 $aseen assimilated to t$e *$ic$ elons to anot$er series0utteral1. In 01, t$e t, ecome d, assimilates to t$eprecedin d$, ot$ ein sounds of t$e same series0dentals1.II' %egressive Assimilation0a1 lip 0to smear1 4 ta = lipta = litta 0smeared1.01 dam 0to sudue1 4 ta = damta = danta 0sudued1.In t$ese t*o e?amples, p in 0a1, is assimilated to initial t andpasses to anot$er series of sounds. In 01, m like*ise passinto anot$er series, assimilates itself to t and ecomes n.General %ules of Assimilation


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3%. Assimilation takes place mostl' in t$e formation of t$ePassive 8oice, t$e Passive Perfect Participle, t$e ase ofvers of t$e t$ird conjuation, of t$e In5nitive, Gerund, t$ePotential Passive Participle and in t$e formation of t$e

Desiderative& also under t$e in2uence of certain su?es int$e derivation of *ords.33. In Paali, reressive assimilation is t$e more common.3). $en a mute meets *it$ an initial mute 0non/nasal1,t$ere is reressive assimilation enerall', t$at is t$e 5rstconsonant is assimilated to t$e second(0i1 sak 4 ta = sakta = satta.0ii1 sak 4 t$i = sakt$i = satt$i.3. A 5nal palatal"ein follo*ed ' a dental surd or sonore,assimilates it into a linual(0i1 maj 4 ta = ma.t.t$a or ma.t.ta.0ii1 pucc$ 4 ta = pu.t.t$a.

0iii1 icc$ 4 ta = i.t.t$a.0a1 j $o*ever sometimes is assimilated to t$e follo*in t(0iv1 $uj 4 ta = $utta.01 c also ecomes assimilated to t(0v1 muc 4 ta = mutta."#o etter understand t$ese c$anes, t$e student ou$t toear in mind t$at no *ord can end in a palatal nor in $,ecause t$ese letters are not primitive letters t$e palatals$ave sprun into e?istence from t$e contact of utteralconsonants *it$ certain vo*els& and $ represents an old $and is t$e aspirate of j& t$e oriinal utturals, t$erefore,reappear at t$e end of *ords eit$er pure or transformed intoa linual, and t$en assimilate or are assimilated ' t$efollo*in dental. For instance( pucc$ = pu.t$ 4 ta =pu.t.t$a, ut, muc = muk 4 ta = mukta = mutta& $uj =$uk 4 ta = $ukta = $utta& aain, maj = ma.t 0.t =


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Sansk. s1 4 ta = ma.t.ta. In Sansk., m.rj 4 ta = mrsta =0Paali(1 ma.t.ta.). ut an initial palatal assimilates a 5nal dental in palatal(0i1 ud 4 cinati = uccinati.

0ii1 ud 4 c$edii = ucc$edii.0iii1 ud 4 jala = ujjala.0iv1 ud 4 j$aa'ati = ujj$aa'ati.)". A 5nal linual assimilates a follo*in surd dental, 0t1(ku.t.t 4 ta = ku.t.t$a.)+. A 5nal dental is assimilated to t$e follo*in consonant(0i1 ud 4 a.n$aati = ua.n$aati.0ii1 ud 4 k$ipati = ukk$ipati.0iii1 ud 4 c$indati = ucc$indati.0iv1 ud 4 j$aa'ati = ujj$aa'ati.

0v1 ud 4 saa$a = ussaa$a.0vi1 ud 4 ti.n.na = utti.n.na.0vii1 ud 4 loketi = ulloketi.)-. $en initial t, follo*s a sonant aspirate, t$e assimilationis proressive( t$e 5nal sonant aspirate loses its aspiration,t$e follo*in t 0surd1 ecomes sonant, viE& d, and takin t$easpiration *$ic$ t$e 5nal sonant $as lost, ecomes d$.")amplesrud$ 4 ta = rud$ 4 da = rud 4 d$a = rudd$a.

%emar&'In t$e case of 5nal $, initial t $avin ecome d$,reressive assimilation takes place& la$ 4 ta = la$ 4 d =la 4 d$a = ladd$a.)%. efore an initial dental surd, a uttural or a laial surdunaspirate is enerall' assimilated(0i1 tap 4 ta = tapta = tatta.0ii1 sak 4 ta = sakta = satta.0iii1 sakt 4 $i = sakt$i = satt$i.0iv1 kam 4 ta = kamta = kanta.)3. An initial laial enerall' assimilates a precedin dentalsurd or sonant unaspirate(0i1 tad 4 purisa = tappurisa.0ii1 ud 4 $ijjati = u$ijjati.0iii1 ud 4 pajjati = uppajjati.0iv1 ud 4 majjati = ummajjati.


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)). A 5nal laial ma' assimilate an initial nasal(paap 4 no 4 ti = paapno 4 ti = pappoti.Assimilation of +asals). An initial nasal assimilates a precedin dental(ud 4 maa = un 4 maa = ummaa.%emar&'ere 5nal d, ein efore a nasal, is 5rst c$anedto t$e nasal of its class, t$at is n, and t$is n 0dental1 is t$enassimilated to m 0laial1. So for antvaa in 0)


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0vii1 a$i 4 okira.na.m = a$' okira.na.m = a$okira.na.m.0viii1 a$i 4 a;njana.m = a$' a;njana.m =a$a;njana.m.0i?1 aani 4 aa'o = aanv aa'o = a;n;naa'o. 0-%, -31+

#$e preposition pari, is often c$aned into pali.


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3. s 0or sa1 is assimilated ' t$e precedin consonant,$avin 5rst een transformed into a utteral or a palatal.). Final j 4 sa = kk$a(0i1 titij 4 sa = titikk$a.

0ii1 u$uj 4 sa = u$ukk$a.. Final s 4 sa = cc$a(

ji$as 4 sa = ji$acc$a.>. Final s assimilates a follo*in '(nas 4 'a = nassa. 0See para ". ut sometimes t$e comination remains unc$aned(

alasa 4 'a = aalas'a.>+. Final s, assimilates an initial t into a linual(0i1 kas 4 ta = ka.t.t$a.0ii1 kilis 4 ta = kili.t.t$a.0iii1 das 4 ta = da.t.t$a.>-. Initial s assimilates a precedin dental(0i1 ud 0or ut1 4 saa$a = ussaa$a.0ii1 ud 0or ut1 4 suka = ussuka.>%. Prett' often, s 4 t = t(

j$as 4 ta = j$atta.>3. Sometimes too, s 4 t = tt$(vas 4 ta = vutt$a.Assimilation of ->). Initial $ sometimes is c$aned to t$e mute aspirate oft$e class of t$e precedin 5nal consonant(0i1 ud 4 $arati = udd$arati.0ii1 ud 4 $ara.na = udd$ara.na.0iii1 ud 4 $ata 0$an1 = udd$ata.>


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%emar&s'8er' seldom, $ is assimilated to t$e follo*in ',le$ 4 'a = le''a.>>. $ is sometimes c$aned to $-& principall' in t$e root$an, to kill.

$anati, to kill, or $a.teti, to kill.$a;n;na, killin, from $an 0$an or $an 4 'a =$a;n;na1. $ammati, to o = $ammati, to o.-It must e rememered t$at $ is t$e aspirate of j, since itno* represents an ancient $ 03>, note1, and t$erefore, ineup$on', it is treated e?actl' as j, t$at is to sa' *$en 5nal itecomes sometimes k and sometimes t. #$e aove rules,*$ic$ ma' seem aritrar' are familiar to t$e Sanskritist.". Final $ 4 t ecomes enerall' dd$a(du$ 4 ta = dudd$a.

"". Sometimes also $ 4 t = d$(li$ 4 tu.m = led$u.m.0For t$e c$ane of i to e see HStrent$eninH1"+. It $as een said aove 0


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"). #$e result t$us otained is also called u.na 09ualit'1.". #$e follo*in tale of t$ese ver' useful c$anes s$oulde orne in mind.

Simplevo*el

Strent$enin oru.na

8o*el and semi/vo*el

a aa none

i, ii e a'

u, uu o av

"". Strent$enin occurs fre9uentl' in t$e formation ofveral ases, of 8erals 0See c$apter on 8ers1 and in t$ederivation of *ords under t$e in2uence of certain su?es.%emar&s'In t$e derivation of Primar' and Secondar' Nouns0see Derivation1, it *ill simplif' matters to assume at oncet$at(i or ii 4 a = a'a.u or uu 4 a = ava.

e 4 a = a'a.o 4 a = ava.!b$ .etathesis""". C?amples of metat$esis $ave alread' 0


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""-. Cpent$esis is t$e insertion of a letter in t$e middle of a*ord.""%. Cpent$esis is resorted to mostl' to avoid a $iatus of t$ecollocation of consonants of di@erent orans(

")amples0i1 klesa ecomes kilesa.0ii1 aacaar'a ecomes aacaari'a.0iii1 tia:nula ecomes tiva:nula.0iv1 $'o ecomes $ii'o or $i''o.0v1 ar$isa ecomes ari$isa.0vi1 $rada ecomes $arada.0vii1 ar$ati ecomes ara$ati.0viii1 srii ecomes sirii.0i?1 $rii ecomes $irii.

0?1 plavati ecomes pilavati.!$ /ropping of S#llables""3. Sometimes, for t$e sake of t$e metre, or to facilitatepronunciation, *$ole s'llales are dropped(0i1 a$i;n;naa'a sacc$ikatvaa, ecomes, a$i;n;naasacc$ikatvaa.0ii1 jamudiipa.m avekk$anto addasa, ecomes,

jamudiipa.m avekk$anto adda.0iii1 dasasa$assii, ecomes, dasa$assi.

0iv1 c$ada:nula, ecomes, c$a:nula.A Practical Grammar of the Paali LanguageChapter V/eclension""). 0a1 Declension is t$e addin to t$e stems of nouns andadjectives certain su?es *$ic$ s$o* case, ender andnumer.01 #$e stem or ase of a noun is t$at noun as it standsefore an' su? $as een added to it.0c1 Paali $as t$ree enders( t$e masculine, t$e feminine andt$e neuter.0d1 Paali does not strictl' follo* t$e natural division of male,female, etc, in assinin ender to nouns, man' nouns *$ic$are masculine in Cnlis$ are feminine or neuter in Paali andvice/versa& a reat numer of nouns *$ic$ *e consider as


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neuter are, some masculine, some feminine in Paali. #$is iscalled rammatical ender.0e1 #$ere are t*o numers( t$e sinular and t$e plural.0f1 #$ere are ei$t cases.

". Nominative, s$o*in t$e suject of t$e sentence.+. Genitive, s$o*in possession 0of, s1.-. Dative, s$o*in t$e oject or person to or for *$om

somet$in is iven or done.%. Accusative, t$is is t$e oject of t$e sentence.3. Instrumentive, s$o*s t$e oject or person *it$ or '

*$om somet$in is performed.). Alative, enerall' s$o*in separation, e?pressed '

from.


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Ins. aa Ins. $i

Al. smaa Al. $i

!oc. smi.m !oc. su

8oc.0like t$e stem ofNom.1

8oc.0like t$eNom.1

01 Most of t$e aove su?es are t$eoretical onl', in practicet$e' di@er consideral' accordin to ender and case. #$eactual su?es *ill e iven *it$ eac$ declension.Vowel /eclension/eclension of stems ening in a !short$"">. 0a1 #$e reat ulk of nouns and adjectives elon to

t$is declension, and as t$e ot$er declensions $ave orro*edseveral of its su?es, its t$orou$ master' is mostimportant and *ill reatl' facilitate t$e stud' of t$e ot$erdeclensions.01 Nouns endin in a, are all masculine or neuter."+. #$e follo*in are t$e su?es of masculine nouns t$estem of *$ic$ ends in a(

Sinular Plural

Nom

. o

Nom

.

aa,

aase

Gen. ssa Gen. na.m

Dat. ssa, aa'a Dat. na.m

Acc. .m Acc. e

Ins. ina Ins.e$i,e$i

Al.aa, smaa, m$aa,to Al.

e$i,e$i

!oc. i, smi.m, m$i !oc. su

8oc.0like t$e stem1 andaa

8oc. a


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"+". #$ese su?es $ave to e attac$ed to t$e stems, takincare to oserve t$e sand$i rules *$ic$ ma' appl' *$ensu?es ein *it$ a vo*el& in ever' case t$e student s$ouldaccustom $imself to look up t$e rules, *$ic$ *ill e referred

to ' t$eir numers, and accustom $imself to account forever' form $e meets *it$, *$et$er nominal, veral orderivative. e s$ould rememer t$at a s'stematic stud'from t$e start *ill ensure t$orou$ness and eventuall' save$im a reat deal of laour and time."++. Declension of deva, od, anel

Sinular Plural

Nom.

devo, a od devaa, ods

Gen. devassa, a ods devaana.m, ods, of ods

Dat. devassa, to or for a od devaana.m, to or for ods

Acc. deva.m, a od deve, ods

Ins.devena, ', *it$ or onaccount of, a od

deve$i, deve$i, ', *it$,or on account, of ods

Al.devaa, devasmaa,devam$aa, devato, from aod

deve$i, deve$i, from ods

!oc.

deve, in, on, or upon a oddevasmi.m, on, or upon aoddevam$i, on, or upon, aod

devesu, in, on, or uponods

8oc. deva, devaa, odJ devaa, odsJ

")ercise'Decline like deva 0masc.1(nara, man.maata:na, elep$ant.'a$a, tier.sii$a, lion.mia, deer.orod$a, a seralio.


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and$aa, musician.d$amma, doctrine, ri$t.kacc$apa, tortoise.putta, son.

satta, ein.kuupa, a mast.su.msumaara, crocodile.makara, a sea monster.

%emar&s'0a1 #$e true Dat. sin. in aa'a $as no* enerall' eendisplaced ' t$e su? of t$e en. ssa& t$e Dat. aa'a isalmost e9ual to an ln5nitive and mostl' denotes intention.01 smaa and m$aa of t$e Al. and smi.m and m$i of t$e !oc.$ave een orro*ed from t$e pronominal declension 0see

Declension of Pronouns1.0c1 so is sometimes used also as an Al. sin. su?(vaaso, ' roups, $aaaso, ' s$are.0d1 saa is also found as an Ins. sin. su?, as( alasaa, 'force, forcil', talasaa, *it$ t$e sole of t$e foot.0e1 #$e Nom. plur. in aase, ver' scarce, corresponds to t$e8edic Nom. plur.0f1 e$i, of t$e Ins. and Al. plural, is mostl' used in poetr',and proal' comes from t$e 8edic /e$is.

01 efore o, Nom. sin., e$i, e$i, Ins. and Al. plur. and e,Acc. plur. 5nal a of t$e stem is dropped( deva 4 o = dev 4 o= devo, deva 4 e$i = dev 4 e$i = deve$i.0$1 efore su, !oc. plur. 5nal a of stem is c$aned to e.0i1 In t$e Dat., Ins., Al. and !oc. sin.& and in Nom. and 8oc.plur. t$e usual rules of Sand$i are reularl' follo*ed(

Sinular

Ins.deva 4 ina =devena

0+"/i1

Dat.deva 4 aa'a =devaa'a

0++1

!oc. deva 4 i = deve0+"/i1


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Al. deva 4 aa = devaa 0++1

Plural

Nom.

deva 4 a = devaa

deva 4 aase =devaase

0iid1

8oc. devaa 4 a = devaa0iid1

0j1 efore na.m, Gen. and Dat. plur., 5nal a of t$e stem islent$ened.deva 4 na.m = devaa 4 na.m = devaana.m."+-. Neuter nouns in a 0s$ort1

Su0)es Sinular Plural

Nom.

.m ni, a

Gen. ssa na.m

Dat. ssa, aa'a na.m

Acc. .m ni, e

Ins. ina e$i,e$i

Al.aa, smaa,m$aa, to

e$i,e$i

!oc. i, smi.m, m$i su

8oc. 0like t$e stem1 ni, a

"+%. Declension of ruupa 0neuter1, form

Sinular Plural

Nom.

ruupa.mruupaani,ruupaa

Gen. ruupassa ruupaana.m


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Dat. ruupassa, ruupaa'a ruupaana.m

Acc. ruupa.m ruupaani, ruupe

Ins. ruupena

ruupe$i,

ruupe$i

Al.rupaa, ruupasmaa, ruupam$aa,ruupato

ruupe$i,ruupe$i

!oc. ruupe, ruupasmi.m, ruupam$i ruupesu

8oc. ruuparuupaani,ruupaa

%emar&s'

0a1 ni is essentiall' t$e distinctive sin of neuter nouns in t$eNom., Acc., and 8oc. plur. in all declensions.01 #$e 5nal vo*el of t$e stem is lent$ened efore ni.")ercise'Decline like ruupa(

citta, mind.sota, ear.muula, root, price.ve.luri'a, coral.upa.t.t$aana, service.a$ata, clot$ 0ne*1.

jala, *ater.osaana, end.lo.na, salt.savana, $earin.vajira, diamond.saa.taka, arment.vaata, *ind.pesana, despatc$, sendin.'otta, rope.

pa.t.tana, a sea port.'udd$a, 5$t.pa.n.na, leaf.

%emar&s'0a1 It *ill e noticed t$at neuter nouns in a di@er from t$emasculine in a, in t$e Nom. sin. and in t$e Nom. Acc. and8oc. plur.& all t$e ot$er cases are identical.


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01 In t$e plur. t$e Nom., Acc. and 8oc. $ave t$e same form.0c1 #$e form in aani, of t$e Nom., Acc. and 8oc. plur. is t$emost common./eclension of nouns in aa !long$

"+3. All nouns endin in aa are feminine."+). Su?es

Sinular Plural

Nom.

/aa,'o

Gen. aa'a na.m

Dat. aa'a na.m

Acc. .m aa,'o

Ins. aa'a$i,$i

Al. aa'a, to$i,$i

!oc.aa'a.m,aa'a

su

8oc. eaa,'o

"+


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Al.ka;n;naa'a,ka;n;nato

ka;n;naa$i,ka;n;naa$i

!oc.ka;n;naa'a.m,ka;n;naa'a

ka;n;naasu

8oc. ka;n;naa, ka;n;neka;n;naa,ka;n;naa'o

%emar&s'0a1 efore to of t$e Al. sin. t$e 5nal vo*el, if lon, iss$ortened. So also efore .m of Acc. sin.01 #$e follo*in *ords all meanin mot$er $ave t*o formsin t$e 8oc. sin( ammaa amaa annaa taataa 8oc. Sin.ammaa amaa annaa taataa amma ama anna taata.

0c1 In t$e Acc. sin. 5nal aa is s$ortened.")ercise'Decline like ka;n;naa(

sadd$aa, fait$.med$aa, intellience.vijjaa, science.pa;n;naa, *isdom.ta.n$aa, lust, t$irst.mettaa, love.icc$aa, desire.

$ikk$aa, eed/food.aat$aa, stanEa.maalaa, arland.k$i.d.daa, pla', sport.puujaa, $onour.senaa, arm'.c$aa'aa, s$ado*.naavaa, oat.pipaasaa, t$irst.iivaa, t$roat.

velaa, time."+. Masculine nouns in aa 0lon1It $as een said aove 0"+31 t$at all nouns endin in aa arefeminine& ut t$ere are a ver' fe* e?amples of masculinenouns endin in aa. e ive elo* t$eir declension./eclension of saa og


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Sinular Plural

Nom.

saa saa

Gen. sassa saana.m

Dat. sassa, saa'a saana.m

Acc. sa.m saane

Ins. senasaa$i,saa$i

Al.saa, sasmaa,sam$aa

saa$i,saa$i

!oc.se, sasmi.m,sam$i

saasu

8oc. sa saa

%emar&s'0a1 t$e declension aove iven is accordin to ruupasidd$irammar ook.01 #$e declension iven in t$e Saddaniti di@ers sli$tl'(

Sinular Plural

Nom.

saa saa, saano

Gen. sassa saana.m

Dat. sassa saana.m

Acc.saana.m

saane

Ins. saanaasaane$i,saane$i

Al. saanaasaane$i,saane$i

!oc. saane saanesu


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8oc. sa saa, saano

#$e follo*in are declined like saa(paccakk$ad$ammaa, one to *$om t$e Doctrine isevident.a.n.diivand$avaa, Arjuna.maa, t$e moon.ra$aaO, sin.

Oniruttidiipanii, a sc$olium on moallaanav'aakara.na, arammar $eld in $i$ esteem in 6e'lon and urma.%emar&s'Masculine nouns in aa elon to t$e consonantaldeclension, ut native rammarians, consider t$em as stemsendin in a vo*el./eclension of nouns in i !short$

"+>. Nouns t$e stem of *$ic$ ends in i are masculine,feminine, and neuter. #$e' do not form a ver' numerousclass."-. Masc. nouns in iSu0)es

Sinular Plural

Nom.

/ ii, 'o

Gen. ssa, no na.m

Dat. ssa, no na.m

Acc. .m ii, 'o

Ins. naa$i,$i

Al.naa, smaa,m$aa

$i,$i

!oc. smi.m, m$i su

8oc. / ii, 'o

"-". Declension of kapi 0masc.1, monke'

Sinular Plural


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Nom.

kapi kapii, kapa'o

Gen. kapissa, kapino kapiina.m

Dat. kapissa, kapino kapiina.m

Acc. kapi.m kapii, kapa'o

Ins. kapinaakapii$i,kapii$i

Al.kapinaa, kapismaa,kapim$aa

kapii$i,kapii$i

!oc. kapismi.m, kapim$i kapiisu

8oc. kapi kapii, kapa'o

%emar&s'0a1 #$e Nom. and 8oc. sin. are like t$e stem.01 In t$e Nom., Acc. and 8oc. plur., 5nal i is c$aned to aefore su? 'o.0c1 o*ever 5nal i is sometimes preserved efore 'o, so t$at*e also $ave t$e form kapi'o 0rare1.0d1 In t$e plural, efore su?es( na.m, $i, $i, su, 5nal i islent$ened.0e1 Some rare and old forms are sometimes found(0i1 Gen. sin. endin in /e, as( mune.0ii1 !oc. sin. endin in /o, as( aado, and also0iii1 !oc. sin. endin in /e, as( ire.0iv1 Ins. sin. endin in /ena, as( ra.msena.0v1 Nom. plur. endin in /no, as( saramatino.0f1 Not seldom, t$e stem itself is used for almost all t$e casesin t$e sinular.")ercise'ords declined like kapi 0masc.1(

ai, 5re.kali, sin.sand$i, union.nid$i, a depositor'.saarat$i, a c$arioteer.'ati, a monk.a;njali, salutation.


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ari, an enem'.ondi, od'.iri, a mountain.uumi, a *ave.

ali, olation.senaapati, a eneral.a$apati, $ouse$older.

"-+. Feminine nouns in i 0s$ort1Su0)es

Sinular

Plural

Nom.

/ ii, 'o

Gen. aa na.m

Dat. aa na.m

Acc. .m ii, 'o

Ins. aa$i,$i

Al. aa$i,$i

!oc. aa, a.m su

8oc. / ii, 'o

"--. 0a1 Declension of ratti 0fem.1, ni$t

Sinular Plural

Nom.

rattirattii, ratti'o,rat'o

Gen. ratti'aa, rat'aa rattiina.m

Dat. ratti'aa, rat'aa rattiina.m

Acc. ratti.mrattii, ratti'o,rat'o

Ins. ratti'aa, rat'aa rattii$i, rattii$i


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Al. ratti'aa, rat'aa rattii$i, rattii$i

!oc.rati'aa, rat'aa, ratti'a.m,rat'a.m

rattiisu

8oc. ratti rattii, ratti'o,rat'o

%emar&s'0a1 #$ere is an ancient !oc. sin. in o( ratto.01 An Al. sin. in to, is also found( rattito.0c1 In t$e Gen., Dat., Ins., Al. and !oc. sin. a ' is insertedet*een t$e stem and t$e su? aa to avoid a $iatus, 0See+


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0a1 For t$e forms, jaccaa and jacca.m see rule 0


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Al.naa, smaa,m$aa

$i,$i

!oc. smi.m, m$i su

8oc. / nii, ii/eclension of vaari !neut'$ water

Sinular Plural

Nom.

vaari vaariini, vaarii

Gen. vaarissa, vaarino vaarina.m

Dat. vaarissa, vaarino vaarina.m

Acc. vaari.m vaariini, vaarii

Ins. vaarinaavaarii$i,vaarii$i

Al.vaarinaa, vaarismaa,vaarim$aa

vaarii$i,vaarii$i

!oc. vaarismi.m, vaarim$i vaariisu

8oc. vaari vaarini, vaarii

%emar&s'0a1 #$ere is also found a Nom. sin. in .m like t$e Acc., as,a.t.t$i.m, one, akk$i.m, e'e, etc.01 As usual, 5nal i is lent$ened efore ni, na.m, $i, $i andsu in t$e plural.")ercise'Decline like vaari 0neut1(

a.t.t$i, one.satt$i, t$e t$i$.akk$i, e'e.dad$i, milk curds.sappi, $ee.acc$i, e'e.c$adi, roof.ruupi, silver.

/eclensions of nouns in ii !Iong$


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"-3. #$ere are no neuter nouns endin in ii 0lon1."-). Masculine nouns in ii 0lon1Su0)es

Sinular Plural

Nom.

ii ii, no

Gen. ssa, no na.m

Dat. ssa, no na.m

Acc. .m, na.m ii, no

Ins. naa$i,$i

Al.naa, smaa,m$aa

$i,$i

!oc. smi.m, m$i su

8oc. ii ii, no

/eclension of a'n'ii !masc'$ menicant

Sinular Plural

Nom.

da.n.dii da.n.dii, da.n.dino

Gen. da.n.dissa, da.n.dino da.n.dina.m

Dat. da.n.dissa, da.n.dino da.n.dina.m

Acc.da.n.di.m,da.n.dina.m

da.n.dii, da.n.dino

Ins. da.n.dinaada.n.dii$i,

da.n.dii$i

Al.dandinaa,da.n.dismaa

da.n.dii$i,da.n.dii$i

!oc.da.n.dismi.m,da.n.dim$i

da.n.diisu


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8oc. da.n.dii da.n.dii, da.n.dino

%emar&s'0a1 A Nom sin. in i 0s$ort1 is sometimes met *it$( da.n.di.01 8oc. sin. in ni is also found( da.n.dini.0c1 Note t$at in all t$e oli9ue cases of t$e sinular t$e 5nal iof t$e stem is s$ortened efore t$e su?es.0d1 In t$e Nom. plur. a rare form in 'o is found formed on t$eanalo' of masc. in i 0s$ort1& as da.n.di'o.0e1 An Acc. plur. in 'e is occasionall' met *it$( da.n.di'e.0f1 It s$ould e noticed t$at efore no of t$e Nom., Acc. and8oc. plur. ii of t$e ase is s$ortened.01 An Acc. sin. in a.m *it$ t$e semi/vo*el ' developedefore it is met *it$( da.n.di'a.m.

0$1 An Al. sin. in to is found prett' fre9uentl' da.n.dito.")ercise'Decline like da.n.dii 0masc1(

saamii, lord.senaanii, a eneral.kapa.nii, pauper.sakk$ii, a *itness.mantii, minister.'odd$ii, *arrior.

"-


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Ins. aa$i,$i

Al. aa$i,$i

!oc. a, a.m su

8oc. ii ii, 'o

"->. Declension of nadii 0fem.1, river

Sinular Plural

Nom.

nadiinadii, nadi'o,najjo

Gen. nadi'aa, nad'aa, najjaa nadina.m

Dat. nadi'aa, nad'aa, najjaa nadina.m

Acc. nadi.mnadii, nadi'o,najjo

Ins. nadi'aa, nad'aa, najjaanadii$i,nadii$i

Al. nadi'aa, nad'aa, najjaanadii$i,

nadii$i

!oc.nadi'aa, nad'aa, najjaa, nadi'a.m,nad'a.m, najja.m

nadiisu

8oc. nadiinadii, nadi'o,najjo

%emar&s'0a1 #$ere is a Gen. plur. in aana.m, nadi'aana.m.01 In all t$e oli9ue cases of t$e sin, 5nal ii of t$e ase is

s$ortened& also efore 'o in t$e plural.0c1 For insertion of ' efore su?es einnin *it$ a vo*el,see +


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")ercise'Decline like nadii 0fem.1(pa.tii, canvas.aaraa.nasii, enares.lakk$ii, prosperit'.

raajinii, 9ueen.sii$ii, lioness.daii, spoon.paatii, o*l.$isii, mat.kumaarii, irl.sak$ii, a female friend.raa$ma.nii, a ra$min *oman.taru.nii, 'oun *oman.$ikk$unii, nun.

kaakii, a female cro*.vaanarii, ape.ma$ii, t$e eart$.'akk$ii, oress.miii, a doe.devii, n'mp$.vaapii, a reservoir, tank.

/elension of nouns in u !short$"%. #$e nouns endin in u 0s$ort1, are eit$er masculine,

feminine or neuter."%". Masculine nouns in u 0s$ort1Su0)es

Sinular Plural

Nom.

/ uu, o

Gen. ssa, no na.m

Dat. ssa, no na.m

Acc. .m uu, o

Ins. naa $i, $i

Al.naa, smaa,m$aa

$i, $i


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!oc. smi.m, m$i su

8oc. /uu, o,e

/eclension of bhi&&hu !masc'$ mon& Sinular Plural

Nom.

$ikk$u $ikk$uu, $ikk$avo

Gen. $ikk$ussa, $ikk$uno $ikk$uuna.m

Dat. $ikk$ussa, $ikk$uno $ikk$uuna.m

Acc. $ikk$u.m $ikk$uu, $ikk$avo

Ins. $ikk$unaa $ikk$uu$i, $ikk$uu$i

Al.$ikk$unaa, $isk$usmaa,$ikk$um$aa

$ikk$uu$i, $ikk$uu$i

!oc. $ikk$um$i, $ikk$usmi.m $ikk$uusu

8oc. $ikk$u$ikk$uu, $ikk$avo,$ikk$ave

%emar&s'

0a1 In a Nom. and an Acc. plural, 'o are sometimes met *it$in some *ords( jantu'o, $etu'o.01 efore su?es o and e, in t$e plural u of t$e stem orase is strent$ened and ecomes av. 0+


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ruru, a deer.taru, tree.$etu, cause.

"%+. Feminine nouns in u 0s$ort1

Su0)es Sinular Plural

Nom.

/uu,'o

Gen. 'aa na.m

Dat. 'aa na.m

Acc. muu,

'o

Ins. 'aa$i,$i

Al. 'aa$i,$i

!oc.'a.m,'aa

su

8oc. / uu,'o

"%-. Declension of d$enu 0fem.1, co*

Sinular Plural

Nom.

d$enu d$enuu, d$enu'o

Gen. d$enu'aa d$enuuna.m

Dat. d$enu'aa d$enuuna.mAcc. d$enu.m d$enuu, d$enu'o

Ins. d$enu'aad$enuu$i,d$enuu$i

Al. d$enu'aa d$enuu$i,


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d$enuu$i

!oc.d$enu'a.m,d$enu'aa

d$enuusu

8oc. d$enu d$enuu, d$enu'o%emar&s'0a1 An Al. sin. in to is common( d$enuto, jamuto.01 A Nom. plur. in o occurs *it$out strent$enin of 5nal uut *it$ insertion of v( d$enuuvo.0c1 Final u is, in t$e plural, lent$ened efore na.m, $i, $iand su.")ercise'Decline like d$enu(

d$aatu, an element.

'aau, rice ruel.rajju, strin.kare.nu, elep$ant.ku, t$e eart$.$anu, ja*.daddu, rin*orm.va.n.nu, sand.kaasu, a $ole, pit.ka.n.du, itc$.

kacc$u, sca.pi'a:nu, a medicinal plant.natt$u, nose.vijju, li$tnin.

"%%. Neuter nouns in u 0s$ort1Su0)es

Sinular Plural

Nom. Acc.8oc.

0!ike t$eMasculine1

uu, ni

0#$e rest like t$e masc.1"%3. Declension of cakk$u 0neut.1, e'e

Sinular Plural

Nom.

cakk$u cakk$uuni, cakk$uu


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Gen. cakk$ussa, cakk$unocakk$uno,cakk$uuna.m

Dat. cakk$ussa, cakk$uno cakk$uuna.m

Acc. cakk$u.m cakk$uuni, cakk$uu

Ins. cakk$unaacakk$uu$i,cakk$uu$i

Al.cakk$unaa, cakk$usmaa,cakk$um$aa

cakk$uu$i,cakk$uu$i

!oc. cakk$usmi.m, cakk$um$i cakk$uusu

8oc. cakk$u cakk$uuni, cakk$uu

%emar&s'#$ere is a form of t$e Nom. sin. in .m cakk$u.m.")ercise'ords declined like cakk$u 0neut.1(

d$anu, a o*.amu, *ater.daaru, *ood.aru, a *ound.mad$u, $one'.

janu, t$e knee.massu, t$e eard.

vatt$u, a stor'.matt$u, *$e'.aa'u, ae.assu, a tear.vasu, *ealt$.

/eclension of nouns uu !long$"%). 0a1 #$is declension includes masculine and femininenouns onl'.01 #$e su?es are muc$ t$e same as t$ose of t$e u 0s$ort1declension, and present no dicult'."%


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%emar&s'0a1 As in t$e masc., 5nal uu is s$ortened in t$e oli9ue casesof t$e sin.01 A form in to is also found in t$e Al. sin., vad$uto.

0c1 In t$e plural, efore 'o, 5nal uu is s$ortened.Stems ening in a iphthong"%>. All dip$t$onic stems $ave disappeared in Paali& onl'one suc$ stem remains, it is t$e *ord o, a co*.Special +ouns"3. 0I1 Declension of o 0dip$t$onic stem1, a co*

Sinular Plural

Nom.

o avo, aavo

Gen. avassa, aavassaava.m, ona.m,unna.m

Dat. avassa, aavassaava.m, ona.m,unna.m

Acc. ava.m, aava.m, avu.m, aavu.m avo, aavo

Ins. avena, aavenao$i, o$i,ave$i

Al.avaa, aavaa, avasmaa,aavasmaa, avam$aa, aavam$aa

o$i, o$i,ave$i

!oc.ave, aave, avasmi.m,aavasmi.m, avam$i, aavam$i

osu, avesu,aavesu

8oc. o avo, aavo

"3". 0II1 Declension of sak$aa, a friend 0Sansk. sak$i. #$estem is irreular. Masc.1

Sinular PluralNom.

sak$aasak$aa'o, sak$aano, sak$ino,sak$aa

Gen. sak$ino, sak$issasak$aaraana.m, sak$iina.m,sak$aana.m


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Dat. sak$ino, sak$issasak$aaraana.m, sak$iina.m,sak$aana.m

Acc.sak$aana.m, sak$a.m,sak$aara.m

sak$ii, sak$aa'o, sak$aano,sak$ino

Ins. sak$inaasak$aare$i, sak$aare$i,sak$e$i, sak$e$i

Al.sak$inaa, sak$aaraa,sak$arasmaa

sak$aare$i, sak$aare$i,sak$e$i, sak$e$i

!oc.sak$aarasmi.m,sak$aarim$i

sak$aaresu, sak$esu

8oc.sak$a, sak$aa, sak$i,sak$ii, sak$e

sak$aa'o, sak$aano, sak$ino,sak$aa

%emar&s'#$e student *ill perceive t$at sak$aa $as formselonin to stems in ar and ot$ers to stems in in. 0See(6onsonantal Declension.1Consonantal /eclension"3+. 0a1 #$e consonantal declension includes all nouns andadjectives *$ose stem ends in a consonant.01 Nouns t$e stem of *$ic$ ends in a consonant, are rat$erfe* and special, t$e majorit' of t$e *ords included in t$isdeclension ein adjectives endin in vat or mat, and all*ords endin in a nasal 0n1 ein considered as elonin tot$e vo*el declension, ' native rammarians.0c1 Most of t$e *ords of t$e consonantal declension seem tofollo* t*o declensions& some su?es elon to t$e vo*el,and ot$ers to t$e consonantal declension."3-. 0I1 Stems endin in a nasal 0n1"3%. Declension of attaa 0stem attan1, self 0stem in an,masc.1

Sinular Plural

Nom.

attaa attaano, attaa

Gen. attano, attassa attaana.m


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Dat. attano, attassa attaana.m

Acc.attaana.m, atta.m,attana.m

attaano, atte

Ins. attanaa, attena attane$i,attane$i

Al.attanaa, attasmaa,attam$aa

attane$i,attane$i

!oc.attani, attasmi.m,attam$i

attanesu

8oc. atta, attaa attaano, attaa

!ike attaa 0stem( attan1 are declined(aatumaa, self.mudd$aa, $ead.asmaa, stone.add$aa, road, distance, time.

"33. Declension of ra$maa 0stem ra$man, masc.1, ra$ma

Sinular Plural

Nom.

ra$maa ra$maano, ra$maa

Gen.ra$muno,ra$massa

ra$maanam, ra$muna.m

Dat.ra$muno,ra$massa

ra$maanam, ra$muna.m

Acc.ra$maana.m,ra$ma.m

ra$maano

Ins.

ra$manaa,

ra$munaa

ra$me$i, ra$me$i, ra$muu$i,

ra$muu$i

Al.ra$manaa,ra$munaa

ra$me$i, ra$me$i, ra$muu$i,ra$muu$i

!oc. ra$me, ra$mani ra$mesu

8oc. ra$me ra$maano, ra$maa


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%emar&s'In t$e !oc. sin. *e meet *it$ t$e forms in /smi.m, m$i( ra$masmi.m, ra$mam$i."3). Declension of raajaa 0stem raajan, masc.1, a kin

Sinular Plural

Nom.

raajaa raajaano, raajaa

Gen. ra;n;no, raajino, raajassara;n;nam, raajuuna.m,raajaana.m

Dat. ra;n;no, raajino, raajassara;n;nam, raajuuna.m,raajaana.m

Acc. raajaana.m, raaja.m raajaano

Ins. ra;n;naa, raajena, raajinaa raajuu$i, raajuu$i,raaje$i, raaje$i

Al.ra;n;naa, raajasmaa,raajam$aa

raajuu$i, raajuu$i,raaje$i, raaje$i

!oc.ra;n;ne, ra;n;ni, raajini,raajim$i, raajismi.m

raajuusu, raajesu

8oc. raaja, raajaa raajaano, raajaa

%emar&s'0a1 $en t$e *ord raajaa is used ' itself in a sentence, itfollo*s t$e aove declension, ut *$en it forms t$e last partof a compound as for instance in d$ammaraajaa,ma$aaraajaa, etc., it follo*s t$e declension of masculinenouns in a, like deva.01 #$e forms of t$e plural seem to point to a ase or stem inu( raaju.0c1 A fe* nouns t$e stem of *$ic$ ends in an, follo* t$e a

declension of masc. nouns like deva& t$e' are(vissakamma, t$e arc$itect of t$e ods.vivattacc$addo, $e ' *$om t$e veil 0of inorance1 isrolled ack 0from t$is *orld1.put$uloma, a 5s$.'akana, t$e liver.at$aana, t$e fourt$ veda


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and some ot$ers."3. Declension of mano 0stem manas1, t$e mind

Sinular Plural

Nom.

mano, mana.m manaa


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Gen. manaso, manassa manaana.m

Dat. manaso, manassa manina.m

Acc. mano, mana.m mane

Ins. manasaa, manenamane$i,mane$i

Al.manasaa, manasmaa, manam$aa,manaa

mane$i,mane$i

!oc.manasi, mane, manasmi.m,manam$i

manesu

8oc. mano, mana.m, manaa, mana manaa

%emar&s'0a1 It s$ould e orne in mind t$at mano is never used in t$eplural, alt$ou$ t$e forms are iven ' some rammarians.01 #$e in2uence of t$e a declension is $ere also clearl'seen, principall' in t$e plural, of *$ic$ in fact, all t$e formsare after t$e a declension.0c1 #$ere is also a neuter form in ni in t$e plural( manaani."). Native rammarians ive t$e follo*in nouns aselonin to t$e manas declension, t$eir stems endin in as(

vaco, discourse.tejo, po*er.va'o, ae.tapo, $eat.ceto, t$ou$t.tamo, darkness.'aso, lor', fame.a'o, iron.pa'o, a everae.siro, t$e $ead.c$ando, metrics, prosod'.saro, a lake.uro, reast.ra$o, solitude, privac'.a$o, da'.rajo, dust, passion.


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ojo, splendour& strent$.t$aamo, strent$, viour.vaaso, clot$, clot$in.

%emar&s'

0a1 a$a, da', in t$e !oc. sin. $as t$e follo*in forms(a$asmi.m, a$am$i, a$e, a$u, a$asi, a$uni.01 #$e *ords( rajo, ojo, t$aamo and vaaso are included int$e manas declension ' t$e Sin$alese rammarians.0c1 #$e comparative adjectives endin in 'o, i''o, as forinstance se''o, ari'o, follo* t$e manas declension.")". Declension of aa'u 0stem aa'us1, life

Sinular Plural

Nom

. aa'u, a'u.m aa'uu, aa'uuni

Gen.aa'ussa,aa'uno

aa'uuna.m,aa'usa.m

Dat.aa'ussa,aa'uno

aa'uuna.m,aa'usa.m

Acc. aa'u, aa'u.m aa'uu, aa'uuni

Ins.aa'unaa,

aa'usaaaa'uu$i, aa'uu$i

Al.aa'unaa,aa'usaa

aa'uu$i, aa'uu$i

!oc. aa'uni, aa'usi aa'uusu

8oc. aa'u, aa'u.m aa'uu, aa'uuni

")+. 0III1 Stems endin in ar 0=Sansk. .r1")-. Declension of Satt$aa, t$e #eac$er 0udd$a1 0stem

satt$ar, Sansk castr1 Sinular Plural

Nom.

satt$aa satt$aaro, satt$aa

Gen. satt$u, satt$ussa, satt$aana.m, satt$aaraana.m,


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satt$uno satt$uuna.m

Dat.satt$u, satt$ussa,satt$uno

satt$aana.m, satt$aaraana.m,satt$uuna.m

Acc. satt$aara.m,satt$ara.m

satt$aaro, satt$aare

Ins.satt$araa, satt$aaraa,satt$unaa

satt$aare$i, satt$aare$i

Al.satt$araa, satt$aaraa,satt$unaa

satt$aare$i, satt$aare$i

!oc. satt$ari satt$aaresu, satt$uusu

8oc. satt$a, satt$aa satt$aaro, satt$aa%emar&s'0a1 #$e form of t$e Gen. sin. in u( satt$u, is t$e aseemplo'ed in t$e formation of compound *ords.01 Stems endin in ar 0Sansk. .r1 $ave t$eir Nom. sin. in aaas pitar 0=Sansk. pit.r1, Nom. sin. pitaa& so maatar0=maat.r1, Nom. sin. maataa. #$eir ase in composition isenerall' in u.0c1 efore su? to of t$e Al. sin. stems in ar often take t$e

vo*el i& as pitito, maatito, and sometimes a ase piti, maatiis used in composition( pitipakk$e.0d1 Some *ords *$ose stem is in ar, follo* t$e a declension0of deva1, for instance( sallakatta 0stem sallakattar1, ap$'sician& kattara 0stem kattarar1, a *eak person& sota 0stemsotar1, a $earer.")ercise'Decline like satt$aa(

netaa, a uide.nattaa, a randson.maataa, mot$er.pitaa, fat$er.

jetaa, a con9ueror.daataa, a iver.kattaa, an aent.$aataa, rot$er.

#$e *ords pitaa and maataa present some peculiarities.


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")%. Declension of maataa, mot$er 0stem maatar, Sansk.maat.r1

Sinular Plural

Nom. maataa maataro, maataa

Gen.maatu, maatu'aa,maat'aa

maataraana.m,maataana.m, maatuuna.m,maatunna.m

Dat.maatu, maatu'aa,maat'aa

maataraana.m,maataana.m, maatuuna.m,maatunna.m

Acc. maatara.m maataro, matare

Ins.maataraa, maatu'aa,maat'aa

maatare$i, maataare$i,maatuu$i, maatuu$i

Al.maataraa, maatu'aa,maat'aa

maatare$i, maataare$i,maatuu$i, maatuu$i

!oc.maatari, maatu'aa,maat'aa, maatu'a.m,maat'a.m

maataresu, maatuusu

8oc. maata, maataa maataro, maataa

%emar&s'0a1 In t$e oli9ue cases of t$e sinular, t$e student *illreadil' reconiEe t$e in2uence of t$e feminine declension int$e su?es aa and .m.01 #$ere is also found, rarel', a Gen. sin. in ssa( maatussa.Declension of pitaa, fat$er 0stem pitar, Sansk. pit.r1

Sinular Plural

Nom.

pitaa pitaro

Gen. pitu, pituno, pitussapitaraana.m, pitaana.m,pitunna.m, pituuna.m

Dat. pitu, pituno, pitussa pitaraana.m, pitaana.m,


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pitunna.m, pituuna.m

Acc. pitara.m, pitu.m pitaro, pitare

Ins.

pitaraa, pitunaa,

pit'aa, pet'aa

pitare$i, pitare$i, pituu$i,

pituu$i

Al.pitaraa, pitu, pit'aa,pet'aa

pitare$i, pitare$i, pituu$i,pituu$i

!oc. pitari pitaresu, pituusu

8oc. pita, pitaa pitaro

%emar&s'In t$e Dat. and Gen. plur. of maataa and pitaa t$en is douled to compensate for t$e s$ortenin of uu 0lon1&

$ence( maatunna.m, maatuuna.m and pitunna.m, pituuna.m.")3. 0I81 #$e *ords endin in( at 0or ant1, vat 0or vant1, mat0or mant1, are mostl' adjectives and t$eir declension *ill eiven in t$e c$apter on Adjectives. e s$all, $o*ever, ive$ere t$e declension of a fe* nouns, in at or vant.")). Declension of $ava.m, Sir 0stem in at, or ant1

Sinular Plural

Nom.

$ava.m, $anto $avanto, $avantaa, $onto

Gen.$avantassa, $avato,$oto

$avata.m, $avantaana.m

Dat.$avantassa, $avato,$oto

$avata.m, $avantaana.m

Acc. $avanta.m, $ota.m $avante, $onte

Ins.$avantena, $avataa,$otaa

$avante$i, $avante$i

Al.$avataa, $avantaa,$otaa

$avante$i, $avante$i

!oc. $avati, $avante $avantesu

8oc. $o, $onta, $ante$avanto, $onto, $ante,$avantaa


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")>. All nouns t$e stem of *$ic$ ends in a, and t$e Nom.sin. in o, are masculine.")amples

StemNom. Sin.

Masc.sii$a, lion. sii$o.

assa, $orse. asso.

$att$a, t$e$and.

$att$o.

daara, *ife. daaro.

"


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saalaa, a $all. saalaa.

aat$aa, astanEa.

aat$aa.

puujaa,*ors$ip.

puujaa.

%emar&s'#$e masculine nouns *it$ stems in aa 0"+1 arever' fe* in numer and rarel' met *it$. Alt$ou$ included' all native rammarians, as $as alread' een remarked, int$e vo*el/declension, t$e' properl' elon to t$econsonantal/declension. For instance, t$e true stem of saa, ado is san 0Sanskrit van1& t$at of maa, t$e moon, is mas0Sansk. maas1& aain, t$e true stem of a.n.diivad$anva,

Arjuna, is a.n.diivad$anvan."


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")amples

StemNom. Sin.Fem.

camuu, an arm'. camuu.

paaduu, a s$oe. paaduu.

sassuu, mot$er/in/la*. sassuu.

$uu, t$e eart$. $uu.

vad$uu, dau$ter/in/la*.

vad$uu.

%emar&s'#$is class is not numerous.

"


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"+. Feminine ases of Sustantives"-. Man' feminine ases are derived from masculine onesendin in a ' means of aa and ii."%. C?amples *it$ aa

%emar&s'Feminine ases formed *it$ aa, are not ver'numerous, and most of t$em can also e formed *it$ ii orinii, or ikaa.

Masc. ase Fem. ase

maanusa a man. maanusaa, a *oman.

assa, a $orse. assaa, a mare.

kum$akaara, apotter.

kum$akaaraa, a potters*ife.

ka.tapuutana, ademon.

ka.tapuutanaa, a s$e/demon.

valla$a, afavourite.

valla$aa, a favourite*oman.

"3. C?amples *it$ ii%emar&s'Feminine ases derived from t$e masculine 'means of ii are ver' numerous.

Masc. ase Fem. asesii$a, lion. sii$ii, lioness.

mia, deer. miii, doe.

kumaara, o',prince.

kumaarii, irl, princess.

maa.nava, a 'ounman.

maa.navii, a 'oun*oman.

saama.nera, anovice.

saama.nerii, a novice0fem.1

"). #$e feminine of man' patron'mics is also formed 'means of ii.

Masc. ase Fem. ase


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kacc$aa'ana.

kacc$aa'anii.

vaase.t.t$a. vase.t.t$ii.

otama. otamii."


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pa.tu, a *ise man. pa.tunii, a *ise *oman.

d$amma;n;nuu, apious man.

d$amma;n;nunii, a pious *oman.

da.n.dii, a mendicant. da.n.dinii, a female mendicant.

ra$macaarii, one *$olives t$e $i$er life.

ra$macaarinii, a *oman *$o livest$e $i$er life, a reliious student.

$att$i, an elep$ant. $att$inii, female elep$ant.

">. C?amples *it$ aanii">". A fe* nouns form t$eir feminine ' means of t$e su?aanii.

Masc. ase Fem. ase

maatula, uncle. maatulaanii, aunt.

vaaru.na. varu.naanii.

k$atti'a, anoleman.

k$atti'aanii, a nole*oman.

aacari'a, a teac$er. aacari'aanii.

a$apati,

$ouse$older.

a$apataanii, $ouse$olders

*ife.%emar&s'Note t$at in a$apati, 5nal i is dropped eforeaanii.">+. Some nouns assume t*o or more feminine forms.

Masc. ase Fem. ase

att$akaama, one *is$into e useful.

att$akaamaa, att$akaamii,att$akaaminii.

kum$akaara, potter.kum$akaaraa, kum$akaarii,kum$akaarinii.

'akk$a, ore. 'akk$ii, 'akk$inii.

naaa, snake, elep$ant. naaii, naainii.

mia, deer. miii, miinii.


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Dat. aalassa, aalaa'a aalaa'a aalassa, aalaa'a

Acc. aala.m aala.m aala.m

Ins. aalena aalaa'a aalena

Al.aalaa, aalasmaa,aalam$aa, aalato

aalaa'aaalaa, aalasmaa,aalam$aa, aalato

!oc.aale, aalasmi.m,aalam$i

aalaa'a,aalaa'a.m

aale, aalasmi.m,aalam$i

8oc. aala, aalaa aalaa, aale aala

Plural

Masculine Feminine NeuterNom.

aalaa aalaa, aalaa'oaalaani,aalaa

Gen. aalaana.m aalaana.m aalaana.m

Dat. aalaana.m aalaana.m aalaana.m

Acc. aale aalaa, aalaa'oaalaani,aale

Ins. aale$i,aale$i

aalaa$i,aalaa$i

aale$i,aale$i

Al.aale$i,aale$i

aalaa$i,aalaa$i

aale$i,aale$i

!oc. aalesu aalaasu aalesu

8oc. aalaa aalaa, aalaa'oaalaani,aalaa

")erciseAdjectives declined like deva, ka;n;naa andruupa.m.

Stem Masc. Fem. Neut.

duura, far duuro duuraa duura.m

taru.na, taru.no taru.naa taru.na.m


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'oun

dii$a, lon dii$o dii$aa dii$a.m

rassa, s$ort rasso rassaa rassa.m

am$iira,deep

am$iiro

am$iiraa

am$iira.m

p$arusa,$ars$

p$aruso p$arusaa p$arusa.m

sukk$a, dr' sukk$o sukk$aa sukk$a.m

aamaka, ra* aamako aamakaa aamaka.m

paapa, evil paapo paapaa paapa.m

k$ema, calm k$emo k$emaa k$ema.m

+". e ive $ere onl' a fe* e?amples of feminineadjectives formed ' means of ii from stems in a.

paapa, evil paapo paapii

taru.na, 'ountaru.no

taru.nii

diipana,illuminatin

diipano

diipanii

%emar&s'As said aove t$ese adjectives are declined likenadii and t$erefore present no dicult'.++. Ajectives in ii !short$+-. Adjectives endin in i are declined like kapi, in t$emasculine, and like vaari, in t$e neuter. #$e feminine formed' means of ni is declined like nadii.+%. /eclension of bhuuri !stem$ abunant

SinularMasculine Feminine Neuter

Nom.

$uuri $uurinii $uuri

Gen. $uurissa, $uurini'aa $uurissa,


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$uurino $uurino

Dat.$uurissa,$uurino

$uurini'aa$uurissa,$uurino

Acc. $uuri.m $uurini.m $uuri.m

Ins. $uurinaa $uurini'aa $uurinaa

Al.$uurinaa,$uurismaa,$uurim$aa

$uurini'aa$uurinaa,$uurismaa,$uurim$aa

!oc.$uurismi.m,$uurim$i

$uurini'aa,$uurini'a.m

$uurismi.m,$uurim$i

8oc. $uuri $uurini $uuri

Plural

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom.

$uurii,$uuraa'o

$uurinii,$uurini'o

$uurinii,$uurii

Gen. $uuriina.m $uuriniina.m $uurina.m

Dat. $uuriina.m $uuriniina.m $uurina.m

Acc.$uurii,$uuraa'o

$uurinii,$uurini'o

$uurinii,$uurii

Ins.$uurii$i,$uurii$i

$uurinii$i,$uurinii$i

$uurii$i,$uurii$i

Al.$uurii$i,$uurii$i

$uurinii$i,$uurinii$i

$uurii$i,$uurii$i

!oc. $uuriisu $uuriniisu $uuriisu

8oc.$uurii,$uura'o

$uurini,$uurinii'o

$uurini, $uurii

+3. Ajectives in ii !long$+). A numerous class of masculine adjectives are derivedfrom nouns ' means of su? i 0an adjectival su? not to econfounded *it$ t$e feminine su? ii1 0"", +& "31.


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")amples

Sustantives Adjectives

paapa, sin paapii, sinful

d$amma,reliion

d$ammii, reliious,pious

maana, pride maanii, proud

soka, sorro* sokii, sorro*ful

roa, sickness roii, sick

makk$a,$'pocris'

makk$ii, $'pocritical

+


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Plural


Nom

. esii, esino esinii, esini'o esiini, esii

Gen. esiina.m esiniina.m esiina.m

Dat. esiina.m esiniina.m esiina.m

Acc. esii esinii, esini'o esiini, esi

Ins.esii$i,esii$i

esinii$i,esinii$i

esii$i,esii$i

Al.esii$i,esii$i

esinii$i,esinii$i

esii$i,esii$i

!oc. esiisu esiniisu esiisu

8oc. esii esinii esii

Decline like esii.


ekaakii, solitar' ekaakinii, ekaaki

caarii, roamin caarinii caariekakk$ii, onee'ed

ekakk$inii ekakk$i

macc$arii,niardl'

macc$arinii

macc$ari

suurii, *ise suurinii suuri

ja'ii, victorious ja'inii ja'i

+"". Ajectives in u !short$+"+. #$ese are declined in t$e masculine like $ikk$u, in t$efeminine like nadii, and in t$e neuter like cakk$u.+"-. #$e feminine ase is formed ' t$e addition of ni.+"%. /eclension of garu !stem$ heav#

Sinular


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Nom.

aru arunii aru

Gen. arussa, aruno aruni'aa arussa, aruno

Dat. arussa, aruno aruni'aa arussa, aruno

Acc. aru.m aruni.m aru.m

Ins. arunaa aruni'aa arunaa

Al.arunaa,arusmaa,arum$aa

aruni'aaarunaa,arusmaa,arum$aa

!oc.arusmi.m,arum$i

aruni'aa,aruni'a.m

arusmi.m,arum$i

8oc. aru arunii aru

Plural


Nom.

aruu, aravo arunii, aruni'o aruuni, aruu

Gen. aruuna.m aruniina.m aruuna.m

Dat. aruuna.m aruniina.m aruuna.m

Acc. aruu, aravo arunii, aruni'o aruuni, aruu

Ins.aruu$i,aruu$i

arunii$i,arunii$i

aruu$i,aruu$i

Al.aruu$i,

aruu$i

arunii$i,

arunii$i

aruu$i,

aruu$i!oc. aruusu aruniisu aruusu

8oc. aruu, aravo arunii, aruni'o aruuni, aruu

Decline like aru.

Masculine Feminin Neute


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e r

a$u, man' a$unii a$u

saadu,

areeale saadunii saadu

saad$u, oodsaad$unii

saad$u

dattu, stupid dattunii dattu

+"3. Ajectives in uu !long$+"). Adjectives in uu form t$eir feminine ' means of nii, uuein s$ortened efore it.+"


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Nom.

vi;n;nuu,vi;n;nuvo

vi;n;nunii,vi;n;nuni'o

vi;n;nuuni,vi;n;nuu

Gen. vi;n;nuuna.m vi;n;nuniina.m vi;n;nuuna.m

Dat. vi;n;nuuna.m vi;n;nuniina.m vi;n;nuuna.m

Acc.vi;n;nuu,vi;n;nuvo


vi;n;nuuni,vi;n;nuu

Ins.vi;n;nuu$i,vi;n;nuu$i

vi;n;nunii$i,vi;n;nunii$i

vi;n;nuu$i,vi;n;nuu$i

Al.vi;n;nuu$i,

vi;n;nuu$i

vi;n;nunii$i,

vi;n;nunii$i

vi;n;nuu$i,

vi;n;nuu$i!oc. vi;n;nuusu vi;n;nuniisu vi;n;nuusu

8oc.vi;n;nuu,vi;n;nuvo


vi;n;nuuni,vi;n;nuu

Decline like vi;n;nuu, in t$e masculine, feminine andneuter.

niddaaluu, sleep'.pa$uu, po*erful.

matta;n;nuu, temperate.kata;n;nuu, rateful.

+">. Ajectives with consonantal bases++. Adjectives *it$ consonantal ases are of t$ree kinds(

". t$ose t$e stem of *$ic$ ends in at or ant.+. t$ose t$e stem of *$ic$ ends in mat or mant.-. t$ose t$e stem of *$ic$ ends in vat or vant.

++". All t$e adjectives in mat, mant, and vat, vant, areformed from nouns ' means of su?es maa and vaa,

0*$ose oriinal ase is mat and vat1, *$ic$ e?presspossession of t$e 9ualit' or state indicated ' t$e noun to*$ic$ t$e' are a?ed.+++. It must, $o*ever, e remarked t$at vaa and maa arenot a?ed indiscriminatel'. #$e follo*in rule is invariale.

a. Su? vaa is added onl' to nouns endin in a.. Su? maa is al*a's added to nouns endin in i and u.


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")ample

Noun Adj.

maana,pride

maanavaa, $avin pride, viE, proud

u.na,virtue

unavaa, $avin virtue, viE., virtuous

$oa,*ealt$

$oavaa, possessin *ealt$, viE.,*ealt$'

ala,strent$

alavaa, possessin strent$, viE.,stron

")ample

Noun Adj.

suci, purit' sucimaa, endo*ed *it$ purit', viE., pure

sati,mindfulness

satimaa, possessed of mindfulness, viE.,mindful

k$anti,patience

k$antimaa, endo*ed *it$ patience, viE.,patient

$etu, cause $etumaa, $avin a cause, causal

and$u,relative

and$umaa, $avin a relative

++-. #$e feminine is formed ' addin ii to eit$er of t$eases viE, mat, mant or vat, vant& for instance(

StemMasculine

Feminine

u.navat

u.navaa

u.navatii

u.navant

u.navantii

jutimatjutimaa

jutimatii

jutimant jutimantii


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++%. In t$e Nom., Acc., and 8oc. sin. t$e neuter is formed' addin .m after vaa and maa, t$e lon aa eins$ortened 0%, -%1& and ni to t$e stem in vant and mant, fort$e Nom., Acc., and 8oc. plural.

Stem Masculine

FeminineSinular Plural

jutimant jutimaa jutima.m jutimantaani

u.navant

u.navaau.nava.m

u.navantaani

++3. /eclension of ajectives in at or ant++). /eclension of mahaa0stem( ma$at, ma$ant1

SinularMasculine Feminine Neuter

Nom.

ma$a.m,ma$anto

ma$atii,ma$antii

ma$a.m,ma$anta.m

Gen.ma$ato,ma$antassa

ma$ati'aa,ma$anti'aa

ma$ato,ma$antassa

Dat.ma$ato,

ma$antassa

ma$ati'aa,

ma$anti'aa

ma$ato,

ma$antassa

Acc. ma$anta.mma$ati.m,ma$anti.m

ma$anta.m

Ins.ma$ataa,ma$antena


ma$ataa,ma$antena

Al.ma$ataa,ma$antasmaa,ma$antam$aa


ma$ataa,ma$antasmaa,ma$antam$aa

!oc.ma$ati, ma$ante,ma$antasmi.m,ma$antam$i

ma$ati'aa,ma$anti'aa,ma$ati'a.m,ma$anti'a.m

ma$ati, ma$ante,ma$antasmi.m,ma$antam$i

8oc. ma$a.m, ma$aa, ma$atii, ma$a.m, ma$aa,


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ma$a ma$antii ma$a

Plural


Nom.

ma$anto,ma$antaa

ma$atii, ma$ati'o,ma$antii, ma$anti'o

ma$antaani,ma$antaa

Gen.ma$ata.m,ma$antaana.m

ma$atiinam,ma$antiina.m

ma$ata.m,ma$antaana.m

Dat.ma$ata.m,ma$antaana.m

ma$atiinam,ma$antiina.m

ma$ata.m,ma$antaana.m

Acc.

ma$ante,

ma$antaa,ma$anto

ma$atii, ma$ati'o,ma$antii, ma$anti'o ma$antaani,ma$antaa

Ins.ma$ante$i,ma$ante$i

ma$antii$i,ma$antii$i,ma$atii$i,ma$atii$i

ma$ante$i,ma$ante$i

Al.ma$ante$i,

ma$ante$i

ma$antii$i,ma$antii$i,

ma$atii$i,ma$atii$i

ma$ante$i,

ma$ante$i

!oc. ma$antesuma$atiisu,ma$antiisu

ma$antesu

8oc.ma$antaa,ma$anto

ma$atii, ma$ati'o,ma$antii, ma$anti'o

ma$antaani,ma$antaa

%emar&s'0a1 #$e declension of ma$aa s$ould e carefull' studied, as

all t$e Present Participles, in at and ant, as for instanceacc$a.m or acc$anto, kara.m or karanto, paca.m orpacanto, are declined like it.01 e $ave alread' iven 0")


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0c1 #$e *ord santo 0")


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d$iimantam$i d$iimanti'a.m d$iimantam$i

8oc.

d$iima.m,d$iimaa, d$iima,d$iimantaa,d$iimanta

d$iimatii,d$iimantii

d$iima.m,d$iimaa, d$iima,d$iimanta,d$iimantaa

Plural


Nom.

d$iimantaa,d$iimanto,d$iimaa

d$iimatii,d$iimati'o,d$iimantii,d$iimanti'o

d$iimantaani,d$iimantaa

Gen.d$iimata.m,d$iimantaana.m

d$iimatiina.m,d$iimantiina.m

d$iimata.m,d$iimantaana.m

Dat.d$iimata.m,d$iimantaana.m

d$iimatiina.m,d$iimantiina.m

d$iimata.m,d$iimantaana.m

Acc. d$iimante

d$iimatii,d$iimati'o,d$iimantii,d$iimanti'o


Ins.d$iimante$i,d$iimante$i

d$iimatii$i,d$iimatii$i,d$iimantii$i,d$iimantii$i

d$iimante$i,d$iimante$i

Al.d$iimante$i,d$iimante$i

d$iimatii$i,d$iimatii$i,d$iimantii$i,d$iimantii$i

d$iimante$i,d$iimante$i

!oc. d$iimantesud$iimantiisu,d$iimatiisu

d$iimantesu

8oc. d$iimantaa,d$iimanto,d$iimaa

d$iimatii,d$iimati'o,d$iimantii,



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d$iimanti'o

")erciseDecline like d$imaa 0stem( d$iimat, d$iimant1, int$e masculine, feminine and neuter(

omaa 0stem( omat, omant1 a cattle o*ner.puttimaa 0stem( puttimat, puttimant1 $avin sons.k$aanumaa 0stem( k$aanumat, k$aanumant1 $avinstumps.ketumaa 0stem( ketumat, ketumant1 lorious, victoriouslit., $avin anners.$etumaa 0stem( $etumat, $etumant1 $avin a cause.cakk$umaa 0stem( cakk$umat cakk$umant1enli$tened.

++>. /eclension of ajectives in vat or vant

%emar&s'#$e declension of adjectives in vat, vant is t$esame as t$at of t$ose in mat, mant& t$e onl' di@erenceein t$at, of course, v replaces m t$rou$out.+-. /eclension of gu'navaa virtuous0stem( u.navat,u.navant1

Sinular


Nom

.

u.navaa,

u.navanto

u.navatii,

u.navantii

u.nava.m,

u.navantam

Gen.u.navato,u.navantassa

u.navati'aa,u.navanti'aa

u.navato,u.navantassa

Dat.u.navato,u.navantassa

u.navati'aa,u.navanti'aa

u.navato,u.navantassa

Acc.u.nava.m,u.navanta.m

u.navati.m,u.navanti.m

u.nava.m,u.navanta.m

Ins. u.navataa,u.navantena u.navati'aa,u.navanti'aa u.navataa,u.navantena

Al.

u.navataa,u.navantaa,u.navantasmaa,u.navantam$aa

u.navanti'aa,u.navati'aa

u.navataa,u.navantaa,u.navantasmaa,u.navantam$aa


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!oc. u.navantesuu.navantiisu,u.navatiisu

u.navantesu

8oc.

u.navantaa,

u.navanto,u.navaa

u.navatii,u.navati'o,u.navantii,u.navanti'o

u.navantaani,u.navantaa

+-". #$ere is anot$er not ver' numerous class of adjectivesformed from nouns and roots ' means of su?es aavii andvii.+-+. #$e oriinal stem of aavii and vii is aavin and vin andt$e' t$erefore elon to t$e consonantal declension. 8ii isused after nouns, and aavii after roots.+--. #$e feminine is formed ' addin t$e feminine su?nii, efore *$ic$ 5nal lon ii is s$ortened.+-%. In t$e neuter, 5nal i is s$ortened in t$e nom. and voc.sinular& in t$e plural, efore neuter su? ni 5nal ii remainsunc$aned.+-3. vii, like maa and vaa, e?presses possession.")amples

NounAdj.Masc.

Adj. Fem.Neuter

Sinular Plural

med$aa,*isdom

med$aavii

med$aavinii

med$aavi

med$aaviinii

pass, to see passaavii passaavinii passaavi passaaviinii

#$e declension of t$ese adjectives presents no dicult'.#$e' are declined in t$e masculine like da.n.dii, in t$efeminine like nadii and in t$e neuter like vaari.+-). +egative ajectives+-


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anaakula, not turid, clear.Comparison+-. #$e comparison of adjectives is formed in t*o *a's(0"1 ' addin tara for t$e comparative and tama for t$e

superlative, to t$e masculine ases of t$e positive.0+1 ' addin i'a or i''a for t$e comparative, and i.t.t$a,issika for t$e superlative, to t$e masculine ases of t$epositive.+->. #$e comparative and superlative are declined in t$emasculine like deva, in t$e feminine like ka;n;na and in t$eneuter like ruupa.m.")amples0"1 tara, tama.

Positive 6omparative Superlativesuci, pure sucitara, purer sucitama, purest

paapa,evil

paapatara, moreevil

paapatama, mostevil

omaka,vile

omakatara, viler omakatama, vilest

$ari,reen

$aritara, reener $aritama, reenest

%emar&s'f t$e aove comparative and superlative ases,t$e masculine is, sucitaro, sucitamo& t$e feminine, sucitaraa,sucitamaa, and t$e neuter, sucitara.m, etc., etc.0+1 i'a 0i''a1, i.t.t$a, issika.

Positive 6omparative Superlative

paapa, evil

paapii'a, moreevil

paapi.t.t$a, mostevil

paapi''a moreevil paapissika, mostevil

k$ippa,9uick

k$ippi'a, 9uickerk$ippi.t.t$a,9uickest

k$ippi''a, k$ippissika,


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9uicker 9uickest

ka.t.t$a,

ad

ka.t.t$i'a, *orseka.t.t$i.t.t$a,*orst

ka.t.t$i''a,*orse

ka.t.t$issika, *orst

+%. it$ man', *e s$ould sa' most, adjectives, t$e su?esof 0+-/"1 tara, tama or of 0+1 i'a, i''a, i.t.t$a, issika, ma' eused interc$aneal'.")amples

paapatara or paapi'a.k$ippatara or k$ippi'a.paapatama or paapi.t.t$a or paapissika, etc.

+%". #$e comparatives in i'a, i''a, are declined like mano0"3>1.It *ill e remarked t$at, efore i'a, i''a, i.t.t$a and issika,t$e 5nal vo*el of t$e positive adjective is dropped.+%-. Adjectives formed ' means of t$e possessive su?es,ma 0mat1, vaa 0vat1 0++"1, and vii, vin 0+-"1, drop t$esesu?es and t$e vo*el *$ic$ precedes t$em, efore i'a,i''a, i.t.t$a and issika.")amples

0a1 u.navaa4i'o = u.na4i'o = u.n4i'o = u.ni'oSimilarl'( u.n4i''o, u.ni''o( u.n/i.t.t$a, etc.01 med$aavii4i'o = med$aa4i'o = med$4i'o = med$i'oSimilarl'( med$/i''o, med$i''o& med$/i.t.t$a, med$i.t.t$a,etc.0c1 satimaa4i'o = sati4i'o = sat4i'o = sati'oSimilarl'( sat/i''o = sati''o& sat/i.t.t$a = sati.t.t$a, etc.+%%. #ara ma' e superadded to t$e superlative i.t.t$a, as,paapi.t.t$atara.+%3. #$e Acc. sin. of most adjectives is used adveriall'.")amples

Adjective Adver

k$ippa,9uick

k$ippa.m,9uickl'

suk$a, suk$a.m, $appil'


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$app'

sii$a, s*ift sii$a.m, s*iftl'

manda,

stupid

manda.m,

stupidl'+%). #$e asolute superlative is formed ' pre5?in ati tot$e positive adjective( atik$ippa, ver' 9uick, e?tremel'9uick, too 9uick. atippasatt$a, ver' e?cellent. atit$oka, ver'little, too little, e?cessivel' little.+%


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"%. catuddasa, cuddasa, coddasa catuddasama

"3. pa;ncadasa, pa.n.narasa,pannarasa

pa;ncadasama

"). so.lasa, sorasa so.lasama

". ekuunaviisati, ekuunaviisa.m ekuunaviisatima

+. viisati, viisa.m viisatima

+". ekaviisati, ekaviisa.m ekaviisatima

++. dvaaviisati dvaaviisatima+-. teviisati teviisatima

+%. catuviisati catuviisatima

+3. pa;ncaviisati pa;ncaviisatima

+). c$aiisati c$aiisatima

+. ekuunati.msati,ekuunati.msa.m

ekuunati.msatima

-. ti.msati, ti.msa.m ti.msatima

-". ekati.msati ekati.msatima

-+. dvatti.msati dvatti.msatima

%. cattaaliisa.m, cattaariisa.m cattaalisatiima

3. pa;n;naasa, pa;n;naasa.m pa;n;naasama

). sa.t.t$i sa.t.t$ima


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>. navuti navutima

". sata.m satama

+. aasata.m, dvaasata.m aasatama

". sa$assa.m sa$assama

",. dasasa$assa.m dasasa$assama

",,. ko.ti ko.tima

+3+. !I$ Carinals+3-. Cka, one, is in t$e sinular ver' often used in aninde5nite sense, meanin( a certain, a& as, eko naaviko, aoatman, a certain oatman. ekaa kumaarikaa, a princess, a

certain princess. In t$e plural, it means( some, as, ekepurisaa, some men... ekaa maanusini, some *omen...+3%. #$e cardinals, eka, ta'a and cattaaro are declined int$e plural in t$e t$ree enders& eka, alone of course, $avinsinular forms.+33. /eclension of e&a one

Sinular


Nom. eko ekaa eka.m

Gen. ekassaekissaa,ekissaa'a

ekassa

Dat. ekassaekissaa,ekissaa'a

ekassa

Acc. eka.m eka.m eka.m

Ins. ekena ekaa'a ekena

Al.ekasmaa,ekam$aa

ekaa'aekasmaa,ekam$aa

!oc.ekasmi.m,ekam$i

ekaa'a,ekissa.m

ekasmi.m,ekam$i


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8oc. eka eke eka

Plural


Nom.

eke ekaa, ekaa'o ekaani

Gen. ekesa.m ekaasa.m ekesa.m

Dat. ekesa.m ekaasa.m ekesa.m

Acc. eke ekaa, ekaa'o ekaani

Ins.eke$i,

eke$i

ekaa$i,

ek$aa$i

eke$i,

eke$i

Al.eke$i,eke$i

ekaa$i,ek$aa$i

eke$i,eke$i

!oc. ekesu ekaasu ekesu

8oc. eke ekaa, ekaa'o ekaani

%emar&s'#$e aove declension is c$ie2' pronominal. 0SeePronouns, 6$apter IU1+3). /eclension of ta#o three

Plural 0No Sinular1


Nom.

ta'o tisso ti.ni

Gen.ti.n.na.m,ti.n.nanna.m

tissanna.m,tissa.m

ti.n.na.m,ti.n.nanna.m

Dat.ti.n.na.m,ti.n.nanna.m

tissanna.m,tissa.m

ti.n.na.m,ti.n.nanna.m

Acc. ta'o tisso tii.ni

Ins. tii$i, tii$i tii$i, tii$i tii$i, tii$i

Al. tii$i, tii$i tii$i, tii$i tii$i, tii$i


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!oc. tiisu tiisu tiisu

+3. #$e Dual $as completel' disappeared in Paali& t$e onl't*o vesties t$at $ave come do*n to us ein dve or duve,

t*o, and u$o, ot$. ut even in t$ese t*o *ords, t$estudent *ill remark t$at t$e in2ection of t$e plural $asalmost entirel' superseded t$at of t$e dual.+). Dve or duve and u$o, are of t$e t$ree enders, andused in t$e plural onl'.

Dve, #*o 7$o, ot$


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Nom.

dve, duve u$o, u$e

Gen.dvinna.m,duvinna.m

u$inna.m

Dat.dvinna.m,duvinna.m

u$inna.m

Acc. dve, duve u$o, u$e

Ins. dvii$i, dvii$iu$o$i, u$o$i, u$e$i,u$e$i

Al. dvii$i, dvii$iu$o$i, u$o$i, u$e$i,u$e$i

!oc. dviisu u$osu, u$esu

+)". 0a1 #$e ase of dve, duve in composition is dvi and alsodi, du and dve( dvijo, t*ice orn, a ra$min. dvijiv$o, doule/tonued, a snake. dvipo, drinkin t*ice, an elep$ant. dipado,t*o/leed, a iped. diu.no, t*o/fold. duvid$o, of t*o kinds.dve$uumako, $avin t*o stories. dvepakk$o, t*o factionsor parties.01 dva, dvaa are also used as t$e ases of dve, ut c$ie2'

in composition *it$ ot$er numers( dvattikk$atu.m 0dva/ti/k$attu.m1, t*o or t$ree times. dvati.msati, t$irt' t*o.dvaasa.t.t$i, si?t'/t*o. dvaaviisati, t*ent'/t*o.0c1 aa is similarl' used as a ase. aarasa, aadasa, t*elve.aaviisati, t*ent'/t*o.+)+. Pa;nca, 5ve, is, like dve, of t$e t$ree enders. It isdeclined as follo*s(

Nom.

pa;nca

Gen.pa;ncanna.m

Dat.pa;ncanna.m

Acc. pa;nca


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a m

duti'o duti'aa duti'a.m

tati'o tati'aa tati'a.m

catutt$o catutt$aacatutt$a.m

%emar&s'#$e' are conse9uentl' declined like deva,ka;n;naa and ruupa.m.+. !III$ Averbial erivatives from numerals+. Man' important advers are derived from numerals 'means of some su?es.+". ' means of su? d$aa are formed advers sinif'in(

*a's, times, fold and sometimes kinds.")amplesekad$aa, once.dvid$aa, in t*o *a's& in t*o& of t*o kinds.tid$aa, in t$ree *a's& t$ree/fold, in t$ree parts.++. #$e *ord u.na, t$ou$ not a su?, is often emplo'edlike d$aa *it$ t$e meanins of times, fold. In t$e sense oftimes, it enerall' takes t$e neuter form in a.m.")amplesdasau.na.m, ten times& or ten/fold.

tiu.na.m, t$ree times& or t$ree/fold.catuu.na.m, four times& or, four/fold.%emar&s'In t$e sense of fold, t$e compound ein anadjective, is treated as suc$ and is declined like deva,ka;n;naa and ruupa.m.+-. d$aa is also used in t$e same *a' after a fe*adjectives(a$ud$aa, in man' *a's.anekad$aa, in more t$an one *a'.

+%. Distriutive advers are formed from numerals 'means of su? so 0Sansk. as1.")amplesekaso, one ' one.pa;ncaso, 5ve ' 5ve.+3. From k$attu.m, multiplicative advers are formed.")amples


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dvikk$attu.m, t*ice.sattakk$attu.m, se

A Practical Grammar of the Paali Language

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