A PPENDIX A: C W P GREEMENTS , 1990 2011978-3-319-40102-7/1.pdf · Djibouti Accord on Civil Reform 5/12/2001 Implementation El Salvador Mexico Agreements 4/27/1991 Preliminary El

© The Author(s) 2016A.G. Reiter, Fighting Over Peace, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40102-7

163

Case Peace agreement Date Type

Afghanistan Peshawar Accord 4/24/1992 Comprehensive Afghanistan Islamabad Accord 3/7/1993 Comprehensive Afghanistan Jalalabad Agreement 5/20/1993 Comprehensive Afghanistan Mahipar Agreement 5/24/1996 Comprehensive Angola Bicesse Accords 5/31/1991 Comprehensive Angola Lusaka Protocol 11/15/1994 Comprehensive Angola Luena Memorandum 4/4/2002 Comprehensive Angola (Cabinda) Cabinda Agreement 4/11/1996 Ceasefi re Azerbaijan (Nagorno- Karabakh)

Bishkek Protocol 5/5/1994 Comprehensive

Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts)

Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord

12/2/1997 Comprehensive

Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herzeg-Bosnia)

Washington Agreement 3/1/1994 Comprehensive

Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herzeg-Bosnia and Srpska)

Agreed Basic Principles 9/8/1995 Preliminary


Further Agreed Basic Principles

9/26/1995 Preliminary

APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011

164 APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011



Ceasefi re Agreement 10/5/1995 Ceasefi re


Dayton Agreement 11/21/1995 Comprehensive

Bosnia and Herzegovina (Srpska)

Framework Agreement on Police Reform

12/9/1998 Implementation

Burundi Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement


Burundi Burundi Ceasefi re Agreement


Burundi Pretoria Protocol 10/8/2003 Preliminary Burundi Pretoria II Protocol 11/2/2003 Preliminary Burundi Global Ceasefi re

Agreement 11/16/2003 Comprehensive

Burundi Comprehensive Ceasefi re Agreement

9/7/2006 Ceasefi re

Burundi Joint Declaration on Ceasefi re

5/26/2008 Ceasefi re

Burundi Summit Declaration 12/4/2008 Comprehensive Burundi Declaration on

Implementation 4/8/2009 Implementation

Cambodia Comprehensive Political Settlement


Central African Republic

Peace Accord with FDPC and UFDR



Birao Peace Agreement 4/13/2007 Preliminary


Peace Accord with APRD



Global Peace Accord 6/2/2008 Comprehensive

Chad El Geina Agreement 10/31/1992 Comprehensive Chad Tripoli 1 Agreement 10/16/1993 Comprehensive Chad Bangui 2 Agreement 8/11/1994 Comprehensive Chad Abeche Agreement 10/12/1994 Comprehensive Chad Dougia Accord 11/22/1995 Comprehensive Chad AFUD Ceasefi re 1/25/1996 Comprehensive Chad FARF Ceasefi re 4/18/1997 Comprehensive

APPENDIX A: CIVIL WAR PEACE AGREEMENTS, 1990–2011 165


Chad Frolinat-FAP Ceasefi re 8/14/1997 Ceasefi re Chad Donya Agreement 5/7/1998 Comprehensive Chad RAFAD Ceasefi re 6/1/2000 Preliminary Chad Tripoli 2 Agreement 1/7/2002 Comprehensive Chad ANR Agreement 1/9/2003 Ceasefi re Chad MDJT Agreement 12/14/2003 Comprehensive Chad Yebibou Agreement 8/18/2005 Comprehensive Chad Tripoli Accord 12/24/2006 Comprehensive Chad Syrte Agreement 10/25/2007 Comprehensive Colombia Political Agreement

with M-19 3/9/1990 Comprehensive

Colombia Final Accord with PRT 1/25/1991 Comprehensive Colombia Final Accord with EPL 2/15/1991 Comprehensive Colombia Final Accord with

Quintin Lame 5/27/1991 Comprehensive

Colombia Caracas Agenda 6/6/1991 Preliminary Colombia Accord with Comandos

Ernesto Rojas 3/20/1992 Comprehensive

Colombia Final Political Accord with CRS


Colombia Accord with Urban Militias of Medellin


Colombia Final Accord with Frente Francisco Garnica


Colombia Final Accord with MIR-COAR


Colombia Accord for Colombia with ELN


Colombia Agreement with ERG 8/2/2008 Comprehensive Comoros (Anjouan) Famboni Declaration 8/26/2000 Comprehensive Comoros (Anjouan) Famboni II Agreement 2/17/2001 Comprehensive Comoros (Anjouan) Maroni Accord 12/20/2003 Comprehensive Congo-Brazzaville Cessation of Hostilities

Accord 11/16/1999 Preliminary

Congo-Brazzaville Ceasefi re and Cessation of Hostilities Accord


Congo-Brazzaville Pool Peace Agreement 3/17/2003 Comprehensive Congo/Zaire Lusaka Accord 7/10/1999 Preliminary Congo/Zaire Declaration of

Fundamental Principles 5/4/2001 Preliminary

Congo/Zaire Gaborone Engagement Act




Congo/Zaire Political Agreement on Consensual Management of the Transition


Congo/Zaire Pretoria Agreement 12/16/2002 Preliminary Congo/Zaire Memorandum for the

Formation of a National Army


Congo/Zaire Sun City Agreement 4/2/2003 Comprehensive Congo/Zaire South Kivu Ceasefi re 1/23/2008 Ceasefi re Congo/Zaire North Kivu Ceasefi re 1/23/2008 Ceasefi re Congo/Zaire Ihusi Accord 3/23/2009 Comprehensive Côte d’Ivoire Cessation of Hostilities

Accord 10/17/2002 Ceasefi re

Côte d’Ivoire Lomé Accord 11/1/2002 Preliminary Côte d’Ivoire Linas-Marcoussis


Côte d’Ivoire Accra II Accord 3/8/2003 Implementation Côte d’Ivoire Ceasefi re Accord 5/3/2003 Ceasefi re Côte d’Ivoire Joint Declaration of the

Defense and Security Forces


Côte d’Ivoire Accra III Agreement 7/30/2004 Implementation Côte d’Ivoire Pretoria I 4/6/2005 Comprehensive Côte d’Ivoire Pretoria II 6/29/2005 Implementation Côte d’Ivoire Ouagadougou

Agreement 3/4/2007 Implementation

Côte d’Ivoire First Complementary Agreement


Côte d’Ivoire Second Complementary Agreement


Côte d’Ivoire Third Complementary Agreement


Côte d’Ivoire Fourth Complementary Agreement


Croatia (Krajina) Erdut Agreement 11/12/1995 Comprehensive Djibouti Peace Accord 12/26/1994 Comprehensive Djibouti Final Accord on Civil

Reform 2/7/2000 Comprehensive

Djibouti Accord on Civil Reform 5/12/2001 Implementation El Salvador Mexico Agreements 4/27/1991 Preliminary El Salvador New York Agreement

and Compressed Negotiations




El Salvador New York Act 12/31/1991 Preliminary El Salvador Chapultepec Peace

Agreement and New York Act II


El Salvador Complementary Agreement


El Salvador Supplementary Agreement


El Salvador Agreement of the Tripartite Meeting


El Salvador Timetable for Implementation


Georgia (Abkhazia) Ceasefi re Agreement 5/14/1993 Ceasefi re Georgia (Abkhazia) Sochi Agreement 7/27/1993 Preliminary Georgia (Abkhazia) Memorandum of

Understanding 12/1/1993 Preliminary

Georgia (Abkhazia) Communiqué on the Second Round of Negotiations


Georgia (Abkhazia) Declaration on a Political Settlement and Quadripartite Agreement


Georgia (Abkhazia) Proposal for the Establishment of a Coordinating Commission


Georgia (Abkhazia) Agreement on a Ceasefi re and Separation of Forces


Georgia (Abkhazia) Gagra Protocol 5/26/1998 Ceasefi re Georgia (Abkhazia) Concluding Statement

of the Second Meeting 7/25/1998 Preliminary

Georgia (Abkhazia) Meeting on Stabilization of the Separating Lines


Georgia (Abkhazia) Athens Meeting 10/18/1998 Preliminary Georgia (Abkhazia) Istanbul Statement 6/9/1999 Preliminary Georgia (Abkhazia) Yalta Declaration 3/16/2001 Preliminary Georgia (South Ossetia)

Memorandum on Georgian–Ossetian Confl ict


Guatemala Queretaro Agreement 7/25/1991 Preliminary Guatemala Framework Agreement 1/10/1994 Preliminary



Guatemala Agreements on Negotiations and Human Rights


Guatemala Agreement on Resettlement of Population Groups


Guatemala Agreement to Establish Commission to Clarify Past Human Rights Violations


Guatemala Agreement on the Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples


Guatemala Agreement on the Social and Economic Aspects and Agrarian Situation


Guatemala Agreement on the Armed Forces


Guatemala Agreement on a Defi nitive Ceasefi re


Guatemala Agreement on Constitutional Reforms and the Electoral Regime


Guatemala Agreement on Integration of the URNG


Guatemala Agreement on a Firm and Lasting Peace


Guinea-Bissau Ceasefi re Agreement 8/26/1998 Ceasefi re Guinea-Bissau Abuja Accord 11/1/1998 Comprehensive Guinea-Bissau Additional Protocol to

the Abuja Accord 12/15/1998 Implementation

Haiti Governors Island Accord


India (Bodoland) Bodo Accord 2/20/1993 Comprehensive India (Bodoland) Bodoland Ceasefi re 3/29/2000 Ceasefi re India (Bodoland) Memorandum of

Settlement 2/10/2003 Comprehensive

India (Nagaland) Naga Truce 8/1/1997 Ceasefi re India (Tripura) Memorandum of

Settlement 8/23/1993 Comprehensive



Indonesia (Aceh) Joint Understanding on Humanitarian Pause


Indonesia (Aceh) Second Meeting of the Joint Forum

8/6/2000 Ceasefi re

Indonesia (Aceh) Third Meeting of the Joint Forum


Indonesia (Aceh) Provisional Understanding

1/9/2001 Ceasefi re

Indonesia (Aceh) Agreed Directive 2/16/2001 Ceasefi re Indonesia (Aceh) Cessation of Hostilities

Framework Agreement 12/9/2002 Preliminary

Indonesia (Aceh) Memorandum of Understanding


Indonesia (East Timor)

Dili Peace Accord 4/21/1999 Comprehensive

Israel (Palestine) Oslo Accords 9/13/1993 Preliminary Israel (Palestine) Paris Economic

Relations Pact 4/29/1994 Preliminary

Israel (Palestine) Cairo Agreement 5/4/1994 Preliminary Israel (Palestine) Agreement on

Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities


Israel (Palestine) Protocol on Further Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities


Israel (Palestine) Oslo II 9/28/1995 Preliminary Israel (Palestine) Agreement on the

Temporary International Presence in the City of Hebron


Israel (Palestine) Protocols Concerning Hebron


Israel (Palestine) Wye River Memorandum


Israel (Palestine) Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum


Israel (Palestine) Reefah Crossing Agreement


Israel (Palestine) Joint Understanding on Negotiations


Liberia Banjul III Agreement 10/24/1990 Preliminary Liberia Bamako Ceasefi re

Agreement 11/28/1990 Preliminary



Liberia Banjul IV Agreement 12/21/1990 Preliminary Liberia Lomé Agreement 2/13/1991 Preliminary Liberia Yamoussoukro I Accord 6/30/1991 Preliminary Liberia Yamoussoukro II Peace


Liberia Yamoussoukro III Peace Agreement


Liberia Yamoussoukro IV Accord


Liberia Geneva Agreement 4/7/1992 Implementation Liberia Cotonou Accord 7/25/1993 Comprehensive Liberia Akosombo Agreement 9/12/1994 Implementation Liberia Agreement on the

Clarifi cation of the Akosombo Agreement


Liberia Abuja Peace Accord 8/19/1995 Implementation Liberia Supplement to the

Abuja Accord 8/17/1996 Implementation

Liberia Accra Ceasefi re Agreement


Liberia Comprehensive Peace Agreement


Macedonia Ohrid Agreement 8/13/2001 Comprehensive Mali (Azawad) Tamanrasset Accord 1/6/1991 Ceasefi re Mali (Azawad) National Pact 4/11/1992 Comprehensive Mexico (Chiapas) Actions and Measures

for Chiapas 1/17/1996 Preliminary

Mexico (Chiapas) The San Andrés Accords


Moldova (Transnistria)

Memorandum on the Bases for Normalization of Relations


Mozambique Agreement on a Partial Ceasefi re


Mozambique Protocol I 10/18/1991 Preliminary Mozambique Protocol II 11/13/1991 Preliminary Mozambique Protocol III 3/12/1992 Preliminary Mozambique Joint Declaration 7/8/1992 Preliminary Mozambique Protocols IV–VII 10/4/1992 Comprehensive Nepal 25-Point Ceasefi re

Code of Conduct 5/25/2006 Ceasefi re

Nepal 8-Point Agreement 6/16/2006 Preliminary Nepal Decisions of the

Summit Meeting 11/8/2006 Preliminary



Nepal Comprehensive Agreement with CPN-M


Nepal 7-Point Agreement 11/1/2011 Implementation Nicaragua Toncontin Agreement 3/23/1990 Comprehensive Nicaragua Defi nitive Ceasefi re

Agreement 4/18/1990 Ceasefi re

Nicaragua Yatama Ceasefi re Agreement


Nicaragua Managua Protocol 5/30/1990 Implementation Niger (Air and Azawad)

Paris Accord 6/10/1993 Preliminary

Niger (Air and Azawad)

Ouagadougou Accord 10/9/1994 Preliminary


Accord to Establish a Defi nitive Peace



Additional Protocol 11/29/1997 Comprehensive

Pakistan North West Frontier Agreement


Pakistan Malakand Accord 2/16/2009 Comprehensive Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)

Agreement to End Hostilities on Bougainville

3/1/1990 Ceasefi re

Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)

Endeavor Accord 8/5/1990 Preliminary


Honiara Commitments to Peace

9/3/1994 Ceasefi re


Burnham Truce 10/10/1997 Ceasefi re


Cairns Commitment 11/24/1997 Preliminary


Lincoln Agreement 1/23/1998 Preliminary


Arawa Agreement 4/30/1998 Ceasefi re


Matakana and Okataina Understanding



Bougainville Peace Agreement


Philippines General Agreement for Peace


Philippines Comprehensive Agreement on Human Rights




Philippines Oslo Joint Statements 2/14/2004 Preliminary Philippines Closure Agreement 1/18/2011 Comprehensive Philippines (Mindanao)

Interim Ceasefi re Agreement


Philippines (Mindanao)

Interim Agreement, Second Round



Interim Agreement, Third Round



Jakarta Accord 9/2/1996 Comprehensive


Interim Cessation of Hostilities in Buldon, Maguindanao



Agreement for General Cessation of Hostilities



Agreement to Sustain the Quest for Peace I



Resolution Creating a Joint Monitoring Contingent



Rules and Procedures regarding the Cessation of Hostilities



Tripoli Agreement on Peace



GRP–MILF Joint Communiqué



Implementing Guidelines for Tripoli Agreement



Agreement on Ancestral Domain



International Contact Group Agreement



Agreement on Civilian Protection


Russia (Chechnya) Agreement on the Peaceful Regulation of the Situation in the Chechen Republic


Russia (Chechnya) Agreement on the Basic Principles of Relations


Russia (Chechnya) Draft Treaty on the Delimitation of Subjects of Jurisdiction and Powers




Russia (Chechnya) Protocols of the Meeting of the Commissions on the Negotiations


Russia (Chechnya) Khasavyurt Accords 8/31/1996 Preliminary Russia (Chechnya) Russian–Chechen


Russia (Chechnya) Peace Treaty and Principles of Interrelation


Rwanda N’SELE Ceasefi re Agreement


Rwanda Protocol of Agreement on the Rule of Law


Rwanda Protocol of Agreement on Powersharing


Rwanda Arusha Accords 8/4/1993 Comprehensive Senegal (Casamance) Agreement with MFDC 3/16/2001 Preliminary Senegal (Casamance) General Peace Accord 12/30/2004 Ceasefi re Sierra Leone Abidjan Accord 10/30/1996 Comprehensive Sierra Leone Agreement on Ceasefi re 5/18/1999 Ceasefi re Sierra Leone Lomé Agreement 7/7/1999 Comprehensive Sierra Leone Abuja Ceasefi re


Somalia General Agreement 1/8/1993 Ceasefi re Somalia Addis Ababa


Somalia Nairobi Declaration on National Reconciliation


Somalia Cairo Declaration 12/22/1997 Preliminary Somalia Declaration on

Cessation of Hostilities 10/27/2002 Comprehensive

Somalia Transitional Federal Charter


Somalia Djibouti Agreement 6/9/2008 Ceasefi re Somalia Djibouti

Implementation Agreement


Somalia High Level Committee Agreement


Somalia Declaration of Cooperation


Somalia Galkayo Agreement 8/23/2009 Comprehensive Somalia Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jamaa




Sri Lanka (Eelam) Declaration of Cessation of Hostilities

1/8/1995 Ceasefi re

Sri Lanka (Eelam) Agreement on Ceasefi re 2/23/2002 Ceasefi re Sudan Political Charter 4/10/1996 Preliminary Sudan Peace Agreement with

UDSF 4/21/1997 Comprehensive

Sudan Nuba Mountains Ceasefi re Agreement


Sudan Machakos Protocol 7/20/2002 Preliminary Sudan Memorandum of

Understanding on Cessation of Hostilities


Sudan Memorandum of Understanding


Sudan Agreement on Security Arrangements


Sudan Framework Agreement on Wealth Sharing


Sudan Humanitarian Ceasefi re Agreement on the Confl ict in Darfur

4/8/2004 Ceasefi re

Sudan Protocols on the Resolution of Confl ict and Powersharing


Sudan Declaration on the Conclusion of IGAD Negotiations


Sudan Implementation Protocols


Sudan Sudanese Comprehensive Peace Agreement


Sudan Darfur Peace Agreement


Sudan Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement


Sudan Doha Goodwill Agreement


Sudan JEM Framework Agreement


Sudan LJM Framework Agreement


Sudan LJM Ceasefi re 3/18/2010 Ceasefi re Sudan Agreement on Political

Partnership 6/28/2011 Preliminary



Sudan LJM Doha Adoption 7/14/2011 Comprehensive Sudan Protocol on Political

Participation 7/16/2011 Implementation

Tajikistan Tehran Agreement 9/17/1994 Ceasefi re Tajikistan Protocol on Settlement

of the Military and Political Situation in the areas of Confrontation


Tajikistan Agreement on the Moscow Meeting


Tajikistan Joint Statement 1/19/1997 Preliminary Tajikistan Protocol on Military

Issues 3/8/1997 Preliminary

Tajikistan Protocol on Political Issues


Tajikistan General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord


Uganda Gulu Ceasefi re 2/2/1994 Ceasefi re Uganda Uganda National

Rescue Front II Ceasefi re


Uganda Yumbe Peace Agreement


Uganda Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities


Uganda Comprehensive Solutions Agreement


Uganda Agreement on Accountability and Reconciliation


Uganda Annex to Accountability and Reconciliation


Uganda Implementation Protocol


Uganda Permanent Ceasefi re 2/23/2008 Ceasefi re Uganda Agreement on

Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration


Uganda Implementation and Monitoring Protocol




UK (Northern Ireland)

Good Friday Agreement


Yemen (South Yemen)

Ceasefi re Agreement 6/30/1994 Ceasefi re

Yugoslavia (Croatia) Ceasefi re Agreement 1/2/1992 Ceasefi re Yugoslavia (Slovenia) Brioni Agreement 7/12/1991 Comprehensive

177

Case Peace agreement Spoiler Objective

Afghanistan Peshawar Accord (1992) HIA Modifi cation Angola Bicesse Accords (1991) UNITA Modifi cation Angola Lusaka Protocol (1994) UNITA Modifi cation Azerbaijan (Nagorno- Karabakh)

Bishkek Protocol (1994) OMON Termination

Azerbaijan (Nagorno- Karabakh)

Bishkek Protocol (1994) Opposition Parties Modifi cation

Bangladesh Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord (1997)

BNP Modifi cation

Burundi Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement (2000)

FDD Termination

Burundi Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement (2000)

FNL Termination

Burundi Burundi Ceasefi re Agreement (2002)

CNDD-FDD Modifi cation

Burundi Pretoria Protocol (2003)

FNL Termination

Burundi Pretoria II Protocol (2003)

FNL Termination

Burundi Global Ceasefi re Agreement (2003)

FNL Termination

Cambodia Comprehensive Political Settlement (1991)

Civilian Rioters Termination

APPENDIX B: SPOILERS

178 APPENDIX B: SPOILERS


Cambodia Comprehensive Political Settlement (1991)

KR Modifi cation

Chad Tripoli 2 Agreement (2002)

MDJT Mardigue Faction

Termination

Colombia Political Agreement with M-19 (1990)

Paramilitaries Termination

Congo/Zaire Lusaka Accord (1999) MLC Modifi cation Côte d’Ivoire Linas-Marcoussis

Agreement (2003) Civilian Rioters Modifi cation

Côte d’Ivoire Linas-Marcoussis Agreement (2003)

Young Patriots Modifi cation

Côte d’Ivoire Linas-Marcoussis Agreement (2003)

Military Modifi cation

Côte d’Ivoire Pretoria II (2005) Young Patriots Modifi cation Djibouti Peace Accord (1994) FRUD-AD Termination El Salvador Chapultepec Peace

Agreement and New York Act II (1992)


El Salvador Chapultepec Peace Agreement and New York Act II (1992)

FMLN Modifi cation

El Salvador Chapultepec Peace Agreement and New York Act II (1992)

Government Modifi cation

El Salvador Supplementary Agreement (1993)

FMLN Modifi cation

El Salvador Agreement of the Tripartite Meeting (1993)

Former Members of the Military

Modifi cation

Georgia (Abkhazia)

Agreement on a Ceasefi re and Separation of Forces (1994)

Abkhazia Rebels Modifi cation

Georgia (Abkhazia)

Agreement on a Ceasefi re and Separation of Forces (1994)


Guatemala Queretaro Agreement (1991)

Military Modifi cation

Guatemala Queretaro Agreement (1991)

Business Leaders Modifi cation

Guatemala Agreements on Negotiations and Human Rights (1994)

URNG Modifi cation

APPENDIX B: SPOILERS 179


Guatemala Agreements on Negotiations and Human Rights (1994)


Haiti Governors Island Accord (1993)

FRAPH Termination

India (Bodoland) Bodo Accord (1993) BSF Modifi cation Indonesia (Aceh) Cessation of Hostilities

Framework Agreement (2002)

FPSG Modifi cation

Indonesia (Aceh) Cessation of Hostilities Framework Agreement (2002)

TNI Modifi cation

Indonesia (Aceh) Cessation of Hostilities Framework Agreement (2002)



Dili Peace Accord (1999)

Indonesian Military Termination


Dili Peace Accord (1999)

Militias Termination

Israel (Palestine) Oslo Accords (1993) Hamas Termination Israel (Palestine) Oslo Accords (1993) DFLP Termination Israel (Palestine) Oslo Accords (1993) PFLP Termination Israel (Palestine) Paris Economic

Relations Pact (1994) Hamas Termination

Israel (Palestine) Paris Economic Relations Pact (1994)

DFLP Termination

Israel (Palestine) Paris Economic Relations Pact (1994)

PFLP Termination

Israel (Palestine) Cairo Agreement (1994) Hamas Termination Israel (Palestine) Cairo Agreement (1994) DFLP Termination Israel (Palestine) Cairo Agreement (1994) PFLP Termination Israel (Palestine) Agreement on

Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities (1994)

Islamic Jihad Termination

Israel (Palestine) Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities (1994)

Hamas Termination


DFLP Termination




PFLP Termination

Israel (Palestine) Oslo II (1995) Hamas (Factions) Termination Israel (Palestine) Protocols Concerning

Hebron (1997) Hamas Termination

Liberia Lomé Agreement (1991)

NPFL Modifi cation

Liberia Yamoussoukro III Peace Agreement (1991)

ULIMO Termination

Liberia Yamoussoukro IV Accord (1991)

ULIMO Termination

Liberia Geneva Agreement (1992)

ULIMO Termination

Liberia Cotonou Accord (1993) NPFL Modifi cation Liberia Accra Ceasefi re

Agreement (2003) Charles Taylor Modifi cation

Liberia Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2003)

LURD Modifi cation

Liberia Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2003)

Model Modifi cation

Macedonia Ohrid Agreement (2001)

Ljube Boškoski Termination

Macedonia Ohrid Agreement (2001)

NLA Modifi cation

Mali (Azawad) Tamanrasset Accord (1991)

FPLA Termination

Mexico (Chiapas) The San Andrés Accords (1996)

EZLN Modifi cation

Nepal Decisions of the Summit Meeting (2006)

CPN-M Modifi cation

Nepal Decisions of the Summit Meeting (2006)

CPN-M Modifi cation

Nepal 7-Point Agreement (2011)

UCPN-M Modifi cation

Nepal 7-Point Agreement (2011)

CPN-M Modifi cation

Nicaragua Toncontin Agreement (1990)

Virgilio Godoy Termination


Re-Contras Modifi cation


Contras Modifi cation

APPENDIX B: SPOILERS 181



Revueltos Modifi cation


Paris Accord (1993) FLAA Factions Termination


Paris Accord (1993) FLT Modifi cation


Accord to Establish a Defi nitive Peace (1995)

UFRA Modifi cation


Burnham Truce (1997) BRA Ona Faction Termination


Arawa Agreement (1998) BRA Ona Faction Termination


Jakarta Accord (1996) MILF Termination


Jakarta Accord (1996) Civilian Rioters Termination


Agreement on Ancestral Domain (2008)

BIFF Modifi cation

Rwanda Arusha Accords (1993) RPF Modifi cation Sierra Leone Agreement on Ceasefi re

(1999) RUF Modifi cation

Sierra Leone Lomé Agreement (1999)

RUF Modifi cation

Sierra Leone Abuja Ceasefi re Agreement (2000)

RUF Modifi cation

Somalia Transitional Federal Charter (2004)

General Morgan Modifi cation

Somalia Djibouti Agreement (2008)

ALRS Asmara Faction

Termination

Sudan Political Charter (1996) SPLA Garang Faction

Termination

Sudan Darfur Peace Agreement (2006)

National Resistance Front

Termination

Sudan Agreement of Good Will (2009)

JEM Modifi cation

Tajikistan General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord (1997)

Defense Council for South and Central Tajikistan

Termination

Tajikistan General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord (1997)

UTO Modifi cation



Uganda Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities (2006)

LRA Modifi cation

Uganda Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities (2006)


Uganda Comprehensive Solutions Agreement (2007)

LRA Modifi cation


Good Friday Agreement (1998)

CIRA Termination



Orange Volunteers Termination



RIRA Termination



Loyalist Volunteer Force

Termination



IRA Modifi cation

183© The Author(s) 2016A.G. Reiter, Fighting Over Peace, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40102-7

INDEX

A Abkhazia , 130 Abu Sayyaf , 2, 82 Abuja Ceasefi re , 119 Abuja Ceasefi re Agreement , 113 Accord to Establish a

Defi nitive Peace , 109, 130 Accra Ceasefi re Agreement , 114 Accra, Ghana , 107 Aceh , 120 Affi N’Guessan, Pascal , 110 Afghanistan , 116–18 African National Congress , 33 African Union , 43, 95 Agreement of Goodwill , 131 Agreement on Cessation of

Hostilities , 38, 129 Ahmed, Ahmed

Dini , 31, 88 Ahmed, Sharif Sheikh , 96 Air and Azawak Liberation Front

(FLAA) , 88, 130 Akosombo Agreement , 134 Alaka, Caleb , 121 al-Bashir, Omar , 131

Alliance of the Liberation and Reconstitution of Somalia (ALRS) , 96

al-Qaeda , 81 al-Shabaab , 96 Angola , 4, 5, 23, 133 Ankunda, Paddy , 130 Arab Islamic Front of Azawad , 90 Arafat, Yasser , 80, 95 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand , 93 Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) , 94 Armed Resistance Organization

(ORA) , 109 Armenia , 91 Arusha Accords , 132 Arusha Peace and Reconciliation

Agreement , 88 Assam , 2 Association of Demobilized

Members of the Armed Forces (ADEFAES) , 128

Australia , 93 Autonomous Region in Muslim

Mindanao (ARMM) , 81, 86 Azerbaijan , 91, 92, 108, 109, 151

184 INDEX

B Baidya, Mohan , 115 Bangkok, Thailand , 86 Bangladesh , 119 Bangladesh Nationalist Party

(BNP) , 115 Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL) , 2 Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom

Fighters (BIFF) , 2, 133 Banny, Konan , 110, 111 Basque , 5 Bhattarai, Baburam , 115 Bicesse Accords , 133 Bishkek Protocol , 91, 108, 151 Bobby, Paul , 81 Bodo Accord , 119 Bodo Autonomous Council , 119 Bodo Security Force (BSF) , 119, 120 Bosco, Jean , 88 Boŝkoski, Ljube , 85 Bougainville , 80 Bougainville Burnham Truce , 81 Bougainville Copper Limited , 80 Bougainville Revolutionary Army

(BRA) , 80–2 Bryant, Gyude , 111, 112 Bujumbura, Burundi , 124 Burundi , 2, 88, 124

C Cambodia , 36, 41, 85, 133, 134 Cameroon , 114 Canada , 93 Cédras, Raoul , 93 Central African Republic , 122 Chad , 5, 87 Chamorro, Violeta , 84, 112 Chapultepec Agreement , 127 Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT) ,

115–16 Cochrane, Feargal , 14, 42

Colombia , 2, 5, 34, 35, 46, 91, 151

Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (CPN-M) , 4, 40, 109, 110, 115, 124, 125, 150

Comprehensive Agreement on Bangsamoro (CAB) , 1–3, 82

Comprehensive Human Rights Agreement , 125

Comprehensive Political Settlement in Cambodia , 85

Conneh, Sekou , 111 Continuity Irish Republican Army

(CIRA) , 78, 151 Contras , 25, 84, 112, 129 Coordinating Council of the

Southern States , 89 Co-ordination of Armed

Resistance , 130 Correlates of War (COW) , 8, 9 Côte d’Ivoire , 36, 41, 46, 94, 107,

109–12 Cotonou Agreement , 134 Cristiani, Alfredo , 127

D Dahir Aweys, Hassan , 96 Darby, John , 3, 45 Darfur , 96, 131 Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) , 2,

14, 95, 96 Dayak, Mano , 88 Defense Council for South and

Central Tajikistan , 92 Democratic Front for the

Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) , 80

Democratic Republic of Congo , 130 de Soto, Álvaro , 127 diamonds , 55, 62 Dili Peace Accord , 92, 93

INDEX 185

disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration , 58, 60, 112, 128

Djibouti , 31, 88 Doe, Samuel , 94 Doha Agreement , 2 Doha Goodwill Agreement , 131 Dostum, Abdul Rashid , 117, 118 drugs , 3, 34, 55, 62

E East Timor , 34, 46, 92, 93, 151 Economic Community of West

African States , 107 Economic Community of West

African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) , 94, 113, 116, 117

Ellis, Stephen , 33 El Salvador , 4, 33, 39, 46, 82, 83,

127, 129, 132, 151, 155 European Union (EU) , 3, 51, 85

F Farabundo Martí National Liberation

Front (FMLN) , 39, 82, 83, 127, 128, 155

Farid, Ustad , 118 Forces for the Defense of Democracy

(FDD) , 88, 89 Foreign & Commonwealth Offi ce of

the United Kingdom , 3 France , 107 Free Aceh Movement , 120, 133 Front for the Advancement and

Progress of Haiti (FRAPH) , 93 Front for the Liberation of Tamoust

(FLT) , 88, 130 Front for the Restoration of

Unity and Democracy (FRUD) , 31, 88

Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy-Ahmed Dini Ahmed , 31, 88

G Gaddafi , Muammar , 117 Garang, John , 89 Gbagbo, Laurent , 36, 107,

110, 111 Georgia , 130 Ghana , 107, 117 Global Ceasefi re Agreement , 89 Godoy, Virgilio , 84 Good Friday Agreement , 3, 78, 79,

87, 125, 151 Goulding, Marrack , 127 Governors Island Accord , 93 Greenhill, Kelly , 26, 58 Guatemala , 4, 24, 46, 82,

83, 108, 109, 125, 126, 151

Guatemala City, Guatemala , 108, 154 Guatemalan National Revolutionary

Unity (URNG) , 83, 108, 125, 126, 154

Guinea , 114 Gurr, Ted , 51 Guterres, Eurico , 93

H Habyarimana, Juvénal , 132, 133 Haiti , 46, 93, 151 Hamas , 24, 31, 80, 95 Hampson, Fen Osler , 57 Harff, Barbara , 51 Hartzell, Caroline , 65 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin , 116–18 High Court of Uganda , 121 Hizb-i-Islami Gulbuddin (HIG) , 117 Hoddie, Matthew , 65

186 INDEX

I Independent Electoral

Commission , 110 Independent National Patriotic Front

of Liberia (INPFL) , 94 India , 2, 116, 119, 120 Indonesia , 34, 46, 92, 93, 120, 133 Indonesian National Armed

Forces , 120 Inter-American Development

Bank , 108 Intergovernmental Authority on

Development , 114 International Confl ict Research

Institute at the University of Ulster , 9–10

International Criminal Court , 111, 120–2, 130, 131

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia , 85

International Force for East Timor , 93

International Peace Institute , 3 International Support and Verifi cation

Commission , 129 Iran , 42, 108 Irish Republican Army (IRA) ,

78, 79, 125 Irvinestown, Northern

Ireland , 79 Islamabad Accord , 118 Islamic Command Council , 82 Islamic Jihad , 80, 95 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria , 2 Israel , 3, 5, 24, 31, 41, 80,

82, 95,97 Ivorian Popular Front , 110

J Jakarta Accord , 36, 81, 86

Jakarta Agreement , 82 Janjaweed , 131 Jaramillo Ossa, Bernardo , 35 Javadov, Rovshan , 92 Johnson, Prince , 85, 94 Johnson-Sirleaf, Ellen , 112 Joint Security Committee (JSC) , 120 Justice and Equality Movement

(JEM) , 95, 131

K Kabbah, Ahmad Tejan , 113 Kabul, Afghanistan , 117, 118 Keesing’s World News Archives , 11 Kenya , 114 Khmer Rouge (KR) , 36, 85,

86, 134 Khudayberdiev, Makhmud , 92 Kismayo, Somalia , 114, 115 Kony, Joseph , 120–2 Kuanyin Bol, Kerubino , 89 Kufuor, John , 107 Kydd, Andrew , 53

L Ledoux, Guy , 3 Liberia , 41, 94, 97, 111, 112, 114,

116, 117, 129, 133, 134 Liberians United for Reconciliation

and Democracy (LURD) , 111, 114, 123

Libya , 117 Likud , 95 Linas-Marcoussis Agreement ,

36, 107 Lions , 85 Lomé Agreement , Liberia, 116 Lomé Agreement, Sierra Leone ,

118–119

INDEX 187

Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) , 38, 120–2, 129, 130

Loyalist Volunteer Force , 88, 153

Lukwiya, Raska , 120–1 Lusaka Accord , 130 Lusaka Protocol , 134

M Macedonia , 84, 85, 125, 126 Mac Ginty, Roger , 87 Machar, Riek , 89 Major, Solomon , 26, 58 Makeni, Sierra Leone , 119 Mali , 90 Marcos, Ferdinand , 81 Massoud, Ahmad Shah , 117 Maximiliano Hernández Martínez

Anti-Communist Brigade , 83 Mazari, Abdul Ali , 117 Memorandum of Agreement on the

Muslim Ancestral Domain , 133 Mexico , 132, 133 Mindanao , 1, 2, 81, 86 Minnawi, Minni , 95, 96 Misuari, Nur , 81 Mitchell, George , 125 modifi cation spoiling , 39, 123 Monrovia, Liberia , 117 Moreno-Ocampo, Luis , 121, 122 Morgan, Mohammed Siyad Hersie ,

114, 115 Moro Islamic Liberation Front

(MILF) , 1, 2, 81, 82, 133 Moro nationalists , 1 Moro National Liberation Front

(MNLF) , 1, 36, 81, 82, 86 Movement for Democracy and

Justice in Chad (MDJT) , 87 Movement for Democracy in Liberia

(MODEL) , 111, 114

Movement for the Liberation of Congo (MLC) , 130

Mugabarabona, Alain , 89

N Nagorno , 151 Nagorno-Karabakh , 91, 108 Nairobi, Kenya , 114 Najibullah, Mohammad , 117 National Council for the Defense of

Democracy—Forces for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD- FDD) , 89, 124

National Forces for Liberation (FNL) , 2, 88, 89

Nationalist Republican Alliance , 83 National Liberation Army , 85 National Opposition Union , 84 National Patriotic Front of Liberia

(NPFL) , 94, 116, 117, 134 National Redemption Front

(NRF) , 2, 14 National Resistance Front , 95 National Salvation Commission , 84 National Union for the Total

Independence of Angola , 4, 133 Navarro, Antonio , 91 Nepal , 4, 40, 109, 112, 115, 124,

125, 136, 150 Netanyahu, Benjamin , 95 New Forces , 107 Newman, Edward , 56 Nicaragua , 25, 46, 84, 112, 113,

129, 132 Niger , 88, 109, 112, 129, 130 Nigeria , 114, 117 Nilsson, Desirée , 45 19th of April Movement

(M-19) , 91 Nkurunziza, Peter , 124 Non-State Actor Dataset , 27

188 INDEX

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) , 85, 125

Northern Ireland , 3, 30–1, 41, 78, 79, 82, 87, 125, 126, 151

O Odhiambo, Okot , 121 Ohrid Agreement , 85, 125 Omagh, Northern Ireland , 79 Ona, Francis , 80–2 Ongwen, Dominic , 121 Operation Lightning Thunder , 122 Operation Octopus , 117 Operation Uphold Democracy , 93 Orange Volunteers , 79, 151 Organization for Security and

Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) , 85, 108

Organization of American States , 112, 129

Organization of the Armed Resistance , 130

Ortega, Daniel , 112 Ortega, Humberto , 112 Oslo Accords , 80, 95 Otti, Vincent , 120

P Pakistan , 117 Palestine , 3, 5, 24, 41, 80, 95 Palestinian Liberation Organization

(PLO) , 80, 95 Palawan , 81 Panama , 93 Papua New Guinea , 80 Paris Accord , 130 Paris Accords , 36 Patriotic Union , 35 peacekeeping , 8, 25, 29, 36, 41, 58,

62, 66, 81, 93, 105, 108, 109, 111, 127, 133, 148, 157

Pearlman, Wendy , 95

Peshawar Accord , 117, 118 Philippines , 1, 3, 36, 80–2, 86, 133 Phnom Penh, Cambodia , 86 Pizarro, Carlos , 91 Political Charter , 89 Polity IV , 63 Popular Front for the Liberation of

Palestine (PFLP) , 80 Popular Liberation Front of Azawad

(FPLA) , 90 Popular Movement for the Liberation

of Azawad , 90 Pot, Pol , 85 powersharing , 30, 54, 59, 60, 65, 66,

70, 89, 107, 111, 118, 119, 124 Prachanda , 115 Pretoria Agreement , 110 Pretoria Protocol on Political,

Defence and Security Power Sharing , 124

R Rabbani, Burhanuddin , 118 Rabin, Yitzhak , 80 Ramos, Fidel , 36, 86 Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA) ,

31, 78, 79, 151 Re-Contras , 112, 123, 129, 135 Resistance Front Against GAM

Separatists , 120 Revolutionary Armed Forces of

Colombia (FARC) , 2, 35 Revolutionary Army for the Liberation

of Azawad (ARLA) , 90 Revolutionary Front for an

Independent East Timor , 93 Revolutionary United Front (RUF) ,

40, 113, 114, 118, 119 Revueltos , 129 Reychler, Luc , 14 Robow Abu Mansur, Moqtar , 96 Romero, Oscar , 83 Russia , 108

INDEX 189

Rwanda , 5, 132, 133 Rwandese Patriotic Front , 132 Rwasa, Agathon , 89

S Salamat, Hasham , 81 Samphan, Khieu , 85 San Andrès Accords , 132 Sandinistas , 25, 84, 112, 129 Sandline International , 80 Sankoh, Foday , 40, 113–14,

118,119 Saudi Arabia , 42 Savimbi, Jonas , 4, 23, 133, 134 Sawyer, Amos , 116, 117 Senegal , 117 Sen, Hun , 86 Sen, Son , 36 Sierra Leone , 40, 94, 114, 118, 119 Sihanouk, Norodom , 85 Sisk, Timothy , 14 Social Action Party , 108 Söderberg Kovacs , Mimmi, 45 Somalia , 5, 96, 114 Somoza Debayle, Anastasio , 84 Soro, Guillaume , 111 South Africa , 33 Southern Sudan Defense Forces , 89 Southern Sudan Independence

Movement/Army , 89 Soviet Union , 91, 117 Spain , 5 Special Purpose Police Unit

(OMON) , 91, 92, 151 Sri Lanka , 5 Srirarm, Chandra Lekha , 60 Stedman, Stephen , 2, 6, 14,

22, 45, 97 Stockholm International

Peace Research Institute’s Military Expenditure Database , 62

Sudan , 2, 5, 89, 95, 96, 131

Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) , 95, 96, 131

Sudan Liberation Movement/Army-Abdel Wahid , 95

Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) , 89

Sudan People’s Liberation Army-Bahr al-Ghazel , 89

Suharto , 93 Sulu , 81 Sun City Agreement , 130 Syria , 42

T Tajikistan , 92, 129 Talavera, Jose Angel , 129 Taliban , 118 Tamanrasset Agreement , 90 Taylor, Charles , 94, 114, 116,

117, 134 Thailand , 86 The Hague, Netherlands , 85, 111 Third-Party Peacekeeping Missions

Dataset , 62 Tigers , 98 Togoi, Adoum , 87 Togoïmi, Youssouf , 87 Toncontin Agreement , 84 Transitional Federal Charter , 114 Transitional Justice Peace

Agreements Database , 9 Traoré, Moussa , 90 Trebos , 85 Tripoli Agreement , 81 Tripoli 2 Agreement , 87 Tuareg , 88, 90, 109 Turkey , 108 Tutsi , 88, 124

U Uganda , 38, 120–2, 129, 130 Ulster , 79, 87

190 INDEX

Unifi ed Communist Party of Nepal- Maoist , 125, 136

Union of Armed Resistance Force (UFRA) , 109

United Democratic Salvation Front , 89 United Kingdom , 79 United Liberation Movement of

Liberia , 94 United Liberation Movement

of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) , 117

United Movements and Fronts of Azawad , 90

United Nations , 3, 9, 51, 56, 83, 93, 95, 110–12, 114, 118, 119, 126–9, 131, 132, 134, 152–7

United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone , 113, 119

United Nations Offi ce on Drugs and Crime , 46

United Nations peacekeeping , 3, 111, 119, 127, 157

United Nations Peacemaker website , 9

United Nations Security Council , 3, 14, 107, 157

United Nations Special Court for Sierra Leone , 114

United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor , 93

United States , 84, 93, 94, 117, 118, 125, 131

United States Aid for International Development , 129

United States Department of the Treasury , 14

United States Institute of Peace , 10

United Tajik Opposition (UTO) , 92, 129

Uppsala Confl ict Data Program/Peace Research Institute Oslo (UCDP/PRIO) , 8–10, 14, 62, 63

USS Harlan County , 93 Uzbekistan , 92

V Vietnam , 134

W Walter, Barbara , 51, 53 Wolves , 98 World Bank’s Governance

Indicators , 62 World Bank’s World Development

Indicators , 62

Y Yamoussoukro Accords , 94 Yebibou Agreement , 87 Yemen , 3, 14, 42 Young Patriots , 36, 107, 110 Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang , 133

Z Zahar, Marie-Jöelle , 45, 58 Zamboanga, Philippines , 36, 86 Zapatista Army of National

Liberation , 132 Zartman, I. William , 58

A PPENDIX A: C W P GREEMENTS , 1990 2011978-3-319-40102-7/1.pdf · Djibouti Accord on Civil Reform 5/12/2001 Implementation El Salvador Mexico Agreements 4/27/1991 Preliminary El

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