A Pilot study on KAP of the people in Araihazar Upazilla

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A Pilot study on the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of the people related to water, air and soil pollution in Araihazar Upazilla, a peri urban area in rural Bangladesh

Study teamDr. S K RoyAzad Abul KalamNazneen Islam Khan

Study Sponsored and Conducted byCommittee of Action for Research, Extension and Service (CARES)

Roadmap of the study Background Objective Data and Methodology Result and finding Conclusion Recommendation

BackgroundRapid and unplanned industrialization and urbanization has severely polluted the environmental resources especially air, water and soil arena

Our farmers are using excess fertilizer, pesticide in their lands in order to increase crops production. It has tremendous impact on our environment, destroying eco system.

The number of industry units at Narayanganj, as recorded by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, is 2,409 Food, beverage and tobacco - 377 Jute, cotton, textile and leather - 1,320Wood products 49Pulp and paper products 30Chemicals 104Non-metallic products 170Basic metal products 101Fabricated metal, machinery and equipment 230Other manufacturing - 28.Background

Background There are over 300 various effluent discharge outlets from nine major industrial clusters including Narayanganj Of these, 19 outlets carry the major discharge of domestic and industrial wasteOf the discharged untreated liquid waste, 61% are industrial and 39% domestic waste The lone Sewerage Treatment Plant (SWP) in Pagla in Narayanganj can treat only 10% of the industrial waste. It is estimated that there are over 7,000 industries in Dhaka metropolis located mostly in three clusters -- Hazaribagh, Tejgaon and DND (Narayanganj) area

A chemical oxygen demand (COD) test, carried out by BUET, showed that the level of pollutants in the Shitalakhya River was 28 to 128 mg, much higher than the normal range between 4-12mg

At present in the river Buriganga contains 60 times higher chromium than the permissible limit

Water arsenic concentrations in Araihazar were found to range from 0.094 to 790 mg/L, WHO permissible limit being 0.01 mg/L.

Background

Environmental factors account for as much as 22% of the national burden of disease, principally in the form of respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease

However, people have little knowledge about the impact of industrialization on environmental pollution and human health.

Background

Araihazar: at a glance

Area: 183.35 sq kmUnion parishads: 12Mouzas: 182Villages: 315Population: 299,855; Muslims 96.08%, Hindu 3.76%, others .16%Religious institutions: Mosque 355, temple 7Literacy: Average literacy 23.6%; male 28.6% and female 17%

Araihazar: at a glance

Educational institutions: College 4, secondary school 17, primary school 114, community school 11, satellite school 7, madrasa 36, maktab 460 Cultural organizations: Public library 1, club 65, cinema hall 3, community centre 8, playground 25Main occupations: Agriculture 24.68%, fishing 1.65%, agricultural labourer 10.96%, wage labourer 8.53%, commerce 14.45%, service 3.84%, weaving 20.73%, industry 1.57% and others 13.59% Main crops: Paddy, jute, wheat, corn, potato,kalai,sesame, mustard, vegetables. Pan cultivation, which was once quite extensive, is now almost extinct Health centre: Hospital 1, family welfare centre 4, union family welfare centre 7Araihazar: at a glance

The objectives are

1. To identify the socio-economic and demographic status of the inhabitants in an industrial semi urban area of Bangladesh (Araihazar upazila of Narayangang)

2. To identify the lacking of peoples knowledge about air, water and soil pollution

3. The prevalence of morbidities related to air, water and soil pollution among the study participants.

Objectives

Methodology This is a cross sectional study

Study was conducted in Araihazar (a Peri Urban setting) in Bangladesh

Both quantitative and qualitative method was applied in this study to collect information

Sample size:The formula used for these calculations is:

(Ref: Krejcie and Morgan. 1970. Determining Sample Size for Research Activities (Educational and Psychological Measurement, #30, pp. 607-610))

Methodology: Quantitative study

Methodology: Quantitative studyUsing this Standard formula, the required sample for Araihazar Upazilla is 1511 (Household 90,000, = .05, ME = 0.025, P = 0.5). Increasing the sample size 20% in order to reduce the non response error, the sample size is 1813

3 village was randomly selected (probability proportion to HH size in each village). So from 12 unions, 36 village was selected

50 HH from each village was randomly selected

Total HH size is 50 X 12 X 3 = 1800 HH

Methodology: Quantitative studyPre structured questionnaire was used to collect the information

Questionnaire was tested in Gazipur before final printBoth HH and adult questionnaire was in Bengali

1 supervisor and 10 interviewer was appointed for data collection

Extensive training (in house and field) was provided to the supervisor and interviewer

When the investigator though that the team is ready for interview, they was sent for data collection

Methodology: Qualitative studyFocus Group Discussion (FGD) method used to collect informationOne village was randomly selected from each union. Total 12 FGD was conductedStructured guideline was followed for FGD6 skilled person was appointed for FGDFGD was conducted in the village in their convenient timesEach FGD took around two hourEach FGD was recorded in tap recorder Finally information was analyzed

Result Age and gender wise distribution of population (Population Pyramid)

Result : ContinuedFrequencyPercentageMaleFemaleTotalMaleFemaleTotalNever attended school10611347240843.051.347.3Primary30729059712.511.011.7High School892852174436.232.434.2SSC/HSC1811353167.35.16.2Higher243271.0.1.5Total246526275092100.0100.0100.0

Literate population 18 years and over by level of education by genderFrequencyPercentageMaleFemaleTotalMaleFemaleTotalNever attended school16110526612.18.610.4Primary776669144558.255.056.7High School37341478728.034.030.9SSC or Higher2428521.82.32.0Total133412162550100.0100.0100.0

Literate population age 6-17 years according to their education level by gender

Result : ContinuedFrequencyPercentageMaleFemaleTotalMaleFemaleTotalNever married53415468821.65.913.5Currently married18942104399876.780.078.4Separate/11718.0.6.4Divorced51520.2.6.4Widow/ Widower363403761.512.97.4Total247026305100100.0100.0100.0

Marital status of the respondents of age 18+ by genderFrequencyPercentageMaleFemaleTotalMaleFemaleTotalNever married133412042538100.099.099.5Currently married 01010--.8.4Divorced022--.2.1Total133412162550100.0100.0100.0

Marital status of the respondents of age 6-17 by gender

Result : ContinuedFrequencyPercentageMaleFemaleTotalMaleFemaleTotalAgriculture worker388939715.7.37.8Unskilled job185332187.51.34.3Small business man5081051820.6.410.2Transport Worker20202028.24.0Loom worker6161362924.9.512.3Student78761543.22.93.0Searching job, no work or retired2091513608.55.77.1Job217622798.82.45.5Housewife--22642264--86.144.4Other6712792.7.51.5Total247026305100100.0100.0100.0

Occupation of the adult (age 18+) by gender

Result : ContinuedHousing types (roof, floor and wall) of the households:

Result : Continued Percentage distribution of source of drinking water

Percentage distribution of source of lighting

Result : ContinuedPercentage distribution of type of fuel used for cooking?

Percentage distribution of place of cooking

Result : Continued

Percentage distribution of household by type of toilet facilities for different age group:

Result : Continued

Percentage distribution of household members of Araihazar Upazila who wear a sandal in the toilet

Percentage distribution of household members (at different age group) who wash their hands after visiting toilet

Result : Continued

Percentage distribution of household members about what they use to wash their hands after going to toilet

Name of the variable Percentage % thinks that industries are throwing their wastage here and there?92.2% knows that industrial wastage are polluting environment which is harmful for health?99.7% knows that smoke emission from industries is harmful for health?100.0% thinks that water is polluted due to industry99.8% thinks that soil is polluted due to industry99.8% thinks that air is polluted due to industry99.8% knows that taking bath in the polluted water is harmful for health100.0% thinks that land is losing its fertility due to throwing industrial wastage here and there100.0% thinks that it is good to throw industrial wastage here and there2.3% thinks that there should be some rules so that the industries cannot throw their wastage here and there99.8% knows anything about arsenic in water?96.7% have taken any initiative to get water free from arsenic69.5% where there is any industry close to house (within half kilometer)88.9What do you think about the crop production in a land? Has increased3.9 Has decline13.4 Remain constant 82.6Name of the industry close to household Textile79.2 Poultry28.1 Handloom 3.2

% distribution of KAP related to environmental pollution

Result : ContinuedSuffered from particular diseasesAmong them who took treatmentNumberPercentageNumberPercentageHeart Diseases892.68797.8Diabetes1514.414294.0Hypertension38711.237997.9Tuberculosis 14.41392.9Arthritis or Rheumatism80723.379198.0Gastric/ ulcer292484.4289398.9Anaemia962.89497.9Asthma1203.511898.3Cancer2.12100.0Total3463

Prevalence of chronic diseases among the adults:

Result : Continued% Distribution of treatment/service seeking behavior for different chronic diseases who have taken treatment/serviceType of health seeking behaviorTotalMBBS (private)PharmacyVillage DoctorHomeopathOtherDid not consultedNumberPercentageHeart diseases77.56.791.15.689100Diabetes66.913.29.30.79.9151100Hypertension36.23819.40.85.7387100Tuberculosis78.67.17.17.114100Arthritis or Rheumatism13.432.539.50.90.513.3807100Gastric/ ulcer4.244.839.60.10.510.82925100Anaemia27.153.117.72.196100Asthma3528.325.810.8120100

Result : ContinuedPrevalence of acute diseases and its duration and how many times they had suffered in the last monthNumber Prevalence of diseasesIn the last month how many times suffered (those who suffered) (mean)Headache55416.09.5eye infection19.511.5Toothache1835.310.7Cough /cold54115.611.6Fever88525.68.1Vomiting/stomachache1544.49.1Watery diarrhea682.09.1Loose motion associated with mucus or blood381.19.4Skin problem511.512.9Accidental causes (eg. cut hand or legs)12.38.4Arsenicosis7.216.1Total3463

Conclusion Industries has increased in this study area including textile mills, power loom factory, handloom, sizing factory, spinning mill, cotton mill, dyeing factories, brick field and so on

Almost all Inhabitants think that industries are polluting their air, water and soil

Burning industrial waste materials, smoke from different industries and cooking are the main reasons for air pollution

This has also important implications for the health of population in that areaPeople keep dusts from animal farms (poultry/cow), waste materials from industries (dyeing, textile, etc.) and household wastages here and there

Besides use of chemical fertilizers; pesticides has reduced productivity of lands in their area

In some cases industrial wastages (e.g. dyeing factories) are drained out in river sometimes household wastages are thrown in spoiled ponds, although knowing that its not a good practice

Besides irrigation project, fertilizers get mixed with river water, wastes from poultry farms are used as fish food in fisheries, and they think these practices are polluting water seriously

Therefore diarrhea and skin diseases have become more frequent in their area

As observed, most of them have a good knowledge on environment pollution. Their attitude is also good to avoid environmental pollution

However, their practices are not good enoughConclusion

1. Government should exact rules and regulations so that industries cannot throw wastage everywhere.2. Owners of different industries should play a major role in raising awareness on pollution and health hazards. Industries need to develop a proper and hygienic waste disposal system by following government laws.3. Water contamination with chemicals should be locally maintained.4. Government needs to take some serious actions to control and manage the condition to prevent environment as early as possible.5. Control of air pollution is needed.Recommandations

6. Promotion of policy in order to reduce the effect of environment pollution through behavior change communication (BCC) in an industrial semi-urban area.7. People are drinking water from tube-wells with red marking knowing that this water is arsenic contaminated. Implantation of alternative source of pure drinking water is needed. 8. Safe water supply provision by govt. or non govt. initiative is urgent.9. Nutrition education should be given to ensure healthy lifestyle and prevent environment pollution.10. Environment pollution and destruction should be under regular monitoring and prevention process.Recommandations

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